Effect on the influence of fresh and hardened ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete on usage of industrial wastes for eco-friendly environment

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Totally 20 samples of concrete mixtures were evaluated to determine the compressive strength, workability, split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. PF were used at different volume fractions [0%, 7.5%,15%, 25% and 35%] and the results were discussed in detail. From the test results it was concluded that when 15% of MS was used in U-HPGPC the mechanical characteristics reduced gradually, but then improved when the percentage was increased above 15% of MS. Additionally, the use of PF contributes to the increase of mechanical characteristics of U-HPGPC but above 2.75% of PF and 15% of MS there was a decrease in strength of U-HPGPC. concrete compressive split modulus micro silica Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 INTRODUCTION The continuous increase of population leads to the increase in need of more buildings to satisfy the basic needs for the living purpose. Ordinary Portland Cement [OPC] is the most widely used construction material due to its building performance strength and durability Akeed et al. (2018), Khan and Rehman (2022), Khan and Ali ( 2019 , 2020 ), Khan et al. ( 2022 ), next to the water what we use in our daily basis. Manufacturing of cement significantly leads to environmental degradation but also consumes a large amount of energy. Researchers have found that one ton of cement releases one ton of CO 2 into the environment Karthiga et al.(2022a, 2022b,2023c) Ultra-high-performance concrete is a generic term referring to the composite made up of OPC which has an ultrahigh compressive strength, better durability and high toughness. It is well suited for the construction of blast resistance structural elements Ahmad et al. ( 2022 ) long span bridges Akeed et al. ( 2022 ), structures exposed to severe environmental conditions. The mass of OPC in Ultrahigh Performance concrete [UHPC] is 700-1200kg/m 3 , and during the manufacturing of OPC Smirnova ( 2019 , 2018 , 2018 a, 2018 b), Saidova et al.(2021), Rawat et al. ( 2021 )Tripathi et al. ( 2022 ) emits higher amount of carbon dioxide CO 2 Tripathi et al.(2020), Akeed et al. ( 2022 ), Cao and Khan ( 2021 ) to reduce the emission of CO 2 geopolymer concrete is recently used in the construction field Khan et al.(2022), Xie et al. ( 2021 ), Cao and Khan ( 2020 ), Khan and Cao (2022), Yu et al. ( 2015 ), Khan et al.(2021) and to lower the binder volume substitution of cement-based materials are used in UHPC Zhang et al. (2021). Substituting OPC with 40% and 20% Wu et al. ( 2017 ), Smirnova and Potyomkin ( 2018 ) Smirnova(2020), Qaidi (2022) Granulated Blast Furnace Slag [GBFS] and Fly Ash [FA] respectively increase the ultimate flexural strength of UHPC Qaidi ( 2022d , 2022a , 2022c ,2022e, 2022b ), Karthiga et al (2022f,2022g,2022h,2022i). Substitution of OPC with 50% GBFS increases the water reducing effect with the help of polycarboxylate superplasticizer. Compared to OPC, Geopolymer Concrete [GPC] is a low carbon binder and clinker free Qaidi (2022), Karthiga et al. (2022d, 2023e, 2023g) material. The manufacturing of GPC was completely composed of industrial waste byproducts such as GBFS Karthiga et al (2021), FA Jawad et al.(2022), Metakaolin [MK] and Waste Glass [WG] Shaker et al. ( 2022 ), Ambily et al. ( 2014 ) which was then activated with alkaline activators like sodium and potassium. The mechanical characteristics (such as compressive, split tensile) of geopolymer concrete Wetzel and Middendrof (2019) was found to be equal to that of OPC samples Aydn and Baradan (2013). Extensive research in GPC, with little attention when paid for the creation of U-HPGPC can produce better results. [Ambily] Using 2% of steel fiber [SF] Qaidi (2022), Shaker et al. ( 2022 ), Wu et al. ( 2019 ), Qaidi et al. ( 2022 ), Shaker et al. ( 2022 ), Wu et al.(2019), Qaidi et al ( 2022 ) in U-HPGPC showed greater compressive strength and flexural strength of 175 MPA and 13.5 MPA after 28 days respectively when activated with silica and hydroxide solutions. [Wetzel] Using MS and GBFS in U-HPGPC achieved a higher compressive strength of 150 MPA. Numerous research publications have indicated that use of pure GBFS in GPC shows difficulties like rapid setting high shrinkage, low flowability and mechanical property loss during carbonation. Blending GBFS and FA Karthiga et al. (2022h, 2023i) shows better result than use of pure GBFS based GPC for fresh, hardened and durability characteristics of GPC CASTM (2007), Qaidi ( 2021 ), Qaidi (2022). This resulted in considerable space for improvement in U-HPGPC composition. Table 1 Chemical Composition of waste powder by weight Particulars SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO MnO TiO 2 SO 3 Na 2 O K 2 O V 2 O 5 TiO 2 P 2 O 5 Fly Ash 65.4 28.2 3.1 0.99 1.01 - 0.5 0.2 0.28 1.32 GGBS 30.5 16.26 0.58 34.28 6.75 0.5 1.83 2.0 1.81 Micro Silica 62.99 32.01 1.0 - 0.39 0.79 1.58 0.59 The primary components of U-HPGPC are SF and MS. Adding SF in U-HPGPC improved the impact resistance and ductility. [Wu] Addition of 1 to 3% of straight steel fibers gradually improved the compressive and flexural strength behavior of U-HPGPC. From this it was concluded that there was an optimal fiber volume for improving the mechanical characteristics of U-HPGPC. Similarly [Aydn] when SF was raised to 2% with the length of 6 to 13 mm had no effect on the compressive strength and toughness characteristics of U-HPGPC. Moreover, due to the high cost of fiber, proper control of its composition was necessary for the commercialization and application. MS plays a vital role in strengthening the mechanical and long-term characteristics of OPC based U-HPGPC. Studies have shown that addition of 10 to 15% of MS in U-HPGPC improved the ecological characteristics Qaidi (2022, 2021 ) considerably. Moreover, previous studies have shown that adding MS to GPC improved the strength but decreased the workability. [Wetzel]. This study aims to determine the effect on influence of MS and PF on the mechanical properties of U-HPGPC. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE Due to the study and effective use of GPC in the recent times advance studies were planned to be carried out for U-HPGPC by studying the following properties. MATERIALS AND SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS For the current study FA, GBFS and MS were used as raw materials to make U-HPGPC. The chemical composition of the various materials is summarized in Table 1 . The effective surface area of FA, GBFS and MS were 290, 455 and 1860 m 2 /kg with an average particle size of 38, 17 and 0.18 \(\mu\) M respectively. Alkaline activator was used to synthesize U-HPGPC which was prepared by mixing sodium silicate sodium hydroxide with water a day before the production of U-HPGPC. To start with it initially the binder FA, GBFS and MS were dry blended for three minutes followed by addition of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and is blended for 2 minutes. The activator was then used in the mixture and then again blended for 3 minutes. Sodium silicate is a commercial water glass of high quality composed of 64% water 28% silicon dioxide and 6% sodium oxide by weight. PF was used to make fiber reinforce concrete. In this process, PF was utilized in U-HPGPC Mixtures at five different volumes [0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.75% and 2.75%] to improve the mixture’s mechanical characteristics. PF has a length of 50mm and 0.032 mm diameter. The properties of the fiber used are given in Table 2 . Table 2 Properties of Fiber used: Name of the fiber Specific weight (kg/m3) Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) Tensile Strength % of Starin at Failure Polypropylene fiber 945 209 279 3.49 The ratios of U-HPGPC were shown in Table 3 . While designing the mixture water binder ratio of 0.34 was maintained, mass ratio of GBFS to FA was taken as 4:1.1, sand/binder ratio of 1.12 was followed. One specimen was considered as a Reference Sample [RS] without polypropylene fibers and MS. Along with investigating the effect of MS on the U-HPGPC was employed at five different mass volumes [0%, 0.5%, 7.5%, 15%, 25% and 35%]. The room temperature of 25 0 Celsius and relative humidity of 70% was maintained for all mixtures. Then all the ingredients were mixed in the blender and gradually water was added followed by moulding of the samples. After molding they were coated and cured at room temperature at 85 degrees Celsius in the steam curing box for 24 hours then they were removed from the mould and kept for curing in the water tank for 28 days before testing. Table 3 Concrete samples mix proportion: Mix Proportion MS (kg/m 3 ) FA (kg/m 3 ) GGBS (kg/m 3 ) Fine Aggregate (kg/m 3 ) NaOH Water Water reducing agent % of PF MP1(0MS + 0PF) 0 195 695 920 55 105 320 0 MP2(0MS + 0.75PF) 920 55 105 320 12 MP3(0MS + 01.75PF) 920 55 105 320 22 MP4(0MS + 2.75PF) 920 55 105 320 29 MP5(35MS + 0PF) 290 130 525 920 55 105 320 0 MP6(35MS + 0.75PF) 920 55 105 320 12 MP7(35MS + 1.75PF) 920 55 105 320 22 MP8(35MS + 2.75PF) 920 55 105 320 29 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Several experiments were conducted to determine the mechanical characteristics of PF reinforced U-HPGPC. 4.1 WORKABILITY According to ASTM C143 -13 standards, the influence of fibers on the fresh U-HPGPC were studied to understand the workability parameters. Flow tests were performed immediately after mixing of each batch. Each mix were tested twice. 4.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MODULUS OF ELASITICITY The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the cast samples were evaluated in accordance to ASTM C-39. The compressive test were performed using 100 mm cubic mould. Cylindrical sample 100 X300 mm in diameter were used to determine the modulus of Elasticity according to ASTM C469. To attain this, Steel ring with the strain gauge were placed above the cylindrical sample. The sample stress strain measurements were determined and tabulated below in the table. Modulus of Elasticity is calculated based on the tangential slope of stress strain curve. The variation of flowability with respect to diameter are as shown in Fig. 1 below. 4.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH To perform this experiment cylindrical concrete mould of 150 X 300 mm were placed on the lateral surface of the hydraulic jack and the results were as shown in Fig. 2 . below. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5.1 WORKABILITY The effect of influence on different PF on the workability of fresh U-HPGPC were compared. From the fresh properties of geopolymer concrete it was found that the changes gradually decreased with addition of fiber.it can be seen that, increasing of PF in sample deceased the flow diameter respectively. Further it should be note that addition of higher volume of PF such as 1.75% and 2.75% produced slightly harsh mixes under static mode. The composites made from tertiary mixes of slag and fly ash were measured for workability. The result shows that increase in calcium content and its quick reactivity with the alkaline activator decreased the workability of fly ash and slag-based composites. 5.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY Experimental tests on modulus of elasticity were evaluated to determine the effect of MS and PF on the U-HPGPC at the age of 28 days. [Figure 2 , 3 ]. From the test results it was concluded that using 15% of MS in the U-HPGPC showed minimum compressive strength and modulus of Elasticity. Finally, it was found that addition of MS altered the activators characteristic. However, the influence of 8% MS had no effect on the alkaline characteristics and the compressive strength of U-HPGPC decreased. When 35% of MS was used in U-HPGPC, it had high effective surface area. The largest compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were noted when 35% of MS were used. Even though the greatest modulus of elasticity were obtained with 35% of MS the variation in modulus of elasticity was found to be minimal in U-HPGPC when MS is used between 25–35%. The influence of PF increases the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity significantly are as shown in Fig. 3 . And these characteristics were improved by increasing the PF volume. The PF acts as a bridging agent and was the main reason which improves the compressive behaviour of U-HPGPC, as it confirms high core strength in the specimen and preventing lateral expansion. When a sample was compressed, the lateral expansion occurs in the center of the sample. The PF acts as a bridging agent that enhances the cohesiveness between the concrete aggregates and the paste. The tensile strength of the concrete sample controls lateral expansion and improves the compressive behavior when PF was reinforced in U-HPGPC. As a result, the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity increased with 2.75% of PF and 35% of Micro Silica is used. Influence of 35% of MS with 0%, 0.75%, 1.75% and 2.75% of PF increased the compressive strength by 20%, 19%, 15% and 17% respectively. When compared to the reference specimen without MS as shown in Fig. 2 , 3 it was found that when 25% of MS was blended with 0%, 0.75%,1.75% and 2.75%, the modulus of elasticity increased by 8.3%, 2.5%, 2.4% and 2.3% respectively. When the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity results were compared to previous research when steel fibers were added in U-HPGPC, it was found that increasing the fiber volume decreases the area between fibers which controlled the spread of cracks in the samples. Finally it was concluded that when 15% of MS was added, the strength increased to about 7.5%. 5.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH The previous study resulted that adding fibers to the fly ash / GGBS based geopolymer had no effect on the compressive strength while increasing bond strength. The activators characteristics were altered, affecting the generation of strength development when 15% of MS was used. Nevertheless, the split tensile strength of U-HPGPC increased when the percentage of PF was increased as it reduces the cracks in the sample. The modulus of elasticity of PF is substantially greater than concrete paste, resulted in the improvement of split tensile strength. In comparison the samples without MS with 0%, 0.75%,1.75%,2.75% of PF increases the STS by 7%, 26% and 46% respectively. As a result, higher tensile strength was obtained with 35% MS and 2.75% PF. The matrix improves the activators action which resulted in an increase in the STS. Thus using 35% of MS with 0%, 0.75%, 1.75% and 2.75% of PF increased the split tensile strength by 21%,21%, 25% and 15%, respectively, when compared to reference matrix and it is shown as in Fig. 4 . CONCLUSION The workability decreased when steel fiber was added to the fresh U-HPGPC. The workability decreased with the increase of fibers. The workability of U-HPGPC increased when compared to UHPC while adding water glass as an activator. Using 15% of MS reduce the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and split tensile strength to a minimal value and the raised while increasing the MS volume. Using 35% of MS with 0%,0.75%,1.75%,2.75% of PF improved the compressive strength by20%, 19%,15% and 17% respectively when compared to reference mix without MS. Using 35% of MS with 0%,0.75%,1.75%,2.75% of PF improved the split tensile strength by 21%, 21%,24% and 15% respectively when compared to reference mix. Declarations Ethical Approval This is the work done by me and the PG students, it is not published anywhere else by us. Consent to Participate All the authors of this paper have given their consent to participate and act as one of the authors. Consent to Publish I, the author, give my consent for the publication of identifiable details, which can include photograph(s) or case history and details within the text Authors Contributions Karthiga Shenbagam Natarajan, have equally contributed for this work Dhivya Duraisamy, have equally contributed for this work Funding There is no funding required for this work Competing Interests There is no financial aid available Availability of data and materials All the necessary data are given in the paper in detail References Concrete AICCO, Aggregates C (2014) Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM International Ahmad J, Kontoleon KJ, Majdi A, Naqassh MT, Deifalla AF, Khala NB, Isleem NF, Qaidi SMA (2022) A comprehensive review on the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in concrete production. 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Constr Build Mater 136:307–313 Wu Z, Shi C, Khayat KH (2019) Investigation of mechanical properties and shrinkage of Ultra-high performance concrete: influence of steel fiber content and shape. Compos Part B: Eng 174:107021 Xie C, Cao M, Guan J, Liu Z, Khan M (2021) Improvement of boundary effect model in multi -scale hybrid fiber reinforced cementitious composite and prediction of its structural failure behaviour. Compos Part B Eng 224:109219 Yu R, Spiesz P, Brouwers H (2015) Development of an ecofriendly ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) with efficient cement and mineral admixtures uses. Cem Concr Compos 55:383–394 Zhang N, Yan C, Li L, Khan M (2022) Assessment of fiber factor for the fracture toughness of polyethylene fiber reinforced geopolymer. Constr Build Mater 319:126130 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4251945","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":290467724,"identity":"3c92a115-76e6-4810-99ad-75f149b3dfbb","order_by":0,"name":"Karthiga Shenbagam Natarajan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCSBmZjBgYLY/3gBkGlgQpYWxGaiFneHMAZAWCWK1MDDwM9xIgNlKAEi2n33+uKCgTppx5vOrG34USDDwt3cn4NUizZNu2DzD4LAxs3RO2c0eoMMkzpzdgFeLHEMaYzOPwYFkNumctBs8QC0GErkEtPA/A2mpq++RPJN28w8xWqQlwLYwM0tIsB+7TZQtkjOeMc7mMTjMbMCTw3ZbxkCCh6BfJM6nMXzm+VPHbMB+/NnNN39s5Pjbe/FrQQI8BmCSWOUgwP6AFNWjYBSMglEwggAAY6VAASMm8/QAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Bannari Amman Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Karthiga","middleName":"Shenbagam","lastName":"Natarajan","suffix":""},{"id":290467726,"identity":"4d1feb3b-5ea5-40bd-9f90-f41358a2edc6","order_by":1,"name":"Dhivya Duraisamy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bannari Amman Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dhivya","middleName":"","lastName":"Duraisamy","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-11 10:53:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4251945/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4251945/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54856816,"identity":"257c27e1-4a67-40f7-8c05-f85a7e30bd3e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 18:11:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10649,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiameter of flow variations for prepared samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4251945/v1/7fe72cf3e33c0d8d91f4e4e8.png"},{"id":54856818,"identity":"05df1f4f-5457-4665-a567-6bc5fdc7127e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 18:11:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10507,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of compressive strength for prepared samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4251945/v1/37d7a9bd2a2b15ee13a84e3a.png"},{"id":54856821,"identity":"0c66f4c0-9fcd-4d69-96f1-67912e481447","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 18:11:33","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10285,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of compressive strength for prepared samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4251945/v1/9209361522ed1dce3d01cecf.png"},{"id":54856819,"identity":"917f3fa4-530f-4516-ba89-45a165ab5efc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-17 18:11:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9821,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of split tensile strength for prepared samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4251945/v1/fef8a3a2ef6377daa00894f4.png"},{"id":64869599,"identity":"e2646874-790d-4044-9516-7f367f17c7fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-19 20:33:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":530639,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4251945/v1/90812e3f-adbf-45cf-880a-3acc505e4923.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect on the influence of fresh and hardened ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete on usage of industrial wastes for eco-friendly environment","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe continuous increase of population leads to the increase in need of more buildings to satisfy the basic needs for the living purpose. Ordinary Portland Cement [OPC] is the most widely used construction material due to its building performance strength and durability Akeed et al. (2018), Khan and Rehman (2022), Khan and Ali (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), Khan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), next to the water what we use in our daily basis. Manufacturing of cement significantly leads to environmental degradation but also consumes a large amount of energy. Researchers have found that one ton of cement releases one ton of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e into the environment Karthiga et al.(2022a, 2022b,2023c) Ultra-high-performance concrete is a generic term referring to the composite made up of OPC which has an ultrahigh compressive strength, better durability and high toughness. It is well suited for the construction of blast resistance structural elements Ahmad et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) long span bridges Akeed et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), structures exposed to severe environmental conditions. The mass of OPC in Ultrahigh Performance concrete [UHPC] is 700-1200kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, and during the manufacturing of OPC Smirnova (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003ea,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003eb), Saidova et al.(2021), Rawat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)Tripathi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) emits higher amount of carbon dioxide CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Tripathi et al.(2020), Akeed et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Cao and Khan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) to reduce the emission of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e geopolymer concrete is recently used in the construction field Khan et al.(2022), Xie et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), Cao and Khan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), Khan and Cao (2022), Yu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), Khan et al.(2021) and to lower the binder volume substitution of cement-based materials are used in UHPC Zhang et al. (2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubstituting OPC with 40% and 20% Wu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), Smirnova and Potyomkin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) Smirnova(2020), Qaidi (2022) Granulated Blast Furnace Slag [GBFS] and Fly Ash [FA] respectively increase the ultimate flexural strength of UHPC Qaidi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022d\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022c\u003c/span\u003e,2022e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e), Karthiga et al (2022f,2022g,2022h,2022i). Substitution of OPC with 50% GBFS increases the water reducing effect with the help of polycarboxylate superplasticizer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to OPC, Geopolymer Concrete [GPC] is a low carbon binder and clinker free Qaidi (2022), Karthiga et al. (2022d, 2023e, 2023g) material. The manufacturing of GPC was completely composed of industrial waste byproducts such as GBFS Karthiga et al (2021), FA Jawad et al.(2022), Metakaolin [MK] and Waste Glass [WG] Shaker et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Ambily et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) which was then activated with alkaline activators like sodium and potassium. The mechanical characteristics (such as compressive, split tensile) of geopolymer concrete Wetzel and Middendrof (2019) was found to be equal to that of OPC samples Aydn and Baradan (2013). Extensive research in GPC, with little attention when paid for the creation of U-HPGPC can produce better results. [Ambily] Using 2% of steel fiber [SF] Qaidi (2022), Shaker et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Wu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), Qaidi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Shaker et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), Wu et al.(2019), Qaidi et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) in U-HPGPC showed greater compressive strength and flexural strength of 175 MPA and 13.5 MPA after 28 days respectively when activated with silica and hydroxide solutions. [Wetzel] Using MS and GBFS in U-HPGPC achieved a higher compressive strength of 150 MPA. Numerous research publications have indicated that use of pure GBFS in GPC shows difficulties like rapid setting high shrinkage, low flowability and mechanical property loss during carbonation. Blending GBFS and FA Karthiga et al. (2022h, 2023i) shows better result than use of pure GBFS based GPC for fresh, hardened and durability characteristics of GPC CASTM (2007), Qaidi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), Qaidi (2022). This resulted in considerable space for improvement in U-HPGPC composition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Composition of waste powder by weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticulars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMnO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFly Ash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGGBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicro Silica\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary components of U-HPGPC are SF and MS. Adding SF in U-HPGPC improved the impact resistance and ductility. [Wu] Addition of 1 to 3% of straight steel fibers gradually improved the compressive and flexural strength behavior of U-HPGPC. From this it was concluded that there was an optimal fiber volume for improving the mechanical characteristics of U-HPGPC. Similarly [Aydn] when SF was raised to 2% with the length of 6 to 13 mm had no effect on the compressive strength and toughness characteristics of U-HPGPC. Moreover, due to the high cost of fiber, proper control of its composition was necessary for the commercialization and application.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS plays a vital role in strengthening the mechanical and long-term characteristics of OPC based U-HPGPC. Studies have shown that addition of 10 to 15% of MS in U-HPGPC improved the ecological characteristics Qaidi (2022,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) considerably. Moreover, previous studies have shown that adding MS to GPC improved the strength but decreased the workability. [Wetzel]. This study aims to determine the effect on influence of MS and PF on the mechanical properties of U-HPGPC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to the study and effective use of GPC in the recent times advance studies were planned to be carried out for U-HPGPC by studying the following properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS","content":"\u003cp\u003eFor the current study FA, GBFS and MS were used as raw materials to make U-HPGPC. The chemical composition of the various materials is summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The effective surface area of FA, GBFS and MS were 290, 455 and 1860 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/kg with an average particle size of 38, 17 and 0.18\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\mu\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eM respectively. Alkaline activator was used to synthesize U-HPGPC which was prepared by mixing sodium silicate sodium hydroxide with water a day before the production of U-HPGPC. To start with it initially the binder FA, GBFS and MS were dry blended for three minutes followed by addition of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and is blended for 2 minutes. The activator was then used in the mixture and then again blended for 3 minutes. Sodium silicate is a commercial water glass of high quality composed of 64% water 28% silicon dioxide and 6% sodium oxide by weight. PF was used to make fiber reinforce concrete. In this process, PF was utilized in U-HPGPC Mixtures at five different volumes [0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.75% and 2.75%] to improve the mixture’s mechanical characteristics. PF has a length of 50mm and 0.032 mm diameter. The properties of the fiber used are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties of Fiber used:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of the fiber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific weight (kg/m3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModulus of Elasticity (MoE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile Strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Starin at Failure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolypropylene fiber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ratios of U-HPGPC were shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. While designing the mixture water binder ratio of 0.34 was maintained, mass ratio of GBFS to FA was taken as 4:1.1, sand/binder ratio of 1.12 was followed. One specimen was considered as a Reference Sample [RS] without polypropylene fibers and MS. Along with investigating the effect of MS on the U-HPGPC was employed at five different mass volumes [0%, 0.5%, 7.5%, 15%, 25% and 35%]. The room temperature of 25\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e Celsius and relative humidity of 70% was maintained for all mixtures. Then all the ingredients were mixed in the blender and gradually water was added followed by moulding of the samples. After molding they were coated and cured at room temperature at 85 degrees Celsius in the steam curing box for 24 hours then they were removed from the mould and kept for curing in the water tank for 28 days before testing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcrete samples mix proportion:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix Proportion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGGBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine Aggregate (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater reducing agent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of PF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMP1(0MS + 0PF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMP2(0MS + 0.75PF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMP3(0MS + 01.75PF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMP4(0MS + 2.75PF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMP5(35MS + 0PF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMP6(35MS + 0.75PF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMP7(35MS + 1.75PF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMP8(35MS + 2.75PF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEXPERIMENTAL METHODS\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral experiments were conducted to determine the mechanical characteristics of PF reinforced U-HPGPC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e4.1 WORKABILITY\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to ASTM C143 -13 standards, the influence of fibers on the fresh U-HPGPC were studied to understand the workability parameters. Flow tests were performed immediately after mixing of each batch. Each mix were tested twice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MODULUS OF ELASITICITY\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the cast samples were evaluated in accordance to ASTM C-39. The compressive test were performed using 100 mm cubic mould. Cylindrical sample 100 X300 mm in diameter were used to determine the modulus of Elasticity according to ASTM C469. To attain this, Steel ring with the strain gauge were placed above the cylindrical sample. The sample stress strain measurements were determined and tabulated below in the table. Modulus of Elasticity is calculated based on the tangential slope of stress strain curve. The variation of flowability with respect to diameter are as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo perform this experiment cylindrical concrete mould of 150 X 300 mm were placed on the lateral surface of the hydraulic jack and the results were as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.1 WORKABILITY\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of influence on different PF on the workability of fresh U-HPGPC were compared. From the fresh properties of geopolymer concrete it was found that the changes gradually decreased with addition of fiber.it can be seen that, increasing of PF in sample deceased the flow diameter respectively. Further it should be note that addition of higher volume of PF such as 1.75% and 2.75% produced slightly harsh mixes under static mode. The composites made from tertiary mixes of slag and fly ash were measured for workability. The result shows that increase in calcium content and its quick reactivity with the alkaline activator decreased the workability of fly ash and slag-based composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental tests on modulus of elasticity were evaluated to determine the effect of MS and PF on the U-HPGPC at the age of 28 days. [Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. From the test results it was concluded that using 15% of MS in the U-HPGPC showed minimum compressive strength and modulus of Elasticity. Finally, it was found that addition of MS altered the activators characteristic. However, the influence of 8% MS had no effect on the alkaline characteristics and the compressive strength of U-HPGPC decreased. When 35% of MS was used in U-HPGPC, it had high effective surface area. The largest compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were noted when 35% of MS were used. Even though the greatest modulus of elasticity were obtained with 35% of MS the variation in modulus of elasticity was found to be minimal in U-HPGPC when MS is used between 25\u0026ndash;35%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe influence of PF increases the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity significantly are as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. And these characteristics were improved by increasing the PF volume. The PF acts as a bridging agent and was the main reason which improves the compressive behaviour of U-HPGPC, as it confirms high core strength in the specimen and preventing lateral expansion. When a sample was compressed, the lateral expansion occurs in the center of the sample. The PF acts as a bridging agent that enhances the cohesiveness between the concrete aggregates and the paste. The tensile strength of the concrete sample controls lateral expansion and improves the compressive behavior when PF was reinforced in U-HPGPC. As a result, the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity increased with 2.75% of PF and 35% of Micro Silica is used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of 35% of MS with 0%, 0.75%, 1.75% and 2.75% of PF increased the compressive strength by 20%, 19%, 15% and 17% respectively. When compared to the reference specimen without MS as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e it was found that when 25% of MS was blended with 0%, 0.75%,1.75% and 2.75%, the modulus of elasticity increased by 8.3%, 2.5%, 2.4% and 2.3% respectively. When the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity results were compared to previous research when steel fibers were added in U-HPGPC, it was found that increasing the fiber volume decreases the area between fibers which controlled the spread of cracks in the samples. Finally it was concluded that when 15% of MS was added, the strength increased to about 7.5%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe previous study resulted that adding fibers to the fly ash / GGBS based geopolymer had no effect on the compressive strength while increasing bond strength. The activators characteristics were altered, affecting the generation of strength development when 15% of MS was used. Nevertheless, the split tensile strength of U-HPGPC increased when the percentage of PF was increased as it reduces the cracks in the sample. The modulus of elasticity of PF is substantially greater than concrete paste, resulted in the improvement of split tensile strength. In comparison the samples without MS with 0%, 0.75%,1.75%,2.75% of PF increases the STS by 7%, 26% and 46% respectively. As a result, higher tensile strength was obtained with 35% MS and 2.75% PF.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe matrix improves the activators action which resulted in an increase in the STS. Thus using 35% of MS with 0%, 0.75%, 1.75% and 2.75% of PF increased the split tensile strength by 21%,21%, 25% and 15%, respectively, when compared to reference matrix and it is shown as in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe workability decreased when steel fiber was added to the fresh U-HPGPC. The workability decreased with the increase of fibers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe workability of U-HPGPC increased when compared to UHPC while adding water glass as an activator.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing 15% of MS reduce the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and split tensile strength to a minimal value and the raised while increasing the MS volume.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing 35% of MS with 0%,0.75%,1.75%,2.75% of PF improved the compressive strength by20%, 19%,15% and 17% respectively when compared to reference mix without MS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing 35% of MS with 0%,0.75%,1.75%,2.75% of PF improved the split tensile strength by 21%, 21%,24% and 15% respectively when compared to reference mix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is the work done by me and the PG students, it is not published anywhere else by us.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors of this paper have given their consent to participate and act as one of the authors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI, the author, give my consent for the publication of identifiable details, which can include photograph(s) or case history and details within the text\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKarthiga Shenbagam Natarajan, have equally contributed for this work\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDhivya Duraisamy, have equally contributed for this work\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no funding required for this work\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no financial aid available\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the necessary data are given in the paper in detail\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eConcrete AICCO, Aggregates C (2014) Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. 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Constr Build Mater 319:126130\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"concrete, compressive, split, modulus, micro silica","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4251945/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4251945/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis research work was carried out to find the impact of Micro Silica [MS] and Polypropylene Fiber [PF] on Ultra-High Performance Geopolymer Concrete [ U-HPGPC]. Totally 20 samples of concrete mixtures were evaluated to determine the compressive strength, workability, split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. PF were used at different volume fractions [0%, 7.5%,15%, 25% and 35%] and the results were discussed in detail. From the test results it was concluded that when 15% of MS was used in U-HPGPC the mechanical characteristics reduced gradually, but then improved when the percentage was increased above 15% of MS. Additionally, the use of PF contributes to the increase of mechanical characteristics of U-HPGPC but above 2.75% of PF and 15% of MS there was a decrease in strength of U-HPGPC.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect on the influence of fresh and hardened ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete on usage of industrial wastes for eco-friendly environment","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-17 18:11:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4251945/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5a76e527-d9bc-45e3-a60f-ebf7aeb49770","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-23T07:52:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-17 18:11:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4251945","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4251945","identity":"rs-4251945","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}