Prediction and reduction of dynamic factor based on dynamic behavior of gear systems

Prediction and reduction of dynamic factor based on dynamic behavior of gear systems | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Prediction and reduction of dynamic factor based on dynamic behavior of gear systems Donggun Lee, Sung-Bo shim, Suchul Kim This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8511772/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Gears operating at high rotational speeds are prone to resonance-induced load amplification, which can significantly shorten their service life. This study quantifies the dynamic factor ( \(\:{K}_{v}\) ) of a spur gear pair operating between 500 and 4,000 rpm by combining high-fidelity dynamics simulations with targeted experiments. The simulation model, validated against experimentally measured dynamic meshing forces, accurately reproduces the primary resonance at 3,450 rpm with a mere 2.5% error in \(\:{K}_{v}\) . A comparison with calculations based on ISO 6336 Method B reveals that this standard tends to overestimate both the resonance speed and \(\:{K}_{v}\) , leading to unnecessarily conservative designs. Parametric studies show that increasing the torque from 100 N·m to 500 N·m reduces \(\:{K}_{v}\) by up to 14%, while crowning that reduces the peak-to-peak transmission error from 4.5 µm to 2.0 µm attenuates \(\:{K}_{v}\) by 22% and suppresses contact stress amplification. These findings demonstrate that validated simulations enable more accurate resonance prediction and promote more weight-efficient gear design for high-speed applications than empirical ISO formulas. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Physics Gear dynamic factor Multibody dynamics simulation Gear resonance prediction Gear transmission error Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 19 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 17 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 15 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 12 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 09 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 08 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 08 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8511772","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":573227698,"identity":"06512f05-ee10-42fb-bf06-41346a9f0dd7","order_by":0,"name":"Donggun Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea institute of machinery\u0026material","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Donggun","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":573227699,"identity":"30d0056f-0408-45e4-91fa-b3e7e2179942","order_by":1,"name":"Sung-Bo shim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kyungpook National 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systems","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Gear dynamic factor, Multibody dynamics simulation, Gear resonance prediction, Gear transmission error","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8511772/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8511772/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGears operating at high rotational speeds are prone to resonance-induced load amplification, which can significantly shorten their service life. This study quantifies the dynamic factor (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{K}_{v}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) of a spur gear pair operating between 500 and 4,000 rpm by combining high-fidelity dynamics simulations with targeted experiments. The simulation model, validated against experimentally measured dynamic meshing forces, accurately reproduces the primary resonance at 3,450 rpm with a mere 2.5% error in \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{K}_{v}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. A comparison with calculations based on ISO 6336 Method B reveals that this standard tends to overestimate both the resonance speed and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{K}_{v}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, leading to unnecessarily conservative designs. Parametric studies show that increasing the torque from 100 N\u0026middot;m to 500 N\u0026middot;m reduces \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{K}_{v}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e by up to 14%, while crowning that reduces the peak-to-peak transmission error from 4.5 \u0026micro;m to 2.0 \u0026micro;m attenuates \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{K}_{v}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e by 22% and suppresses contact stress amplification. These findings demonstrate that validated simulations enable more accurate resonance prediction and promote more weight-efficient gear design for high-speed applications than empirical ISO formulas.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prediction and reduction of dynamic factor based on dynamic behavior of gear systems","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-13 17:15:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8511772/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-19T12:26:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-19T06:09:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-17T21:09:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-15T14:38:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-12T11:44:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"31629735598859978269847519745175651493","date":"2026-01-10T02:54:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"220509111385970805661721039131002465399","date":"2026-01-09T09:23:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"323632592938357569853957067445787071331","date":"2026-01-09T08:34:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"321813359557148631806823779057880456227","date":"2026-01-09T08:33:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T08:29:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T08:27:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-08T16:20:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-08T07:17:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2026-01-08T07:05:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"788e3e18-dfff-4ef5-9183-784014560e62","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":60988881,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":60988882,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":60988883,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-13T16:05:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8511772","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40793-z","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-09 15:58:25","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 9th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-13 17:15:03","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-40793-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40793-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8511772","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8511772","identity":"rs-8511772","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}