Significant Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Methane Emissions Evaluated by Comprehensive Statistical Analysis of Satellite Data

Significant Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Methane Emissions Evaluated by Comprehensive Statistical Analysis of Satellite Data | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Significant Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Methane Emissions Evaluated by Comprehensive Statistical Analysis of Satellite Data Beni Adi Trisna, Seungnam Park, Jeongsoon Lee This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4653581/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced various aspects of society, including environmental factors such as methane emissions. This study investigates the changes in methane concentrations in Seoul, South Korea, from 2019 to 2023, using TROPOMI satellite data and rigorous statistical analyses. By employing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests (Bonferroni correction, Tukey’s HSD, Scheffe's method), the study identifies significant differences in methane levels across different years. The results reveal no significant difference in methane concentrations between 2019 and 2020, but a noticeable increase in methane levels post-2021, correlating with the "new normal" policy implemented in South Korea. This suggests that changes in industrial activities and transportation patterns due to the "new normal" have contributed to higher methane emissions. Student's t-test and Welch’s t-test validate these findings, indicate the impact of socio-economic changes on methane emissions. Additionally, the results from the Shapiro-Wilk (S-W) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) tests indicate that the sample data can be considered to come from a normal distribution confirming the validity of t-tests and ANOVA analyses for these data. The S-W test showing better discriminative power than K-S test. This study provides a robust quantitative assessment of the pandemic's impact on methane levels and sets a methodological statistical approach for future research in the environmental research community. Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences/Climate change/Climate change mitigation Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Climate change adaptation methane COVID-19 TROPOMI statistical analysis Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files supplement240627ver00.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 01 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 31 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 22 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 13 Jul, 2024 Editor invited by journal 02 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 01 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 28 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4653581","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":330372706,"identity":"9e386085-3a98-4f2e-9f64-218c45f5fe5b","order_by":0,"name":"Beni Adi Trisna","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Beni","middleName":"Adi","lastName":"Trisna","suffix":""},{"id":330372707,"identity":"0314f00f-9d61-45c0-a740-b5014a4cb8c6","order_by":1,"name":"Seungnam Park","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCAzYGDMxQtgSRWtJI13LYAM4mqEV+du/BzxVnzhubt7M//sC4x4ZBcvYB/FoM7pxLljxz47aZzGEeMwmGZ2kM0nwJBLRI5BhINny4bSPBzMMGciGDHA8hh83IMf7Z8OEcUAvQYQwH/hPWwnAjx0yy4cYBMwlmoI0MBw4wSBPSYnAjL82y4UyyMdBhZhIJB5J5JHsIOiz38M2GY3aGM/iPP/7w4YCdnMQZQg5jQHZHAiqXGC2jYBSMglEwCrABACEdPJ3qLC22AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seungnam","middleName":"","lastName":"Park","suffix":""},{"id":330372708,"identity":"fb328053-4399-4001-8a8f-b86602ab7988","order_by":2,"name":"Jeongsoon Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jeongsoon","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-28 09:16:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4653581/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4653581/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72843-9","type":"published","date":"2024-09-28T15:57:57+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":65627319,"identity":"a247566d-7597-4590-afd3-b2894a70fc4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-30 16:14:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1181404,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"draft240701ver0.4.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4653581/v1_covered_d803d392-45a9-43a0-9a1e-500a95753a98.pdf"},{"id":60874847,"identity":"bdc43ea3-20d3-48a8-a016-524f6a1755e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-23 05:43:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1752169,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"supplement240627ver00.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4653581/v1/b346a9b69e082ca6d99d45be.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Significant Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Methane Emissions Evaluated by Comprehensive Statistical Analysis of Satellite Data","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"methane, COVID-19, TROPOMI, statistical analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4653581/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4653581/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced various aspects of society, including environmental factors such as methane emissions. This study investigates the changes in methane concentrations in Seoul, South Korea, from 2019 to 2023, using TROPOMI satellite data and rigorous statistical analyses. By employing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests (Bonferroni correction, Tukey’s HSD, Scheffe's method), the study identifies significant differences in methane levels across different years. The results reveal no significant difference in methane concentrations between 2019 and 2020, but a noticeable increase in methane levels post-2021, correlating with the \"new normal\" policy implemented in South Korea. This suggests that changes in industrial activities and transportation patterns due to the \"new normal\" have contributed to higher methane emissions. Student's t-test and Welch’s t-test validate these findings, indicate the impact of socio-economic changes on methane emissions. Additionally, the results from the Shapiro-Wilk (S-W) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) tests indicate that the sample data can be considered to come from a normal distribution confirming the validity of t-tests and ANOVA analyses for these data. The S-W test showing better discriminative power than K-S test. This study provides a robust quantitative assessment of the pandemic's impact on methane levels and sets a methodological statistical approach for future research in the environmental research community.","manuscriptTitle":"Significant Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Methane Emissions Evaluated by Comprehensive Statistical Analysis of Satellite Data","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-23 05:43:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4653581/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-08-02T03:03:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-31T14:57:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"126467258247743501287485869656197155734","date":"2024-07-30T16:01:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-22T06:02:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"167632846870505035242249731958506929325","date":"2024-07-22T02:00:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-17T19:41:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-13T14:33:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-02T16:25:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-07-01T07:34:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-06-28T09:15:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6bd3792c-47d4-4cf3-b7fe-a74ed0c51cd6","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":34973294,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences/Climate change/Climate change mitigation"},{"id":34973295,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Climate change adaptation"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-30T16:05:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4653581","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72843-9","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2024-09-28 15:57:57","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 28th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-23 05:43:53","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-72843-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72843-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4653581","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4653581","identity":"rs-4653581","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}