Extracellular and Intracellular Concentrations of Manganese and Molybdenum in Men’s and Women’s Football Players During a Season

Extracellular and Intracellular Concentrations of Manganese and Molybdenum in Men’s and Women’s Football Players During a Season | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Extracellular and Intracellular Concentrations of Manganese and Molybdenum in Men’s and Women’s Football Players During a Season Víctor Toro-Román, Francisco Javier Grijota, Marcos Maynar-Mariño, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4569142/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Physical training induces modifications in the concentrations of trace mineral elements. However, studies exploring sex-related differences in manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) levels among athletes are scarce. This study aimed to: a) analyse changes in plasma, urine, erythrocyte, and platelet Mn and Mo concentrations throughout a competitive season in men’s and women’s football players, and b) investigate sex-based discrepancies. A total of 46 football players (22 men: age; 20.62 ± 2.66 years; height; 1.76 ± 0.061 m; weight; 71.50 ± 5.93 kg and 24 women: age; 23.21 ± 4.11 years; height; 1.65 ± 0.06 m; weight; 59.58 ± 7.17 kg) participated in the study. Three assessments were conducted throughout the competitive season. Data were collected on anthropometry, body composition, nutritional intake, physical fitness, female hormones, haematology, and the determination of Mn and Mo in different biological compartments. Regarding Mn, significant sex differences were observed in plasma, urine, and erythrocyte concentrations (p < 0.05). Moreover, significant variations were observed throughout the season in all analysed biological compartments (p < 0.05). Regarding Mo, significant sex differences were reported in plasma concentrations (p < 0.05). Similarly, there were variations throughout the season in all analysed biological compartments (p < 0.05). Plasma, urine, erythrocyte, and platelet Mn and Mo concentrations could change during a competitive season in football players. On the other hand, sex differences could exist in plasma, urine, and erythrocyte Mn concentrations in football players. trace elements minerals exercise soccer Introduction Trace mineral elements (TME) are involved in hundreds of biological processes relevant to exercise and sports performance, such as energy storage/utilisation, protein metabolism, inflammation, oxygen transport, heart rate, bone metabolism, and immune function ( 1 , 2 ). Under conditions of high metabolic demand, inadequate circulating and cellular TME levels can compromise optimal physiological performance ( 1 , 3 ). While extensive research exists on trace mineral elements (TME) such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn), other TME like manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) have received less attention in the context of sports science. Manganese (Mn) is a metal belonging to group 7 of the periodic table and ranks as the twelfth most abundant element in the Earth's crust ( 4 ). Data on average Mn concentrations in human fluids exhibit considerable variation. In blood, Mn concentrations range from 0.008 to 0.05 mg/L, while in breast milk, they range from 0.0032 to 0.12 mg/L. The highest Mn content in the body is found in the bones of terrestrial mammals (up to 10 mg/kg) and in the hard tissues of aquatic animals ( 5 ). Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient required for a variety of metabolic functions, including those involved in normal human development, the activation of certain metalloenzymes, energy metabolism, immune system function, nervous system function, reproductive hormone function, and in antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from damage due to free radicals ( 4 ). Manganese (Mn) also plays a crucial role in regulating cellular energy, connective tissue and bone growth, and blood coagulation. Additionally, Mn is an important cofactor for a variety of enzymes, including those involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism ( 6 ). Within cells, manganese (Mn) is predominantly found in the mitochondria ( 7 ). Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the primary antioxidant enzyme in mitochondria ( 3 ). Physiological stress induced by exercise training enhances MnSOD activity in the myocardium, providing protection against ischaemia-reperfusion-induced arrhythmias and infarctions ( 8 ). Manganese (Mn) may play a significant role in protecting against oxidative damage induced by high-intensity training and promoting workout recovery ( 9 ). Manganese (Mn) is also essential for the activity of both pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, enzymes that play crucial roles in the gluconeogenic pathway by catalysing the first rate-limiting step ( 10 ). Molybdenum (Mo) is a metal belonging to group 6 of the periodic table and is found in low concentrations in living organisms, with the highest concentrations being found in the liver, pancreas, and small intestine ( 11 ). The presence of molybdenum (Mo) is essential for several enzymes, including xanthine oxidase (XO), aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase (SO), and the mitochondrial amidoxime reductase component (mARC). These enzymes play crucial roles in the oxidation of purines to uric acid, the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes and heterocyclic compounds, and the catabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids ( 12 ). In relation to physical exercise, it has been observed that high concentrations of Mo in plasma and urine could facilitate the formation of uric acid, considered an antioxidant substance, thus reducing the damage caused by free radicals, such as superoxide anions, generated by XO in ischaemia-reperfusion processes during high-intensity physical exercise ( 13 , 14 ). Mo is a remarkable element that possesses the ability to readily change its oxidation state, making it an ideal candidate for acting as an electron transfer agent in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. This unique property forms the foundation for the catalytic process of molybdenum-containing enzymes (molibdoenzymes), enabling them to facilitate the hydroxylation of various substrates using oxygen from water. ( 15 ). Trace elements (TME) are essential micronutrients required for various biological processes, yet their health effects can manifest differently in men and women due to variations in their kinetics and modes of action ( 16 ). Several biological factors contribute to these sex-based disparities, including changes associated with menarche, pregnancy, lactation, and menopause ( 17 ). Previous studies have examined Mn concentrations in athletes, primarily analysing levels in serum, urine ( 18 , 19 ) and erythrocytes ( 20 ). However, information on Mn levels in platelets is still scarce. Research suggests that Mn may influence energy production, antioxidant defense, and bone health, potentially impacting athletic performance and recovery ( 14 , 21 , 22 ). Previous studies have highlighted the importance of assessing both intracellular and extracellular concentrations of trace elements to fully evaluate their status due to potential discrepancies among biological matrices ( 21 , 23 , 24 ). In view of the above, the objectives of this work were as follows: a) to analyse the changes in Mn and Mo concentrations in plasma, urine, erythrocytes and platelets during a sports season in soccer players and b) to analyse the differences between sexes. Based on previous research ( 21 , 23 , 24 ), we hypothesised that Mn and Mo concentrations would change throughout the season. Likewise, there would be differences between sexes. Methods Study design The present observational research was based on a longitudinal-quasi-experimental design on two senior soccer teams (men’s and women’s). The assessments were carried out at three different times during the regular sports season: i) first week of training, ii) mid-season (between the end of the first and second round of the season) iii) last week of training of both teams, after the end of the season. All assessments were conducted the same week of each month, in the morning and in the same order for all participants to avoid the effects of circadian cycles. In addition, the assessments were carried out under similar atmospheric conditions (18 to 25°C and 45 to 55% relative humidity). On the two days prior to the assessments, the training load of both teams was reduced so that the participants performed the different assessments with the least possible fatigue. Participants A total of 46 soccer players divided into two groups participated in the present study: men players (n = 22; age = 20.62 ± 2.66 years; height = 1.76 ± 0.061 m; weight = 71.50 ± 5.93; experience = 14.73 ± 3.13 years) and women players (n = 24; age = 23.21 ± 4.11 years; height = 1.65 ± 0.06 m; weight = 59.58 ± 7.17 kg; experience = 14.51 ± 4.94 years). Height and weight were assessed using a wall-mounted stadiometer (Seca 220. Hamburg, Germany), and an electronic digital scale (Seca 769. Hamburg, Germany). The men’s soccer players were from a team in the fifth category of Spanish soccer and the women’s soccer players from a second category Spanish team. All the participants trained and played league matches in the same city. The inclusion criteria for participation in the present study were: (i) to reside in the same city; (ii) not to suffer from any type of disease; (iii) not to take medication or supplementation that included MSDs during the study period or the month prior to the first evaluation; (iv) not to smoke or consume drugs; (v) to have more than 5 years’ experience competing in soccer; (vi) not to modify nutritional and physical activity habits during the study; and (vii) not to spend more than 30 days without training with the team. In addition, the women had to meet the following inclusion criteria: (viii) to have had regular menstrual cycles for at least six months before the start of the study and during the study; (ix) not to suffer from problems related to the menstrual cycle; and (x) not to use contraceptive methods. All the participants were informed of the purpose of the study and signed a consent form prior to enrollment. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of the University of Extremadura (Cáceres, Spain) (code 135/2020) following the guidelines of the 1964 Helsinki ethical declaration. Menstrual Cycle Understanding the menstrual cycle is crucial as research suggests there are fluctuations in mineral concentrations throughout the cycle ( 25 , 26 ). Consequently, all assessments were conducted during the same menstrual phase whenever possible. A menstrual cycle questionnaire was completed by the participants ( 27 ). The duration of bleeding was 4.77 ± 1.47 days and the duration of the menstrual cycle was 27.93 ± 2.78 days. All the participants had a regular menstrual cycle and had never experienced the cessation of menstruation. Nutritional Intake Three days before assessments, dietary intake was recorded using a food questionnaire similar to the method employed in ( 21 ). This questionnaire aimed to capture the nutritional content of the foods consumed by participants over the three days preceding the assessments ( 28 ). Participants recorded the types and quantities of foods consumed in a provided log throughout those three days. Researchers then used established tables (28) to convert these food entries into estimated daily consumption values of macronutrients and manganese and molybdenum (Mn and Mo). Sample Collection The participants were instructed to collect their first morning urine samples around 8:00–8:30 a.m. and bring them to the designated blood collection site. The urine collection process involved using the provided 100 mL containers. The coaching staffs of each team received urine collection kits with containers and tubes to distribute to the players. Participants then transferred the collected urine into smaller 9 mL tubes for storage. These tubes were subsequently frozen at -80°C until further analysis. Following an overnight fast, blood samples (10 mL) were collected via syringe and needle. Two millilitres, placed in tubes containing a clotting agent, were used for analysis of haematology parameters using specialised equipment (Coulter Electronics LTD, Model CPA; Northwell Drive, Luton, UK). The technique was developed by an external clinical laboratory. The remaining 8 mL of blood was divided for further analysis of Mn and Mo concentrations. Four millilitres were collected in tubes containing sodium citrate, a blood thinner. One of these citrate tubes was centrifuged (spun at high speed) to separate the liquid portion, called plasma, from the cellular components. The top layer of the centrifuged plasma, containing platelets (cell fragments), was collected in a separate tube and centrifuged again. This resulting platelet-rich plasma was then divided into smaller tubes and frozen at -80°C for storage. The remaining blood (after plasma separation) was centrifuged to remove red blood cells. These red blood cells were then washed and frozen at -80°C for storage. Physical Fitness Leg power was assessed using vertical jumps performed on a specialised measurement system (Optojump, Microgate) ( 29 ). Two attempts each were performed for both squat jumps (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ), with only the best attempt from each included in the analysis. A 30-second rest period separated each jump. For SJ, participants began in a controlled squat position with knees bent at 90 degrees and arms on hips. They held this position for 3 seconds before powering upwards in a maximal jump without any preparatory downward movement. The CMJ started from an upright standing position with feet shoulder-width apart and hands on hips. Participants then performed a controlled downward squat motion followed immediately by a forceful jump, maximising its vertical height. A standardised warm-up routine was performed before the fitness tests. Finally, maximal aerobic capacity was then evaluated using a progressive treadmill test (Ergofit Trac Alpin 4000, Pirmasens, Germany) with a gas analyer (Geratherm Respiratory GMBH, Ergostik, Ref 40.400, Corp, Bad Kissingen, Germany). Participants started by walking/running at a comfortable pace of 7 km/h on the treadmill with a 1% incline. The difficulty gradually increased with the speed rising by 1 km/h every minute until participants reached exhaustion. A 15-minute warm-up at 6 km/h was performed before the main test. Mn and Mo determination The methods used to extract Mn and Mo from various blood components followed established protocols similar to those employed in other research studies ( 21 , 30 , 31 ). The method was developed entirely by the research support service of the University of Extremadura using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (7900; Agilent Tech., Santa Clara, CA, USA). This method is recognised for its reliability, as demonstrated by calibration checks using the element indium. These checks consistently showed a strong correlation (greater than 0.985) and minimal variation (coefficients of variation less than 5%), signifying the accuracy and precision of the ICP-MS technique. For plasma and urinary samples, the reagents used were 69% nitric acid (TraceSELECT™, Fluka™, Madrid, Spain) and ultrapure water obtained from a Milli-Q system (Millipore®, Burlington, MA, USA). A rhodium dilution of 400 µgL-1 was used as the internal standard and continuously fed into the apparatus with the aid of the three-channel peristaltic pump. From the 0.20 mL of samples, a volume of 5 mL was made up with a 1% nitric acid solution prepared from a commercial one of 69% (TraceSELECT™, Fluka™, Madrid, Spain). The equipment was calibrated with several standards prepared from commercial multi-elemental dilutions of certified standards. For erythrocyte and platelet samples, the reagents used in method development and sample analysis were nitric acid 69%, hydrogen peroxide (TraceSELECT™, Fluka™, Madrid, Spain) and ultrapure water obtained from a Milli-Q system manufactured by Millipore (USA). A 400 µgL-1 solution of yttrium and rhodium was used as the internal standard. Samples were weighed on precision scales and transferred to glass tubes for microwave digestion, and 3.5 mL of a 3:1 mixture of 69% nitric acid (TraceSELECT™, Fluka™, Madrid, Spain) and hydrogen peroxide (TraceSELECT™, Fluka™, Madrid, Spain) were added. The samples were digested in a Milestone Ultrawave microwave, and once digested were diluted to 25 mL with MilliQ water. The detection and quantification limits of Mn and Mo in the different matrices throughout the investigation are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Limits of detection and limits of quantification. Matrix Limits of Detection Mn (µg/L) Limits of Quantification Mn (µg/L) Limits of Detection Mo (µg/L) Limits of Quantification (µg/L) Plasma 0.001 0.01 0.018 0.18 Urine 0.005 0.05 0.002 0.02 Erythrocytes 0.002 0.02 0.004 0.04 Platelets 0.006 0.06 0.0016 0.02 Statistical Analysis IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used to analyse the collected data. The results are presented as average values with an indication of variability (standard deviation). The normality of the variables was analysed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyse most other variables. This test considers the effects of two factors: sex (male or female) and the time of measurement. The Bonferroni post-hoc test was applied for the measured effect variable. Effect size was calculated using partial eta squared (ƞ2), where 0.01–0.06 was a small effect size, 0.06–0.14 was a moderate effect size and > 0.14 was a large effect size ( 32 ). Differences of p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 were considered statistically significant and highly significant, respectively. Results Table 2 shows the results obtained in the physical condition tests. There were highly significant differences between sexes in all the parameters analysed (p ≤ 0.01). VO2max was higher in the second assessment in both groups (p < 0.05). Table 3 shows the results obtained in the intake of macronutrients Mn and Mo throughout the season in both teams. Significant differences were observed between sexes in energy and protein intake, being higher in the men’s soccer players (p ≤ 0.05). Table 2 Results obtained from the physical condition tests. Men’s Soccer Players Women’s Soccer Players Sex Effect Time Effect Sex x Time SJ (cm) 1st assessment 50.52 ± 6.48 35.65 ± 5.82 < 0.001 0.515 0.602 2nd assessment 49.73 ± 4.21 37.08 ± 5.14 3rd assessment 50.90 ± 6.2 38.00 ± 5.49 CMJ (cm) 1st assessment 56.94 ± 6.39 40.21 ± 7.46 < 0.001 0.571 0.717 2nd assessment 55.34 ± 4.72 39.70 ± 4.18 3rd assessment 56.05 ± 6.39 41.45 ± 5.80 Speed (km/h) 1st assessment 19.17 ± 1.72 15.73 ± 1.16 < 0.001 0.289 0.315 2nd assessment 19.22 ± 1.44 15.20 ± 1.10 3rd assessment 19.15 ± 1.98 14.91 ± 1.37 VCO 2max (L/min) 1st assessment 4.05 ± 0.36 2.68 ± 0.44 < 0.001 0.377 0.710 2nd assessment 3.85 ± 0.80 2.4 ± 0.31 3rd assessment 3.87 ± 0.41 2.61 ± 0.30 VO 2max (ml/min/kg) 1st assessment 52.21 ± 2.91 39.72 ± 6.22 < 0.001 0.032 0.268 2nd assessment 54.79 ± 3.70* 42.32 ± 4.19* 3rd assessment 53.30 ± 5.11 41.06 ± 4.51 *p < 0.05 differences between 1st and 2nd assessment; SJ: squat jump; CMJ: counter movement jump; HR: heart rate; VO2max: maximal oxygen consumption; VCO2max: maximal carbon dioxide production. Table 3 Estimated daily intake of macronutrients Mn and Mo by the participants during the investigation. Men’s Soccer Players Women’s Soccer Players Sex Effect Time Effect Sex x Time Energy (Kcal) 1st assessment 1796.0 ± 420.0 1578.1 ± 316.2 0.038 0.497 0.317 2nd assessment 1932.2 ± 312.5 1681.5 ± 427.3 3rd assessment 1882.7 ± 358.6 1697.3 ± 386.1 Proteins (g) 1st assessment 106.1 ± 25.5 90.4 ± 21.6 0.047 0.469 0.218 2nd assessment 115.5 ± 23.4 96.2 ± 18.3 3rd assessment 108.9 ± 24.8 92.6 ± 20.4 Lipids (g) 1st assessment 54.8 ± 19.1 48.3 ± 12.3 0.116 0.241 0.471 2nd assessment 64.1 ± 15.4 55.6 ± 15.3 3rd assessment 58.6 ± 17.4 60.3 ± 20.6 Carbohydrates (g) 1st assessment 231.0 ± 69.1 206.1 ± 81.3 0.471 0.856 0.683 2nd assessment 235.8 ± 60.3 241.5 ± 56.1 3rd assessment 242.0 ± 57.0 235.8 ± 61.7 Mn (mg) 1st assessment 2.5 ± 1.1 1.9 ± 0.6 0.258 0.732 0.487 2nd assessment 2.7 ± 1.3 2.2 ± 0.5 3rd assessment 2.7 ± 1.6 2.1 ± 0.4 Mo (µg) 1st assessment 240.9 ± 99.1 201.5 ± 67.2 0.175 0.905 0.618 2nd assessment 246.8 ± 76.0 214.7 ± 53.1 3rd assessment 253.8 ± 97.7 241.7 ± 87.5 Mn: manganese; Mo: molybdenum. Table 4 shows the values obtained for erythrocytes and platelets. There were differences between sexes in erythrocyte values, being higher in the men’s soccer players (p < 0.01). The concentration of erythrocytes decreased in the second evaluation in both groups (p < 0.05). Table 4 Erythrocyte and platelet values according to sex throughout the study. Men’s Soccer Players Women’s Soccer Players Sex Effect Time Effect Sex x Time Erythrocyte (millions) 1st assessment 4.92 ± 0.36 4.37 ± 0.22 < 0.001 0.031 0.063 2nd assessment 4.83 ± 0.32** 4.19 ± 0.27** 3rd assessment 4.99 ± 0.29++ 4.35 ± 0.27++ Platelets (thousands) 1st assessment 204.50 ± 57.65 196.00 ± 38.01 0.274 0.542 0.222 2nd assessment 196.60 ± 39.79 219.08 ± 34.19 3rd assessment 195.13 ± 37.82 204.39 ± 31.52 Table 5 shows the data obtained on Mn concentrations in the extracellular and intracellular compartments. There were differences between sexes in plasma and urinary concentrations, being higher in the men. Likewise, differences were observed throughout the titrations in both compartments (p < 0.05). In relation to erythrocyte Mn concentrations, differences were observed between sexes and throughout the assessment in the concentrations expressed in absolute values and relative to the number of erythrocytes with large and moderate effect sizes (p ≤ 0.05). Concentrations were higher in the women’s soccer players. Regarding differences throughout the investigation, specific differences were observed between titrations 1 and 3 and titrations 2 and 3 (p ≤ 0.05). Finally, with respect to intraplatelet Mn concentrations, differences were observed across titrations with a large effect size (p ≤ 0.05). Specifically, differences were found between titrations 1 and 3 when analysing Mn concentrations expressed in absolute values and between titrations 1 and 2 when analysing Mn concentrations expressed in values relative to platelet number (p ≤ 0.01). Table 5 Mn concentrations in the compartments evaluated throughout the study in the two study groups. Men’s Soccer Players Women’s Soccer Players Sex Effect Time Effect Sex x Time Mn Plasma (µg/L) 1st assessment 3.05 ± 1.48 0.94 ± 0.43 < 0.001# 0.182 $ 0.061 2nd assessment 2.00 ± 0.30 1.32 ± 0.28 3rd assessment 1.69 ± 0.55 2.05 ± 0.49 Mn Urine (µg/L) 1st assessment 0.228 ± 0.196 0.088 ± 0.185 0.005# < 0.001# 0.055 $ 2nd assessment 0.565 ± 0.102** 0.381 ± 0.172** 3rd assessment 0.421 ± 0.197++ 0.433 ± 0.261++ Mn Erythrocyte absolute (µg/L) 1st assessment 40.40 ± 12.60 65.45 ± 24.78 0.002# 0.007# 0.150 2nd assessment 50.95 ± 7.52^^ 54.90 ± 10.14^^ 3rd assessment 44.56 ± 5.22++ 47.01 ± 5.76++ Mn Erythrocyte relative (pg/cell − 6 ) 1st assessment 8.60 ± 2.57 15.46 ± 5.39 < 0.001# 0.019 $ 0.079 $ 2nd assessment 10.99 ± 1.59 13.15 ± 2.21 3rd assessment 9.27 ± 1.16++ 12.02 ± 1.34++ Mn platelets absolute (µg/L) 1st assessment 10.01 ± 4.26 15.25 ± 13.98 0.245 0.037# 0.079# 2nd assessment 12.37 ± 3.37 13.20 ± 3.47 3rd assessment 13.21 ± 2.48++ 12.41 ± 4.76++ Mn platelets relative (pg/cell − 3 ) 1st assessment 0.071 ± 0.025 0.079 ± 0.059 0.256 0.14); $ : moderate effect size (0.6 − 0.14); **p ≤ 0.01 differences between 1st and 2nd titration; ++p ≤ 0.01 differences between 1st and 3rd titration; ^^ p ≤ 0.01 differences between 2nd and 3rd titration; Mo: molybdenum. Table 6 shows the data on Mo concentrations in the extracellular and intracellular matrices analysed. There were differences in plasma and urinary concentrations between sexes, being higher in the men (p < 0.05). Urinary and plasma Mo concentrations decreased and increased respectively at the end of the study (p < 0.05). Regarding intracellular concentrations, both in platelets and erythrocytes, differences were observed throughout the titrations with a large effect size (p ≤ 0.05). Specific differences in erythrocyte Mo concentrations expressed as absolute values were found between titrations 1 and 2 and titrations 2 and 3 (p ≤ 0.01). On the other hand, specific differences in erythrocyte Mo concentrations expressed in relative values were found between titrations 1 and 2 and titrations 1 and 3 (p ≤ 0.01). Finally, in intraplatelet Mo concentrations, both in absolute and relative values, differences were observed between titrations 1 and 3 and titrations 2 and 3 (p ≤ 0.01). Table 6 Mo concentrations in the compartments evaluated throughout the study in the two study groups. Men’s Soccer Players Women’s Soccer Players Sex Effect Time Effect Sex x Time Mo Plasma (µg/L) 1st assessment 2.07 ± 0.59 1.44 ± 0.71 < 0.001# < 0.001# 0.216 2nd assessment 2.67 ± 0.75** 1.93 ± 0.45** 3rd assessment 2.59 ± 0.79++ 2.39 ± 0.49++ Mo Urine (µg/L) 1st assessment 53.98 ± 40.77 57.55 ± 46.16 0.066# < 0.001# 0.057 $ 2nd assessment 67.16 ± 37.14^^ 34.33 ± 24.88^^ 3rd assessment 24.71 ± 16.63++ 19.23 ± 13.80++ Mo Erythrocyte absolute (µg/L) 1st assessment 19.87 ± 6.15 30.97 ± 33.61 0.730 0.003# 0.088 $ 2nd assessment 42.45 ± 37.61** 44.37 ± 48.36** 3rd assessment 26.73 ± 20.11++ 22.85 ± 9.15++ Mo Erythrocyte relative (pg/cell − 6 ) 1st assessment 2.66 ± 1.01 3.50 ± 5.38 0.574 0.002# 0.121 2nd assessment 8.77 ± 7.99** 10.26 ± 10.59** 3rd assessment 5.60 ± 3.98^^ 4.58 ± 1.68^^ Mo platelets absolute (µg/L) 1st assessment 7.51 ± 2.51 8.71 ± 4.18 0.346 0.041# 0.217 2nd assessment 6.94 ± 2.98^^ 8.15 ± 5.32^^ 3rd assessment 3.88 ± 1.53++ 4.51 ± 1.42++ Mo platelets relative (pg/cell − 3 ) 1st assessment 0.040 ± 0.014 0.042 ± 0.017 0.991 0.14); $ : moderate effect size (0.6 − 0.14); **p ≤ 0.01 differences between 1st and 2nd titration; ++p ≤ 0.01 differences between 1st and 3rd titration; ^^ p ≤ 0.01 differences between 2nd and 3rd titration; Mo: molybdenum. Discussion The objectives of the present work were: a) to analyse the changes in Mn and Mo concentrations in plasma, urine, erythrocytes and platelets during a sports season in soccer players and b) to analyse the differences between sexes. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to analyse Mn and Mo concentrations during a season in different biological matrices. Information regarding these minerals in athletes is scarce, which highlights the novelty of the present study. For a better understanding of the section, the results obtained on Mn and Mo concentrations will be discussed separately. Mn concentrations in athletes have been previously analysed in serum, urine ( 18 , 19 ) and erythrocytes ( 33 ). However, the literature regarding platelets is scarce. Mn concentrations in this reseach were within the range reported in other studies ( 34 , 35 ). When differences were analysed along the titrations in the extracellular compartments, no differences in plasma concentrations were observed. However, there was an increase in urinary Mn excretion in both groups. In relation to urinary Mn values, increases in excretion have been previously reported in athletes after a six-month training period ( 18 ). Likewise, in the previous study they observed a decrease in serum Mn concentrations after six months of training. However, when the acute effect of physical exercise was evaluated, there was a decrease in Mn excretion ( 18 , 19 ). The gradual low plasma concentration observed in the present investigation could be caused by an increase in Fe absorption ( 22 , 33 ), which would be related to increased Mn excretion, revealing a possible renal adaptation with training. Another reason for decreased plasma Mn concentrations could be an increase in Mn-SOD activity, which has been shown to increase at the end of the season ( 36 ). As mentioned above, free radicals are produced as a result of oxidative metabolism. Increased free radicals are associated with increased lipid peroxidation and accumulation of metabolites that can lead to injury and cell death. Among other enzymes, Mn-SOD controls free radical damage and it is known that one of the adaptations to physical training is an increase in its activity ( 37 ). As for intracellular concentrations, there were different changes according to sex. In the men, a gradual increase of Mn concentrations in platelets and erythrocytes was observed. However, in the women, decreases in Mn concentrations were observed in both intracellular compartments. No studies have been found that evaluate the evolution over a training season/period of erythrocyte and platelet Mn concentrations. Previously, it has been reported that sedentary subjects showed higher erythrocyte Mn concentrations compared with active or very physically active populations ( 33 ). It should be noted that Mn-SOD would be in very small proportions inside erythrocytes since there are no mitochondria in this type of cells. Therefore, the evolution in erythrocyte Mn concentrations could be due to the different Mn intake between sexes ( 33 ). Regarding platelet Mn concentrations, there are no reports in the scientific literature on Mn concentrations in this compartment throughout the season in athletes. Perhaps, as occurs with erythrocytes, gender differences in intake could explain the trend of Mn in this biological matrix. Regarding sex differences, higher Mn concentrations have been observed in plasma and urine in men compared to women. Despite absorbing less Mn, absorbed Mn had a longer half-life in the men compared to the women ( 38 ). However, in a population of 1417 U.S. subjects, it was observed that the women excreted more Mn relative to urinary creatinine values ( 39 ). As mentioned above, Fe deficiency influences Mn metabolism by increasing absorption. Since the main route of Mn elimination is bile ( 38 ), these data may show that hepatic secretion of Mn into bile is more active in women than in men. The influence of sex on whole-organism Mn turnover warrants further investigation of whether sex influences hepatic metabolism of Mn and its excretion in bile. It has been shown that the hepatocyte moves Mn into the bile canaliculus against a concentration gradient. Therefore, we believe that the lower extracellular Mn concentration may be due to an increased elimination of Mn through bile in women’s soccer players. Regarding erythrocyte concentrations, women showed higher erythrocyte concentrations compared to men, both in relative and absolute values. The data are in agreement with those previously reported in a study with more than 7700 Americans ( 40 ), Canadians ( 41 ) and Koreans ( 42 , 43 ). According to the authors, this could be due to a lower blood ferritin concentration in women ( 43 ). Higher blood Mn levels were also associated with lower whole blood Fe levels in persons older than 12 years ( 40 ). This suggests that there may be sex-related metabolic differences in the homeostatic mechanisms regulating blood Mn levels. A study on dietary Mn absorption showed that, when consuming a diet adequate in Mn, women can absorb significantly more Mn than men ( 38 ). The Mo concentrations analysed in different compartments were within the range reported in previous investigations ( 33 , 35 ). Mo is of relatively little interest to physically active individuals ( 44 ). As discussed above, Mo is a transition element that readily changes its oxidation state and thus can act as an electron transfer agent in oxidation-reduction reactions ( 44 ). Different markers have been used to assess Mo status. Plasma and serum Mo concentrations are low in humans and therefore complex to assess. As a consequence, there are few studies on Mo concentrations in these biological compartments ( 45 ). Differences have been observed throughout the measurements in plasma Mo concentrations, increasing with respect to the first assessment. Previous authors reported that serum Mo concentrations increased after performing 2 km on an ergometer ( 46 ). They also reported increased concentrations after a marathon ( 47 ). On the other hand, other authors did not observe significant changes in serum Mo concentrations after an aerobic training period of 6 months ( 18 ). However, they observed that athletes had higher serum concentrations compared to the control group. When analysing basal states, they reported that athletes showed higher serum concentrations compared to the control group, with anaerobic athletes having the highest concentrations within the athlete group ( 18 , 46 , 47 ). With respect to urinary concentrations, no significant changes were observed after a six-month training period ( 18 ). Similarly, when the acute effect of a maximal incremental test was analysed, no differences were observed in Mo excretion ( 22 ). The increase of Mo concentrations in plasma and urine throughout the titrations in the study participants could facilitate the formation of uric acid, avoiding the damage of free radicals (superoxide anions) generated by XO in the ischaemia-reperfusion processes generated during high intensity physical exercise ( 13 ). Respect to the changes observed throughout the evaluations in the intracellular Mo concentrations, increases were observed in the middle of the season and a decrease at the end of the season in the erythrocyte concentrations. On the other hand, progressive decreases in intraplatelet concentrations were shown. At basal state, medium and high level athletes showed lower intracellular Mo concentrations compared to the control group ( 22 , 33 ). No information has been found regarding erythrocyte and platelet concentrations of Mo in athletes. Regarding sex differences, the present study showed that the men’s soccer players had higher plasma Mo concentrations compared to the women’s soccer players. It is known that uric acid concentrations appear to be higher in active men ( 48 ) and in men athletes ( 49 , 50 ). This could be due to differences in plasma Mo concentrations, since, as discussed above, Mo facilitates the formation of uric acid to prevent free radical damage. In addition, women seem to be less susceptible to oxidative stress, specifically premenopausal women, due to the antioxidant role of oestrogens, and therefore uric acid levels could be lower ( 51 ). The present study is not free of limitations: a) plasma volume was not evaluated. During physical exercise, body water can be lost through sweating, which can induce dehydration, blood haemoconcentration and a decrease in urine water, which could influence the results obtained and b) absence of complementary data of the different MTE (enzymes) and (c) the small number of the sample; (iii) technical measurement error was not analysed. Conclusions Plasma and urinary Mn concentrations were higher in the men’s soccer players, whereas erythrocyte Mn concentrations were higher in the women’s soccer players. Increases in urinary, erythrocyte and platelet concentrations occurred in the men throughout the sports season, whereas in the women’s soccer players a decrease in erythrocyte and platelet concentrations was observed with respect to the initial values. Plasma Mo concentrations were higher in the men’s soccer players. Throughout the sports season there were increases in plasma and erythrocyte concentrations, as well as decreases in urinary and platelet concentrations of Mo with respect to the initial values in both sexes. Declarations Author Contribution V. Toro-Román and M. Maynar conceived, designed research and conducted experiments. F.J. Grijota and M.C. Robles-Gil contributed new reagents or analytical tools and analyzed data. V. Toro-Román, F.J. Grijota, A. Campos and A. Martínez-Sánchez wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. References Heffernan SM, Horner K, De Vito G, Conway GE (2019) The role of mineral and trace element supplementation in exercise and athletic performance: a systematic review. Nutrients 11(3):696 Volpe SL (2007) Micronutrient requirements for athletes. Clin Sports Med 26(1):119–130 Speich M, Pineau A, Ballereau F (2001) Minerals, trace elements and related biological variables in athletes and during physical activity. 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Universidad de Extremadura Moreiras-Varela O, Carbajal Azcona Á, Cabrera Forneiro L (1998) Tablas de composición de alimentos: Pirámide Komi PV, Bosco C (1978) Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensor muscles by men and women. Med Sci sports 10(4):261–265 Robles-Gil MC, Toro-Román V, Maynar-Mariño M, Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Grijota FJ (2023) Aluminum Concentrations in Male and Female Football Players during the Season. Toxics 11(11):920 Toro-Román V, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M, Clemente-Gil S, Robles-Gil MC (2023) Sex Differences in Copper Concentrations during a Sports Season in Soccer Players. Nutrients 15(3):495 Hopkins W, Marshall S, Batterham A, Hanin J (2009) Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med + Sci Sports + Exerc 41(1):3 Mariño MM, Grijota FJ, Bartolomé I, Siquier-Coll J, Román VT, Muñoz D (2020) Influence of physical training on erythrocyte concentrations of iron, phosphorus and magnesium. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 17:1–7 Heitland P, Köster HD (2006) Biomonitoring of 37 trace elements in blood samples from inhabitants of northern Germany by ICP–MS. J Trace Elem Med Biol 20(4):253–262 Heitland P, Köster HD (2021) Human biomonitoring of 73 elements in blood, serum, erythrocytes and urine. J Trace Elem Med Biol 64:126706 Lukaski HC, Hoverson BS, Gallagher SK, Bolonchuk WW (1990) Physical training and copper, iron, and zinc status of swimmers. Am J Clin Nutr 51(6):1093–1099 Marklund S (1986) Superoxide dismutase in human tissues, cells, and extracellular fluid. Clinical implications, Free Radical, Aging, and Degenerative Disease. :509 – 26 Finley JW, Johnson PE, Johnson L (1994) Sex affects manganese absorption and retention by humans from a diet adequate in manganese. Am J Clin Nutr 60(6):949–955 Yang J, Yang A, Cheng N, Huang W, Huang P, Liu N et al (2020) Sex-specific associations of blood and urinary manganese levels with glucose levels, insulin resistance and kidney function in US adults: National health and nutrition examination survey 2011–2016. Chemosphere 258:126940 Oulhote Y, Mergler D, Bouchard MF (2014) Sex-and age-differences in blood manganese levels in the US general population: national health and nutrition examination survey 2011–2012. Environ Health 13:1–10 Baldwin M, Mergler D, Larribe F, Bélanger S, Tardif R, Bilodeau L et al (1999) Bioindicator and exposure data for a population based study of manganese. Neurotoxicology 20(2–3):343–353 Kim H-J, Lim H-S, Lee K-R, Choi M-H, Kang NM, Lee CH et al (2017) Determination of trace metal levels in the general population of Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(7):702 Kim Y, Lee B-K (2011) Iron deficiency increases blood manganese level in the Korean general population according to KNHANES 2008. Neurotoxicology 32(2):247–254 Driskell JA, Wolinsky I (2005) Sports nutrition: vitamins and trace elements. (No Title) Intakes SCotSEoDR I, So IUDR, SoURLo N (2002) Micronutrients Po. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon. National Academies, vanadium, and zinc Otag A, Hazar M, Otag I, Gürkan AC, Okan İ (2014) Responses of trace elements to aerobic maximal exercise in elite sportsmen. Global J health Sci 6(3):90–96 Berger CE, Kröner A, Kluger R, Baron R, Steffan I, Engel A (2002) Effects of marathon running on the trace minerals chromium, cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum. J Trace Elem Experimental Medicine: Official Publication Int Soc Trace Elem Res Hum 15(4):201–209 Huang C-H, Wang C-W, Chen H-C, Tu H-P, Chen S-C, Hung C-H et al (2021) Gender difference in the associations among heavy metals with red blood cell hemogram. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(1):189 Díaz Martínez AE, Alcaide Martín MJ, González-Gross M (2022) Basal values of biochemical and hematological parameters in elite athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(5):3059 Pradas F, García-Giménez A, Toro-Román V, Sánchez-Alcaraz BJ, Ochiana N, Castellar C (2020) Effect of a padel match on biochemical and haematological parameters in professional players with regard to gender-related differences. Sustainability 12(20):8633 Kander MC, Cui Y, Liu Z (2017) Gender difference in oxidative stress: a new look at the mechanisms for cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Mol Med 21(5):1024–1032 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4569142","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":313602784,"identity":"7bff7f98-7995-4e1a-8f9e-e5a91deba7e1","order_by":0,"name":"Víctor Toro-Román","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Víctor","middleName":"","lastName":"Toro-Román","suffix":""},{"id":313602785,"identity":"bf5b6d46-6d98-4faf-86da-f1ce67a0a698","order_by":1,"name":"Francisco Javier Grijota","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gYGhgMSMBZRgOcAWIsBhEW0FiAAapFIIFYL/9qHBywq/sibS74xe/CxjUFOnpADeSSeGxyQOGNguHN2jrnhjDMMxgaEHGgvcYzhgGSbAeOG2zlm0jwVDIkbCDoMqsV+w80zZtJ/DBjq5xN0GH8bWEvihhs8ZtIMFQwJDIQcxiPBBgzkM8bJO3vSyiR7zkgYbiCohf8Y82eJCjnb7eyHt0n8bLORJxhioOhgBsW+AZRLSD0Q8B9gYPyA0DIKRsEoGAWjABMAAPpcPWgZ64HyAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Extremadura","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Francisco","middleName":"Javier","lastName":"Grijota","suffix":""},{"id":313602786,"identity":"51b8e753-3c35-40b8-a9a8-040b9fe97a61","order_by":2,"name":"Marcos Maynar-Mariño","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Extremadura","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marcos","middleName":"","lastName":"Maynar-Mariño","suffix":""},{"id":313602787,"identity":"27f794c5-8402-44a2-8757-c136998c0a3c","order_by":3,"name":"Amalia Campos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Extremadura","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amalia","middleName":"","lastName":"Campos","suffix":""},{"id":313602788,"identity":"0c6833b8-40c9-40d0-920f-c948b7f4caa1","order_by":4,"name":"Almudena Martínez-Sánchez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Extremadura","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Almudena","middleName":"","lastName":"Martínez-Sánchez","suffix":""},{"id":313602790,"identity":"57d7b72b-9715-41d9-a065-b390b11458cb","order_by":5,"name":"María C. Robles-Gil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Extremadura","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"María","middleName":"C.","lastName":"Robles-Gil","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-12 09:32:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4569142/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4569142/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59212407,"identity":"c91d8e79-3923-49f6-9b96-da3d3f4df22a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-27 17:49:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":717487,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4569142/v1/8bb9b4f5-318f-4836-9ad1-a6f2b79375a5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eExtracellular and Intracellular Concentrations of Manganese and Molybdenum in Men’s and Women’s Football Players During a Season\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTrace mineral elements (TME) are involved in hundreds of biological processes relevant to exercise and sports performance, such as energy storage/utilisation, protein metabolism, inflammation, oxygen transport, heart rate, bone metabolism, and immune function (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Under conditions of high metabolic demand, inadequate circulating and cellular TME levels can compromise optimal physiological performance (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). While extensive research exists on trace mineral elements (TME) such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn), other TME like manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) have received less attention in the context of sports science.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManganese (Mn) is a metal belonging to group 7 of the periodic table and ranks as the twelfth most abundant element in the Earth's crust (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Data on average Mn concentrations in human fluids exhibit considerable variation. In blood, Mn concentrations range from 0.008 to 0.05 mg/L, while in breast milk, they range from 0.0032 to 0.12 mg/L. The highest Mn content in the body is found in the bones of terrestrial mammals (up to 10 mg/kg) and in the hard tissues of aquatic animals (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient required for a variety of metabolic functions, including those involved in normal human development, the activation of certain metalloenzymes, energy metabolism, immune system function, nervous system function, reproductive hormone function, and in antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from damage due to free radicals (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Manganese (Mn) also plays a crucial role in regulating cellular energy, connective tissue and bone growth, and blood coagulation. Additionally, Mn is an important cofactor for a variety of enzymes, including those involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin cells, manganese (Mn) is predominantly found in the mitochondria (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the primary antioxidant enzyme in mitochondria (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Physiological stress induced by exercise training enhances MnSOD activity in the myocardium, providing protection against ischaemia-reperfusion-induced arrhythmias and infarctions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Manganese (Mn) may play a significant role in protecting against oxidative damage induced by high-intensity training and promoting workout recovery (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Manganese (Mn) is also essential for the activity of both pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, enzymes that play crucial roles in the gluconeogenic pathway by catalysing the first rate-limiting step (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolybdenum (Mo) is a metal belonging to group 6 of the periodic table and is found in low concentrations in living organisms, with the highest concentrations being found in the liver, pancreas, and small intestine (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). The presence of molybdenum (Mo) is essential for several enzymes, including xanthine oxidase (XO), aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase (SO), and the mitochondrial amidoxime reductase component (mARC). These enzymes play crucial roles in the oxidation of purines to uric acid, the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes and heterocyclic compounds, and the catabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn relation to physical exercise, it has been observed that high concentrations of Mo in plasma and urine could facilitate the formation of uric acid, considered an antioxidant substance, thus reducing the damage caused by free radicals, such as superoxide anions, generated by XO in ischaemia-reperfusion processes during high-intensity physical exercise (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Mo is a remarkable element that possesses the ability to readily change its oxidation state, making it an ideal candidate for acting as an electron transfer agent in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. This unique property forms the foundation for the catalytic process of molybdenum-containing enzymes (molibdoenzymes), enabling them to facilitate the hydroxylation of various substrates using oxygen from water. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrace elements (TME) are essential micronutrients required for various biological processes, yet their health effects can manifest differently in men and women due to variations in their kinetics and modes of action (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Several biological factors contribute to these sex-based disparities, including changes associated with menarche, pregnancy, lactation, and menopause (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have examined Mn concentrations in athletes, primarily analysing levels in serum, urine (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e) and erythrocytes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). However, information on Mn levels in platelets is still scarce. Research suggests that Mn may influence energy production, antioxidant defense, and bone health, potentially impacting athletic performance and recovery (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies have highlighted the importance of assessing both intracellular and extracellular concentrations of trace elements to fully evaluate their status due to potential discrepancies among biological matrices (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). In view of the above, the objectives of this work were as follows: a) to analyse the changes in Mn and Mo concentrations in plasma, urine, erythrocytes and platelets during a sports season in soccer players and b) to analyse the differences between sexes. Based on previous research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e), we hypothesised that Mn and Mo concentrations would change throughout the season. Likewise, there would be differences between sexes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present observational research was based on a longitudinal-quasi-experimental design on two senior soccer teams (men\u0026rsquo;s and women\u0026rsquo;s). The assessments were carried out at three different times during the regular sports season: i) first week of training, ii) mid-season (between the end of the first and second round of the season) iii) last week of training of both teams, after the end of the season.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll assessments were conducted the same week of each month, in the morning and in the same order for all participants to avoid the effects of circadian cycles. In addition, the assessments were carried out under similar atmospheric conditions (18 to 25\u0026deg;C and 45 to 55% relative humidity). On the two days prior to the assessments, the training load of both teams was reduced so that the participants performed the different assessments with the least possible fatigue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 46 soccer players divided into two groups participated in the present study: men players (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22; age\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66 years; height\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.061 m; weight\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;71.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.93; experience\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.13 years) and women players (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24; age\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.11 years; height\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 m; weight\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;59.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.17 kg; experience\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.94 years). Height and weight were assessed using a wall-mounted stadiometer (Seca 220. Hamburg, Germany), and an electronic digital scale (Seca 769. Hamburg, Germany). The men\u0026rsquo;s soccer players were from a team in the fifth category of Spanish soccer and the women\u0026rsquo;s soccer players from a second category Spanish team. All the participants trained and played league matches in the same city.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria for participation in the present study were: (i) to reside in the same city; (ii) not to suffer from any type of disease; (iii) not to take medication or supplementation that included MSDs during the study period or the month prior to the first evaluation; (iv) not to smoke or consume drugs; (v) to have more than 5 years\u0026rsquo; experience competing in soccer; (vi) not to modify nutritional and physical activity habits during the study; and (vii) not to spend more than 30 days without training with the team. In addition, the women had to meet the following inclusion criteria: (viii) to have had regular menstrual cycles for at least six months before the start of the study and during the study; (ix) not to suffer from problems related to the menstrual cycle; and (x) not to use contraceptive methods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e All the participants were informed of the purpose of the study and signed a consent form prior to enrollment. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of the University of Extremadura (C\u0026aacute;ceres, Spain) (code 135/2020) following the guidelines of the 1964 Helsinki ethical declaration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMenstrual Cycle\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the menstrual cycle is crucial as research suggests there are fluctuations in mineral concentrations throughout the cycle (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, all assessments were conducted during the same menstrual phase whenever possible. A menstrual cycle questionnaire was completed by the participants (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). The duration of bleeding was 4.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.47 days and the duration of the menstrual cycle was 27.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.78 days. All the participants had a regular menstrual cycle and had never experienced the cessation of menstruation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNutritional Intake\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree days before assessments, dietary intake was recorded using a food questionnaire similar to the method employed in (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). This questionnaire aimed to capture the nutritional content of the foods consumed by participants over the three days preceding the assessments (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). Participants recorded the types and quantities of foods consumed in a provided log throughout those three days. Researchers then used established tables (28) to convert these food entries into estimated daily consumption values of macronutrients and manganese and molybdenum (Mn and Mo).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participants were instructed to collect their first morning urine samples around 8:00\u0026ndash;8:30 a.m. and bring them to the designated blood collection site. The urine collection process involved using the provided 100 mL containers. The coaching staffs of each team received urine collection kits with containers and tubes to distribute to the players. Participants then transferred the collected urine into smaller 9 mL tubes for storage. These tubes were subsequently frozen at -80\u0026deg;C until further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing an overnight fast, blood samples (10 mL) were collected via syringe and needle. Two millilitres, placed in tubes containing a clotting agent, were used for analysis of haematology parameters using specialised equipment (Coulter Electronics LTD, Model CPA; Northwell Drive, Luton, UK). The technique was developed by an external clinical laboratory. The remaining 8 mL of blood was divided for further analysis of Mn and Mo concentrations. Four millilitres were collected in tubes containing sodium citrate, a blood thinner. One of these citrate tubes was centrifuged (spun at high speed) to separate the liquid portion, called plasma, from the cellular components. The top layer of the centrifuged plasma, containing platelets (cell fragments), was collected in a separate tube and centrifuged again. This resulting platelet-rich plasma was then divided into smaller tubes and frozen at -80\u0026deg;C for storage. The remaining blood (after plasma separation) was centrifuged to remove red blood cells. These red blood cells were then washed and frozen at -80\u0026deg;C for storage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhysical Fitness\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeg power was assessed using vertical jumps performed on a specialised measurement system (Optojump, Microgate) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Two attempts each were performed for both squat jumps (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ), with only the best attempt from each included in the analysis. A 30-second rest period separated each jump. For SJ, participants began in a controlled squat position with knees bent at 90 degrees and arms on hips. They held this position for 3 seconds before powering upwards in a maximal jump without any preparatory downward movement. The CMJ started from an upright standing position with feet shoulder-width apart and hands on hips. Participants then performed a controlled downward squat motion followed immediately by a forceful jump, maximising its vertical height. A standardised warm-up routine was performed before the fitness tests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, maximal aerobic capacity was then evaluated using a progressive treadmill test (Ergofit Trac Alpin 4000, Pirmasens, Germany) with a gas analyer (Geratherm Respiratory GMBH, Ergostik, Ref 40.400, Corp, Bad Kissingen, Germany). Participants started by walking/running at a comfortable pace of 7 km/h on the treadmill with a 1% incline. The difficulty gradually increased with the speed rising by 1 km/h every minute until participants reached exhaustion. A 15-minute warm-up at 6 km/h was performed before the main test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMn and Mo determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe methods used to extract Mn and Mo from various blood components followed established protocols similar to those employed in other research studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). The method was developed entirely by the research support service of the University of Extremadura using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (7900; Agilent Tech., Santa Clara, CA, USA). This method is recognised for its reliability, as demonstrated by calibration checks using the element indium. These checks consistently showed a strong correlation (greater than 0.985) and minimal variation (coefficients of variation less than 5%), signifying the accuracy and precision of the ICP-MS technique.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor plasma and urinary samples, the reagents used were 69% nitric acid (TraceSELECT\u0026trade;, Fluka\u0026trade;, Madrid, Spain) and ultrapure water obtained from a Milli-Q system (Millipore\u0026reg;, Burlington, MA, USA). A rhodium dilution of 400 \u0026micro;gL-1 was used as the internal standard and continuously fed into the apparatus with the aid of the three-channel peristaltic pump. From the 0.20 mL of samples, a volume of 5 mL was made up with a 1% nitric acid solution prepared from a commercial one of 69% (TraceSELECT\u0026trade;, Fluka\u0026trade;, Madrid, Spain). The equipment was calibrated with several standards prepared from commercial multi-elemental dilutions of certified standards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor erythrocyte and platelet samples, the reagents used in method development and sample analysis were nitric acid 69%, hydrogen peroxide (TraceSELECT\u0026trade;, Fluka\u0026trade;, Madrid, Spain) and ultrapure water obtained from a Milli-Q system manufactured by Millipore (USA). A 400 \u0026micro;gL-1 solution of yttrium and rhodium was used as the internal standard.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples were weighed on precision scales and transferred to glass tubes for microwave digestion, and 3.5 mL of a 3:1 mixture of 69% nitric acid (TraceSELECT\u0026trade;, Fluka\u0026trade;, Madrid, Spain) and hydrogen peroxide (TraceSELECT\u0026trade;, Fluka\u0026trade;, Madrid, Spain) were added. The samples were digested in a Milestone Ultrawave microwave, and once digested were diluted to 25 mL with MilliQ water. The detection and quantification limits of Mn and Mo in the different matrices throughout the investigation are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimits of detection and limits of quantification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatrix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimits of Detection Mn (\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimits of Quantification Mn (\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimits of Detection Mo (\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimits of Quantification (\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErythrocytes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatelets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used to analyse the collected data. The results are presented as average values with an indication of variability (standard deviation). The normality of the variables was analysed using the Shapiro-Wilk test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA two-way ANOVA was used to analyse most other variables. This test considers the effects of two factors: sex (male or female) and the time of measurement. The Bonferroni post-hoc test was applied for the measured effect variable. Effect size was calculated using partial eta squared (ƞ2), where 0.01\u0026ndash;0.06 was a small effect size, 0.06\u0026ndash;0.14 was a moderate effect size and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.14 was a large effect size (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Differences of \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 and \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 were considered statistically significant and highly significant, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the results obtained in the physical condition tests. There were highly significant differences between sexes in all the parameters analysed (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01). VO2max was higher in the second assessment in both groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the results obtained in the intake of macronutrients Mn and Mo throughout the season in both teams. Significant differences were observed between sexes in energy and protein intake, being higher in the men\u0026rsquo;s soccer players (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults obtained from the physical condition tests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen\u0026rsquo;s Soccer Players\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s Soccer Players\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex x Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSJ (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCMJ (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeed (km/h)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVCO\u003csub\u003e2max\u003c/sub\u003e (L/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVO\u003csub\u003e2max\u003c/sub\u003e (ml/min/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.70*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.19*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 differences between 1st and 2nd assessment; SJ: squat jump; CMJ: counter movement jump; HR: heart rate; VO2max: maximal oxygen consumption; VCO2max: maximal carbon dioxide production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimated daily intake of macronutrients Mn and Mo by the participants during the investigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen\u0026rsquo;s Soccer Players\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s Soccer Players\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex x Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy (Kcal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1796.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;420.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1578.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;316.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1932.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;312.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1681.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;427.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1882.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;358.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1697.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;386.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProteins (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipids (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;69.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;81.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;56.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.732\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.487\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMo (\u0026micro;g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;99.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;67.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;76.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;97.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;87.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn: manganese; Mo: molybdenum.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the values obtained for erythrocytes and platelets. There were differences between sexes in erythrocyte values, being higher in the men\u0026rsquo;s soccer players (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). The concentration of erythrocytes decreased in the second evaluation in both groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErythrocyte and platelet values according to sex throughout the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen\u0026rsquo;s Soccer Players\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s Soccer Players\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex x Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErythrocyte (millions)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatelets (thousands)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the data obtained on Mn concentrations in the extracellular and intracellular compartments. There were differences between sexes in plasma and urinary concentrations, being higher in the men. Likewise, differences were observed throughout the titrations in both compartments (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn relation to erythrocyte Mn concentrations, differences were observed between sexes and throughout the assessment in the concentrations expressed in absolute values and relative to the number of erythrocytes with large and moderate effect sizes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Concentrations were higher in the women\u0026rsquo;s soccer players. Regarding differences throughout the investigation, specific differences were observed between titrations 1 and 3 and titrations 2 and 3 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, with respect to intraplatelet Mn concentrations, differences were observed across titrations with a large effect size (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Specifically, differences were found between titrations 1 and 3 when analysing Mn concentrations expressed in absolute values and between titrations 1 and 2 when analysing Mn concentrations expressed in values relative to platelet number (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn concentrations in the compartments evaluated throughout the study in the two study groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen\u0026rsquo;s Soccer Players\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s Soccer Players\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex x Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn Plasma (\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.182\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn Urine (\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.228\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.565\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.102**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.381\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.172**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.421\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.197++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.433\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.261++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn Erythrocyte absolute\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.52^^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.14^^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.22++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.76++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn Erythrocyte relative\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(pg/cell\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn platelets absolute\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.48++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.76++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn platelets relative\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(pg/cell\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.079\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.022**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e#: large effect size (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.14); \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e: moderate effect size (0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.14); **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 differences between 1st and 2nd titration; ++p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 differences between 1st and 3rd titration; ^^ p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 differences between 2nd and 3rd titration; Mo: molybdenum.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the data on Mo concentrations in the extracellular and intracellular matrices analysed. There were differences in plasma and urinary concentrations between sexes, being higher in the men (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Urinary and plasma Mo concentrations decreased and increased respectively at the end of the study (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding intracellular concentrations, both in platelets and erythrocytes, differences were observed throughout the titrations with a large effect size (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Specific differences in erythrocyte Mo concentrations expressed as absolute values were found between titrations 1 and 2 and titrations 2 and 3 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01). On the other hand, specific differences in erythrocyte Mo concentrations expressed in relative values were found between titrations 1 and 2 and titrations 1 and 3 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Finally, in intraplatelet Mo concentrations, both in absolute and relative values, differences were observed between titrations 1 and 3 and titrations 2 and 3 (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMo concentrations in the compartments evaluated throughout the study in the two study groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"20\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c20\" colnum=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen\u0026rsquo;s Soccer Players\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s Soccer Players\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime Effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex x Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMo Plasma (\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMo Urine (\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.066#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.14^^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.88^^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.63++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.80++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMo Erythrocyte absolute\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.61**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;48.36**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.11++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.15++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMo Erythrocyte relative\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(pg/cell\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.99**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.59**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.98^^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68^^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMo platelets absolute\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.98^^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.32^^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMo platelets relative\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(pg/cell\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001#\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.996\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.015^^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.027^^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd assessment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.021++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e#: large effect size (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.14); \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e: moderate effect size (0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.14); **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 differences between 1st and 2nd titration; ++p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 differences between 1st and 3rd titration; ^^ p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 differences between 2nd and 3rd titration; Mo: molybdenum.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe objectives of the present work were: a) to analyse the changes in Mn and Mo concentrations in plasma, urine, erythrocytes and platelets during a sports season in soccer players and b) to analyse the differences between sexes. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to analyse Mn and Mo concentrations during a season in different biological matrices. Information regarding these minerals in athletes is scarce, which highlights the novelty of the present study. For a better understanding of the section, the results obtained on Mn and Mo concentrations will be discussed separately.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn concentrations in athletes have been previously analysed in serum, urine (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e) and erythrocytes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). However, the literature regarding platelets is scarce. Mn concentrations in this reseach were within the range reported in other studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen differences were analysed along the titrations in the extracellular compartments, no differences in plasma concentrations were observed. However, there was an increase in urinary Mn excretion in both groups. In relation to urinary Mn values, increases in excretion have been previously reported in athletes after a six-month training period (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Likewise, in the previous study they observed a decrease in serum Mn concentrations after six months of training. However, when the acute effect of physical exercise was evaluated, there was a decrease in Mn excretion (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gradual low plasma concentration observed in the present investigation could be caused by an increase in Fe absorption (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e), which would be related to increased Mn excretion, revealing a possible renal adaptation with training. Another reason for decreased plasma Mn concentrations could be an increase in Mn-SOD activity, which has been shown to increase at the end of the season (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). As mentioned above, free radicals are produced as a result of oxidative metabolism. Increased free radicals are associated with increased lipid peroxidation and accumulation of metabolites that can lead to injury and cell death. Among other enzymes, Mn-SOD controls free radical damage and it is known that one of the adaptations to physical training is an increase in its activity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs for intracellular concentrations, there were different changes according to sex. In the men, a gradual increase of Mn concentrations in platelets and erythrocytes was observed. However, in the women, decreases in Mn concentrations were observed in both intracellular compartments. No studies have been found that evaluate the evolution over a training season/period of erythrocyte and platelet Mn concentrations. Previously, it has been reported that sedentary subjects showed higher erythrocyte Mn concentrations compared with active or very physically active populations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). It should be noted that Mn-SOD would be in very small proportions inside erythrocytes since there are no mitochondria in this type of cells. Therefore, the evolution in erythrocyte Mn concentrations could be due to the different Mn intake between sexes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding platelet Mn concentrations, there are no reports in the scientific literature on Mn concentrations in this compartment throughout the season in athletes. Perhaps, as occurs with erythrocytes, gender differences in intake could explain the trend of Mn in this biological matrix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding sex differences, higher Mn concentrations have been observed in plasma and urine in men compared to women. Despite absorbing less Mn, absorbed Mn had a longer half-life in the men compared to the women (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). However, in a population of 1417 U.S. subjects, it was observed that the women excreted more Mn relative to urinary creatinine values (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs mentioned above, Fe deficiency influences Mn metabolism by increasing absorption. Since the main route of Mn elimination is bile (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e), these data may show that hepatic secretion of Mn into bile is more active in women than in men. The influence of sex on whole-organism Mn turnover warrants further investigation of whether sex influences hepatic metabolism of Mn and its excretion in bile. It has been shown that the hepatocyte moves Mn into the bile canaliculus against a concentration gradient. Therefore, we believe that the lower extracellular Mn concentration may be due to an increased elimination of Mn through bile in women\u0026rsquo;s soccer players.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding erythrocyte concentrations, women showed higher erythrocyte concentrations compared to men, both in relative and absolute values. The data are in agreement with those previously reported in a study with more than 7700 Americans (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e), Canadians (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e) and Koreans (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e). According to the authors, this could be due to a lower blood ferritin concentration in women (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e). Higher blood Mn levels were also associated with lower whole blood Fe levels in persons older than 12 years (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that there may be sex-related metabolic differences in the homeostatic mechanisms regulating blood Mn levels. A study on dietary Mn absorption showed that, when consuming a diet adequate in Mn, women can absorb significantly more Mn than men (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mo concentrations analysed in different compartments were within the range reported in previous investigations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). Mo is of relatively little interest to physically active individuals (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e). As discussed above, Mo is a transition element that readily changes its oxidation state and thus can act as an electron transfer agent in oxidation-reduction reactions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent markers have been used to assess Mo status. Plasma and serum Mo concentrations are low in humans and therefore complex to assess. As a consequence, there are few studies on Mo concentrations in these biological compartments (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferences have been observed throughout the measurements in plasma Mo concentrations, increasing with respect to the first assessment. Previous authors reported that serum Mo concentrations increased after performing 2 km on an ergometer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e). They also reported increased concentrations after a marathon (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, other authors did not observe significant changes in serum Mo concentrations after an aerobic training period of 6 months (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). However, they observed that athletes had higher serum concentrations compared to the control group. When analysing basal states, they reported that athletes showed higher serum concentrations compared to the control group, with anaerobic athletes having the highest concentrations within the athlete group (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e). With respect to urinary concentrations, no significant changes were observed after a six-month training period (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, when the acute effect of a maximal incremental test was analysed, no differences were observed in Mo excretion (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe increase of Mo concentrations in plasma and urine throughout the titrations in the study participants could facilitate the formation of uric acid, avoiding the damage of free radicals (superoxide anions) generated by XO in the ischaemia-reperfusion processes generated during high intensity physical exercise (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespect to the changes observed throughout the evaluations in the intracellular Mo concentrations, increases were observed in the middle of the season and a decrease at the end of the season in the erythrocyte concentrations. On the other hand, progressive decreases in intraplatelet concentrations were shown. At basal state, medium and high level athletes showed lower intracellular Mo concentrations compared to the control group (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). No information has been found regarding erythrocyte and platelet concentrations of Mo in athletes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding sex differences, the present study showed that the men\u0026rsquo;s soccer players had higher plasma Mo concentrations compared to the women\u0026rsquo;s soccer players. It is known that uric acid concentrations appear to be higher in active men (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e) and in men athletes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e). This could be due to differences in plasma Mo concentrations, since, as discussed above, Mo facilitates the formation of uric acid to prevent free radical damage. In addition, women seem to be less susceptible to oxidative stress, specifically premenopausal women, due to the antioxidant role of oestrogens, and therefore uric acid levels could be lower (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study is not free of limitations: a) plasma volume was not evaluated. During physical exercise, body water can be lost through sweating, which can induce dehydration, blood haemoconcentration and a decrease in urine water, which could influence the results obtained and b) absence of complementary data of the different MTE (enzymes) and (c) the small number of the sample; (iii) technical measurement error was not analysed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlasma and urinary Mn concentrations were higher in the men\u0026rsquo;s soccer players, whereas erythrocyte Mn concentrations were higher in the women\u0026rsquo;s soccer players. Increases in urinary, erythrocyte and platelet concentrations occurred in the men throughout the sports season, whereas in the women\u0026rsquo;s soccer players a decrease in erythrocyte and platelet concentrations was observed with respect to the initial values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasma Mo concentrations were higher in the men\u0026rsquo;s soccer players. Throughout the sports season there were increases in plasma and erythrocyte concentrations, as well as decreases in urinary and platelet concentrations of Mo with respect to the initial values in both sexes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eV. Toro-Rom\u0026aacute;n and M. Maynar conceived, designed research and conducted experiments. F.J. Grijota and M.C. Robles-Gil contributed new reagents or analytical tools and analyzed data. V. Toro-Rom\u0026aacute;n, F.J. Grijota, A. Campos and A. Mart\u0026iacute;nez-S\u0026aacute;nchez wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHeffernan SM, Horner K, De Vito G, Conway GE (2019) The role of mineral and trace element supplementation in exercise and athletic performance: a systematic review. 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J Cell Mol Med 21(5):1024\u0026ndash;1032\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"biological-trace-element-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bter","sideBox":"Learn more about [Biological Trace Element Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/12011)","snPcode":"12011","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12011/3","title":"Biological Trace Element Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"trace elements, minerals, exercise, soccer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4569142/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4569142/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePhysical training induces modifications in the concentrations of trace mineral elements. However, studies exploring sex-related differences in manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) levels among athletes are scarce. This study aimed to: a) analyse changes in plasma, urine, erythrocyte, and platelet Mn and Mo concentrations throughout a competitive season in men\u0026rsquo;s and women\u0026rsquo;s football players, and b) investigate sex-based discrepancies. A total of 46 football players (22 men: age; 20.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66 years; height; 1.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.061 m; weight; 71.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.93 kg and 24 women: age; 23.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.11 years; height; 1.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 m; weight; 59.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.17 kg) participated in the study. Three assessments were conducted throughout the competitive season. Data were collected on anthropometry, body composition, nutritional intake, physical fitness, female hormones, haematology, and the determination of Mn and Mo in different biological compartments. Regarding Mn, significant sex differences were observed in plasma, urine, and erythrocyte concentrations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Moreover, significant variations were observed throughout the season in all analysed biological compartments (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Regarding Mo, significant sex differences were reported in plasma concentrations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Similarly, there were variations throughout the season in all analysed biological compartments (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Plasma, urine, erythrocyte, and platelet Mn and Mo concentrations could change during a competitive season in football players. On the other hand, sex differences could exist in plasma, urine, and erythrocyte Mn concentrations in football players.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Extracellular and Intracellular Concentrations of Manganese and Molybdenum in Men’s and Women’s Football Players During a Season","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-27 17:40:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4569142/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-06-12T12:35:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-06-12T10:36:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Biological Trace Element Research","date":"2024-06-12T09:31:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"biological-trace-element-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bter","sideBox":"Learn more about [Biological Trace Element Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/12011)","snPcode":"12011","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12011/3","title":"Biological Trace Element Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e5fdde8f-7faa-423f-953b-1a15e0953da0","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-27T17:40:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-27 17:40:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4569142","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4569142","identity":"rs-4569142","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}