Space Weather Impacts on the Ionosphere over the African Mid-latitude Region

Abstract The ionosphere suffers major perturbations during severe space weather events such as Coronal Mass Ejection (CME), solar flares, high-speed streams, and Corotating Interaction Regions (CIR). During severe space weather conditions, the ionosphere can experience depletions or enhancements in Total Electron Content (TEC). The South African National Space Agency (SANSA) near-real-time (NRT) TEC maps were used to show the ionospheric variability during the geomagnetic storm of 3 – 8 Nov 2021 over the Southern Africa mid-latitude region. The ionosonde TEC, NRT TEC, and the quiet-time AfriTEC model were compared during the six-day period. A negative ionospheric response was observed during the main and recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm (4 – 5 Nov 2021). The changes to neutral composition O/N2 was one of the physical processes attributed to the decrease in TEC over the mid-latitude region. The GPS TEC maps showed a very good agreement with ionosonde measurements and the AfriTEC model. A strong east-west TEC gradient was observed occurring between two ionosonde stations.