Prevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) in Poland with Different Clinical Disorders-A Pilot Study.

The study included 67 guinea pigs ( Cavia porcellus ) with different clinical disorders ( Table 1 ) having encephalitozoonosis confirmed via real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Guinea pigs (aged 6 months to 6 years; 29 males and 38 females) were kept in groups of 2 to 4 individuals. They came from pet stores all over Poland. The study was conducted in accordance with the EU Convention for the Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes (revised directive 86/609/EEC—Directive of the European Parliament and of the council on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes). The owners of the animals agreed to the use of the medical records of the guinea pigs for scientific purposes. Blood for hematological and molecular examinations was collected from the cephalic vein using tubes with EDTA. Hematological testing was carried out on the Exigo (Boule) analyzer. The assessed parameters were white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), and platelet count (PLT). The blood for biochemical tests was collected using clotting accelerator tubes. The assessed parameters were alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine (CREA), and freeT4 (fT4), and the assessment was carried out with a BS 120 Mindray analyzer. Isolation of DNA from whole blood was performed using a Genomic Mini kit (A&A Biotechnology, Gdańsk, Poland). Isolated DNA was amplified using a real-time PCR reaction. A real-time PCR was carried out using Corbett equipment. In the reaction, the following primers were used: msp3 (5′GGAATTCACACCGCCCGTCACTAT3′), msp4a (5′CCAAGCTTATGCTTAAGTCCAAGGGGT3′), and msp4b (5′CCAAGCTTATGCTTAAGTCCAGGGAG3′). To demonstrate amplification specificity, the melting temperature of the PCR products (melting curve) was determined by gradually increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture from 70 °C to 95 °C while continuously measuring fluorescence [ 22 ]. A radiographic examination was carried out using a digital radiography system (Leonardo DR System). Radiographic imaging of the thorax, spine, and tympanic bullae was carried out in accordance with the standardized protocols. Radiographs were analyzed using a DICOM PACS DXR X-Ray (CareRay Version: 6.0.61-186) Acquisition Software workstation. The abdominal ultrasound was carried out using a mikrokonvex 3–9 MHz probe and a linear 10–12 MHz probe (EsaoteMyLab Twice). During the examination, the animals were laid in dorsal recumbency. All animals were sedated for the tomography examination with inhalation anesthesia (isoflurane), and laid in sternal recumbency. Tomography was performed using a Philips MX-16 slice unit CT scanner at a 120 kV tube voltage and 120 mA, with a slice thickness of 1 mm. The postcontrast examination was carried out following the intravenous administration of the contrast agent at a dose of 600 mgI/kg iohexol (Omnipaque 300 mgI/mL; GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway) . The raw data were reconstructed in soft tissue (window level, 40 HU; window width 350 HU), brain (window level, 40 HU; window width, 120 HU), and bone (window level, 500 HU; window width, 1600 HU) algorithms. Tomographic images were reviewed and analyzed on a DICOM PACS Acquisition Software workstation (Philips IntelliSpace Portal, Philips Medical Systems Nederland B.V., Bests, The Netherlands). All animals underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination including slit lamp biomicroscopy (Shin Nippon; Ohira Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan) and rebound tonometery (Tonovet; iCare, Finland). Chromatic pupillary light reflexes were assessed using BPI-50 Precision Illuminator (RetinoGraphics Inc., Norwalk, CT, USA). Following pupillary dilation with 1% tropicamide (Tropicamidum 1%; WZF Polfa S.A., Warsaw, Poland), ophthalmoscopy was conducted using a direct ophthalmoscope (Welch Allyn, New York, NY, USA) and a PanOptic ophthalmoscope (PanOptic; Welch Allyn, New York, NY, USA).

Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an opportunistic intracellular pathogen belonging to the Microsporidia organism related to fungi, as determined via phylogenetic analysis. Recently, some studies suggested that Microsporidia should be classified as a sister group of fungi and related to Cryptomicota [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The hosts of Microsporidia include vertebrates and certain protozoa [ 6 ]. The disease caused by these pathogens is prevalent in the rabbit population. The seproprevalence of E. cuniculi in the domestic rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus ) ranges widely from 7.7% [ 7 ] to 71% [ 8 ]. Among other animal species, infection with this microorganism was found in rats, mice, muskrats, cavies, gerbils, shrews, birds, horses, goats, sheep, pigs, foxes, dogs, panthers, cats, and primates, including humans [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Rodents may also be a reservoir of E. cuniculi for foxes, minks, and cats. Research involving wild rodents in Poland, Czechia, and Slovakia has showed a 15% prevalence in these animals [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. E. cuniculi antibodies were found in 0% to 26% of the population of cats, and in 30% of the population of dogs [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. The course of encephalitozoonosis involves pathogens affecting the nervous system, eyes, and kidneys. In rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs, the involvement of the nervous system dominates. In cats and rabbits, the development of ocular uveitis was recorded following infection with the discussed microorganisms. The objective of the study was to analyze the prevalence of E. cuniculi infection in domestic guinea pigs ( Cavia porcellus) in Poland with different clinical disorders.

A real-time PCR examination confirmed that the blood of all 67 guinea pigs had the presence of E. cuniculi genetic material. The Ct value was in the range of 32 to 35, and the melting point of the obtained PCR products was 77.5 °C to 78.5 °C. The most common disorders observed in the animals were those of the urinary system, the nervous system, the visual organ, and the thyroid gland. In singular cases, symptoms were observed in the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems, as well as the ear. Hematological examinations of 47 animals showed increased WBC levels. Among the animals with urinary symptoms, 17 were found to have an increased urea concentration (UREA) and 13 were found to have an elevated creatinine concentration (CREA). Nervous system disorders were observed in 13 cases (19%); the signs were torticollis (5 animals), nystagmus (3 animals), severe apathy (2 animals), further convulsions (2 animals), and ataxia (1 animal). Urinary system disorders were observed in 23 animals (34%) infected with E. cuniculi . A total of nine were found to have chronic renal failure (ultrasound examinations of the animals revealed cysts of different sizes in the kidneys and a blurring of the corticomedullary structure with different levels of development). A total of six animals exhibited cystitis characterized by pollakuria, painful urination, and hematuria. In this group of animals, the ultrasound examination showed a thickening of the urinary bladder wall and highly concentrated urine. In eight other animals, excessive accumulation of sediment in the urinary bladder was observed (four animals) which was accompanied by inflammation, while the remaining animals were diagnosed with urolithiasis. Disorders in the vision organ were observed in 10 animals (15%). In four animals, corneal opacity was observed (it could not be caused by an injury or the presence of a post-injury wound), a cataract was recorded in two animals, microphthalmia was recorded in two animals, and heterotropic ossification was recorded in two other animals. Among the examined animals, eight (12%) had problems with thyroid function. During the examination of the T4 blood level, a result below 2 µg/dL suggesting hypothyroidism was found in five animals, whereas a result over 4 µg/dL, indicating hyperthyroidism, was found in three animals. A total of 13 animals (19%) were also found to exhibit symptoms of respiratory, reproductive, and digestive system or ear disorders ( Table 2 ).

This article presents disorders that may accompany E. cuniculi infections in guinea pigs. Our own observations of these pathogens were detected in animals with different clinical disorders. A serologic survey of inbred and outbred guinea pigs from a variety of sources revealed a seroprevalence from 0% to 85% related to E. cuniculi [ 13 , 23 ]. Encephalitozoonosis may be suspected in every case of neurological symptoms, disorders of the excretory system, or disorders of the vision organ. In our own study, 34% of the animals infected with E. cuniculi exhibited urinary system symptoms, 19% exhibited nervous system symptoms, and 15% exhibited vision organ symptoms. The available literature, apart from a description of the cases of the neurological forms of encephalitozoonosis [ 24 , 25 ] and a description of the histopathology lesions in the brains of the animals infected by the pathogen [ 26 ], lacks any information on the infection of E. cuniculi in guinea pigs. Therefore, the present study should be treated as the first report of this type, presenting the results of research conducted on a relatively large number of individuals. According to the observations by Ozkan [ 27 ], Künzel [ 28 ], and Csokai [ 29 ], the consequences of infection with these pathogens are the development of encephalitis and nephritis [ 29 , 30 ]. As many as 77.5% of animals with encephalitis and 12.5% of rabbits with interstitial nephritis were diagnosed with an E. cuniculi infection. The broad infectious spectrum of E. cuniculi and the variable course of the disease caused by these fungi can be illustrated by the fact that cases of encephalitozoonosis were recorded in juvenile seals [ 30 ], foxes [ 31 ], minks [ 32 ], cats [ 33 ], dogs [ 34 ], squirrel monkeys [ 35 ], and bearded dragons [ 36 ]. In all these cases, the infection was accompanied by nervous system symptoms (seals, foxes, minks, cats, dogs, and squirrel monkeys) or excretory system (bearded dragons), although the presence of pathogens was also recorded in the pulmonary alveolar septa and splenic red pulp. Additionally, the observations of Juan-Sallés et al., (2006) indicate that encephalitozoonosis may have a disseminated nature [ 37 ]. These authors diagnosed disseminated encephalitozoonosis in two siblings of juvenile, cottontop tamarins ( Saguinus oedipus ) and three siblings of neonatal, emperor tamarins (S. imperator) via histologic examination, histochemical analysis, electron microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with nucleotide sequencing. All tamarins were captive, born in zoos in North America, and died with no premonitory signs of disease. The main pathologic findings were myocarditis (4/5), hepatitis (3/5), interstitial pneumonia (3/5), skeletal myositis (3/5), meningoencephalitis (2/5), adrenalitis (2/5), tubulointerstitial nephritis (1/5), myelitis (1/5), sympathetic ganglioneuritis (1/5), and retinitis (1/5). The fact that the infection can assume a disseminated form may explain that in thirteen guinea pigs covered by our own observations, the development of symptoms atypical for encephalitozoonsis were recorded, such as digestive, respiratory, and reproductive system disorders, as well as ear diseases. The available literature lacks information on the association between E. cuniculi infections and thyroid disturbances. These symptoms were observed in as many as 8 out of the 67 examined animals, which suggests this is not an accidental correlation. Perhaps the impaired function of thyroid results from disseminated encephalitozoonosis. On the other hand, it cannot be excluded that E. cuniculi infections were not the causes for the development of hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism, but these states had developed in the animals earlier on and predisposed them to infections with microsporidia, which is similar to what was described for diabetes in mice [ 38 ]. However, the animals may constitute an E. cuniculi reservoir for humans. A large number of species belonging to the phylum Microsporidia are known to be capable of infecting humans. The highest pathogenic potential is associated with three species of the genus Encephalitozoon: E. intestinalis , E. cuniculi , and E. hellem [ 39 , 40 ]. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases classified these Microsporidia as B priority pathogens. The classification means that these organisms spread moderately easily in the environment and feature an average pathogenicity index. The Environmental Protection Agency qualified the organisms as hazardous water pollutants [ 41 ]. The group of people at the highest risk of infection include individuals with lowered immunity levels, after organ transplants [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ], and the owners of such animals as rabbits, dogs, cats, or rodents, which may be hosts of Microsporida, excreting microbial spores through the feces and urine.

The diseases caused by Microsporidia remain a poorly understood topic. The microorganisms are commonly found in the environment, increasing the chances of exposure to the pathogen. Encephalitozoonosis is a disease which, despite the relatively low number of records (of which the majority concerns rabbits), poses a serious threat towards other animals, including humans. Considering that its symptoms can be variable, they are often not linked with E. cuniculi infections as their primary cause. Knowledge on the possible clinical course of encephalitozoonosis and identification of animals that may constitute its reservoir are significant for its efficient diagnostics, prevention, and therapy, as well as public health protection.