The effect of food timing on torpor propensity and characteristics in laboratory mice during a common food restriction paradigm

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Wilcox" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "David M. Bannerman" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Stuart N. Peirson" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background Many behavioural, pharmacological, and metabolic studies in mice require fasting, yet the possibility of fasting-induced torpor affecting the data is rarely considered. Torpor is a state characterised by depressed metabolism and profound alterations to physiology and behaviour. In this study we aimed to determine how the effects of torpor on experimental outcomes could be mitigated. Methods To this end, timing and characteristics of fasting-induced torpor in response to feeding in the morning versus feeding in the night were compared using non-invasive monitoring of peripheral body temperature. Results Night-fed mice entered significantly more torpor bouts per day compared to morning-fed mice (Morning: 2.79±0.197 (mean ± SEM); Night: 4.79±0.533 (mean ± SEM); p=0.0125), but these bouts were shorter on average by ~1.5h. Latency to the first torpor bout following feeding tended to be shorter during night feeding (Morning: 9.57±0.8h (mean ± SEM); Night: 6.66±1.2h (mean ± SEM); p=0.0928). Moreover, torpor bouts typically occurred during the dark phase in the morning-fed group, whilst night feeding resulted in a shift of torpor occurrence to earlier in the day (Morning: 14.2±0.4 ZT h (mean ± SEM); Night: 12.2±0.9 ZT h (mean ± SEM); p=0.0933). There was a high degree of variation in torpor occurrence within and between animals in each group. Conclusions We recommend that feeding time is kept consistent between days and the same across animals to minimise variation in torpor occurrence. Moreover, the timing of food provision may be optimised to allow measurements to be taken during euthermia, to mitigate the effects of torpor on the variables investigated. Finally, we recommend that body temperature is monitored non-invasively to determine when torpor is occurring, and that testing, or sample collection is conducted when the torpor history is comparable between animals. 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F1000Research 2024, 13 :829 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151246.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Brief Report The effect of food timing on torpor propensity and characteristics in laboratory mice during a common food restriction paradigm [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] Sian L. Wilcox https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5138-6869 1-3 , David M. Bannerman 1,4 , Stuart N. Peirson 1,5 , Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy 1-3 Sian L. Wilcox https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5138-6869 1-3 , David M. Bannerman 1,4 , Stuart N. Peirson 1,5 , Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy 1-3 PUBLISHED 24 Jul 2024 Author details Author details 1 Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK 2 Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK 3 Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK 4 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK 5 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK Sian L. Wilcox Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing David M. Bannerman Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Stuart N. Peirson Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the NC3Rs gateway. Abstract Background Many behavioural, pharmacological, and metabolic studies in mice require fasting, yet the possibility of fasting-induced torpor affecting the data is rarely considered. Torpor is a state characterised by depressed metabolism and profound alterations to physiology and behaviour. In this study we aimed to determine how the effects of torpor on experimental outcomes could be mitigated. Methods To this end, timing and characteristics of fasting-induced torpor in response to feeding in the morning versus feeding in the night were compared using non-invasive monitoring of peripheral body temperature. Results Night-fed mice entered significantly more torpor bouts per day compared to morning-fed mice (Morning: 2.79±0.197 (mean ± SEM); Night: 4.79±0.533 (mean ± SEM); p=0.0125), but these bouts were shorter on average by ~1.5h. Latency to the first torpor bout following feeding tended to be shorter during night feeding (Morning: 9.57±0.8h (mean ± SEM); Night: 6.66±1.2h (mean ± SEM); p=0.0928). Moreover, torpor bouts typically occurred during the dark phase in the morning-fed group, whilst night feeding resulted in a shift of torpor occurrence to earlier in the day (Morning: 14.2±0.4 ZT h (mean ± SEM); Night: 12.2±0.9 ZT h (mean ± SEM); p=0.0933). There was a high degree of variation in torpor occurrence within and between animals in each group. Conclusions We recommend that feeding time is kept consistent between days and the same across animals to minimise variation in torpor occurrence. Moreover, the timing of food provision may be optimised to allow measurements to be taken during euthermia, to mitigate the effects of torpor on the variables investigated. Finally, we recommend that body temperature is monitored non-invasively to determine when torpor is occurring, and that testing, or sample collection is conducted when the torpor history is comparable between animals. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords 3Rs, Daily torpor, Food restriction, Mice, Circadian, Refinement Corresponding Author(s) Sian L. Wilcox ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Sian L. Wilcox Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: SLW is funded by a National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) PhD Studentship NC/S001689/1. SNP is supported by BBSRC grant BB/S015817/1 and NC3Rs SKT grant NC/V000977/1, VVV is funded by The MRC grant MR/S01134X/1. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2024 Wilcox SL et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Wilcox SL, Bannerman DM, Peirson SN and Vyazovskiy VV. The effect of food timing on torpor propensity and characteristics in laboratory mice during a common food restriction paradigm [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :829 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151246.1 ) First published: 24 Jul 2024, 13 :829 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151246.1 ) Latest published: 24 Jul 2024, 13 :829 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151246.1 ) Research highlights Scientific benefit: • Identification of the effects of feeding schedule on torpor propensity and characteristics in laboratory mice 3Rs benefit: • Identifying and controlling for potential sources of variation in experimental variables due to torpor occurrence • More accurate and precise induction of torpor in mice thereby reducing the time spent on food restriction and shortening the duration of stress • Use of food restriction to study torpor and the medium-long term physiological impacts of torpor, mean that the use of cross-over studies need to be carefully designed/considered to factor in these additional variables Current applications: • Research using food restriction techniques in mice, particularly neurobiology of hypometabolism and circadian phenotyping Potential applications: • Research fields which regularly use food restriction in mice e.g., metabolic studies, behavioural research, pharmacological studies Introduction Food restriction and fasting are common techniques used in behavioural, metabolic, and circadian studies, amongst others. However, many of these studies do not account for the induction of torpor in response to limited food availability in mice. Torpor is a hypometabolic and hypothermic state employed by certain species to conserve energy, but it also profoundly alters central ( Huang et al., 2021 ; von der Ohe et al., 2006 ) and peripheral ( Melvin & Andrews, 2009 ) physiology. Laboratory mice readily enter torpor in response to fasting ( Hudson & Scott, 1979 ; Swoap et al., 2006 ) but the long-term effects of chronic torpor induction on subsequent behaviour and physiology are largely unknown. Food timing is rarely reported in studies using food restriction, and feeding schedule may vary depending on when a task is performed, or sample taken. However, torpor propensity has been shown to be under circadian control and is strongly influenced by food timing ( Oelkrug et al., 2011 ; van der Vinne et al., 2018 ). In an accompanying publication ( Wilcox et al., 2024d ), we reported that torpor was readily induced during a chronic food restriction paradigm and that the likelihood of torpor occurrence was closely related to decreased bodyweight. Subsequently, we hypothesised that differences in food timing within and between studies may result in variation in torpor characteristics and contribute to variations in physiology and behaviour due to differences in prior torpor history. Here, we investigated the effect of food timing on torpor characteristics. All mice studied (n=8) readily entered torpor in response to food restriction, regardless of feeding time, and feeding time significantly affected the latency to torpor, timing, and duration of torpor bouts. Methods Ethical statement Procedures were performed in compliance with the United Kingdom Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act of 1986 (Project Licence Number: P828B64BC). All experiments were approved by the University of Oxford Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Board (AWERB) on 28 th February 2017 (reference: DPAGEP (17)9, Item 5a). A retrospective review of the project licence was considered by the AWERB on 19 th September 2019 as part of the in-house assurance process. The retrospective review report was approved by the AWERB, and ongoing research supported by the committee. All efforts were made to ameliorate suffering of animals throughout. To this end, the health and behaviour of all animals was checked at least twice daily, and animals were monitored remotely via webcams. Bodyweight was monitored daily. Humane endpoints included weight loss of >20% and adverse behavioural changes, such as signs of grimace ( Langford et al., 2010 ), which did not improve following a 6h observation period. Animals and recording conditions C57BL/6J mice were used in this study (University of Oxford Biomedical Services in-house colony; N=8, aged ~11 weeks). Male mice were chosen for this study to ensure data were representative of the current research landscape, which primarily uses males. However, we expect that these data will be applicable to females, as torpor has been shown to be readily induced in female mice ( Oelkrug et al., 2011 ; Zhang et al., 2020 ). The C57BL/6J strain was chosen as they are commonly used for behavioural studies, or as a background for genetic mutants. Mice were individually housed in wire-top cages (48x15x13cm) on a 12:12h light-dark (LD) cycle for the duration of the experiment. Cages were housed in custom light-tight chambers (LTCs; Figure 1B ), with four cages per chamber ( Fisher et al., 2012 ; Tam et al., 2021 ). LTCs were illuminated by cool white LED strips (Maplin, UK; 200 lux at the cage floor). Ambient room temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 21±1°C and 60±1%, respectively. Water was provided ad libitum throughout. Bedding material (sizzle nest) was kept to a minimum, and enrichment items, such as tunnels, were removed to prevent mice from being obscured from view of the thermal cameras, although ~10g of nesting material was provided to align with the thermal preference of mice ( Gaskill et al., 2011 ). Figure 1. Experimental design and raw temperature traces. (A) Mice were assigned to either the morning-fed group, or the night-fed group (n=4). Night-fed animals were kept on a reverse light-dark cycle (lights on at 7 pm), to allow for feeding to be completed in parallel. During food restriction, all mice were fed once daily; morning-fed mice were fed one hour after lights on, whilst night-fed mice were fed one hour after lights off. Mice were weighed ~2 hours after food was provided; additional food was provided as necessary at this time to ensure bodyweight was maintained at ~85% of free feeding bodyweight. (B) Mice were individually housed in standard wire-top cages, placed under continuous thermal imaging cameras (two cages per camera), in light-tight chambers. Cameras were placed ~20 cm above the cage floor and positioned to ensure mice were in view. (C) Thermal images of a mouse during euthermia (left), and a mouse during torpor (right). Skin temperature was measured by recording the warmest pixel in view every 1 s (1 Hz). Ta represents measurement of the ambient temperature (coldest pixel every 1 s). (D) Representative skin temperature (Tskin) trace of a torpor bout during food restriction. Torpor bouts were detected by determining when Tskin had decreased by >3 standard deviation below the median euthermic temperature, for >1 h. Red circles indicate where torpor was determined to begin, and black circles indicate where torpor was determined to end using these criteria. (E) Raw Tskin temperature traces over consecutive days of food restriction (days 8–17) from a representative morning-fed mouse (left) and a representative night-fed mouse (right). Feeding time is indicated by the pink line, whilst the time at which mice were weighed is shown by the black line. Experimental design Mice were assigned to one of two groups: the morning-fed group and the night-fed group (n=4 for each), in a matched manner using starting bodyweight. Experimenters were not blinded to group during allocation or data collection. Following single-housing, mice were given 3 days to habituate to the LTCs in which the cages were housed. The morning-fed group and the night-fed group were housed in separate LTCs. The LD cycle for the night-fed group was shifted by one hour each day until a reverse LD cycle was achieved (lights on: 7 pm), taking a total of 12 days. During food restriction, the morning group received food one hour after lights on, at Zeitgeber Time 1 (ZT1), whereas the night group received food one hour after lights off, at ZT13. Due to the reverse LD cycle for the night-fed group, both groups were fed at the same real time (8 am). LTCs were opened for both feeding and weighing which was performed under dim red light for the night-fed group; LTCs were not opened in parallel to prevent light leakage from the morning-fed group’s LTC. During food restriction, a single ration of food (2.0-2.5 g, 2016 Teklad Global Rodent Diet ® , 16% protein, Envigo, Blackthorne, UK) was provided at the same time each day; the initial amount was determined by calculating 70% of individual average ad libitum daily intake, and then titrated based on bodyweight ( van der Vinne et al., 2018 ). Mice were maintained at ~85% of their free feeding bodyweight, determined by taking daily bodyweight measurements ~2 hours after feeding. Additional food was provided the following day if bodyweight had dropped below 85%. Conversely, the following day’s food ration was reduced if bodyweight was >85%. Power calculations were not used due to the exploratory nature of this study, and we expected that the effect size would be large due to a torpor bout typically involving a considerable (>5°C) drop in body temperature that is easily detected ( Huang et al., 2021 ; van der Vinne et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, there are few existing studies of a similar nature which limits the ability to accurately perform power calculations. We had initially planned to reverse the group treatments to allow for a within-subjects design; however, food restriction had a profound effect on bodyweight which was found to be closely related to torpor induction. As such, we determined that the animal’s physiology had been altered to such a degree that comparing variables pre- and post-switch would be inappropriate. Whilst this highlights one of our key messages that previous experience of the animals, including torpor history, matters greatly, excluding half of the animals from further analysis does reduce the power of this study. Therefore, we consider these findings preliminary. Peripheral skin temperature (Tskin) was non-invasively recorded using continuous thermal imaging cameras, mounted ~20 cm above the cage base (Optris ® Xi 80 compact spot finder thermal imaging camera with 80° wide angle lens, Optris GmbH, Berlin, Germany; one camera per two animals; Figure 1B ). Custom Perspex blocks (23×12×3.2 cm, Aquarius Plastics, Surrey, UK) were used to block access to the area beneath the food hopper to minimise mice going out of view of the camera during recording. Tskin was determined by recording the hottest pixel every 1s for the duration of the study using the manufacturer’s software (Optris ® PIX Connect, Optris GmbH). Data were processed by applying a high-pass filter 18°C and a low-pass filter at 35°C to remove artefacts that occurred due to movement and changes in animal posture. The filtered data were binned into 1-minute intervals, and a 20-minute moving average applied to smooth the data and further remove noise ready for analysis ( Huang et al., 2021 ; van der Vinne et al., 2020 ). Tskin measurements were used to determine torpor characteristics, including latency to torpor, the number of bouts, and torpor timing. Thermal imaging can reliably detect bouts of hypothermia associated with torpor ( van der Vinne et al., 2020 ), but cannot be used to calculate core body temperature (Tcore), making previously used torpor definitions of a Tcore <32°C inappropriate ( Brown & Staples, 2010 ; Solymár et al., 2015 ; Swoap & Gutilla, 2009 ). Instead, we developed a custom algorithm, based on the criteria described by Huang et al. (2021) , to define torpor as when Tskin dropped by >3 standard deviations below the median euthermic Tskin for >1h for each animal. The start and end of torpor were determined as when Tskin crossed this threshold ( Figure 1D ). Statistical analysis The data were first blinded prior to processing and analysis. Data were processed using MATLAB (MathWorks ® , USA, v2023a) and analysed using Prism (GraphPad, version 9). Data are presented as a group mean ± standard error of the mean, with data from all four mice per group for each analysis. No criteria were set for including or excluding animals, other than the humane endpoints; no animals were excluded from analysis. Data were tested for normality using a Shapiro-Wilk test prior to analysis. Two-way ANOVAs with repeated measures were used to determine the effect of time and group on torpor characteristics. A Geisser-Greenhouse correction was used in all cases. Between group comparisons were performed on the final 6 days of food restriction using unpaired t-tests, as this was the point at which parameters of interest had stabilised. Results The change in daily mean Tskin compared to baseline (day 0, the last day of ad libitum feeding) was calculated and used for comparisons due to absolute Tskin values varying between individuals ( van der Vinne et al., 2020 ). Tskin decreased over days of food restriction as mice spent more time in torpor ( Figure 2A-B ). Day of food restriction significantly affected Tskin in both groups (F (3.04,18.3) =32.3, p<0.0001), but no significant group effect was found (F (1,6) =0.413, p=0.5441), nor was there a significant interaction between time and group (F (17,102) =0.4898, p=0.9525). Figure 2. Effect of food timing on torpor characteristics. (A) Change in mean daily Tskin, relative to baseline, over days of food restriction (mean ± SEM). Tskin significantly decreased as food restriction progressed for both groups (F (3.04,18.3) =32.3, p<0.0001; Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures). (B) Comparison of mean change in Tskin on the last 6 days of recording, when temperature and bodyweight decline had stabilised (mean ± SEM). There was no difference in change in Tskin between groups (p=0.5860, t(6)=0.5753; unpaired t-test). (C) Mean number of torpor bouts per day over days of food restriction. The number of daily bouts significantly increased during food restriction (F (3.15,18.9) =8.85, p=0.0006; Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures). (D) Comparison of the mean number of bouts entered by each group across the final 6 days of food restriction when bodyweight had stabilised (mean ± SEM). The night group entered significantly more torpor bouts per day compared to the morning group (p=0.0125, t(6)=3.52; unpaired t-test). (E) Change in the latency to the first torpor bout after feeding over days of food restriction (mean ± SEM). Latency to torpor decreased over time. (F) Comparison of latency to torpor in stabilised conditions (mean ± SEM). No difference was found between groups (p=0.0928, t(6)=1.997; unpaired t-test). (G) Comparison of relative torpor timing over the 24h recording period for the final 6 days of food restriction (mean ± SEM). On average, torpor bouts occurred later in the day during morning-feeding compared to the night group but this difference was not significant (p=0.0933, t(6)=1.99; unpaired t-test). (H) Change in the mean duration of torpor bouts over days of food restriction (mean ± SEM). Torpor bouts increased in length over time for both groups (F (3.06,18.4) =7.87, p=0.0013; Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures). (I) Comparison of mean torpor bout length on the final 6 days of recording (mean ± SEM). Morning-fed bouts tended to be longer on average (p=0.0558, t(6)=2.37; unpaired t-test). (J) Comparison of the longest bout per day over the final 6 days of food restriction (mean ± SEM). No difference was found between groups (p=0.4473, t(6)=0.813; unpaired t-test). Raw temperature traces suggested potential differences in torpor timing and length between groups ( Figure 1E ). Unsurprisingly, the number of torpor bouts increased as food restriction progressed before stabilising in line with bodyweight (F (3.15,18.9) =8.85, p=0.0006; Figure 2C ). Feeding time was a significant source of variation, but there was no interaction between group and day of food restriction. Comparison when bodyweight stabilised found that the night group entered significantly more torpor bouts per day compared to the morning fed group (Morning: 2.8±0.2, 95% CI [2.17–3.42]; Night: 4.8±0.5, 95% CI [3.10–6.49]; t(6)=3.52, p=0.0125; Figure 2D ). Latency to torpor was highly variable between animals up to day 8 of food restriction, although mean latency decreased, before stabilising from day 9 for both groups ( Figure 2E ). No significant group difference was found for stabilised latencies, although average latency was longer for the morning-fed group (Morning: 9.6±0.8h, 95% CI [6.91–12.2]; Night: 6.7±1.2h, 95% CI [2.87–10.5]; p=0.0928, t(6)=1.997; Figure 2F ). Additionally, no statistical difference in the relative timing of torpor over each 24h recording period, although night-fed mice entered torpor earlier on average (Morning: 14.2±0.4 ZTh, 95% CI [13.1–15.3]; Night: 12.2±0.9 ZTh, 95% CI [9.23–15.2]; p=0.0933, t(6)=1.99; Figure 2G ). However, torpor timing varied greatly in each group, especially in the night-fed group. As such, a significant difference may be found with a larger sample size. Torpor bouts increased in duration as food restriction progressed for both groups (F (3.06,18.4) =7.87, p=0.0013), before stabilising in line with bodyweight stabilisation at 85% ( Figure 2H ). On average, torpor bouts were longer in the morning-fed group compared to the night-fed group, and was trending towards statistical significance (Morning: 4.4±0.7h, 95% CI [2.02 6.72]; Night: 2.6±0.1h, 95% CI [2.16–3.03]; p=0.0558, t(6)=2.37; Figure 2I ). There was no statistical difference in the length of the longest torpor bout per day between groups (Morning: 7.3±1.3h, 95% CI [3.08–11.5]; Night: 6.0±0.8h, 95% CI [3.51–8.55]; p=0.4473, t(6)=0.813; Figure 2J ). Discussion Previously, we reported that torpor is readily induced in response to food restriction with reliable torpor bouts occurring daily when bodyweight reaches 85-90% of free feeding bodyweight ( Wilcox et al., 2024d ). Here, we investigated the effect of feeding time on torpor characteristics. We report that feeding time influenced some torpor characteristics, namely the number of torpor bouts being entered each day, with night feeding resulting in more torpor bouts. Although bout duration was not significantly altered by feeding time in this study, night-fed bouts were shorter on average, therefore the increased number of bouts may be to compensate and to maximise energy savings. Other studies have found that torpor is primarily under circadian control, which can be influenced by food timing ( Northeast et al., 2020 ; van der Vinne et al., 2018 ). As such, there may be competing forces contributing to torpor timing and characteristics (i.e., LD cycle, food timing) which may explain why some characteristics were altered but others were not. Torpor bout timing and duration between individuals and between days within individuals were found to be highly variable ( Figure 1E ). Moreover, our sample size was reduced due to it being deemed inappropriate to swap treatment groups as originally planned. Unfortunately, these factors limited our ability to compare between groups. We believe that with larger sample sizes, additional group differences would be found, and consider the current report preliminary. The variation observed highlights the potential for torpor to confound experimental data due to differing torpor history. This may be an important consideration for behavioural tasks, as behavioural performance can be significantly affected by an animal’s experience ( Milinski et al., 2021 ). One approach for minimising the effect of torpor on subsequent performance would be to control for feeding time by ensuring that food is provided at consistent times between days and for each animal. Often, time of feeding is not reported in the published literature; therefore, we recommend that time of feeding is clearly reported to facilitate replication of results and comparisons between studies. It may be possible depending on the study to provide food at a time that will minimise the impact of torpor on subsequent experimental interventions. For example, food could be provided in the morning to shift torpor bouts to the dark phase, thus providing a window of opportunity to perform experimental manipulations. Where this is not possible, we recommend that mice are closely monitored for torpor bouts, for example using continuous thermal imaging, so that tasks are not being performed immediately following a torpor bout. Moreover, we recommend conducting tasks when torpor history, including number and depth of bouts, is comparable between individuals and days to minimise within- and between-individual variation. These recommendations are relevant to all fields where food restriction is routinely used in mice and have the potential to refine food restriction procedures used in these fields. From a scientific perspective, we have identified that torpor is readily induced in laboratory mice in response to common food restriction protocols, and that time of feeding effects torpor characteristics. In relation to the 3Rs, remote measurement of Tskin via non-invasive thermal cameras will reduce stress in the animals. Moreover, continuous monitoring of Tskin may allow for early detection of unexpected or pathological hypothermia, enabling appropriate action to be initiated sooner. These recommendations will also contribute to improved data output with less variable data, resulting in reduced sample sizes required in future studies. Author contributions S.L.W, S.N.P, D.M.B and V.V.V designed experiments. S.L.W performed measurements. S.L.W and V.V.V performed analysis. S.L.W wrote the manuscript with input from all other authors. Data availability Underlying data Figshare: Induction of torpor in response to a common chronic food restriction paradigm and the effect of food timing on torpor characteristics. - Bodyweight measurements: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25722546 ( Wilcox et al., 2024a ). - Temperature recordings: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25722426 ( Wilcox et al., 2024b ). This project contains the following underlying data: - Bodyweight.xlsx - 230920_1.dat - 230920_2.dat - 230920_3.dat - 230920_4.dat - 240920_1.dat - 240920_2.dat - 240920_3.dat - 240920_4.dat - 250920_1.dat - 250920_2.dat - 250920_3.dat - 250920_4.dat - 260920_1.dat - 260920_2.dat - 260920_3.dat - 260920_4.dat - 270920_1.dat - 270920_2.dat - 270920_3.dat - 270920_4.dat - 280920_1.dat - 280920_2.dat - 280920_3.dat - 280920_4.dat - 290920_1.dat - 290920_2.dat - 290920_3.dat - 290920_4.dat - 300920_1.dat - 300920_2.dat - 300920_3.dat - 300920_4.dat - 011020_1.dat - 011020_2.dat - 011020_3.dat - 011020_4.dat - 021020_1.dat - 021020_2.dat - 021020_3.dat - 021020_4.dat - 031020_1.dat - 031020_2.dat - 031020_3.dat - 031020_4.dat - 041020_1.dat - 041020_2.dat - 041020_3.dat - 041020_4.dat - 051020_1.dat - 051020_2.dat - 051020_3.dat - 051020_4.dat - 061020_1.dat - 061020_2.dat - 061020_3.dat - 061020_4.dat - 071020_1.dat - 071020_2.dat - 071020_3.dat - 071020_4.dat - 081020_1.dat - 081020_2.dat - 081020_3.dat - 081020_4.dat - 091020_1.dat - 091020_2.dat - 091020_3.dat - 091020_4.dat - 101020_1.dat - 101020_2.dat - 101020_3.dat - 101020_4.dat - 121020_1.dat - 121020_2.dat - 121020_3.dat - 121020_4.dat - 131020_1.dat - 131020_2.dat - 131020_3.dat - 131020_4.dat Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Reporting guidelines Figshare: ARRIVE author checklist: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26239967 ( Wilcox, 2024c ). Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Software availability The following software was used for processing and analysing the data presented here: - MATLAB, available at: https://uk.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html - GraphPad Prism, available at: https://www.graphpad.com These software programmes used for data analysis require a licence for use. All data processing and statistical analysis can be performed in the open access software, R, available at https://www.r-project.org/ . Acknowledgements We thank Laura E. McKillop and Vincent van der Vinne for assistance during the planning and running of experiments. We thank Sara Wells for her comments on this manuscript. References Brown JCL, Staples JF: Mitochondrial metabolism during fasting-induced daily torpor in mice. Bioenergetics. 2010; 1797 : 476–486. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Fisher SP, Godinho SIH, Pothecary CA, et al. : Rapid assessment of sleep-wake behavior in mice.J. Biol. Rhythms.2012; 27 (1): 48–58. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Gaskill BN, Rohr SA, Pajor EA, et al. : Working with what you’ve got: Changes in thermal preference and behavior in mice with or without nesting material. J. Therm. Biol. 2011; 36 (3): 193–199. Publisher Full Text Huang YG, Flaherty SJ, Pothecary CA, et al. : The relationship between fasting-induced torpor, sleep, and wakefulness in laboratory mice. Sleep. 2021; 44 (9): 1–16. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Hudson JW, Scott IM: Daily torpor in the laboratory mouse, mus musculus var. albino. Physiol. Zool. 1979; 52 (2): 205–218. Publisher Full Text Langford DJ, Bailey AL, Chanda ML, et al. : Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse. Nat. Methods. 2010; 7 (6): 447–449. 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PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Solymár M, Pétervári E, Balaskó M, et al. : The onset of daily torpor is regulated by the same low body mass in lean mice and in mice with diet-induced obesity. Temperature. 2015; 2 (1): 129–134. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Swoap SJ, Gutilla MJ: Cardiovascular changes during daily torpor in the laboratory mouse. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2009; 297 (3): R769–R774. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Swoap SJ, Gutilla MJ, Liles LC, et al. : The Full Expression of Fasting-Induced Torpor Requires 3-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling. J. Neurosci. 2006; 26 (1): 241–245. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Tam SKE, Brown LA, Wilson TS, et al. : Dim light in the evening causes coordinated realignment of circadian rhythms, sleep, and shortterm memory.PNAS.2021; 118 (39): e2101591118. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text van der Vinne V , Bingaman MJ, Weaver DR, et al. : Clocks and meals keep mice from being cool. J. Exp. Biol. 2018; 221 . PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text van der Vinne V , Pothecary CA, Wilcox SL, et al. : Continuous and non-invasive thermography of mouse skin accurately describes core body temperature patterns, but not absolute core temperature. Sci. Rep. 2020; 10 (1): 20680–20689. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text von der Ohe CG , Darian-Smith C, Garner CC, et al. : Ubiquitous and temperature-dependent neural plasticity in hibernators. J. Neurosci. 2006; 26 (41): 10590–10598. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Wilcox S, et al. : Bodyweight measurements. [Dataset]. figshare. 2024a. Publisher Full Text Wilcox S, et al. : Body temperature recordings. [Dataset]. figshare. 2024b. Publisher Full Text Wilcox S: ARRIVE author checklist: food timing. figshare. 2024c. Publisher Full Text Wilcox S, et al. : Induction of torpor in response to a common chronic food restriction paradigm: implications for behavioural research using mice. [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. F1000Res. 2024d. Publisher Full Text Zhang Z, Reis FMCV, He Y, et al. : Estrogen-sensitive medial preoptic area neurons coordinate torpor in mice. Nat. Commun. 2020; 11 (1): 6314–6378. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 24 Jul 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK 2 Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK 3 Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK 4 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK 5 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK Sian L. Wilcox Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing David M. Bannerman Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Stuart N. Peirson Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information SLW is funded by a National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) PhD Studentship NC/S001689/1. SNP is supported by BBSRC grant BB/S015817/1 and NC3Rs SKT grant NC/V000977/1, VVV is funded by The MRC grant MR/S01134X/1. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 24 Jul 2024, 13:829 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151246.1 Copyright © 2024 Wilcox SL et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Wilcox SL, Bannerman DM, Peirson SN and Vyazovskiy VV. The effect of food timing on torpor propensity and characteristics in laboratory mice during a common food restriction paradigm [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :829 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151246.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 24 Jul 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Yamaguchi Y and Nakagawa S. Reviewer Report For: The effect of food timing on torpor propensity and characteristics in laboratory mice during a common food restriction paradigm [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :829 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165879.r331271 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-829/v1#referee-response-331271 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 08 Nov 2024 Yoshifumi Yamaguchi , Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Inamori Research Institute for Science, Kyoto, Japan Satoshi Nakagawa , Institute of Low Temperature Science,, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165879.r331271 This study describes how food timing affects the propensity and timing of torpor in mice. Although the number of animals used is limited and the results should be considered preliminary as the authors themselves wrote, it sounds fine and provides ... Continue reading READ ALL This study describes how food timing affects the propensity and timing of torpor in mice. Although the number of animals used is limited and the results should be considered preliminary as the authors themselves wrote, it sounds fine and provides useful information and caution to researchers who apply fasting or calorie-restriction protocols to mice in various fields, including metabolism, behavior, and neuroscience. I have made several comments that could be addressed. Major comments: In Experimental design, “The morning-fed group and the night-fed group were housed in separate LTCs. The LD cycle for the night-fed group was shifted by one hour each day until a reverse LD cycle was achieved (lights on: 7 pm), taking a total of 12 days.” Was the LD cycle phase-advanced or -delayed to create a night-fed group? This information should be mentioned, because the efficiency of entrainment differs when the LD phase is advanced or delayed. In addition, did you check the completion of entrainment of Tb rhythm to the LD-cycle before food restriction experiment in the morning-fed group? In other words, was the Tb rhythm before start of the food restriction the same between morning- and the night-fed groups? It could be evaluated by phase angle analysis described in the literature (Refinetti R, 1999). If entrainment was not completed in the morning-fed group, there is a possibility that the jet-lag condition may affect latency of torpor expression. Figure2 E–H: Does this correctly correspond to the main text? In Discussion, “Although (torpor) bout duration was not significantly altered by feeding time in this study, night-fed bouts were shorter on average, therefore the increased number or bouts may be to compensate and to maximaise energy savings.” This can be verified by the dataset presented. Is the total duration of all torpor bouts over two weeks different or comparable between the night-fed and morning-fed groups? Alternatively, it can vary greatly among individuals. I understand that the small sample size may not allow such a comparison; however, data representation as a graph would be useful for readers. When food is given at a fixed time in the light phase, animals engage in food-anticipatory activity (Mistlberger RE, 1994; Vijaya Shankara J, 2022 ). Therefore, even though mice are fed at a fixed time in the light phase and thereby torpor no longer occur during the light phase, it should be considered that the food-anticipatory activity around the sampling time could affect the experimental results. This could be discussed. Minor comments: Figures 1B-D are the same as those shown in the report “ Induction of torpor in response to a common chronic food restriction paradigm: implications for behavioural research using mice” by the same authors (Wilcox S, 2024). These figures do not seem essential to this study; it is better to omit them and instead cite the above paper. The use of the words “morning feeding” and “night feeding” may be somewhat confusing. In nocturnal animals, “morning” (active) phase could be interpreted as early part of dark phase. It is better to add further explanation parallelly with the words “light-phase-fed” for morning feeding and “dark-phase-fed” for night feeding. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Refinetti R: Relationship between the daily rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature in eight mammalian species. Am J Physiol . 1999; 277 (5): R1493-500 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Mistlberger RE: Circadian food-anticipatory activity: formal models and physiological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev . 1994; 18 (2): 171-95 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 3. Vijaya Shankara J, Mistlberger RE, Antle MC: Anticipation of Scheduled Feeding in BTBR Mice Reveals Independence and Interactions Between the Light- and Food-Entrainable Circadian Clocks. Front Integr Neurosci . 2022; 16 : 896200 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 4. Wilcox S, Bannerman D, Peirson S, Vyazovskiy V: Induction of torpor in response to a common chronic food restriction paradigm: implications for behavioural research using mice. F1000Research . 2024; 13 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Hibernation We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however we have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Yamaguchi Y and Nakagawa S. Reviewer Report For: The effect of food timing on torpor propensity and characteristics in laboratory mice during a common food restriction paradigm [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :829 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165879.r331271 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-829/v1#referee-response-331271 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Ambler M and Wheatley W. Reviewer Report For: The effect of food timing on torpor propensity and characteristics in laboratory mice during a common food restriction paradigm [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :829 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165879.r317597 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-829/v1#referee-response-317597 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 15 Oct 2024 Michael Ambler , University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK William Wheatley , University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165879.r317597 This is a well thought out paper addressing an interesting question that is likely to be of interest to researchers in the field of torpor but also those using food restriction paradigms in other fields of study. The figures are ... Continue reading READ ALL This is a well thought out paper addressing an interesting question that is likely to be of interest to researchers in the field of torpor but also those using food restriction paradigms in other fields of study. The figures are clear, the methodology is sensible. We note that the temperature recording files only appear to contain 4 minutes of data. Minor points: Figure 2 legend incorrectly references the figures. It describes E as representing change in the latency to the first torpor bout, when E is actually a graph about torpor bout duration. F-J all appear similarly mislabeled. The text body also refers to E as representing latency to torpor. “Additionally, no statistical difference in the relative timing of torpor over each 24h recording period, although night-fed mice entered torpor earlier on average (Morning: 14.2±0.4 ZTh, 95% CI [13.1–15.3]; Night: 12.2±0.9 ZTh, 95% CI [9.23–15.2]; p=0.0933, t(6)=1.99; Figure 2G).” – this line doesn’t quite make sense, are some words missing (e.g. ‘was observed’)? Last paragraph – “From a scientific perspective, we have identified that torpor is readily induced in laboratory mice in response to common food restriction protocols, and that time of feeding effects torpor characteristics” – should be affects not effects Additional analysis to consider including: Animal mass is given in a supplementary document. It is said the weights of the two groups were matched, but it would be helpful to see that detail in the text body (group average, sd). Starting body weight will affect an animal’s likelihood to enter torpor, as well as the latency to torpor entry. The figures only display 17 days of calorie restriction, but the weight charts go up to day 20. Were the animals ad-lib fed from day 17-20? Of not, why is this data not included? It would be interesting to add a comparison of total time in torpor. The authors have identified that night-fed mice opt for a strategy that includes more arousal from torpor. Does this result in less time spent torpid overall? Phrasing I believe the highlighted phrase in your abstract “Night-fed mice entered significantly more torpor bouts per day compared to morning-fed mice (Morning: 2.79±0.197 (mean ± SEM); Night: 4.79±0.533 (mean ± SEM); p=0.0125), but these bouts were shorter on average by ~1.5h ” is slightly misleading. Greater clarity could be added to emphasize that the bouts were not significantly shorter, particularly given this later line in the text – “Although bout duration was not significantly altered by feeding time in this study” Explanation For comparisons between groups, the last 6 days of recording are used as that is when bodyweight and temperature had “stabilized”. What was the criteria set for this stabilization? Looking at the bodyweight data, bodyweight seems to have stabilized by day 10. Is the last 6 days of recording day 11-17? Or day 14-20? In the linked paper(ref-1). bodyweight stabilized on day 8, so we are a little unclear on what / when defined stabilization for the comparison. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Wilcox S, Bannerman D, Peirson S, Vyazovskiy V: Induction of torpor in response to a common chronic food restriction paradigm: implications for behavioural research using mice. F1000Research . 2024; 13 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however we have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Ambler M and Wheatley W. Reviewer Report For: The effect of food timing on torpor propensity and characteristics in laboratory mice during a common food restriction paradigm [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :829 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165879.r317597 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-829/v1#referee-response-317597 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 24 Jul 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 24 Jul 24 read read Michael Ambler , University of Bristol, Bristol, UK William Wheatley , University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Yoshifumi Yamaguchi , Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Inamori Research Institute for Science, Kyoto, Japan Satoshi Nakagawa , Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Yamaguchi Y et al. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 08 Nov 2024 | for Version 1 Yoshifumi Yamaguchi , Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Inamori Research Institute for Science, Kyoto, Japan Satoshi Nakagawa , Institute of Low Temperature Science,, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan 0 Views copyright © 2024 Yamaguchi Y et al. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This study describes how food timing affects the propensity and timing of torpor in mice. Although the number of animals used is limited and the results should be considered preliminary as the authors themselves wrote, it sounds fine and provides useful information and caution to researchers who apply fasting or calorie-restriction protocols to mice in various fields, including metabolism, behavior, and neuroscience. I have made several comments that could be addressed. Major comments: In Experimental design, “The morning-fed group and the night-fed group were housed in separate LTCs. The LD cycle for the night-fed group was shifted by one hour each day until a reverse LD cycle was achieved (lights on: 7 pm), taking a total of 12 days.” Was the LD cycle phase-advanced or -delayed to create a night-fed group? This information should be mentioned, because the efficiency of entrainment differs when the LD phase is advanced or delayed. In addition, did you check the completion of entrainment of Tb rhythm to the LD-cycle before food restriction experiment in the morning-fed group? In other words, was the Tb rhythm before start of the food restriction the same between morning- and the night-fed groups? It could be evaluated by phase angle analysis described in the literature (Refinetti R, 1999). If entrainment was not completed in the morning-fed group, there is a possibility that the jet-lag condition may affect latency of torpor expression. Figure2 E–H: Does this correctly correspond to the main text? In Discussion, “Although (torpor) bout duration was not significantly altered by feeding time in this study, night-fed bouts were shorter on average, therefore the increased number or bouts may be to compensate and to maximaise energy savings.” This can be verified by the dataset presented. Is the total duration of all torpor bouts over two weeks different or comparable between the night-fed and morning-fed groups? Alternatively, it can vary greatly among individuals. I understand that the small sample size may not allow such a comparison; however, data representation as a graph would be useful for readers. When food is given at a fixed time in the light phase, animals engage in food-anticipatory activity (Mistlberger RE, 1994; Vijaya Shankara J, 2022 ). Therefore, even though mice are fed at a fixed time in the light phase and thereby torpor no longer occur during the light phase, it should be considered that the food-anticipatory activity around the sampling time could affect the experimental results. This could be discussed. Minor comments: Figures 1B-D are the same as those shown in the report “ Induction of torpor in response to a common chronic food restriction paradigm: implications for behavioural research using mice” by the same authors (Wilcox S, 2024). These figures do not seem essential to this study; it is better to omit them and instead cite the above paper. The use of the words “morning feeding” and “night feeding” may be somewhat confusing. In nocturnal animals, “morning” (active) phase could be interpreted as early part of dark phase. It is better to add further explanation parallelly with the words “light-phase-fed” for morning feeding and “dark-phase-fed” for night feeding. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Refinetti R: Relationship between the daily rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature in eight mammalian species. Am J Physiol . 1999; 277 (5): R1493-500 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Mistlberger RE: Circadian food-anticipatory activity: formal models and physiological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev . 1994; 18 (2): 171-95 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 3. Vijaya Shankara J, Mistlberger RE, Antle MC: Anticipation of Scheduled Feeding in BTBR Mice Reveals Independence and Interactions Between the Light- and Food-Entrainable Circadian Clocks. Front Integr Neurosci . 2022; 16 : 896200 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 4. Wilcox S, Bannerman D, Peirson S, Vyazovskiy V: Induction of torpor in response to a common chronic food restriction paradigm: implications for behavioural research using mice. F1000Research . 2024; 13 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Hibernation We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however we have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Yamaguchi Y and Nakagawa S. Peer Review Report For: The effect of food timing on torpor propensity and characteristics in laboratory mice during a common food restriction paradigm [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :829 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165879.r331271) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-829/v1#referee-response-331271 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Ambler M et al. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 15 Oct 2024 | for Version 1 Michael Ambler , University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK William Wheatley , University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK 0 Views copyright © 2024 Ambler M et al. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This is a well thought out paper addressing an interesting question that is likely to be of interest to researchers in the field of torpor but also those using food restriction paradigms in other fields of study. The figures are clear, the methodology is sensible. We note that the temperature recording files only appear to contain 4 minutes of data. Minor points: Figure 2 legend incorrectly references the figures. It describes E as representing change in the latency to the first torpor bout, when E is actually a graph about torpor bout duration. F-J all appear similarly mislabeled. The text body also refers to E as representing latency to torpor. “Additionally, no statistical difference in the relative timing of torpor over each 24h recording period, although night-fed mice entered torpor earlier on average (Morning: 14.2±0.4 ZTh, 95% CI [13.1–15.3]; Night: 12.2±0.9 ZTh, 95% CI [9.23–15.2]; p=0.0933, t(6)=1.99; Figure 2G).” – this line doesn’t quite make sense, are some words missing (e.g. ‘was observed’)? Last paragraph – “From a scientific perspective, we have identified that torpor is readily induced in laboratory mice in response to common food restriction protocols, and that time of feeding effects torpor characteristics” – should be affects not effects Additional analysis to consider including: Animal mass is given in a supplementary document. It is said the weights of the two groups were matched, but it would be helpful to see that detail in the text body (group average, sd). Starting body weight will affect an animal’s likelihood to enter torpor, as well as the latency to torpor entry. The figures only display 17 days of calorie restriction, but the weight charts go up to day 20. Were the animals ad-lib fed from day 17-20? Of not, why is this data not included? It would be interesting to add a comparison of total time in torpor. The authors have identified that night-fed mice opt for a strategy that includes more arousal from torpor. Does this result in less time spent torpid overall? Phrasing I believe the highlighted phrase in your abstract “Night-fed mice entered significantly more torpor bouts per day compared to morning-fed mice (Morning: 2.79±0.197 (mean ± SEM); Night: 4.79±0.533 (mean ± SEM); p=0.0125), but these bouts were shorter on average by ~1.5h ” is slightly misleading. Greater clarity could be added to emphasize that the bouts were not significantly shorter, particularly given this later line in the text – “Although bout duration was not significantly altered by feeding time in this study” Explanation For comparisons between groups, the last 6 days of recording are used as that is when bodyweight and temperature had “stabilized”. What was the criteria set for this stabilization? Looking at the bodyweight data, bodyweight seems to have stabilized by day 10. Is the last 6 days of recording day 11-17? Or day 14-20? In the linked paper(ref-1). bodyweight stabilized on day 8, so we are a little unclear on what / when defined stabilization for the comparison. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Wilcox S, Bannerman D, Peirson S, Vyazovskiy V: Induction of torpor in response to a common chronic food restriction paradigm: implications for behavioural research using mice. F1000Research . 2024; 13 . Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however we have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Ambler M and Wheatley W. Peer Review Report For: The effect of food timing on torpor propensity and characteristics in laboratory mice during a common food restriction paradigm [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :829 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.165879.r317597) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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