Velocitation Effect: Higher-Order Corrections of Newtonian Dynamics

Has Newtonian dynamics been marginalized by modern astronomy since it failed to explain the classical tests of Einstein’s general theory of relativity? To answer this question, this study aims at Newton’s instantaneous interaction and replaced it with the speed of light. We found that this will occur with additional terms to Newtonian dynamics equations in the form of higher-order corrections (v2/c2). When we ignore the propagation speed of gravity, the add-ons disappear and new equations revert to the classical ones. The higher-order corrections now can explain those celestial phenomena which Newtonian dynamics could not explain in the past including the perihelion precession of Mercury, the deflection of light, and the radar echo delay. The calculated results are consistent with the observation data. Furthermore, we found that the orbital velocity of a single star has a slight increase compared to the Kepler orbital velocity. It is assumed that this increase in rotation speed can be superposed by the number of stars under certain conditions, which is explained in this article. The results of the calculated Milky Way’s rotation velocity from this study are consistent with the available observation data. A new possible explanation for dark matter and energy has been proposed.