Contraceptive use and fertility preferences among sexually active males in Zambia.

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Bwalya Bupe Bwalya, Mwewa E. Kasonde, James Nilesh Mulenga, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2143171/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Sep, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Contraceptive use has been used as one of the methods not only to space but also to limit the number of children that a couple/individuals have. Since their introduction, most of the efforts have concentrated on females than males even though males tend to have huge say on the ideal number of children a couple/individuals have. In our study, we sought to determine linkages between contraceptive use and fertility preferences as well as associated demographic and socio-economic characteristics among sexually active males in Zambia regardless of their marital status. Methods: The study had two outcome variables, namely contraceptive use and fertility preference (measured by desire for more children as a count variable). Data for this paper was the male recode dataset from the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey. Binary logistic regression was performed to determine odds ratios of contraceptive use by selected characteristics of males. Poisson regression model was used to establish factors associated with fertility preferences. Results: Age of men (20-29, 30-39 and 40-49, respectively), residence in rural areas, wealth quintile, religious affiliation of Protestant or Muslim, media exposure, and having discussed Family Planning with a health worker in the last few months were associated with contraceptive use. Males who reported using any contraception method reported 3% less ideal number of children desired compared with those who were not using any method. Older males (age group 30-49), resident in rural areas, with primary education, married, employed, Protestant by religion, and opinionated to the extent of labeling women who use contraceptives “as promiscuous”, had more ideal number of children comparatively. Conclusions: There were minimal differences in the ideal number of children among males who reported using and not using any contraceptive method. Strategies aimed at encouraging contraception use should cover all categories of males so as to achieve universal involvement of men in family planning in Zambia. A study combining both qualitative and quantitative methods would be ideal to look holistically at the demographic, socio-economic and cultural factors associated with non-contraception use and ideal number of children among males. male contraceptive use fertility preference Zambia Figures Figure 1 Plain English Summary Contraceptive use has been used as one of the methods not only to space but also to limit the number of children that couple/individuals have. Since their introduction, most of the efforts have concentrated on females than males even though they have huge say on the number of children a couple/individuals will have. In our study, we sought to determine linkages between contraceptive use and fertility preferences as well as associated demographic and socio-economic characteristics among sexually active males in Zambia regardless of their marital status. The study utilized the secondary data from the nationally representative 2018 Zambia Demographic Health Survey totalling to 9,482 males aged 15 – 59 years. Descriptive and Multiple Regression formed the analysis. Results show that only 50% of the sexually active males use any form of contraception; age of men, type of place of residence, wealth quintile, religion (Protestant or Muslim), media exposure and discussing family planning with a health worker were associated with contraceptive use. Males reporting use of any contraceptives reported 3% less ideal number of children; On the contrary, older males, in rural areas, with primary education, married, employed, Protestant, and labelling women who use contraceptives “as promiscuous”, had more ideal number of children. In conclusion; it was established that minimal differences exists in the ideal number of children among sexually active males using any contraception compared to those not using. Strategies aimed at encouraging contraceptive use should cover users and non-users to achieve universal involvement of males in family planning in Zambia. Introduction Contraceptive use allows couples to decide the number of children they would want to have and their spacing. Ideally, both men and women are necessarily expected to play a role in accessing and using contraceptive methods available. The 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) shows that knowledge of any method of contraception among married or unmarried men is almost universal (99.9% and 99.8% respectively). Nonetheless, contraceptive use remains low, with 23% of married men, using any method of contraception [ 1 ]. Lack of or low contraceptive use is associated with unintended pregnancies, abortions and maternal mortality [ 2 ]. Generally, there have been variations in fertility patterns across the world, with most countries experiencing remarkable declines in total fertility rate (TFR) over the last few decades [ 3 ]. This decline has been explained by a number of factors, including changes in the social, economic and the demographic characteristics of women as well as increased use of contraception, especially modern methods, which are most effective [ 4 ]. Even with such progress in TFR reductions all over the world, Africa remains one such region with the highest TFR of 4.7 children per woman compared with Europe whose TFR of 1.6 children per woman the lowest [ 5 ]. The sub region of Sub-Saharan Africa has about the highest fertility levels in Africa. On average, women in sub-Saharan Africa have about five children over their reproductive lifetime, compared to a global average of 2.4 children [ 6 ]. Fertility and future projected population growth are much higher in Sub-Saharan Africa than any other region in the world [ 7 ]. In the same way, declines in birth rates, which were but modest, have slowed even further over the last few decades, thus causing raising concerns on whether women and men have access to contraceptives overall in Africa and sub-Saharan Africa in particular [ 8 ]. Family planning remains a fundamental area of action for many country in so far as births as well as birth postponement mechanisms are concerned. A more profound action that signified the importance of FP was its adoption at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). The ICPD Programme of Action “recognized the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health” [ 9 ]. In recent times, and with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in mind, it is clear that the FP agenda is still very active in the world. Target 3.7 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), reaffirms this commitment and calls on countries “by 2030, to ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes” [ 9 ]. While there has been a global increase in contraceptive prevalence and decrease in unmet need since the 1970s, the Sub-Saharan Africa region continues to have the lowest contraceptive prevalence at 24% and highest level of unmet need of 25% [ 8 ]. This, notwithstanding, the uptake of modern contraception by males has been given minimal attention. For example, according to a study conducted in KwaZulu-Natal of South Africa to see how male partners influence family planning and contraceptive (FPC) use among women; it was established that understanding the role that male partners play in FPC uptake and use is important in preventing pregnancies and improving family planning policy and service delivery programmes [ 10 ]. Even in an emerging economies like that of South Africa, the concentration of many surveys in terms of FP, contraceptive use and fertility preferences is mainly on women and not male. Fertility in Zambia has remained relatively high and will likely remain so for a long time. The 2018 ZDHS shows that TFR in Zambia has declined by almost two children since 1992, from 6.5 to 4.7 children per woman. Results in the 2018 ZDHS further suggest that fertility is inversely proportional to education and other social-economic characteristics of women. For example, by residence, fertility rates show declines in urban areas (from 5.8 in 1992 to 3.4 children per woman in 2018) compared with rural areas (from 7.1 in 1992 to 5.8 children per woman in 2018). In addition, of all births and current pregnancies that women had in the five years prior to the survey, 33% and 5% were mistimed and unwanted respectively [ 1 ]. As result and based on the scenario described herewith, it appears clearly that Zambia is grappling with high fertility, unplanned births and low contraceptive use in spite of the knowledge of contraceptive methods being nearly universal. There is perceived negative attitude mostly by males towards sexual and reproductive health behavior presumably resulting substantially pronounced unmet need for and use of contraceptives amongst this group in Zambia. Of concern is the result (ZDHS) where men reported an ideal family size of 4.9 children and women reported 4.6; indicating slightly higher fertility preference among males compared with[ 1 ]. In addition, the 2018 ZDHS further shows that men tended to have more desire to have additional children than did women. There exists such strong beliefs -which could at times be cultural - that matters of contraception are a concern for women and not men. This therefore tends to deter males from seeking access to contraceptives and health information, thereby leaving them vulnerable to exposing, not only themselves but also their partners, to risky sexual and reproductive health behavior devoid of family planning and child spacing engagement [ 11 , 12 ]. This scenario, if left unchecked may exacerbate the already existing challenges of high fertility, maternal and infant mortality as well as high-unwanted pregnancies and abortions. Whereas Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) services are available in most health facilities in Zambia, they are however perceived (awareness levels) to be for women, especially pregnant women [ 13 ]. Contraceptive options for men are limited to male condoms and vasectomy, with the latter being shunned due to its invasive nature, making it almost impossible for men to get to such extents to “merely” limit the number of childbearing. Before this study, there is or there was no research in Zambia on male contraceptive use and the link it has to fertility preferences. Most of the studies conducted around this topic have been concentrating on women’s reproductive and family planning services utilisation and the like. In a country where males still have insurmountable influence on the number of children couples/individuals must have, with ability to control other socio-economic undertones of family structures, we saw it imperative to conduct a study of this nature so as to explore and understand the prevailing contraceptive use and the effect it has on fertility preference from the contextual standing of males ages 15–59 in Zambia. Study objectives To determine factors associated with contraceptive use and fertility preferences among males in Zambia; and To determine linkages between contraceptive use and fertility preferences as well as associated socio-economic and demographic characteristics among males in Zambia. The conceptual framework in Fig. 1 shows that, the ideal family desired by men could be influenced by many factors, including: access to health information, attitude related to contraceptive use, demographic and socio-economic. For example, if men have access to health information, and especially information on contraceptive use (through health workers or media), and in turn act positively on such information, they may likely directly or indirectly influence desired family size. A positive attitude by men on contraception use by their partners may also likely influence family size. Otherwise, the negative attitude, where men view partners who propose the use of contraceptives “promiscuous” [ 1 ], may consequently bring about more children than desired. It should also be stated that the level and choice of family size might as well be a result of several demographic and socio-economic factors affecting choices between men and women in FP use and fertility preferences. For example, small family size maybe influenced by the place of residence; it may be true that, men living in urban areas with better health services and access to information, better levels of education, in employment and higher socio-economic status, may have smaller family sizes compared with those residing in rural areas where such privileges may not visible or accessible. Methodology Data Source This study utilized the male recode dataset (ZMMR71FL) from the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS), a sixth survey in a series of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) conducted in Zambia since 1992. DHSs are surveys with a nationally representative sample designed to produce estimates on a range of basic demographic and health indicators at national and subnational levels, with further disaggregation to have estimates in rural and urban settings. Sampling Design The 2018 ZDHS sample was drawn from enumeration areas (EAs) lists captured during the 2010 Census of Population and Housing (CPH). The EA frame of the 2010 CPH was updated to accommodate realignments of districts and constituencies where some districts and constituencies were demarcated to form new one. DHS use a stratified two-stage cluster sample design. Sample clusters consisting of EAs selected with a probability proportional to their size within each sampling stratum. About 545 clusters (198 in urban areas and 347 in rural areas) were selected as first stage while the second stage involves systematic sampling of households in all selected clusters (EAs). An average of 133 households were found during household listing from which 25 households were selected using an equal probability systematic selection process, to obtain a total sample size of 13,625 households. All men age 15–59 who were either permanent residents of the households or visitors present in the households on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. As noted already, all variables of analysis were based on the man’s recode dataset. The Man’s Questionnaire collected information from all eligible men at household level on topics such as background characteristics, reproduction, contraception, marriage and sexual activity, fertility preferences, employment and HIV/AIDS. Study Sample For this study, a subsample, which included all sexually active men, regardless of their marital status was drawn. With this criteria therefore, a total of 9,482 men was settled for as the sample size for this study. Dependent Variables The study had two outcome variables: contraceptive use and fertility preference. Fertility preference was measured by the expressed desire by men for more children. Contraceptive use was generated as a dichotomous variable based on current contraceptive where the response of “0” meant “no use of any method” and “1” meant “using any method of contraception”. All missing cases and those who reported “did not know” response were excluded from the analysis. Fertility preference was defined as ideal family size by males. In the 2018 ZDHS, desire for more children was collected as a count variables ; as in prefer 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., or so children. In the regression model therefore fertility preference was analysed as a count and with no recoding. Independent Variables Based on the conceptual framework discussed earlier, a number of explanatory variables were therefore used as follows: Age of men coded as 15–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59 (reference category). Place of residence categorized as urban (reference category) and rural. Education level categorized into no education, primary, secondary, higher education (reference category). Wealth status was used as a proxy measure of household’s wealth quintile recoded as poorest, poorer, middle, richer and richest wealth quintiles (reference category). Current marital status was in three categories: never married (reference category), currently married and formerly married. Other explanatory variables included, religion, discussing family planning, media exposure, number of wives or partners a male respondent has/had, and attitudes towards contraception use by women amongst males. Data Analysis Analysis of data was done using Stata version 15. For both explanatory and predictor variables, descriptive statistics were performed. In order to take into account the complex nature of the sampling process and ensuring standardization of estimates, the data analysis procedure included weighting the data using the Stata command “svy”. And, in order to determine associations between independent and dependent variables, Chi-square was used. Before performing multiple regressions, multicollinearity tests were done among independent variables (IVs) to detect presence of collinearity. Considering that the outcome variable, fertility preference was concentrated over few small discrete values, we used count data regressions. Specifically, we employed the Poisson Regression model to establish factors associated with fertility preferences among men 15–59 years. The Poisson Regression Model output Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio (AIRR) with p-values and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were considered. Ethical Consideration Since the study utilized secondary data, the data that was used for purposes of this analysis was anonymized at point request from ICF international. As such, the data was utilized in accordance with all the rules governing its usage. Study Limitations Due to the nature of the study and the data source used, it is important to note that not all variables of interest to the researchers were found in the dataset and therefore, analysis could only be permitted on those variables captured in the DHS dataset only. The DHS data can only estimate associations and not causation as such, what is presented here are associations which may not respond to how or why certain aspects appear in the manner they do. Results Distribution of Respondents by Characteristics In Table 1 , results show that about five in every ten males (50%) were using contraceptive methods (modern or traditional). The e age group 20–29 had the highest reported contraceptive use (34%) while the lowest was in the age group 50–59 (9%). Fifty-nine percent of males resided in rural areas, 48% had attained secondary education; 21% and 22% respectively were in the middle/riche and richer wealth status. Sixty-six percent of the men were currently married. About nine in ten (89%) males were currently working; with 79% being Protestant religious affiliation. Only about 17% of men reported to have discussed family planning with a health worker. Thirty-eight percent of the men had access to the media. Table 1 also shows that only 24% of men agreed to the statement, “contraception is a woman's business, a man should not worry” While about 38% of the men agreed to the statement, “women who use contraception become promiscuous.” Table 1 Percentage distribution of men by demographic, socio-economic and other characteristics Variable Percent Count Contraceptive use None 50.4 4,777 Any contraception 49.6 4,705 Age group 15–19 11.0 1,039 20–29 33.5 3,174 30–39 26.5 2,517 40–49 19.9 1,890 50–59 9.1 864 Type of place of residence Urban 41.3 3,914 Rural 58.7 5,569 Educational level No education 4.4 414 Primary 38.7 3,669 Secondary 47.5 4,509 Higher 9.4 890 Wealth Index Poorest 18 1,710 Poorer 18.6 1,767 Middle 20.5 1,940 Richer 21.5 2,037 Richest 21.4 2,028 Marital status Never married 29.4 2,784 Currently married 66.4 6,299 Formerly married 4.2 400 Employment status Not working 11.5 1,094 Currently working 88.5 8,385 Religion Catholic 19.5 1,849 Protestant 78.9 7,486 Muslim 0.6 53 Other 1.0 95 Discussed FP with health worker in last few months No 82.9 7,859 Yes 17.1 1,623 Media exposure No access/exposure 61.6 5,840 Access to media/exposed 38.4 3,642 Contraception is woman's business, man should not worry Disagree 73.5 6,968 Agree 24.0 2,272 Don't know 2.5 242 Women who use contraception become promiscuous Disagree 58.6 5,558 Agree 38.4 3,643 Don't know 3.0 282 Total 100 9,482 Contraceptive Use And Men’s Characteristics Table 2 shows results of chi-square test between contraceptive use and men’s demographic, socio-economic and other characteristics. Results show that contraceptive use is significantly related (p < 0.05) with the following men’s characteristics: age group, type of place of residence, highest education level attained, wealth status, marital status, religion, discussion of family planning with health worker, access to media and the statement “contraception is woman's business man should not worry”. However, employment status (working or not working) and the perception that “women who use contraception become promiscuous” were not significantly related with contraceptive use among men (p > 0.05). Table 2 Contraceptive use among men by demographic, socio-economic and other characteristics Variable Contraceptive Use Number p-value None Any Contraception % CI % CI Age group 15–19 55.8 [51.5,60.0] 44.2 [40.0,48.5] 1,039 0.000 20–29 47.2 [44.8,49.6] 52.8 [50.4,55.2] 3,174 30–39 45.7 [43.2,48.2] 54.3 [51.8,56.8] 2,517 40–49 51.6 [48.7,54.5] 48.4 [45.5,51.3] 1,890 50–59 66.4 [62.8,69.9] 33.6 [30.1,37.2] 864 Type of place of residence Urban 47.5 [44.5,50.6] 52.5 [49.4,55.5] 3,914 0.007 Rural 52.4 [50.7,54.1] 47.6 [45.9,49.3] 5,569 Educational level No education 57.0 [50.8,62.9] 43.0 [37.1,49.2] 414 0.000 Primary 58.1 [55.8,60.4] 41.9 [39.6,44.2] 3,669 Secondary 46.0 [43.8,48.1] 54.0 [51.9,56.2] 4,509 Higher 37.8 [32.4,43.4] 62.2 [56.6,67.6] 890 Wealth Index Poorest 60.0 [57.3,62.7] 40.0 [37.3,42.7] 1,710 0.000 Poorer 53.9 [51.2,56.5] 46.1 [43.5,48.8] 1,767 Middle 49.6 [47.2,51.9] 50.4 [48.1,52.8] 1,940 Richer 49.2 [45.5,52.9] 50.8 [47.1,54.5] 2,037 Richest 41.2 [38.1,44.4] 58.8 [55.6,61.9] 2,028 Marital Status Never married 46.9 [44.4,49.5] 53.1 [50.5,55.6] 2,784 0.004 Currently married 52.0 [50.1,53.9] 48.0 [46.1,49.9] 6,299 Formerly married 48.8 [42.2,55.4] 51.2 [44.6,57.8] 400 Employment status Not working 50.2 [46.4,54.1] 49.8 [45.9,53.6] 1,094 0.948 Currently working 50.4 [48.7,52.1] 49.6 [47.9,51.3] 8,385 Religion Catholic 54.1 [50.7,57.4] 45.9 [42.6,49.3] 1,849 0.003 Protestant 49.4 [47.8,51.0] 50.6 [49.0,52.2] 7,486 Muslim 37.1 [25.8,50.0] 62.9 [50.0,74.2] 53 Other 59.6 [47.6,70.6] 40.4 [29.4,52.4] 95 Discussed FP with health worker in last few months No 51.9 [50.3,53.6] 48.1 [46.4,49.7] 7,859 0.000 Yes 42.8 [39.8,45.9] 57.2 [54.1,60.2] 1,623 Media No access/exposure 53.9 [52.2,55.5] 46.1 [44.5,47.8] 5,840 0.000 Access to media/exposed 44.8 [42.1,47.5] 55.2 [52.5,57.9] 3,642 Contraception is woman's business, man should not worry Disagree 49.0 [47.4,50.6] 51.0 [49.4,52.6] 6,968 0.000 Agree 53.7 [50.8,56.6] 46.3 [43.4,49.2] 2,272 Don't know 58.1 [51.6,64.4] 41.9 [35.6,48.4] 242 Women who use contraception become promiscuous Disagree 50.2 [48.3,52.1] 49.8 [47.9,51.7] 5,558 0.478 Agree 50.3 [48.1,52.4] 49.7 [47.6,51.9] 3,643 Don't know 54.5 [47.9,60.8] 45.5 [39.2,52.1] 282 Total 50.4 [48.8,51.9] 49.6 [48.1,51.2] 9,482 Factors Associated With Contraceptive Use Among Men In Zambia Table 3 shows Adjusted Odds Ratios (AORs) between various explanatory variables and contraceptive use among men. The odds of men using contraception were 45%, 70% and 38% higher among men aged 20–29, 30–39 and 40–49 years compared with those aged 15–19 years. Place of residence of men had 39% higher odds of using contraception compared with those in urban areas. Contraception use increased with better wealth index. +It however was lower among currently married men (26%) than among the never been. The odds of contraception use was higher among e Protestants and Muslims (23% and 45%) than among Catholics. Results further show that men who “discussed family planning issues with a health worker had higher odds (42%) of contraception use than those who did not. Besides, Table 3 also reveals that, contraception use among for men was higher among those exposed to media (20%) compared with those who did not. Table 3 Adjusted Odds Rations on the factors associated with contraceptive use among men in Zambia Variable Contraceptive Use AORs CI Age group 15–19 1 20–29 1.45** 1.12–1.87 30–39 1.70*** 1.25–2.29 40–49 1.38* 1.03–1.85 50–59 0.74 0.54–1.01 Type of place of residence Urban 1 Rural 1.39*** 1.18–1.63 Educational level No education 1 Primary 0.95 0.73–1.23 Secondary 1.29 0.96–1.73 Higher 1.47 0.98–2.23 Wealth index Poorest 1 Poorer 1.25** 1.09–1.44 Middle 1.50*** 1.29–1.74 Richer 1.62*** 1.33–1.98 Richest 2.05*** 1.62–2.58 Marital status Never married 1 Currently married 0.74** 0.62–0.89 Formerly married 0.86 0.61–1.23 Employment status Not working 1 Currently working 0.98 0.83–1.15 Religion Catholic 1 Protestant 1.23** 1.07–1.41 Muslim 2.45** 1.36–4.38 Other 0.98 0.58–1.65 Discussed FP with health worker in last few months No 1 Yes 1.42*** 1.23–1.65 Media exposure No access/exposure 1 Access to media/exposed 1.20** 1.05–1.37 Contraception is woman's business, man should not worry Disagree 1 Agree 0.89 0.78–1.01 Don't know 0.82 0.57–1.17 Women who use contraception become promiscuous Disagree 1 Agree 1.09 0.97–1.21 Don't know 1.12 0.80–1.56 *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 Influence Of Contraceptive Use On The Ideal Number Of Children Among Men In Zambia Table 4 presents unadjusted incident rate ratio (UIRR) for the association between the ideal number of children and contraceptive use among men in Zambia. The USIRR for men who used any contraceptive was 0.91 times the incident rate for those who reported not using any contraception. Table 4 Unadjusted Incident Rate Ratio of the relationship between contraceptive use and ideal number of children among men in Zambia Variable UIRR CI Contraceptive use None 1 Used any contraception 0.91*** 0.88–0.93 Constant 5.54*** 5.39–5.70 *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 Factors Influencing Ideal Number Of Children Among Men In Zambia Results in Table 5 show that the adjusted incident rate ratio (AIRR) for men who used any contraception was 0.96 times the incident rate for those who reported not using any contraception. Men in the age group 15–19, 20–29, 30–39 and 40–49 had 0.93, 1.05, 1.20 and 1.30 times incident rates of those in the age group 50–59. The incident rate for men who resided in rural areas was 1.11 times that for men who resided in urban areas. Men with primary and higher education had incident rates of 1.07 and 0.85 that for men with no education respectively. With regard to wealth status, men in middle rich, richer and richest households had 0.93. 0.91 and 0.85 times incidence rates compared with the poorest households. Currently married men had 1.09 times incident rates those who have never been married. Results in Table 5 also show that the incident rate for men who were in employment was 1.07 times those who were not in employment. The incident rate for men whose religion was Protestant was 1.04 times the incident rate for the Catholic. Men who agreed and those who said they do not know concerning the statement “contraception is a woman’s business” had 0.96 and 0.91 times incident rate those who disagreed. Similarly, men who think “women who use contraceptives as promiscuous” had 1.05 times the incident rates than those who disagreed. Table 5 Adjusted Incident Rate Ratio for the factors influencing ideal number of children among men in Zambia Variable Ideal number of children AIRRs CI Contraceptive use None 1 Used any contraception 0.96*** 0.94–0.98 Age group 15–19 1 20–29 0.93** 0.89–0.97 30–39 1.05* 1.00–1.10 40–49 1.20*** 1.13–1.26 50–59 1.30*** 1.23–1.38 Type of place of residence Urban 1 Rural 1.11*** 1.05–1.18 Educational level No education 1 Primary 1.07* 1.01–1.12 Secondary 0.98 0.92–1.04 Higher 0.85*** 0.79–0.92 Wealth index Poorest 1 Poorer 1.00 0.96–1.04 Middle 0.93*** 0.89–0.97 Richer 0.91* 0.83–0.99 Richest 0.85*** 0.78–0.91 Marital status Never married 1 Currently married 1.09*** 1.06–1.13 Formerly married 1.00 0.93–1.06 Occupation Not working 1 Currently working 1.07*** 1.04–1.11 Religion Catholic 1 Protestant 1.04** 1.01–1.07 Muslim 0.99 0.87–1.13 Other 1.07 0.89–1.27 Discussed FP with health worker in last few months No 1 Yes 1.02 0.99–1.05 Media No access/exposure 1 Access to media/exposed 0.98 0.95–1.00 Contraception is woman's business, man should not worry Disagree 1 Agree 0.96* 0.93–1.00 Don't know 0.91* 0.85–0.98 Women who use contraception become promiscuous Disagree 1 Agree 1.05** 1.02–1.09 Don't know 1.02 0.95–1.09 *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 Discussion It is widely recognized that consistent and correct use of contraceptives by couples or partners can help space and/or limit the number of children. This paper aimed firstly at assessing male contraceptive use and secondly determine factors associated with male fertility preferences. Forty percent of sexually active males in Zambia are using any contraception. This result is similar to what [ 14 ] found in a study on males’ contraceptive use and fertility preference in Myanmar, where they established that only about 39% of the males were using modern contraception. This might be because, though currently the family planning services have also started targeting males, especially among couples, little is being done to increase awareness-raising campaigns that traditionally have targeted women [ 15 ]. These campaigns will continue being critical owing to the very important traditional family roles men are said or expected to play. While the forgoing is true, others have argued that, the desire for boy-children [ 10 , 16 ] and accusing female partners of salacious behaviour contributes to men not wanting use of contraceptives [ 10 ]. Besides, others have also argued that in Africa, most people would love to have lower numbers of children with acceptable spacing nonetheless, one of the challenges faced is that family planning services are limited in supply and, usually unavailable when needed. Results of the unadjusted IRR show a significant relationship between any contraceptive use and fertility preference by males. Men who used any contraception reported 2% fewer number of ideal number of children than those who were not using any method. Similarly, even after adjustments to include more variables in the model, results show that males who reported using any contraception had 3% less the ideal number of children compared with those who were not using any contraceptive method. Nonetheless, this finding shows minimal differences in the ideal number of children between men who reported using any contraception method and those, not using. Studies conducted elsewhere reveal that patrilineal traditions tend to perpetuate value for children and encourages large family size [ 15 ]; so much that what influences decisions is not mostly a factor of use or non-use of contraception but what the larger family feels and expects. Such undertones seem to be applicable to the case in Zambia given these results. Males in the age groups 15–19, 20–29, 30–39 and 40–49 reported having fewer ideal number of children compared to those in the age group 50–49. This is not an “out of range” result as it were. It seems, younger males when compared to the old ones, may not have a concrete definite disclosure of what they would perceive as an ideal family size. This is in spite of the fact that age is a key factor that influences fertility. Some more recent studies confirm that a man’s age affects conception in women, however, male potency to impregnate a woman dwindles significantly after age 40 due to a number of reasons but among them is low sperm quality [ 17 ]. Compared to other studies of a similar nature [ 18 , 19 ], this study reveals that the ideal family size for males residing in rural areas was 8% higher compared to those who reside in urban areas. Various reasons can be advanced for this observed phenomenon. Firstly, men in rural areas are culturally sensitive and therefore are more likely than their urban counterparts to prefer more children. In many communities of Africa, Middle East and parts of Latin America, children have economic value since they are a cheap source of labour, wealth and financial security [ 15 ]. Secondly, contraceptive choices in rural areas are significantly limited for both men and women due low supply and in some cases, long distances to access them [ 20 ]. With such challenges, it becomes a cost affair and a luxury for males to find, let alone use contraceptives [ 15 ]. Our study shows that men who had attained secondary and tertiary education had 5% and 18% respectively, less ideal number of children compared with those with no education at all. This is similar to studies by [ 14 , 19 , 21 ], where it was found that men with a higher level of education were less likely to desire more than two children compared with men with no education. Similarly, men from households classified as poor and middle in terms of wealth status were more likely to have (15% and 7% respectively) higher ideal family sizes compared with men from households considered rich. This finding is not surprising as most households in the country with more children are those in the poor wealth status [ 22 ]. In the African context, men who are employed are seen as being wealthy and usually tend to have more partners/children because, generally, they can support their children and families [ 23 ]. Findings from our study reveal that men who are currently employed had higher chances of increasing their ideal family size compared to the unemployed. This can be explained by the fact that, in a country where unemployment is actually low for women than that of males, females would rather be associated with males who are both currently working and have a stable income. Furthermore, these males tend to have a huge say with regard to the ideal number of children they want, as they will control their female counterpart based on their employment status [ 24 ]. Religion plays a major role in determining the number of ideal children a couple may wish to have. Although our study reveals that Protestants had a 4% higher chance of having more children than Catholics, this result is at variance with what [ 18 ] found in a study in Kenya among Muslims where they had higher odds of having more children than Catholics. It is a well-known fact that religion amplifies the idea of more children [ 15 ]. In similar fashion, our results demonstrate that, males’ number of partners/wives influences the ideal number of children. Men who had more than one partner/wife had four children more compared to those with only one partner/wife. Studies conducted elsewhere show that in situations where people engage in sexual activity outside their actual “normal” relationships, it is highly likely that such individuals may have unintended children, especially in the face of low, incorrect and inconsistent contraceptive use [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Media exposure is critical for informing, educating and communicating (IEC) accurate and relevant information on fertility and related topics.. Therefore, access and utilisation of such information may be significant in reducing unwanted fertility observed in Zambia. Findings from our study, show that there is no significant differences in preference for children between males who had no access to media and those who had access. This deviates from other studies where the media is suggested to influence decision making with regards to fertility and that males or men who are rarely engaged as principal targets for Information, Education and Communication (IEC) sensitizations on contraceptives and fertility related issues often prefer more children [ 18 ]. Attitudes towards contraception use does affect contraceptive use or non-use. Men who think that women who use contraceptives are promiscuous had 6% higher number of ideal children compared to those who disagreed. Studies relative to ours found similar results with women who tend to utilize family planning services mostly accused of being adulterous and, in turn, avoid becoming pregnant for their male partners [ 15 ]. Conclusion And Implications Contraception use is highly influenced by demographic and socio-economic characteristics of males or men as it were. Our study reveals vital predictors of both contraception usage and ideal family size, important to provide guidance on increased male involvement in family planning activities among sexually active men in Zambia. Results in this study where higher contraception use among rural men is also associated with having a higher ideal number of children is contradictory. This could suggest that rural men either incorrectly use the available contraceptives or they are not consistent in both use and truth. This study has implications on Family Planning Interventions and programming in a country like Zambia. For example, the number of contraceptive methods and sites offering these services should be increased and be highly publicized to allow men especially in rural to access correct information during FP counselling. Importantly, this study has further revealed that any contraception usage alone is not a major determinant in men’s ideal number of children. There still exists some ideas among the Zambian populace that men assumed to be rich should have a higher ideal number of children because they can take care of them. This is coupled with misconceptions that women who use contraception are promiscuous. Therefore, strategies aimed at encouraging contraception use should cover all categories of men so as to achieve universal involvement in FP in Zambia. In conclusion, we suggest that, a study combining both qualitative and quantitative aspects should be carried out to have a holistic picture of how demographic, socio-economic and cultural factors would affect non-contraception use and ideal number of children among males in Zambia. Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AORs Adjusted Odds Ratios CI Confidence Interval CPH Census of Population and Housing DHS Demographic and Health Survey EA Enumeration Area EAs Enumeration Areas Family Planning FPC Family Planning and Contraceptive HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICPD International Conference on Population and Development IEC Information Education and Communication IVs Independent Variables MoH Ministry of Health SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SRH Sexual and Reproductive Health TFR Total Fertility Rate UIRR Unadjusted Incident Rate Ratio UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UN United Nations ZDHS Zambia Demographic and Health Survey ZamStats Zambia Statistics Agency Declarations Acknowledgement The authors would love to thank ICF International and ZamStats for allowing us to use the ZDHS dataset for this publication. Authors Contribution BBB, MK and JNM conceived, designed, analysed, interpretation and participated in the drafting of the manuscript. CCM, NW, BS and OO participated in the interpretation and drafting of the manuscript. BBB was responsible for coordinating the study. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Funding Not Applicable Availability of Data and Materials Data and material are available on request from the corresponding author. Declaration Ethics approval and consent to participate Although this data included human beings, this data analysis was secondary and permission was granted to us by DHS program and ZamStats for us to use the ZDHS dataset in particular the men’s (ZMMR71FL) stata data file. In addition, no potentially identifying information is part of this dataset Consent for publication No images, individual details or videos for clients’ data are part of this paper Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Authors Details 1 Directorate of Research and Postgraduate Studies/ 3 Department of Economics, School of Social Science, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Zambia, 2 Department of Population Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences. The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, 3 Department of Economics, School of Social Science, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Zambia, 4 Department of Political and Administrative Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences. The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, and 5 Department of Social Development Studies, School of Social Science, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Zambia References Zambia Statistics Agency, Ministry of Health (MOH) Zambia, and ICF. 2019. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Lusaka, Zambia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: Zambia Statistics Agency, Ministry of Health, and ICF. Grindlay K, Dako-Gyeke P, Ngo TD, Eva G, Gobah L, Reiger ST, et al. (2018) Contraceptive use and unintended pregnancy among young women and men in Accra, Ghana. PLoS ONE 13 (8): e0201663. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0201663 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). Family Planning and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Data Booklet. (ST/ESA/ SER.A/429). Guengant, J.P. and May, J.F., (2011). Proximate determinants of fertility in sub-Saharan Africa and their possible use in fertility projections. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. United Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Now: United Nations UNGA Resolutions. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view.doc.asp:symbol=A/Res/70/&Lang=E Ezeh, A., Kissling, F. and Singer, P., 2020. Why sub-Saharan Africa might exceed its projected population size by 2100. The Lancet, 396(10258), pp.1131-1133. Bongaarts, J., (2017). The effect of contraception on fertility: Is sub-Saharan Africa different? Demographic Research, 37, pp.129-146. Cleland, J., Harbison, S. and Shah, I.H., (2014). Unmet need for contraception: issues and challenges. Studies in family planning, 45(2), pp.105-122. United Nations (2018). About the sustainable development goals. Available at: www.un.org/ sustainable development/sustainable-development goals. Kriel, Y., Milford, C., Cordero, J., Suleman, F., Beksinska, M., Steyn, P. and Smit, J.A., (2019). Male partner influence on family planning and contraceptive use: perspectives from community members and healthcare providers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Reproductive health, 16(1), pp.1-15. Chandra-Mouli Venkatraman, Donna R McCarraher, Sharon J Phillips, Nancy E Williamson and Gwyn Hainsworth (2014). Contraception for adolescents in low and middle-income countries: needs, barriers and access. Reproductive Health, 11:1 Bankole Akinrinola and Malarcher Shawn (2010). Removing Barriers to Adolescents’ Access to Contraceptive Information and Services. Studies in family planning 41(2):117-124. Peprah Prince, Emmanuel Mawuli Abalo, Julius Nyonyo, Reforce Okwei, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Godfred Amankwaa, (2018). Pregnant women’s perception and attitudes toward modern and traditional midwives and the perceptional impact on health seeking behaviour and status in rural Ghana, International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, Vol.8 PP66-74, ISSN 2214-1391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2018.03.003 . Aung, M.S., Soe, P.P. and Moh, M.M., (2019). Predictors of modern contraceptive use and fertility preferences among men in Myanmar: further analysis of the 2015-16 demographic and health survey. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health , 6 (10), p.4209. Kabagenyi, A., Jennings, L., Reid, A., Nalwadda, G., Ntozi, J. and Atuyambe, L., (2014). Barriers to male involvement in contraceptive uptake and reproductive health services: a qualitative study of men and women’s perceptions in two rural districts in Uganda. Reproductive health, 11(1), pp.1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-11-21 . Paudel, Y.R. and Acharya, K., (2018). Fertility limiting intention and contraceptive use among currently married men in Nepal: evidence from Nepal demographic and health survey 2016. BioMed research international, 2018. Harris, I. D., Fronczak, C., Roth, L., & Meacham, R. B. (2011). Fertility and the aging male. Reviews in urology, 13(4), e184–e190. Ochako, R., Temmerman, M., Mbondo, M. and Askew, I., (2017). Determinants of modern contraceptive use among sexually active men in Kenya. Reproductive health, 14(1), pp.1-15. MacQuarrie, K., Edmeades, J., Steinhaus, M. and Head, S.K., (2015). Men and contraception: Trends in attitudes and use . ICF International. Ashraf, N., Field, E. and Lee, J., (2014). Household bargaining and excess fertility: an experimental study in Zambia. American Economic Review, 104(7), pp.2210-37. Wondim, G., Degu, G., Teka, Y. and Diress, G., (2020). Male Involvement in Family Planning Utilization and Associated Factors in Womberma District, Northern Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Open Access Journal of Contraception , 11 , p.197. Aremu, O., Lawoko, S., Moradi, T. and Dalal, K., (2011). Socio-economic determinants in selecting childhood diarrhoea treatment options in Sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel model. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 37(1), pp.1-8. Sanchez, L. and Kane, E.W., (1996). Women's and men's constructions of perceptions of housework fairness. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), pp.358-387. Aksoy, C.G., (2016). The effects of unemployment on fertility: evidence from England. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 16(2), pp.1123-1146. https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0127 Logan, C., Manlove, J., Ikramullah, E. and Cottingham, S., (2006). Men who father children with more than one woman: A contemporary portrait of multiple-partner fertility. Child Trends Research Brief, 10. Jones, J., Mosher, W.D. and Daniels, K., (2012). Current contraceptive use in the United States, 2006-2010, and change in patterns of use since 1995 (No. 60). US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Guzzo, K.B., (2014). New partners, more kids: Multiple-partner fertility in the United States. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 654(1), pp.66-86. Ebin V. (1996). African men want more children than their wives. Population Today. Oct; 24(10):3. PMID: 12320449. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Sep, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 17 May, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Dec, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Dec, 2022 Editor invited by journal 15 Dec, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 10 Oct, 2022 First submitted to journal 09 Oct, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2143171","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":160535106,"identity":"9ffc4621-18f9-463a-95f2-f392e050ab34","order_by":0,"name":"Bwalya Bupe Bwalya","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwYGxgMMDBJy/PzNQJpBQoYYLQxApRbGkjOOJYC08BCrpSJxw4EcEJuBsBZzieQHh3lqJBJnNpz5/OpGjQUPA/vhoxvwabGckWZwmOeYhHE/c+8265xjQIfxpKXdwOuw2wlALWwSsjMbzm4zzmEDapHgMSOgJf3DYZ5/EoxAvzwzzvlHlJYcg8O8bRKKQC3Mj3PbiNBiOf9NwcG5fRKgQDZjzu2T4GEj5BdznuMbH7z5VgeKysefc0AM9sPH8GoBASZoXLBJgElCykGA8QeEZv5AjOpRMApGwSgYeQAAdGRNzXuiQfQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8439-5390","institution":"Mulungushi University School of Social Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bwalya","middleName":"Bupe","lastName":"Bwalya","suffix":""},{"id":160535107,"identity":"dce00c93-9b27-44f2-909f-a17c9227c727","order_by":1,"name":"Mwewa E. Kasonde","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Zambia","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mwewa","middleName":"E.","lastName":"Kasonde","suffix":""},{"id":160535108,"identity":"d83d11a2-b24a-4d67-a743-cb8939e5fda6","order_by":2,"name":"James Nilesh Mulenga","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mulungushi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"James","middleName":"Nilesh","lastName":"Mulenga","suffix":""},{"id":160535109,"identity":"21e0ce7e-5e73-4c04-a261-80daa41d3dcf","order_by":3,"name":"Chabila Christopher Mapoma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Zambia","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chabila","middleName":"Christopher","lastName":"Mapoma","suffix":""},{"id":160535110,"identity":"f506ea56-7cf1-4c5d-9ea8-9bbdc034f34d","order_by":4,"name":"Nayunda Wamunyima","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Zambia","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nayunda","middleName":"","lastName":"Wamunyima","suffix":""},{"id":160535111,"identity":"6cdef870-68d1-4296-84e9-a563a94a0468","order_by":5,"name":"Billy Siamianze","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mulungushi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Billy","middleName":"","lastName":"Siamianze","suffix":""},{"id":160535112,"identity":"c45320bc-cf91-45b9-8fe3-3c5d9bdaeeef","order_by":6,"name":"Obinna Banda Onukogu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mulungushi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Obinna","middleName":"Banda","lastName":"Onukogu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-10-07 18:43:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2143171/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2143171/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16750-0","type":"published","date":"2023-09-20T15:01:07+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":30525654,"identity":"b0db4708-3e6d-4ac1-abf3-e944d3749fd4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-12-19 16:13:26","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44422,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2143171/v1/6348202f5886c9cb6f0d05b8.png"},{"id":43640479,"identity":"5fad00fb-cd20-401d-9d01-f20851ceb000","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-25 15:07:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":548297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2143171/v1/a325e3f0-170d-4702-9890-a69bd6023df1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Contraceptive use and fertility preferences among sexually active males in Zambia.","fulltext":[{"header":"Plain English Summary","content":"\u003cp\u003eContraceptive use has been used as one of the methods not only to space but also to limit the number of children that couple/individuals have. Since their introduction, most of the efforts have concentrated on females than males even though they have huge say on the number of children a couple/individuals will have. In our study, we sought to\u0026nbsp;determine linkages between contraceptive use and fertility preferences as well as associated demographic and socio-economic characteristics among sexually active males in Zambia regardless of their marital status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study utilized the secondary data from the nationally representative 2018 Zambia Demographic Health Survey totalling to 9,482 males aged 15 \u0026ndash; 59 years. Descriptive and Multiple Regression formed the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults show that only 50% of the sexually active males use any form of contraception; age of men, type of place of residence, wealth quintile, religion (Protestant or Muslim), media exposure and discussing family planning with a health worker were associated with contraceptive use. Males reporting use of any contraceptives reported 3% less ideal number of children; On the contrary, older males, in rural areas, with primary education, married, employed, Protestant, and labelling women who use contraceptives \u0026ldquo;as promiscuous\u0026rdquo;, had more ideal number of children.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion; it was established that minimal differences exists in the ideal number of children among sexually active males using any contraception compared to those not using. Strategies aimed at encouraging contraceptive use should cover users and non-users to achieve universal involvement of males in family planning in Zambia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eContraceptive use allows couples to decide the number of children they would want to have and their spacing. Ideally, both men and women are necessarily expected to play a role in accessing and using contraceptive methods available. The 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) shows that knowledge of any method of contraception among married or unmarried men is almost universal (99.9% and 99.8% respectively). Nonetheless, contraceptive use remains low, with 23% of married men, using any method of contraception [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Lack of or low contraceptive use is associated with unintended pregnancies, abortions and maternal mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerally, there have been variations in fertility patterns across the world, with most countries experiencing remarkable declines in total fertility rate (TFR) over the last few decades [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. This decline has been explained by a number of factors, including changes in the social, economic and the demographic characteristics of women as well as increased use of contraception, especially modern methods, which are most effective [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven with such progress in TFR reductions all over the world, Africa remains one such region with the highest TFR of 4.7 children per woman compared with Europe whose TFR of 1.6 children per woman the lowest [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The sub region of Sub-Saharan Africa has about the highest fertility levels in Africa. On average, women in sub-Saharan Africa have about five children over their reproductive lifetime, compared to a global average of 2.4 children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Fertility and future projected population growth are much higher in Sub-Saharan Africa than any other region in the world [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. In the same way, declines in birth rates, which were but modest, have slowed even further over the last few decades, thus causing raising concerns on whether women and men have access to contraceptives overall in Africa and sub-Saharan Africa in particular [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily planning remains a fundamental area of action for many country in so far as births as well as birth postponement mechanisms are concerned. A more profound action that signified the importance of FP was its adoption at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). The ICPD Programme of Action \u0026ldquo;recognized the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In recent times, and with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in mind, it is clear that the FP agenda is still very active in the world. Target 3.7 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), reaffirms this commitment and calls on countries \u0026ldquo;by 2030, to ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile there has been a global increase in contraceptive prevalence and decrease in unmet need since the 1970s, the Sub-Saharan Africa region continues to have the lowest contraceptive prevalence at 24% and highest level of unmet need of 25% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. This, notwithstanding, the uptake of modern contraception by males has been given minimal attention. For example, according to a study conducted in KwaZulu-Natal of South Africa to see how male partners influence family planning and contraceptive (FPC) use among women; it was established that understanding the role that male partners play in FPC uptake and use is important in preventing pregnancies and improving family planning policy and service delivery programmes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Even in an emerging economies like that of South Africa, the concentration of many surveys in terms of FP, contraceptive use and fertility preferences is mainly on women and not male.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFertility in Zambia has remained relatively high and will likely remain so for a long time. The 2018 ZDHS shows that TFR in Zambia has declined by almost two children since 1992, from 6.5 to 4.7 children per woman. Results in the 2018 ZDHS further suggest that fertility is inversely proportional to education and other social-economic characteristics of women. For example, by residence, fertility rates show declines in urban areas (from 5.8 in 1992 to 3.4 children per woman in 2018) compared with rural areas (from 7.1 in 1992 to 5.8 children per woman in 2018). In addition, of all births and current pregnancies that women had in the five years prior to the survey, 33% and 5% were mistimed and unwanted respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. As result and based on the scenario described herewith, it appears clearly that Zambia is grappling with high fertility, unplanned births and low contraceptive use in spite of the knowledge of contraceptive methods being nearly universal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is perceived negative attitude mostly by males towards sexual and reproductive health behavior presumably resulting substantially pronounced unmet need for and use of contraceptives amongst this group in Zambia. Of concern is the result (ZDHS) where men reported an ideal family size of 4.9 children and women reported 4.6; indicating slightly higher fertility preference among males compared with[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the 2018 ZDHS further shows that men tended to have more desire to have additional children than did women. There exists such strong beliefs -which could at times be cultural - that matters of contraception are a concern for women and not men. This therefore tends to deter males from seeking access to contraceptives and health information, thereby leaving them vulnerable to exposing, not only themselves but also their partners, to risky sexual and reproductive health behavior devoid of family planning and child spacing engagement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis scenario, if left unchecked may exacerbate the already existing challenges of high fertility, maternal and infant mortality as well as high-unwanted pregnancies and abortions. Whereas Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) services are available in most health facilities in Zambia, they are however perceived (awareness levels) to be for women, especially pregnant women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Contraceptive options for men are limited to male condoms and vasectomy, with the latter being shunned due to its invasive nature, making it almost impossible for men to get to such extents to \u0026ldquo;merely\u0026rdquo; limit the number of childbearing.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore this study, there is or there was no research in Zambia on male contraceptive use and the link it has to fertility preferences. Most of the studies conducted around this topic have been concentrating on women\u0026rsquo;s reproductive and family planning services utilisation and the like. In a country where males still have insurmountable influence on the number of children couples/individuals must have, with ability to control other socio-economic undertones of family structures, we saw it imperative to conduct a study of this nature so as to explore and understand the prevailing contraceptive use and the effect it has on fertility preference from the contextual standing of males ages 15\u0026ndash;59 in Zambia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy objectives\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine factors associated with contraceptive use and fertility preferences among males in Zambia; and\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine linkages between contraceptive use and fertility preferences as well as associated socio-economic and demographic characteristics among males in Zambia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe conceptual framework in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1 shows that, the ideal family desired by men could be influenced by many factors, including: access to health information, attitude related to contraceptive use, demographic and socio-economic. For example, if men have access to health information, and especially information on contraceptive use (through health workers or media), and in turn act positively on such information, they may likely directly or indirectly influence desired family size.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA positive attitude by men on contraception use by their partners may also likely influence family size. Otherwise, the negative attitude, where men view partners who propose the use of contraceptives \u0026ldquo;promiscuous\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], may consequently bring about more children than desired. It should also be stated that the level and choice of family size might as well be a result of several demographic and socio-economic factors affecting choices between men and women in FP use and fertility preferences. For example, small family size maybe influenced by the place of residence; it may be true that, men living in urban areas with better health services and access to information, better levels of education, in employment and higher socio-economic status, may have smaller family sizes compared with those residing in rural areas where such privileges may not visible or accessible.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Source\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study utilized the male recode dataset (ZMMR71FL) from the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS), a sixth survey in a series of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) conducted in Zambia since 1992. DHSs are surveys with a nationally representative sample designed to produce estimates on a range of basic demographic and health indicators at national and subnational levels, with further disaggregation to have estimates in rural and urban settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling Design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2018 ZDHS sample was drawn from enumeration areas (EAs) lists captured during the 2010 Census of Population and Housing (CPH). The EA frame of the 2010 CPH was updated to accommodate realignments of districts and constituencies where some districts and constituencies were demarcated to form new one. DHS use a stratified two-stage cluster sample design. Sample clusters consisting of EAs selected with a probability proportional to their size within each sampling stratum. About 545 clusters (198 in urban areas and 347 in rural areas) were selected as first stage while the second stage involves systematic sampling of households in all selected clusters (EAs). An average of 133 households were found during household listing from which 25 households were selected using an equal probability systematic selection process, to obtain a total sample size of 13,625 households.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll men age 15\u0026ndash;59 who were either permanent residents of the households or visitors present in the households on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. As noted already, all variables of analysis were based on the man\u0026rsquo;s recode dataset. The Man\u0026rsquo;s Questionnaire collected information from all eligible men at household level on topics such as background characteristics, reproduction, contraception, marriage and sexual activity, fertility preferences, employment and HIV/AIDS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Sample\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor this study, a subsample, which included all sexually active men, regardless of their marital status was drawn. With this criteria therefore, a total of 9,482 men was settled for as the sample size for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDependent Variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study had two outcome variables: contraceptive use and fertility preference. Fertility preference was measured by the expressed desire by men for more children. \u003cem\u003eContraceptive use\u003c/em\u003e was generated as a dichotomous variable based on current contraceptive where the response of \u0026ldquo;0\u0026rdquo; meant \u0026ldquo;no use of any method\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;1\u0026rdquo; meant \u0026ldquo;using any method of contraception\u0026rdquo;. All missing cases and those who reported \u0026ldquo;did not know\u0026rdquo; response were excluded from the analysis. \u003cem\u003eFertility preference\u003c/em\u003e was defined as ideal family size by males. In the 2018 ZDHS, desire for more children was collected as a count variables ; as in prefer 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., or so children. In the regression model therefore fertility preference was analysed as a count and with no recoding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the conceptual framework discussed earlier, a number of explanatory variables were therefore used as follows: Age of men coded as 15\u0026ndash;19, 20\u0026ndash;29, 30\u0026ndash;39, 40\u0026ndash;49, 50\u0026ndash;59 (reference category). Place of residence categorized as urban (reference category) and rural. Education level categorized into no education, primary, secondary, higher education (reference category). Wealth status was used as a proxy measure of household\u0026rsquo;s wealth quintile recoded as poorest, poorer, middle, richer and richest wealth quintiles (reference category). Current marital status was in three categories: never married (reference category), currently married and formerly married. Other explanatory variables included, religion, discussing family planning, media exposure, number of wives or partners a male respondent has/had, and attitudes towards contraception use by women amongst males.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of data was done using Stata version 15. For both explanatory and predictor variables, descriptive statistics were performed. In order to take into account the complex nature of the sampling process and ensuring standardization of estimates, the data analysis procedure included weighting the data using the Stata command \u0026ldquo;svy\u0026rdquo;. And, in order to determine associations between independent and dependent variables, Chi-square was used. Before performing multiple regressions, multicollinearity tests were done among independent variables (IVs) to detect presence of collinearity. Considering that the outcome variable, fertility preference was concentrated over few small discrete values, we used count data regressions. Specifically, we employed the Poisson Regression model to establish factors associated with fertility preferences among men 15\u0026ndash;59 years. The Poisson Regression Model output Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio (AIRR) with p-values and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were considered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical Consideration\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince the study utilized secondary data, the data that was used for purposes of this analysis was anonymized at point request from ICF international. As such, the data was utilized in accordance with all the rules governing its usage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Limitations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to the nature of the study and the data source used, it is important to note that not all variables of interest to the researchers were found in the dataset and therefore, analysis could only be permitted on those variables captured in the DHS dataset only. The DHS data can only estimate associations and not causation as such, what is presented here are associations which may not respond to how or why certain aspects appear in the manner they do.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDistribution of Respondents by Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, results show that about five in every ten males (50%) were using contraceptive methods (modern or traditional). The e age group 20\u0026ndash;29 had the highest reported contraceptive use (34%) while the lowest was in the age group 50\u0026ndash;59 (9%). Fifty-nine percent of males resided in rural areas, 48% had attained secondary education; 21% and 22% respectively were in the middle/riche and richer wealth status. Sixty-six percent of the men were currently married. About nine in ten (89%) males were currently working; with 79% being Protestant religious affiliation. Only about 17% of men reported to have discussed family planning with a health worker. Thirty-eight percent of the men had access to the media. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e also shows that only 24% of men agreed to the statement, \u0026ldquo;contraception is a woman's business, a man should not worry\u0026rdquo; While about 38% of the men agreed to the statement, \u0026ldquo;women who use contraception become promiscuous.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercentage distribution of men by demographic, socio-economic and other characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eContraceptive use\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4,777\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAny contraception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4,705\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,039\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3,174\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2,517\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,890\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e864\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eType of place of residence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3,914\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5,569\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEducational level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3,669\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4,509\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e890\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWealth Index\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,710\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,767\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,940\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRicher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2,037\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2,028\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMarital status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2,784\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6,299\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormerly married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmployment status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,094\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8,385\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReligion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,849\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7,486\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscussed FP with health worker in last few months\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7,859\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,623\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedia exposure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo access/exposure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5,840\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccess to media/exposed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3,642\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eContraception is woman's business, man should not worry\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6,968\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2,272\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWomen who use contraception become promiscuous\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5,558\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3,643\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9,482\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eContraceptive Use And Men\u0026rsquo;s Characteristics\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows results of chi-square test between contraceptive use and men\u0026rsquo;s demographic, socio-economic and other characteristics. Results show that contraceptive use is significantly related (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) with the following men\u0026rsquo;s characteristics: age group, type of place of residence, highest education level attained, wealth status, marital status, religion, discussion of family planning with health worker, access to media and the statement \u0026ldquo;contraception is woman's business man should not worry\u0026rdquo;. However, employment status (working or not working) and the perception that \u0026ldquo;women who use contraception become promiscuous\u0026rdquo; were not significantly related with contraceptive use among men (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContraceptive use among men by demographic, socio-economic and other characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContraceptive Use\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNone\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAny Contraception\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[51.5,60.0]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[40.0,48.5]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,039\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[44.8,49.6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[50.4,55.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3,174\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[43.2,48.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[51.8,56.8]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2,517\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[48.7,54.5]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[45.5,51.3]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,890\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[62.8,69.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[30.1,37.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e864\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eType of place of residence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[44.5,50.6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[49.4,55.5]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3,914\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[50.7,54.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[45.9,49.3]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5,569\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEducational level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[50.8,62.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[37.1,49.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[55.8,60.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[39.6,44.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3,669\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[43.8,48.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[51.9,56.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4,509\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[32.4,43.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[56.6,67.6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e890\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWealth Index\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[57.3,62.7]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[37.3,42.7]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,710\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[51.2,56.5]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[43.5,48.8]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,767\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[47.2,51.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[48.1,52.8]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,940\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRicher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[45.5,52.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[47.1,54.5]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2,037\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[38.1,44.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[55.6,61.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2,028\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMarital Status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[44.4,49.5]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[50.5,55.6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2,784\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[50.1,53.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[46.1,49.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6,299\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormerly married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[42.2,55.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[44.6,57.8]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmployment status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[46.4,54.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[45.9,53.6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,094\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.948\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[48.7,52.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[47.9,51.3]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8,385\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReligion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[50.7,57.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[42.6,49.3]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,849\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[47.8,51.0]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[49.0,52.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7,486\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[25.8,50.0]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[50.0,74.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[47.6,70.6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[29.4,52.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscussed FP with health worker in last few months\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[50.3,53.6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[46.4,49.7]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7,859\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[39.8,45.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[54.1,60.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,623\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo access/exposure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[52.2,55.5]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[44.5,47.8]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5,840\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccess to media/exposed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[42.1,47.5]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[52.5,57.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3,642\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eContraception is woman's business, man should not worry\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[47.4,50.6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[49.4,52.6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6,968\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[50.8,56.6]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[43.4,49.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2,272\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[51.6,64.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[35.6,48.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWomen who use contraception become promiscuous\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[48.3,52.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[47.9,51.7]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5,558\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[48.1,52.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[47.6,51.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3,643\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[47.9,60.8]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[39.2,52.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e50.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[48.8,51.9]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e49.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[48.1,51.2]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9,482\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFactors Associated With Contraceptive Use Among Men In Zambia\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows Adjusted Odds Ratios (AORs) between various explanatory variables and contraceptive use among men. The odds of men using contraception were 45%, 70% and 38% higher among men aged 20\u0026ndash;29, 30\u0026ndash;39 and 40\u0026ndash;49 years compared with those aged 15\u0026ndash;19 years. Place of residence of men had 39% higher odds of using contraception compared with those in urban areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContraception use increased with better wealth index. +It however was lower among currently married men (26%) than among the never been. The odds of contraception use was higher among e Protestants and Muslims (23% and 45%) than among Catholics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults further show that men who \u0026ldquo;discussed family planning issues with a health worker had higher odds (42%) of contraception use than those who did not. Besides, Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e also reveals that, contraception use among for men was higher among those exposed to media (20%) compared with those who did not.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdjusted Odds Rations on the factors associated with contraceptive use among men in Zambia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContraceptive Use\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAORs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.45**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u0026ndash;1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.70***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.25\u0026ndash;2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.38*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026ndash;1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026ndash;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eType of place of residence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.39***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.18\u0026ndash;1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEducational level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026ndash;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026ndash;1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026ndash;2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWealth index\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.25**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026ndash;1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.50***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026ndash;1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRicher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.62***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.33\u0026ndash;1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.05***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.62\u0026ndash;2.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMarital status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026ndash;0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormerly married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026ndash;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmployment status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026ndash;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReligion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.23**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026ndash;1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.45**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026ndash;4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026ndash;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscussed FP with health worker in last few months\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.42***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026ndash;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedia exposure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo access/exposure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccess to media/exposed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.20**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026ndash;1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eContraception is woman's business, man should not worry\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026ndash;1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026ndash;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWomen who use contraception become promiscuous\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.97\u0026ndash;1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026ndash;1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, * p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInfluence Of Contraceptive Use On The Ideal Number Of Children Among Men In Zambia\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents unadjusted incident rate ratio (UIRR) for the association between the ideal number of children and contraceptive use among men in Zambia. The USIRR for men who used any contraceptive was 0.91 times the incident rate for those who reported not using any contraception.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnadjusted Incident Rate Ratio of the relationship between contraceptive use and ideal number of children among men in Zambia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUIRR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContraceptive use\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsed any contraception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026ndash;0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.54***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.39\u0026ndash;5.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, * p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFactors Influencing Ideal Number Of Children Among Men In Zambia\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e show that the adjusted incident rate ratio (AIRR) for men who used any contraception was 0.96 times the incident rate for those who reported not using any contraception. Men in the age group 15\u0026ndash;19, 20\u0026ndash;29, 30\u0026ndash;39 and 40\u0026ndash;49 had 0.93, 1.05, 1.20 and 1.30 times incident rates of those in the age group 50\u0026ndash;59. The incident rate for men who resided in rural areas was 1.11 times that for men who resided in urban areas. Men with primary and higher education had incident rates of 1.07 and 0.85 that for men with no education respectively. With regard to wealth status, men in middle rich, richer and richest households had 0.93. 0.91 and 0.85 times incidence rates compared with the poorest households.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently married men had 1.09 times incident rates those who have never been married. Results in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e also show that the incident rate for men who were in employment was 1.07 times those who were not in employment. The incident rate for men whose religion was Protestant was 1.04 times the incident rate for the Catholic. Men who agreed and those who said they do not know concerning the statement \u0026ldquo;contraception is a woman\u0026rsquo;s business\u0026rdquo; had 0.96 and 0.91 times incident rate those who disagreed. Similarly, men who think \u0026ldquo;women who use contraceptives as promiscuous\u0026rdquo; had 1.05 times the incident rates than those who disagreed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdjusted Incident Rate Ratio for the factors influencing ideal number of children among men in Zambia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIdeal number of children\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAIRRs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eContraceptive use\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsed any contraception\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026ndash;0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026ndash;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026ndash;1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.20***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.13\u0026ndash;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.30***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026ndash;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eType of place of residence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05\u0026ndash;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEducational level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026ndash;1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026ndash;1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026ndash;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWealth index\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoorer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026ndash;1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026ndash;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRicher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026ndash;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRichest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026ndash;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMarital status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026ndash;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormerly married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026ndash;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOccupation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently working\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04\u0026ndash;1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReligion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026ndash;1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026ndash;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026ndash;1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscussed FP with health worker in last few months\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.99\u0026ndash;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo access/exposure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccess to media/exposed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026ndash;1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eContraception is woman's business, man should not worry\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026ndash;1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026ndash;0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWomen who use contraception become promiscuous\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02\u0026ndash;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026ndash;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, * p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is widely recognized that consistent and correct use of contraceptives by couples or partners can help space and/or limit the number of children. This paper aimed firstly at assessing male contraceptive use and secondly determine factors associated with male fertility preferences. Forty percent of sexually active males in Zambia are using any contraception. This result is similar to what [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] found in a study on males\u0026rsquo; contraceptive use and fertility preference in Myanmar, where they established that only about 39% of the males were using modern contraception. This might be because, though currently the family planning services have also started targeting males, especially among couples, little is being done to increase awareness-raising campaigns that traditionally have targeted women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. These campaigns will continue being critical owing to the very important traditional family roles men are said or expected to play.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the forgoing is true, others have argued that, the desire for boy-children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] and accusing female partners of salacious behaviour contributes to men not wanting use of contraceptives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Besides, others have also argued that in Africa, most people would love to have lower numbers of children with acceptable spacing nonetheless, one of the challenges faced is that family planning services are limited in supply and, usually unavailable when needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of the unadjusted IRR show a significant relationship between any contraceptive use and fertility preference by males. Men who used any contraception reported 2% fewer number of ideal number of children than those who were not using any method. Similarly, even after adjustments to include more variables in the model, results show that males who reported using any contraception had 3% less the ideal number of children compared with those who were not using any contraceptive method. Nonetheless, this finding shows minimal differences in the ideal number of children between men who reported using any contraception method and those, not using. Studies conducted elsewhere reveal that patrilineal traditions tend to perpetuate value for children and encourages large family size [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]; so much that what influences decisions is not mostly a factor of use or non-use of contraception but what the larger family feels and expects. Such undertones seem to be applicable to the case in Zambia given these results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMales in the age groups 15\u0026ndash;19, 20\u0026ndash;29, 30\u0026ndash;39 and 40\u0026ndash;49 reported having fewer ideal number of children compared to those in the age group 50\u0026ndash;49. This is not an \u0026ldquo;out of range\u0026rdquo; result as it were. It seems, younger males when compared to the old ones, may not have a concrete definite disclosure of what they would perceive as an ideal family size. This is in spite of the fact that age is a key factor that influences fertility. Some more recent studies confirm that a man\u0026rsquo;s age affects conception in women, however, male potency to impregnate a woman dwindles significantly after age 40 due to a number of reasons but among them is low sperm quality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared to other studies of a similar nature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], this study reveals that the ideal family size for males residing in rural areas was 8% higher compared to those who reside in urban areas. Various reasons can be advanced for this observed phenomenon. Firstly, men in rural areas are culturally sensitive and therefore are more likely than their urban counterparts to prefer more children. In many communities of Africa, Middle East and parts of Latin America, children have economic value since they are a cheap source of labour, wealth and financial security [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Secondly, contraceptive choices in rural areas are significantly limited for both men and women due low supply and in some cases, long distances to access them [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. With such challenges, it becomes a cost affair and a luxury for males to find, let alone use contraceptives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study shows that men who had attained secondary and tertiary education had 5% and 18% respectively, less ideal number of children compared with those with no education at all. This is similar to studies by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], where it was found that men with a higher level of education were less likely to desire more than two children compared with men with no education. Similarly, men from households classified as poor and middle in terms of wealth status were more likely to have (15% and 7% respectively) higher ideal family sizes compared with men from households considered rich. This finding is not surprising as most households in the country with more children are those in the poor wealth status [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the African context, men who are employed are seen as being wealthy and usually tend to have more partners/children because, generally, they can support their children and families [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Findings from our study reveal that men who are currently employed had higher chances of increasing their ideal family size compared to the unemployed. This can be explained by the fact that, in a country where unemployment is actually low for women than that of males, females would rather be associated with males who are both currently working and have a stable income. Furthermore, these males tend to have a huge say with regard to the ideal number of children they want, as they will control their female counterpart based on their employment status [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion plays a major role in determining the number of ideal children a couple may wish to have. Although our study reveals that Protestants had a 4% higher chance of having more children than Catholics, this result is at variance with what [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] found in a study in Kenya among Muslims where they had higher odds of having more children than Catholics. It is a well-known fact that religion amplifies the idea of more children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn similar fashion, our results demonstrate that, males\u0026rsquo; number of partners/wives influences the ideal number of children. Men who had more than one partner/wife had four children more compared to those with only one partner/wife. Studies conducted elsewhere show that in situations where people engage in sexual activity outside their actual \u0026ldquo;normal\u0026rdquo; relationships, it is highly likely that such individuals may have unintended children, especially in the face of low, incorrect and inconsistent contraceptive use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedia exposure is critical for informing, educating and communicating (IEC) accurate and relevant information on fertility and related topics.. Therefore, access and utilisation of such information may be significant in reducing unwanted fertility observed in Zambia. Findings from our study, show that there is no significant differences in preference for children between males who had no access to media and those who had access. This deviates from other studies where the media is suggested to influence decision making with regards to fertility and that males or men who are rarely engaged as principal targets for Information, Education and Communication (IEC) sensitizations on contraceptives and fertility related issues often prefer more children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitudes towards contraception use does affect contraceptive use or non-use. Men who think that women who use contraceptives are promiscuous had 6% higher number of ideal children compared to those who disagreed. Studies relative to ours found similar results with women who tend to utilize family planning services mostly accused of being adulterous and, in turn, avoid becoming pregnant for their male partners [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion And Implications","content":"\u003cp\u003eContraception use is highly influenced by demographic and socio-economic characteristics of males or men as it were. Our study reveals vital predictors of both contraception usage and ideal family size, important to provide guidance on increased male involvement in family planning activities among sexually active men in Zambia. Results in this study where higher contraception use among rural men is also associated with having a higher ideal number of children is contradictory. This could suggest that rural men either incorrectly use the available contraceptives or they are not consistent in both use and truth. This study has implications on Family Planning Interventions and programming in a country like Zambia. For example, the number of contraceptive methods and sites offering these services should be increased and be highly publicized to allow men especially in rural to access correct information during FP counselling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportantly, this study has further revealed that any contraception usage alone is not a major determinant in men\u0026rsquo;s ideal number of children. There still exists some ideas among the Zambian populace that men assumed to be rich should have a higher ideal number of children because they can take care of them. This is coupled with misconceptions that women who use contraception are promiscuous.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, strategies aimed at encouraging contraception use should cover all categories of men so as to achieve universal involvement in FP in Zambia. In conclusion, we suggest that, a study combining both qualitative and quantitative aspects should be carried out to have a holistic picture of how demographic, socio-economic and cultural factors would affect non-contraception use and ideal number of children among males in Zambia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAIDS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAORs\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted Odds Ratios\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCPH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCensus of Population and Housing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDHS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnumeration Area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEAs\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnumeration Areas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFamily Planning\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFPC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily Planning and Contraceptive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHIV\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Immunodeficiency Virus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eICPD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Conference on Population and Development\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIEC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation Education and Communication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIVs\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMoH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinistry of Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSDGs\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable Development Goals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSRH\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual and Reproductive Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTFR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Fertility Rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUIRR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnadjusted Incident Rate Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUNDESA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUN\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Nations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eZDHS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZambia Demographic and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eZamStats\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZambia Statistics Agency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would love to thank ICF International and ZamStats for allowing us to use the ZDHS dataset for this publication.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBBB, MK and JNM conceived, designed, analysed, interpretation and participated in the drafting of the manuscript. CCM, NW, BS and OO participated in the interpretation and drafting of the manuscript. BBB was responsible for coordinating the study. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData and material are available on request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough this data included human beings, this data analysis was secondary and permission was granted to us by DHS program and ZamStats for us to use the ZDHS dataset in particular the men\u0026rsquo;s (ZMMR71FL) stata data file. In addition, no potentially identifying information is part of this dataset\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo images, individual details or videos for clients\u0026rsquo; data are part of this paper\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eDirectorate of Research and Postgraduate Studies/\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Economics, School of Social Science, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Zambia, \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Population Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences. The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Economics, School of Social Science, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Zambia, \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Political and Administrative Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences. The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, and \u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Social Development Studies, School of Social Science, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Zambia\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZambia Statistics Agency, Ministry of Health (MOH) Zambia, and ICF. 2019. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Lusaka, Zambia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: Zambia Statistics Agency, Ministry of Health, and ICF.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGrindlay K, Dako-Gyeke P, Ngo TD, Eva G, Gobah L, Reiger ST, et al. (2018) Contraceptive use and unintended pregnancy among young women and men in Accra, Ghana. PLoS ONE 13 (8): e0201663. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0201663\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUnited Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). Family Planning and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Data Booklet. (ST/ESA/ SER.A/429).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGuengant, J.P. and May, J.F., (2011).\u0026nbsp;Proximate determinants of fertility in sub-Saharan Africa and their possible use in fertility projections. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUnited Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Now: United Nations UNGA Resolutions. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view.doc.asp:symbol=A/Res/70/\u0026amp;Lang=E\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEzeh, A., Kissling, F. and Singer, P., 2020. Why sub-Saharan Africa might exceed its projected population size by 2100. The Lancet, 396(10258), pp.1131-1133.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBongaarts, J., (2017). The effect of contraception on fertility: Is sub-Saharan Africa different? Demographic Research,\u0026nbsp;37, pp.129-146.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCleland, J., Harbison, S. and Shah, I.H., (2014). Unmet need for contraception: issues and challenges. Studies in family planning, 45(2), pp.105-122.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUnited Nations (2018). About the sustainable development goals. Available at: www.un.org/ sustainable development/sustainable-development goals.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKriel, Y., Milford, C., Cordero, J., Suleman, F., Beksinska, M., Steyn, P. and Smit, J.A., (2019). Male partner influence on family planning and contraceptive use: perspectives from community members and healthcare providers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.\u0026nbsp;Reproductive health,\u0026nbsp;16(1), pp.1-15.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChandra-Mouli Venkatraman, Donna R McCarraher, Sharon J Phillips, Nancy E Williamson and Gwyn Hainsworth (2014). Contraception for adolescents in low and middle-income countries: needs, barriers and access. Reproductive Health, 11:1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBankole Akinrinola and Malarcher Shawn (2010). Removing Barriers to Adolescents\u0026rsquo; Access to Contraceptive Information and Services. Studies in family planning 41(2):117-124.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePeprah Prince, Emmanuel Mawuli Abalo, Julius Nyonyo, Reforce Okwei, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Godfred Amankwaa, (2018). Pregnant women\u0026rsquo;s perception and attitudes toward modern and traditional midwives and the perceptional impact on health seeking behaviour and status in rural Ghana, International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, Vol.8 PP66-74, ISSN 2214-1391, \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2018.03.003\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2018.03.003\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAung, M.S., Soe, P.P. and Moh, M.M., (2019). Predictors of modern contraceptive use and fertility preferences among men in Myanmar: further analysis of the 2015-16 demographic and health survey. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(10), p.4209.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKabagenyi, A., Jennings, L., Reid, A., Nalwadda, G., Ntozi, J. and Atuyambe, L., (2014). Barriers to male involvement in contraceptive uptake and reproductive health services: a qualitative study of men and women\u0026rsquo;s perceptions in two rural districts in Uganda. Reproductive health, 11(1), pp.1-9. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-11-21\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-11-21\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePaudel, Y.R. and Acharya, K., (2018). Fertility limiting intention and contraceptive use among currently married men in Nepal: evidence from Nepal demographic and health survey 2016.\u0026nbsp;BioMed research international,\u0026nbsp;2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHarris, I. D., Fronczak, C., Roth, L., \u0026amp; Meacham, R. B. (2011). Fertility and the aging male.\u0026nbsp;Reviews in urology,\u0026nbsp;13(4), e184\u0026ndash;e190.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOchako, R., Temmerman, M., Mbondo, M. and Askew, I., (2017). Determinants of modern contraceptive use among sexually active men in Kenya.\u0026nbsp;Reproductive health,\u0026nbsp;14(1), pp.1-15.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMacQuarrie, K., Edmeades, J., Steinhaus, M. and Head, S.K., (2015). \u003cem\u003eMen and contraception: Trends in attitudes and use\u003c/em\u003e. ICF International.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAshraf, N., Field, E. and Lee, J., (2014). Household bargaining and excess fertility: an experimental study in Zambia.\u0026nbsp;American Economic Review,\u0026nbsp;104(7), pp.2210-37.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWondim, G., Degu, G., Teka, Y. and Diress, G., (2020). Male Involvement in Family Planning Utilization and Associated Factors in Womberma District, Northern Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. \u003cem\u003eOpen Access Journal of Contraception\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e, p.197.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAremu, O., Lawoko, S., Moradi, T. and Dalal, K., (2011). Socio-economic determinants in selecting childhood diarrhoea treatment options in Sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel model.\u0026nbsp;Italian Journal of Pediatrics,\u0026nbsp;37(1), pp.1-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSanchez, L. and Kane, E.W., (1996). Women\u0026apos;s and men\u0026apos;s constructions of perceptions of housework fairness.\u0026nbsp;Journal of Family Issues,\u0026nbsp;17(3), pp.358-387.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAksoy, C.G., (2016). The effects of unemployment on fertility: evidence from England. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis \u0026amp; Policy, 16(2), pp.1123-1146. https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0127\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLogan, C., Manlove, J., Ikramullah, E. and Cottingham, S., (2006). Men who father children with more than one woman: A contemporary portrait of multiple-partner fertility.\u0026nbsp;Child Trends Research Brief,\u0026nbsp;10.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJones, J., Mosher, W.D. and Daniels, K., (2012).\u0026nbsp;Current contraceptive use in the United States, 2006-2010, and change in patterns of use since 1995\u0026nbsp;(No. 60). US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGuzzo, K.B., (2014). New partners, more kids: Multiple-partner fertility in the United States.\u0026nbsp;The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,\u0026nbsp;654(1), pp.66-86.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEbin V. (1996). African men want more children than their wives. Population Today. Oct; 24(10):3. PMID: 12320449.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"male, contraceptive use, fertility preference, Zambia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2143171/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2143171/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground: Contraceptive use has been used as one of the methods not only to space but also to limit the number of children that a couple/individuals have. Since their introduction, most of the efforts have concentrated on females than males even though males tend to have huge say on the ideal number of children a couple/individuals have. In our study, we sought to determine linkages between contraceptive use and fertility preferences as well as associated demographic and socio-economic characteristics among sexually active males in Zambia regardless of their marital status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethods:\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eThe study had two outcome variables, namely contraceptive use and fertility preference (measured by desire for more children as a count variable).\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eData for this paper was the male recode dataset from the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey. Binary logistic regression was performed to determine odds ratios of contraceptive use by selected characteristics of males. Poisson regression model was used to establish factors associated with fertility preferences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults: Age of men (20-29, 30-39 and 40-49, respectively), residence in rural areas, wealth quintile, religious affiliation of Protestant or Muslim, media exposure, and having discussed Family Planning with \u0026nbsp;a health worker in the last few months were associated with contraceptive use. Males who reported using any contraception method reported 3% less ideal number of children desired compared with those who were not using any method. Older males (age group 30-49), resident in rural areas, with primary education, married, employed, Protestant by religion, and opinionated to the extent of labeling women who use contraceptives “as promiscuous”, \u0026nbsp;had more ideal number of children comparatively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConclusions: There were minimal differences in the ideal number of children among males who reported using and not using any contraceptive method. Strategies aimed at encouraging contraception use should cover all categories of males so as to achieve universal involvement of men in family planning in Zambia. A study combining both qualitative and quantitative methods would be ideal to look holistically at the demographic, socio-economic and cultural factors associated with non-contraception use and ideal number of children among males.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Contraceptive use and fertility preferences among sexually active males in Zambia.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-12-19 16:13:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2143171/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2023-05-17T07:12:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2022-12-16T07:46:44+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-12-16T04:37:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2022-12-16T04:11:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-10-10T06:06:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2022-10-10T00:27:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b0aa4d0f-3cb3-4cb9-8265-939d02ca99d7","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 19th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-09-25T15:03:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2143171","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16750-0","journal":{"identity":"bmc-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2023-09-20 15:01:07","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 20th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-12-19 16:13:21","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12889-023-16750-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16750-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2143171","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2143171","identity":"rs-2143171","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"omnImTCwR2MFx8CMYfrG7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}