Environmental drivers of pathogen and annelids interactions in oyster farming systems of a subtropical estuary

Environmental drivers of pathogen and annelids interactions in oyster farming systems of a subtropical estuary | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Environmental drivers of pathogen and annelids interactions in oyster farming systems of a subtropical estuary Ana Beatriz Vilas Boas, Estela Pires, Ricardo Castro Alvarez, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8865729/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Oyster aquaculture is expanding worldwide, but the interaction between farming structures, biofouling organisms, and pathogens remains a major constraint for production efficiency and stock health. Farming systems differ in exposure, water flow, substrate availability, and biofouling pressure, potentially influencing pathogen prevalence and the development of boring annelids such as Polydora spp. In the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (southern Brazil), oysters are produced on longlines, mud-based culture, and natural mangrove banks, yet information on how these environments mediate host–parasite interactions is limited. Here, we evaluated the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Perkinsus sp., and boring/epibiotic annelids in Crassostrea sp. across culture types, bays, and seasons. We quantified annelid assemblages on shells, detected V. parahaemolyticus and Perkinsus sp. in gills and rectum, and assessed oyster condition index (CI). Using multimodel inference, we tested whether pathogens and annelids predicted CI and whether farm type influenced infestation patterns. Although V. parahaemolyticus , Perkinsus spp., and Polydora spp. were widespread, none showed strong negative effects on CI. However, mud-based farms consistently harbored higher Polydora loads, indicating their potential role as reservoirs or amplifiers of shell-boring annelids under future expansion scenarios. Our results highlight the ecological importance of farming structures as substrates for biofouling communities and support the need for integrated farm management to minimize the spread of shell-boring pests in tropical estuarine aquaculture systems. Crassostrea bivalve aquaculture Polydora biofouling Vibrio Perkinsus estuarine systems animal health Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 INTRODUCTION Estuarine and coastal systems are among the most productive regions for aquaculture, providing optimal environmental conditions for cultivating bivalve mollusks, producing seeds, and maintaining hatcheries of commercially important species (Jänes et al., 2022 ). Beyond their direct economic value, bivalves contribute essential ecosystem services creating biogenic structures for associated fauna, function as natural biofilters that enhance water quality, and recycle nutrients at both benthic and pelagic levels (Ruano, 2008 ; Dame et al., 2011). Their tridimensional structures influence biodiversity maintenance and population dynamics, often serving as settlement substrates and protective habitats for a wide range of epibionts (Pregenzer, 1983 ; Jones, 1994; Jones et al., 1997 ; Ruessink et al., 2005; McKinsey et al., 2007). In aquaculture settings, farming structures can further increase habitat heterogeneity by altering sedimentation rates and enhancing resource availability for diverse organisms (Gallardi, 2014 ). However, such structures are also rapidly colonized by fouling communities, whose ecological succession, from macromolecular adsorption and bacterial biofilms to the establishment of complex epibenthic assemblages, can compromise farm efficiency and the health of cultivated bivalves (Davis et al., 1989 ). Fouling organisms not only impair infrastructure but can also attach directly to bivalve shells, increasing handling costs, reducing growth, and diminishing commercial value. Within these fouling communities, marine annelids, particularly members of the Polydora complex (Spionidae), are among the most damaging biofoulers (Cole et al. 2020 ; Radashevsky & Migotto, 2016; Martinelli et al. 2020 , 2025 ). Their larvae often settle within the microhabitats created by mollusk clusters, where adults excavate burrows, penetrate inner shell surfaces, and induce the formation of characteristic mud blisters (Teramoto et al., 2013 ; Diez et al., 2011 , Radashevsky, 2025). Several polydorid species expand these galleries, leaving perforations that facilitate colonization by other organisms (Sato-Okoshi et al., 2023 ). Such damage increases oyster susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens and reduces the commercial quality of the product (Haydar & Wolff, 2011 ; Castell, 2012 ). Pathogenic bacteria and parasitic protists represent an additional challenge for oyster health. Vibrio species, particularly Vibrio parahaemolyticus , are abundant in estuarine sediments and frequently adhere to planktonic organisms, enhancing their dispersion and increasing the likelihood of colonization of oyster tissues (Drake & DePaola, 2007; Letchumanan et al., 2014 ; Newman, 2015 ; Kramer & Ward, 2016). These pathogens can cause high mortality during the early developmental stages of bivalves (Silveira et al., 2016 ) and pose significant public health concerns, as V. parahaemolyticus is one of the major etiologic agents of seafood-borne gastrointestinal disease (FAO, 2011 ; Lassus et al., 2016). Although parasitic protists such as Perkinsus spp. do not affect human health, they can cause severe physiological stress, impaired growth, and mass mortality events in several oyster species, generating substantial economic loss in aquaculture (Villalba et al., 2002; Reguera et al., 2014 ). Despite the global importance of oyster farming (Solomon & Ahmed, 2016 ), no studies to date have simultaneously examined the co-occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus , Perkinsus spp., and burrowing annelids in oysters, nor their potential interactions. Given that aquaculture operations adopt different cultivation methods, such as longline floating systems, rack-and-bag farming, and mudflat cultivation, oyster beds may experience variable environmental pressures and contrasting exposure to fouling and pathogen loads. To maintain sustainable production and ensure product quality and sanitary safety, it is essential to identify and understand the ecological stressors that may compromise oyster health (Fox et al., 2020 ; García-Rico & Tejeda-Valenzuela, 2021). These become an urgent diagnostic in the Paraná coastal-estuarine habitats, as the State Government are providing a financial investments to develop this economic sector (see AEN, 2024; Fundação Araucária, 2025 ; Sales, 2025 ; AEN, 2024). In this study, we investigate how pathogenic bacteria, parasitic protists, and burrowing or annelids are associated with oysters cultivated in different environments, including natural mangrove beds and aquaculture structures within the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC), Brazil. Specifically, we (i) characterize the composition of annelid communities associated with oyster beds, (ii) assess the distribution of V. parahaemolyticus and Perkinsus spp. across beds and habitats, and (iii) test the hypothesis that oysters with lower condition index (CI) exhibit higher levels of parasitism by these pathogens and fouling annelids. Understanding these multi-trophic associations is fundamental to evaluating how biotic interactions can influence oyster performance, health, and the sustainability of aquaculture practices. METHODS Sampling Adult specimens of Crassostrea sp. oysters were collected from two bays in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC; 25º28'26"S, 48º30'32"W): Laranjeiras Bay and Pinheiros Bay. Since mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828), and cultivated oysters C. brasiliana (Lamarck, 1819) and C. gasar (Dautzenberg, 1891) are current reported in the PEC (Afonso et al, 2024 ), and the taxonomic status of the cultivated ones is debated and current accept as C. tulipa (Lamarck, 1819) (see Ferreira et al. 2023 ), we kept it as genus level. In Laranjeiras Bay, oysters were sampled in the fall, whereas in Pinheiros Bay they were sampled in both fall and summer. We selected oyster farmers who use two different cultivation methods i) longline, and ii) bottom/mud culture, as well as two mangrove areas without any oyster-farming intervention, which were considered iii) natural sites (Fig. 1 ). At each site, 30 whole oysters were randomly collected (cultivation or "natural"), except in the "natural" area of Laranjeiras Bay where only 12 oysters were collected due to lack of local availability. In Laranjeiras Bay, samples were collected at Ponta Oeste- PO da Ilha do Mel (long-line), in Medeiros- MED (long-line), Ilha Rasa- IR (mud) and in a mangrove area- MGL ("natural"). In Pinheiros Bay, samples were collected from Vila Fátima (FA) (mud), Poruquara (PU) (long-line) and a mangrove area ("natural"). The samples were transported alive in individual plastic bags for further processing in the laboratory. Sample processing For the pathogen's identification, an initial assessment of shells was made in search of traces of polydorids activity, characterized by tunnels, mud bubbles, and/or excavation stains. Polydora species from Brazil were recently reviewed and Polydora carinhosa Radashevsky, Lana & Nalesso, 2006, from shells of the cultured mangrove cupped oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae , and the Polydora paulolanai Radashevisky, 2024 from shells of the cultivated oyster Crassostrea brasiliana , are reported for the PEC (Radashevisky, 2024), we kept the Polydora identification in the genus level. The internal contents of 12 oysters (4 oysters per replicate) from each site were sampled and inoculated onto HiCrome Vibrio selective agar medium (Sigma-Aldrich) to identify Vibrio parahaemolyticus . Then, fragments of gills and rectum were collected from each oyster for incubation in Ray's thioglycolate medium to identify Perkinsus sp. (OIE, 2018 ). The soft tissues of oysters were collected and dried in an oven at 60 ℃ for 72 hours, and then the dry weight of the valves (DW) and dry weight of meat (DW) were obtained to estimate the condition index (CI), according to the equation used by (Absher, 1989 ): CI = (dry meat weight (g)/ dry shell weight (g)) x 100 In addition, the outside of the shells was measured with a caliper (Galstoff, 1964), and valves were individually fixed in glutaraldehyde and stored in seawater with magnesium chloride. The valves were then broken with a hammer, and the annelids were removed and quantified using a stereomicroscope. Data analysis To test the hypothesis that pathogen occurrence affects the condition index (CI) of oysters, we used CI as the dependent variable and the presence of Perkinsus sp. (in gills and rectum), Vibrio parahaemolyticus , and Polydora sp. as predictor variables. We evaluated the interaction between pathogen presence and cultivation type (mud, longline, and “natural” sites) across bays (Laranjeiras and Pinheiros) and, in the case of Pinheiros Bay, between sampling seasons (fall and summer). We also modeled the presence of Perkinsus sp. and Polydora sp. as response variables, using bay, season, cultivation type, and oyster shell length and width as predictor variables. To explore the relationship between annelid composition and oyster cultivation methods, we considered cultivation type, shell length, width, and total weight as predictor variables. In addition, the presence of the most frequent annelid group (polydorids) was analyzed as a response variable, with bay, season, cultivation type, and the abundances of Errantia and Sedentaria used as predictor variables. Negative binomial, Poisson, and Gaussian error structures were tested as candidate distributions for the generalized linear models (GLMs), and the most appropriate distribution was selected for each response variable. Model averaging was performed using predictors with the highest relative importance (RI), following a multimodel inference framework (Burnham & Anderson, 2002 ). Competing models were selected using the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) and Akaike weights (AICw). Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to evaluate patterns in the annelid species composition matrix and its relationship with the same predictor variables used in the univariate models. Analyses were based on Hellinger-transformed Bray–Curtis dissimilarities. To reduce the influence of zero inflation and down-weight dominant taxa, a dummy species (present in all samples) was included in the community matrix. A similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis was also conducted to identify the taxonomic groups contributing most to overall dissimilarity across categorical and continuous variables (Clarke & Warwick, 2001 ). All analyses were performed in R using the packages vegan (Oksanen et al., 2019 ), lattice (Sarkar, 2008 ), car (Fox & Weisberg, 2019), MASS (Venables & Ripley, 2002 ), MuMIn (Barton, 2019), ggplot2 (Wickham et al., 2016), and FactoMineR (Lê et al., 2008 ). Data and code availability All datasets used in this study are provided as supplementary material, including: dados_geral_ostras_F.csv, vibropolydora.csv, and dados_polyMultDummy.csv. The full, annotated R script used to perform all statistical analyses (GLMs, model-selection routines, PERMANOVA, SIMPER, and figure generation) is also included as Oyster_annelids_pathogens_script.R (see the Supplementary Material). These files allow full reproduction of the results, figures, and tables presented in the manuscript. RESULTS Condition index and associated pathogens Around 63% of the annelids identified were the shell drillers Polydora spp. In addition, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Perkinsus sp. were identified in 90% of oysters. None of the identified pathogens had a high relative importance value with the CI ( Polydora sp., CI = 0.55; V. parahaemolyticus , CI = 0.25 and Perkinsus sp., CI-gill = 0.22 and CI-rectum = 0.19; Table 1), but the model predicted only by Polydora spp. showed the best explanations among the other models. Environmental variables, temperature and salinity showed higher relative importance than Perkinsus sp. and V. parahaemolyticus. The CI, on the other hand, was lower in oysters from Pinheiros Bay than in those collected in Laranjeiras Bay (Figure 2A). In Pinheiros Bay, the CI was lower in the fall, with lower values in mud cultures, followed by long-line and "natural” (Figure 2.B). Table 1. Model selection for the Condition Index (CI) of Crassostrea sp. based on pathogen load and environmental predictors. Results of multimodel selection using all subsets of the global linear model CI ~ Perkinsus sp. (gills) + Perkinsus sp. (rectum) + Polydora sp. (total) + Vibrio parahaemolyticus + Salinity + Temperature. For each candidate model, the table shows included predictors (non-empty cells), degrees of freedom (df), corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), ΔAICc, and Akaike weights (AICw). The relative importance (RI) of each predictor across all models is given in the bottom row. Model (CI) Perkinsus sp. (gills) Perkinsus sp. (rectum) Polydora sp. (total) Vibrio parahaemolyticus Salinity Temperature df AICc Delta AICw 21 0.007 0.435 4 72.4 0 0.129 13 0.007 0.077 4 72.5 0.06 0.125 9 0.073 3 73.1 0.69 0.092 17 0.369 3 73.8 1.31 0.067 5 0.006 3 74 1.59 0.058 1 2 74.1 1.65 0.057 33 0.022 3 74.7 2.25 0.042 23 0.001 0.007 0.494 5 74.9 2.46 0.038 29 0.007 0.041 0.247 5 74.9 2.49 0.037 15 0.001 0.007 0.087 5 75 2.52 0.037 41 0.012 0.061 4 75.3 2.87 0.031 53 0.007 0.004 0.412 5 75.3 2.88 0.031 11 0.001 0.084 4 75.3 2.89 0.03 22 0 0.007 0.441 5 75.4 2.93 0.03 45 0.006 0.004 0.073 5 75.4 2.95 0.029 14 0 0.007 0.078 5 75.4 2.98 0.029 37 0.005 0.016 4 75.6 3.19 0.026 49 0.014 0.298 4 75.7 3.27 0.025 25 0.056 0.118 4 75.7 3.29 0.025 10 0 0.076 4 75.8 3.33 0.024 19 0.001 0.425 4 76.1 3.63 0.021 18 0 0.379 4 76.4 3.99 0.018 RI 0.19 0.22 0.55 0.25 0.45 0.41 Although no significant relationships were found between the pathogens Perkinsus sp. and V. parahaemolyticus and the Condition Index - CI (Table 1), there was a positive correlation between the presence of Perkinsus sp. in the rectum and gills between the bays and the different types of culture. Perkinsus sp. in the gills was more abundant in Pinheiros Bay than in Laranjeiras Bay (Figure 3A). On the other hand, the abundance of the types of oyster beds indicated a greater abundance of Perkinsus sp. for cultivation directly in the mud. The presence of Perkinsus sp. in the rectum was mainly explained by the type of culture and the width of the oysters (IR=1, Appendix: Table 2). As with the gills, the abundance of Perkinsus sp. in the rectum indicated cultivation in mud (Figure 3A). About width, the abundance indicated oysters between 5 and 6.5cm (Appendix, Figure 2). In oysters from Pinheiros Bay, a positive correlation was observed between Perkinsus sp., in rectum and gills, between the seasons, and between the different types of culture. Perkinsus sp. was more abundant in the gills in the fall than in the summer (Figure 3B). The abundance of the types of oyster beds indicated the highest abundance of Perkinsus sp. for direct long-line cultivation and "natural" followed by mud during the fall. In summer, abundances were low for all types of oyster beds. Like the gills, the abundance of Perkinsus sp. was higher in the fall than in the summer. However, Perkinsus sp. from the rectum was more abundant in the natural culture during the fall, followed by the mud and long-line cultures (Figure 3B). Annelids association Approximately 4864 specimens, representing 11 species of annelids, were identified (Appendix: Table 3). The total abundance of annelids was mainly explained by the type of cultivation and the weight of the valves (IR = 1) (Table 2). The abundance of annelids per oyster in the oyster beds indicated that in the mud, the oysters were more susceptible to annelid infestation (Figure 4A). Total annelids in the valves were abundant in oysters with valve weights between 50 and 100 grams (Figure 4B). Among the annelids recorded, Errantia was present externally in the irregular parts of the shells. Sedentary species were present internally as polydorids, and the other sedentary species were present externally in cracks and surface perforations. Table 2. Model selection results for total annelid abundance associated with Crassostrea sp. Top generalized linear models (negative binomial) explaining the total number of annelids per oyster based on shell length, culture type, shell width, and valve weight. For each candidate model, the table reports the estimated coefficients (only predictors included in the model), degrees of freedom (df), corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), ΔAICc (difference from the best model), and Akaike weights (AICw). The three most supported models include culture type and valve weight as predictors, while length and width show lower relative importance. Relative importance (RI) values summarize the cumulative AIC weight of each predictor across all model. Length Culture Width Valve weight df AICc Delta AICw Total annelids 11 + 0,009 5 2015,8 0,00 0,533 15 + -0,005 0,009 6 2017,8 1,95 0,201 12 -0,002 + 0,009 6 2017,9 2,03 0,193 16 -0,002 + -0,005 0,009 7 2019,8 4,01 0,072 RI 0,27 1,00 0,27 1,00 The average distribution of the annelid association was significantly different for bay, crop, and width (Table 3), not different for length. When Permanova was used with cultivation and site, based on the coefficient of determination, both responded with high values, but the value for the site (R² =0.283) was higher. Table 3. PERMANOVA results for annelid assemblages associated with Crassostrea sp. oysters in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. Multivariate effects of bay, local site, shell width, and shell length on annelid community composition based on Hellinger-transformed Bray–Curtis distances. The table reports degrees of freedom (gl), pseudo-F statistics, permutation-based significance values (P perm), and the proportion of explained variation (R²). Factor gl Pseudo-F P (perm) R² Bay 1 21,948 0,001 0,051 Local 5 24,231 0,001 0,283 Width 1 10.963 0,001 0,025 Length 1 0,398 0,772 0,000 Residuals 273 281 Polydora abundance The total abundance for Polydora sp. (1,830 individuals) on the oyster beds was explained by Errantia (IR=1) and cultivation (IR=1) (Table 4). All 282 oysters analyzed displayed signs of boring polydorid tunnels (Appendix: Figure 1). However, only 178 oysters had polydorids present. Polydora sp. responded positively between bays and different types of cultures (Appendix: Table 4). The abundance of Polydora sp. was higher in individuals in Laranjeiras Bay than in those collected in Pinheiros Bay. In Laranjeiras Bay, the abundance of Polydora sp. was higher in the mud cultures, followed by long-line and "natural". In contrast, the presence of Polydora sp. in Pinheiros Bay was higher in long-line cultures, followed by "natural" and less abundant in mud. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the different seasons (fall and summer) and the types of culverts in the Bay of Pinheiros. Table 4: Model selection results for Polydora sp. abundance in Crassostrea sp. oysters. Best-supported generalized linear models (negative binomial) describing variation in Polydora sp. counts based on shell length, culture type, abundance of Errantia and Sedentaria annelids, shell width, salinity, and temperature. For each candidate model, the table lists the predictors included (with estimated coefficients), degrees of freedom (df), corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), ΔAICc (difference from the best model), and Akaike weights (AICw). Culture type and shell width consistently appear in the highest-ranked models, while Errantia, salinity, and temperature show moderate to low support across candidate models. Relative importance (RI) values summarize the cumulative contribution of each predictor across the full model set Length Culture Errantia Width Salinity Sedentaria Temperature df AICc Delta AICw Polydora sp. 7 + 0,170 5 1480,3 0,00 0,104 39 + 0,167 0,055 6 1480,6 0,33 0,088 8 0,005 + 0,169 6 1481,4 1,04 0,062 15 + 0,170 0,033 6 1481,7 1,36 0,053 23 + 0,164 -0,021 6 1481,7 1,40 0,052 47 + 0,167 0,043 0,060 7 1481,8 1,44 0,050 40 0,005 + 0,166 0,054 7 1481,8 1,50 0,049 71 + 0,166 -0,055 6 1482,2 1,90 0,040 55 + 0,162 -0,017 0,052 7 1482,3 1,98 0,038 103 + 0,164 0,055 -0,048 7 1482,6 2,28 0,033 24 0,005 + 0,163 -0,021 7 1482,8 2,47 0,030 16 0,005 + 0,169 0,033 7 1482,8 2,49 0,030 48 0,005 + 0,166 0,043 0,058 8 1483,0 2,71 0,027 31 + 0,164 0,031 -0,020 7 1483,1 2,83 0,025 72 0,006 + 0,165 -0,067 7 1483,2 2,86 0,025 56 0,005 + 0,162 -0,017 0,051 8 1483,5 3,18 0,021 63 + 0,163 0,039 -0,016 0,057 8 1483,5 3,20 0,021 87 + 0,165 -0,045 0,129 7 1483,5 3,22 0,021 79 + 0,167 0,032 -0,048 7 1483,6 3,31 0,020 104 0,0056 + 0,163 0,053 -0,060 8 1483,7 3,39 0,019 111 + 0,165 0,041 0,060 -0,039 8 1483,8 3,46 0,018 119 + 0,163 -0,034 0,050 0,088 8 1484,3 3,97 0,014 IR 0,36 0,93 1,00 0,35 0,32 0,47 0,2 Visualization of the generalized linear regression of the abundance of Polydora sp. by the abundance of wanderers showed a positive fit, with an increase in the abundance of Polydora sp. in oysters with more than ten individuals of errant annelids (Figure 5A). Although the abundance of Polydora sp. about the abundance of sedentary oysters showed a negative fit, the regression fit showed an inverse relationship (Figure 5B). The generalized linear regression of the abundance of Polydora sp. by the width of the oysters showed a positive fit for oysters between 5 and 7 cm in size (Figure 5C). When the regression was carried out for the abundance of Polydora sp. by the type of cultivation, it showed a positive fit for cultivation in mud (Figure 5D). Polydora sp. was predominant in all the bays, cultivation methods, and natural environments over the other annelids (Table 5). Laranjeiras Bay had more Polydora sp. and Alitta sp. than Pinheiros Bay, which had more Nicolea sp. individuals than Laranjeiras (Table 5). In terms of cultivation techniques, as with the bays, Polydora sp. and Alitta sp. predominated (Table 5). Cultivation directly in the mud had the highest values among the cultivation techniques (Appendix: Table 5). Table 5: Contribution of dominant annelid species to dissimilarities between bays and culture types. Results of SIMPER analyses showing the percentage contribution of the main annelid species to the average Bray–Curtis dissimilarity between groups. The upper panel summarizes species contributions comparing Laranjeiras and Pinheiros Bays; the subsequent panels present comparisons among culture methods (Mud vs. Longline; Mud vs. Natural; Longline vs. Natural). For each contrast, values represent the average contribution of each species to group dissimilarity, and the cumulative proportion (∑ % Cumulative) indicates how much of the total difference is explained by the listed taxa. Bays Species Laranjeiras Bay Pinheiros Bay ∑ % Cumulative Polydora sp . 9,588 4,733 0,555 Alitta sp. 3,784 1,755 0,837 Nicolea sp. 0,578 0,744 0,921 Cultures Lama Longline ∑ %Cumulative Polydora sp . 10,377 6,275 0,56 Alitta sp. 3,233 3,2 0,819 Nicolea sp. 0,077 1,55 0,925 Mud Natural ∑% Cumulative Polydora sp . 10,377 1,986 0,571 Alitta sp. 3,233 0,375 0,882 P. vancaurica 0,266 0,319 0,954 Longline Natural ∑ %Cumulative Polydora sp . 6,275 1,986 0,508 Alitta sp. 3,2 0,375 0,796 Nicolea sp. 1,55 0 0,921 DISCUSSION Although the pathogens V. parahaemolyticus , Perkinsus sp. and Polydora sp. have been detected in oysters in the cultures, the higher infestation rates no indicate a low condition index of the oysters. The high incidence of Vibrio and Perkinsus in oysters in the region is common, but pathogenic strains are rarely detected (Sobrinho et al., 2009; Leibowitz et al., 2019 ). Although our results do not directly indicate negative effects on farms, show that mud farms are potential vectors of Polydora sp. populations in scenarios of greater development of oyster farming in the CEP. Infestation by polydorids of the Polydora complex is a serious problem for mollusks both in the natural environment and on farms (Sato-Okoshi et al. 1990 , 2008 ; Walker 2011 ; Martinelli, 2020). In Venezuela, Diaz-Diaz, and Liñero-Arana (2009) recorded levels of infestation by polydorids close to 65% in shells of Crassostrea rhizophorae in the natural environment. All oysters collected contained empty excavated tunnels and signs of deposition of extra and structurally fragile layers in the calcareous skeleton of the valves. The formation of channels in the shell of mollusk’s makes the shell brittle, and even without reaching the inner face can make the host vulnerable to the action of parasites and/or environmental changes (González-Ortiz et al. 2017 ). Polydorid infestations, like other pathogens, promote extra energy expenditure capable of compromising vital functions and reproductive activities. The stress and energy expenditure generated by perforations in oyster valves leads to a reduction in the individual's condition, making them more susceptible to other parasitic pathogens (González-Ortiz et al., 2017 ). However, as we saw in the analysis, the greater contribution of pathogens did not directly indicate the low condition of our oysters. According to local research, the marine bivalves of the Paraná coast have a continuous reproductive pattern, with peaks in the release of gametes in summer and a reduction in winter periods (Absher, 1989 ; Cruz-Kalled, 2003; Christo, 2006 ). The oysters sampled were adults and in the reproductive phase, with well-developed gonadal cells, and this factor influenced the condition index, which reached a maximum average of 2.60 in November/2018 and 2.67 in June/2019. In general, there is little evidence in the literature to confirm reductions in mollusk fitness (Sievers et al. 2017 ). Christo ( 2006 ) evaluated the condition index of Crassostrea spp. oysters in Guaratuba Bay in natural and cultivated environments for one year, where the highest average percentages were 2.40% and 2.65% for the months of May/2002 and January/2003. Each of the sites sampled differs in the forms of cultivation (natural environment, long-line and mud) and in the local characteristics of the estuarine flow, such as Pinheiros Bay (Vila Fátima, Poruquara and mangrove swamp) which receives forcings from effluents and tides, and it is important to note that this bay suffers little influence from anthropogenic activities, unlike the other bays in the estuary. Laranjeiras Bay (Ilha Rasa, Medeiros and the mangrove swamp), in addition to environmental forcings, has a lot of anthropogenic activity. Together, Laranjeiras and Paranaguá bays influence the forcings of the Mixing Zone (Ponta Oeste), a place close to the mouths of the CEP, with great tidal and current dynamics. We took salinity and temperature measurements at each site on a one-off basis, only on the date the oysters were collected. Salinity varied between 19 and 26°C and water temperature between 22 and 24°C in the summer and fall. Without major variations, these did not make a significant contribution to the models generated. Both Perkinsus sp. and V. parahaemolyticus were identified in oysters from Laranjeiras and Pinheiros Bays. Perkinsus sp. had already been isolated in Medeiros and Ponta Oeste, with a frequency of 71% of infected oysters (Nolli, 2017 ). To date, however, there has been no survey of its occurrence in Pinheiros Bay. Although the analytical models did not identify any relevant interaction between species of Perkinsus and the CI of the oysters, it is important to be aware of their presence, as they can settle even in healthy oysters. Although the genus Perkinsus do not cause direct harm to human health, it includes species that have a potential impact on aquaculture worldwide and are therefore notifiable to the Animal Health Organization (OIE, 2020). Perkinsus negatively interferes with the body development of bivalves, causing involuntary opening of the shell (gapping), retraction of the mantle, retarded growth, impairment of the immune system, abscesses, and other lesions up to mortality. All this greatly impacts the market, producers, the environment, and aquaculture sustainability (Lassudrie & Soudant et al., 2014; Nolli, 2017 ; Luz Cunha et al., 2019 ). Góngora-Gómez et al. ( 2019 ) evaluated the presence of Perkinsus sp. and its relationship with growth and condition index in oyster farms in Mexico, they found no major links between the prevalence of Perkinsus sp. and the parameters evaluated, nor any direct effect of the presence of the protist on the health of the oysters. Some Víbrio species pose a threat to bivalve mollusk production, such as V. parahaemolyticus as identified through selective culture medium, which in addition to causing gastroenteritis in humans. Moreover, V. parahaemolyticus is known to affect the early stages of cultivation, with larval mortalities of up to 100%, reduced productivity and high economic losses (Romalde et al., 2014 ). Several countries such as New Zealand (Kirs et al., 2011), Spain (Lopez- Joven et al.,2015) and Korea (Park et al., 2018 ) have already reported the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in oyster cultures and as being responsible for many cases of food poisoning in Japan (Kubota et al., 2011 ; Hara-Kudo et al.,2012), Bangladesh (Bhuiyan et al., 2002 ), Taiwan (Yu et al., 2013 ). The worldwide prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis cases emphasize the need to understand the virulence factors involved and their effects on humans (Letchumanan et al., 2014 ). Cultivation in the water column, the intertidal zone and directly in the sediment can favor the exposure of mollusks to epibiont organisms, parasites, and pathogens (Lordeiros & Garcia, 2004). Despite the low relationship between pathogens, bacteria, and protists with the IC of oysters in the EBC, we tested and corroborated that cultivated and natural oyster beds determine the associations of errant and sedentary annelids, with heterogeneous associations that respond to the type of cultivation and determine the infestations of polydorids. Associations of errant annelids occurred both in the natural environment and in mud and long-line cultivations. Sedentary annelids, on the other hand, occurred preferentially in long-line cultivations, bearing in mind that their oyster lanterns remain constantly immersed in the water column throughout the production cycle. Errant annelids have diverse feeding habits, being carnivores, herbivores, deposit feeders, selective or not, or even omnivores (Fauchald & Jumars, 1979 ; Jumars et al., 2015 ). Sabellids, like terebellids, inhabit secreted tubes, often with particles bound in mucus, such as sand and mud (Merz, 2015 ). Probably polydorids that build and inhabit the tubes can affect mollusks, due to their ability to perforate calcium carbonate. The ways in which these annelids feed involve different mechanisms for capturing and selecting food (Jumars, 2015). They are mainly marine deposit feeders, or depositivores, defined by their ability to select organic material from the sediment, or suspensivores, which capture particles suspended in the water column (Fauchald & Jumars, 1979 ; Jumars et al., 2015 ). Mollusk shells and cultivation structures have added heterogeneity to the local habitat, presenting errant and sedentary polychaetes in an intertidal or shallow soft-bottom environment, which initially had mud particles as a structuring element. The shell itself is a substrate for drilling, aggregating polydorids, sabellids, terebellids and sessile tube-building Hydroides sp., which are abundant in structures such as long-line, as they are unable to settle on a soft bottom (Gutiérrez, 2003). For polydorids, the inner cavity of the shell can be a microhabitat which reduces the impact of extreme temperatures, hydrodynamic forces, or even predation. Consequently, polydorids and other annelids such as A. succinea , N. oligohalina and P. vancaurica , can exploit the cavity to reduce physiological stress, damage or removal by currents or predators (Gutiérrez, 2003). In addition, the shell can cause changes in near-bed flow and water infiltration through the sediments, with subsequent alteration of the transport of particles and solutes in the benthic system (Barners et al, 2010). Determining annelid associations in oyster beds allows us to understand their function as ecosystem engineers, which act as reefs and modify the original environment (Bruschetti, 2019 ). Annelids such as tubificids can provide three-dimensional complexity to these habitats, improving the retention and settlement of particles suspended in the water column (Bailey-Brock, 1979 ). Free-living annelids such as A. succinea (Bruschetti et al. 2009 ), and other wanderers are favored by the presence of sediment and shelter. As filter-feeding mollusks (Dame et al., 1989 ; Zhu et.al., 2006 ), many annelids affect the seston of shallow waters (i.e. estuaries and coastal lagoons) by removing large amounts of suspended particulate matter (phytoplankton and detritus) from the water column (Davies etal., 1989 ; Jordana etal., 2001; Dubois et al., 2003 ). This can increase light penetration and can therefore increase the production of benthic primary producers. Interactions caused by farming structures can be highly relevant to understanding associations and utilization by different organisms, providing knowledge of them as bioengineers of aquatic ecosystems. For the aquaculture sector, biofouling can negatively affect cultivated organisms, reducing growth rates and the development of healthy mollusks. In this context, proper farm management in the context of the social-ecological networks of small-scale fishing of PEC, where their resilience is affected by hydrodynamic ecological and social interactions (Nether et al. 2024), knowing how to makes it possible to control and reduce damage, even if only minimally. CONCLUSION In summary, our study shows that oyster culture in the CEP operates within a complex socio-ecological and environmental context in which pathogens, annelid associates, and cultivation methods interact but do not necessarily translate into reduced oyster condition. Although Perkinsus sp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus , and polydorids were frequently detected, their presence was not directly linked to lower condition indices, likely reflecting the continuous reproductive dynamics and overall resilience of local oyster stocks. At the same time, different cultivation systems and estuarine settings clearly structure annelid assemblages and influence polydorid infestation patterns, highlighting oyster beds as biogenic habitats that enhance benthic heterogeneity and function as ecosystem-engineering structures. These findings emphasize that oyster farming in subtropical estuaries can simultaneously support production and shape benthic biodiversity, but they also underscore the need for continued monitoring of pathogens and bioeroders, especially amid aquaculture expansion and increasing anthropogenic pressure. Integrating health surveillance with an ecological understanding of associated fauna will be key to sustaining both aquaculture productivity and estuarine ecosystem functioning Declarations CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: not applicable. FUNDING DECLARATION: The CNPq project – Resiliência socioecológica e sustentabilidade do Complexo Estuarino de Paranaguá (RESICEP), Process: 441439/2017–9, financed our field trips and the materials used in this work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) and the Graduate Program in Coastal and Oceanic Systems (PGSISCO) for their technical, scientific, and institutional support, as well as the use of the facilities at the Center for Marine Studies (CEM) and the Marine Ecology Laboratory (ECOMAR). This work was funded through a scholarship granted by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). MDD is a research fellow on CNPq (proc. n. 313588/2023-6). Author Contribution Ana Beatriz Vilas Boas: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization; Estela Pires: Writing – review & editing, Validation, Visualization, Formal analysis, Software, Data curation; Ricardo Castro Alvarez: Writing – review & editing, Validation, Visualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation; Luciene Correa Lima: Writing – review & editing, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization; Maikon Di Domenico: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Validation, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization Funding acquisition, Supervision. Acknowledgement We thank the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) and the Graduate Program in Coastal and Oceanic Systems (PGSISCO) for their technical, scientific, and institutional support, as well as the use of the facilities at the Center for Marine Studies (CEM) and the Marine Ecology Laboratory (ECOMAR). This work was funded through a scholarship granted by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) Data Availability All datasets used in this study are provided as supplementary material, including: dados_geral_ostras_F.csv, vibropolydora.csv, and dados_polyMultDummy.csv. The full, annotated R script used to perform all statistical analyses (GLMs, model‐selection routines, PERMANOVA, SIMPER, and figure generation) is also included as Oyster_annelids_pathogens_script.R (see the Supplementary Material). These files allow full reproduction of the results, figures, and tables presented in the manuscript. References Absher TM. 1989. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8865729","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":598034616,"identity":"b7719247-c255-4fc3-8d52-f5a0ff7a107a","order_by":0,"name":"Ana Beatriz Vilas Boas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Paraná, Sea Studies Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ana","middleName":"Beatriz Vilas","lastName":"Boas","suffix":""},{"id":598034617,"identity":"0b5d7be5-c8a5-42a1-b5c1-f68c54e40e1d","order_by":1,"name":"Estela Pires","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Paraná, Sea Studies Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Estela","middleName":"","lastName":"Pires","suffix":""},{"id":598034618,"identity":"aaa5434d-4c56-4bdb-80eb-62164316caea","order_by":2,"name":"Ricardo Castro Alvarez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Paraná, Sea Studies Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ricardo","middleName":"Castro","lastName":"Alvarez","suffix":""},{"id":598034619,"identity":"c2de859a-f62f-452e-84b2-c4c9e7ca7bdd","order_by":3,"name":"Luciene Correa Lima","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Paraná, Sea Studies Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luciene","middleName":"Correa","lastName":"Lima","suffix":""},{"id":598034620,"identity":"6cbab7a6-4f32-4ad0-a801-5846a11983bb","order_by":4,"name":"Maikon Domenico","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCwwwGIIqHgYH5AEMFkGVAgha2BIYzRGk5AFfDY0CcFr7jzBsf3ai4I8Pf3vNN4uCOewzm0gfwa5E8zFZsnHPmGY/EmbPbJA6eKWaw7EvAr8XgMI+ZdG7bYR4Didxt0h/bEhgMzhBwGETLP5CWnGcSB4nX0gDWwkacFohfjh0G+uWYscXBMwk8lj0EtPCdP7zxcU7NYXv+9uaHNw7uSJAz5yGgBRUwNjCQpgGsZRSMglEwCkYBBgAAbPRD93BmUu8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Paraná, Sea Studies Center","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maikon","middleName":"","lastName":"Domenico","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-12 21:38:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8865729/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8865729/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104400008,"identity":"c4e3cb0c-2982-4d91-a167-6402772e5a32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:08:29","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":254230,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy area and sampling locations in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC), southern Brazil. Map showing the estuarine system, including the Bays of Laranjeiras and Pinheiros, and the distribution of oyster cultivation and natural banks sampled in this study. Red labels indicate sampling sites for \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea\u003c/em\u003e sp., including mud-based farming, longline farming, and natural mangrove oyster banks. The inset highlights the location of the PEC within Brazil. Scale bar = 10 km.Sampling sites: Ponta Oeste (PO), Mangue Laranjeiras (MGL), Medeiros (MED), Ilha Rasa (IR), Poruquara (PU), Mangue Pinheiros (MG), and Vila Fátima (FA). Below: Experimental design summarizing oyster sampling across bays, seasons, and farming systems. Oysters were collected in two bays (Laranjeiras and Pinheiros) during Fall, and additionally in Summer in Pinheiros Bay. In each bay and season, individuals were obtained from three conditions: Mud culture, longline culture, and natural (“wild”) mangrove oyster banks.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8865729/v1/efdf27cae7844ee1c7c6d484.png"},{"id":103741430,"identity":"23c9e1f0-77ac-4787-af9c-634591f36802","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 11:04:22","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":93295,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCondition index (CI) of \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea \u003c/em\u003esp. across culture types in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. (A) CI variation among culture types (Mud, Longline, Natural) in the two bays sampled: Laranjeiras (autumn only) and Pinheiros (autumn and summer). (B) CI variation in Pinheiros Bay across seasons (Fall and Summer) for the three culture types. Boxplots show median, interquartile range, and extreme values; points represent outliers\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8865729/v1/c66a8b481b1bf3b0e0291ab3.png"},{"id":103741434,"identity":"819059b2-0a93-4f94-801f-219411174803","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 11:04:22","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":164463,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAbundance of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. cells in gills and rectum of \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea \u003c/em\u003esp. across culture types in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. (A) Variation in \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus \u003c/em\u003esp. counts among culture types (Mud, Longline, Natural) in Laranjeiras Bay (autumn) and Pinheiros Bay (autumn and summer). Separate panels show infections detected in gills (upper rows) and rectum (lower rows). (B) Seasonal patterns of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. infection in Pinheiros Bay, comparing Fall and Summer across the three culture types. Boxplots show median, interquartile range, and extreme values; points represent outliers.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8865729/v1/caf694b947bb9839b249b893.png"},{"id":103741431,"identity":"8cdbc412-4dc9-4535-8ca6-6ac6e2d1686f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 11:04:22","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":80691,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTotal annelid abundance associated with \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea\u003c/em\u003e sp. oysters in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. (A) Variation in total annelid abundance per oyster across culture types (Mud, Longline, Natural) in Laranjeiras Bay (left) and Pinheiros Bay (right). Boxplots show median, interquartile range, extremes, and outliers. (B) Relationship between total annelid abundance and oyster valve weight (g) across all samples. Points represent individual oysters, and the fitted curve corresponds to the best-supported negative binomial model, with 95% confidence intervals (shaded area).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8865729/v1/15c4e59024ee40fab9c6a132.png"},{"id":103741432,"identity":"d67792e4-247f-4397-99ff-7a7330321671","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 11:04:22","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":137043,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationships between \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. infestation and biological or environmental predictors in \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea\u003c/em\u003esp. oysters. (A) Relationship between \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. abundance and the number of errant annelids per oyster. (B) Relationship between \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003esp. abundance and the number of sedentary annelids per oyster. (C) Relationship between \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. abundance and oyster shell width (cm). (D) Variation in \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. counts across culture types (Mud, Longline, Natural). Panels A–C show negative binomial regression curves (blue) with 95% confidence intervals (shaded). Points represent individual oysters; boxplots in Panel D show median, interquartile range, extremes, and outliers.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8865729/v1/77f4d1c364ca7330c7d18eab.png"},{"id":106092850,"identity":"5e2e724f-6647-4d18-af87-77f518a23674","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-03 11:28:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1614235,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8865729/v1/59d70248-770f-484a-b32e-b057f7cf10ad.pdf"},{"id":103741435,"identity":"3f4a69ff-0e89-4296-9f84-b7eb7e866540","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 11:04:22","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":594788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AppendixsubmissionVilasBoasetal.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8865729/v1/16833840a7d73ef00ed59136.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Environmental drivers of pathogen and annelids interactions in oyster farming systems of a subtropical estuary","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eEstuarine and coastal systems are among the most productive regions for aquaculture, providing optimal environmental conditions for cultivating bivalve mollusks, producing seeds, and maintaining hatcheries of commercially important species (J\u0026auml;nes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Beyond their direct economic value, bivalves contribute essential ecosystem services creating biogenic structures for associated fauna, function as natural biofilters that enhance water quality, and recycle nutrients at both benthic and pelagic levels (Ruano, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Dame et al., 2011). Their tridimensional structures influence biodiversity maintenance and population dynamics, often serving as settlement substrates and protective habitats for a wide range of epibionts (Pregenzer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e; Jones, 1994; Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Ruessink et al., 2005; McKinsey et al., 2007).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn aquaculture settings, farming structures can further increase habitat heterogeneity by altering sedimentation rates and enhancing resource availability for diverse organisms (Gallardi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). However, such structures are also rapidly colonized by fouling communities, whose ecological succession, from macromolecular adsorption and bacterial biofilms to the establishment of complex epibenthic assemblages, can compromise farm efficiency and the health of cultivated bivalves (Davis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e). Fouling organisms not only impair infrastructure but can also attach directly to bivalve shells, increasing handling costs, reducing growth, and diminishing commercial value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin these fouling communities, marine annelids, particularly members of the \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e complex (Spionidae), are among the most damaging biofoulers (Cole et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Radashevsky \u0026amp; Migotto, 2016; Martinelli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Their larvae often settle within the microhabitats created by mollusk clusters, where adults excavate burrows, penetrate inner shell surfaces, and induce the formation of characteristic mud blisters (Teramoto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Diez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Radashevsky, 2025). Several polydorid species expand these galleries, leaving perforations that facilitate colonization by other organisms (Sato-Okoshi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Such damage increases oyster susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens and reduces the commercial quality of the product (Haydar \u0026amp; Wolff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Castell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathogenic bacteria and parasitic protists represent an additional challenge for oyster health. \u003cem\u003eVibrio\u003c/em\u003e species, particularly \u003cem\u003eVibrio parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e, are abundant in estuarine sediments and frequently adhere to planktonic organisms, enhancing their dispersion and increasing the likelihood of colonization of oyster tissues (Drake \u0026amp; DePaola, 2007; Letchumanan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Newman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kramer \u0026amp; Ward, 2016). These pathogens can cause high mortality during the early developmental stages of bivalves (Silveira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and pose significant public health concerns, as \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e is one of the major etiologic agents of seafood-borne gastrointestinal disease (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Lassus et al., 2016). Although parasitic protists such as \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e spp. do not affect human health, they can cause severe physiological stress, impaired growth, and mass mortality events in several oyster species, generating substantial economic loss in aquaculture (Villalba et al., 2002; Reguera et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the global importance of oyster farming (Solomon \u0026amp; Ahmed, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), no studies to date have simultaneously examined the co-occurrence of \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e spp., and burrowing annelids in oysters, nor their potential interactions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven that aquaculture operations adopt different cultivation methods, such as longline floating systems, rack-and-bag farming, and mudflat cultivation, oyster beds may experience variable environmental pressures and contrasting exposure to fouling and pathogen loads. To maintain sustainable production and ensure product quality and sanitary safety, it is essential to identify and understand the ecological stressors that may compromise oyster health (Fox et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Garc\u0026iacute;a-Rico \u0026amp; Tejeda-Valenzuela, 2021). These become an urgent diagnostic in the Paran\u0026aacute; coastal-estuarine habitats, as the State Government are providing a financial investments to develop this economic sector (see AEN, 2024; Funda\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o Arauc\u0026aacute;ria, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Sales, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; AEN, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we investigate how pathogenic bacteria, parasitic protists, and burrowing or annelids are associated with oysters cultivated in different environments, including natural mangrove beds and aquaculture structures within the Paranagu\u0026aacute; Estuarine Complex (PEC), Brazil. Specifically, we (i) characterize the composition of annelid communities associated with oyster beds, (ii) assess the distribution of \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e spp. across beds and habitats, and (iii) test the hypothesis that oysters with lower condition index (CI) exhibit higher levels of parasitism by these pathogens and fouling annelids. Understanding these multi-trophic associations is fundamental to evaluating how biotic interactions can influence oyster performance, health, and the sustainability of aquaculture practices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult specimens of \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea\u003c/em\u003e sp. oysters were collected from two bays in the Paranagu\u0026aacute; Estuarine Complex (PEC; 25\u0026ordm;28'26\"S, 48\u0026ordm;30'32\"W): Laranjeiras Bay and Pinheiros Bay. Since mangrove oyster \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea rhizophorae\u003c/em\u003e (Guilding, 1828), and cultivated oysters \u003cem\u003eC. brasiliana\u003c/em\u003e (Lamarck, 1819) and \u003cem\u003eC. gasar\u003c/em\u003e (Dautzenberg, 1891) are current reported in the PEC (Afonso et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), and the taxonomic status of the cultivated ones is debated and current accept as \u003cem\u003eC. tulipa\u003c/em\u003e (Lamarck, 1819) (see Ferreira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), we kept it as genus level. In Laranjeiras Bay, oysters were sampled in the fall, whereas in Pinheiros Bay they were sampled in both fall and summer. We selected oyster farmers who use two different cultivation methods i) longline, and ii) bottom/mud culture, as well as two mangrove areas without any oyster-farming intervention, which were considered iii) natural sites (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt each site, 30 whole oysters were randomly collected (cultivation or \"natural\"), except in the \"natural\" area of Laranjeiras Bay where only 12 oysters were collected due to lack of local availability. In Laranjeiras Bay, samples were collected at Ponta Oeste- PO da Ilha do Mel (long-line), in Medeiros- MED (long-line), Ilha Rasa- IR (mud) and in a mangrove area- MGL (\"natural\"). In Pinheiros Bay, samples were collected from Vila F\u0026aacute;tima (FA) (mud), Poruquara (PU) (long-line) and a mangrove area (\"natural\"). The samples were transported alive in individual plastic bags for further processing in the laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample processing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the pathogen's identification, an initial assessment of shells was made in search of traces of polydorids activity, characterized by tunnels, mud bubbles, and/or excavation stains. \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e species from Brazil were recently reviewed and \u003cem\u003ePolydora carinhosa\u003c/em\u003e Radashevsky, Lana \u0026amp; Nalesso, 2006, from shells of the cultured mangrove cupped oyster \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea rhizophorae\u003c/em\u003e, and the \u003cem\u003ePolydora paulolanai\u003c/em\u003e Radashevisky, 2024 from shells of the cultivated oyster \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea brasiliana\u003c/em\u003e, are reported for the PEC (Radashevisky, 2024), we kept the \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e identification in the genus level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe internal contents of 12 oysters (4 oysters per replicate) from each site were sampled and inoculated onto HiCrome Vibrio selective agar medium (Sigma-Aldrich) to identify \u003cem\u003eVibrio parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e. Then, fragments of gills and rectum were collected from each oyster for incubation in Ray's thioglycolate medium to identify \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. (OIE, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe soft tissues of oysters were collected and dried in an oven at 60 ℃ for 72 hours, and then the dry weight of the valves (DW) and dry weight of meat (DW) were obtained to estimate the condition index (CI), according to the equation used by (Absher, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCI = (dry meat weight (g)/ dry shell weight (g)) x 100\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the outside of the shells was measured with a caliper (Galstoff, 1964), and valves were individually fixed in glutaraldehyde and stored in seawater with magnesium chloride. The valves were then broken with a hammer, and the annelids were removed and quantified using a stereomicroscope.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo test the hypothesis that pathogen occurrence affects the condition index (CI) of oysters, we used CI as the dependent variable and the presence of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. (in gills and rectum), \u003cem\u003eVibrio parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. as predictor variables. We evaluated the interaction between pathogen presence and cultivation type (mud, longline, and \u0026ldquo;natural\u0026rdquo; sites) across bays (Laranjeiras and Pinheiros) and, in the case of Pinheiros Bay, between sampling seasons (fall and summer). We also modeled the presence of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. and \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. as response variables, using bay, season, cultivation type, and oyster shell length and width as predictor variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo explore the relationship between annelid composition and oyster cultivation methods, we considered cultivation type, shell length, width, and total weight as predictor variables. In addition, the presence of the most frequent annelid group (polydorids) was analyzed as a response variable, with bay, season, cultivation type, and the abundances of Errantia and Sedentaria used as predictor variables. Negative binomial, Poisson, and Gaussian error structures were tested as candidate distributions for the generalized linear models (GLMs), and the most appropriate distribution was selected for each response variable. Model averaging was performed using predictors with the highest relative importance (RI), following a multimodel inference framework (Burnham \u0026amp; Anderson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Competing models were selected using the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) and Akaike weights (AICw).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePermutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to evaluate patterns in the annelid species composition matrix and its relationship with the same predictor variables used in the univariate models. Analyses were based on Hellinger-transformed Bray\u0026ndash;Curtis dissimilarities. To reduce the influence of zero inflation and down-weight dominant taxa, a dummy species (present in all samples) was included in the community matrix. A similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis was also conducted to identify the taxonomic groups contributing most to overall dissimilarity across categorical and continuous variables (Clarke \u0026amp; Warwick, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). All analyses were performed in R using the packages vegan (Oksanen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), lattice (Sarkar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), car (Fox \u0026amp; Weisberg, 2019), MASS (Venables \u0026amp; Ripley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), MuMIn (Barton, 2019), ggplot2 (Wickham et al., 2016), and FactoMineR (L\u0026ecirc; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData and code availability\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll datasets used in this study are provided as supplementary material, including: dados_geral_ostras_F.csv, vibropolydora.csv, and dados_polyMultDummy.csv. The full, annotated R script used to perform all statistical analyses (GLMs, model-selection routines, PERMANOVA, SIMPER, and figure generation) is also included as Oyster_annelids_pathogens_script.R (see the Supplementary Material). These files allow full reproduction of the results, figures, and tables presented in the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCondition index and associated pathogens\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAround 63% of the annelids identified were the shell drillers \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e spp. In addition, \u003cem\u003eVibrio parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. were identified in 90% of oysters. None of the identified pathogens had a high relative importance value with the CI (\u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp., CI = 0.55; \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e, CI = 0.25 and \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp., CI-gill = 0.22 and CI-rectum = 0.19; Table 1), but the model predicted only by \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e spp. showed the best explanations among the other models. Environmental variables, temperature and salinity showed higher relative importance than \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. and \u003cem\u003eV.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eparahaemolyticus.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CI, on the other hand, was lower in oysters from Pinheiros Bay than in those collected in Laranjeiras Bay (Figure 2A). In Pinheiros Bay, the CI was lower in the fall, with lower values in mud cultures, followed by long-line and \u0026quot;natural\u0026rdquo; (Figure 2.B).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Model selection for the Condition Index (CI) of Crassostrea sp. based on pathogen load and environmental predictors. Results of multimodel selection using all subsets of the global linear model CI ~ \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. (gills) + \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. (rectum) + \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. (total) + \u003cem\u003eVibrio\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eparahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e + Salinity + Temperature. For each candidate model, the table shows included predictors (non-empty cells), degrees of freedom (df), corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), \u0026Delta;AICc, and Akaike weights (AICw). The relative importance (RI) of each predictor across all models is given in the bottom row.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"671\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel (CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. (gills)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. (rectum)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. (total)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVibrio\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalinity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAICc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAICw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough no significant relationships were found between the pathogens \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. and \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e and the Condition Index - CI (Table 1), there was a positive correlation between the presence of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. in the rectum and gills between the bays and the different types of culture. \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. in the gills was more abundant in Pinheiros Bay than in Laranjeiras Bay (Figure 3A). On the other hand, the abundance of the types of oyster beds indicated a greater abundance of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. for cultivation directly in the mud. The presence of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. in the rectum was mainly explained by the type of culture and the width of the oysters (IR=1, Appendix: Table 2). As with the gills, the abundance of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. in the rectum indicated cultivation in mud (Figure 3A). About width, the abundance indicated oysters between 5 and 6.5cm (Appendix, Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn oysters from Pinheiros Bay, a positive correlation was observed between \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp., in rectum and gills, between the seasons, and between the different types of culture. \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. was more abundant in the gills in the fall than in the summer (Figure 3B). The abundance of the types of oyster beds indicated the highest abundance of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. for direct long-line cultivation and \u0026quot;natural\u0026quot; followed by mud during the fall. In summer, abundances were low for all types of oyster beds. Like the gills, the abundance of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. was higher in the fall than in the summer. However, \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. from the rectum was more abundant in the natural culture during the fall, followed by the mud and long-line cultures (Figure 3B).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnnelids association\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApproximately 4864 specimens, representing 11 species of annelids, were identified (Appendix: Table 3). The total abundance of annelids was mainly explained by the type of cultivation and the weight of the valves (IR = 1) (Table 2). The abundance of annelids per oyster in the oyster beds indicated that in the mud, the oysters were more susceptible to annelid infestation (Figure 4A). Total annelids in the valves were abundant in oysters with valve weights between 50 and 100 grams (Figure 4B).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the annelids recorded, Errantia was present externally in the irregular parts of the shells. Sedentary species were present internally as polydorids, and the other sedentary species were present externally in cracks and surface perforations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Model selection results for total annelid abundance associated with \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea\u003c/em\u003e sp. Top generalized linear models (negative binomial) explaining the total number of annelids per oyster based on shell length, culture type, shell width, and valve weight. For each candidate model, the table reports the estimated coefficients (only predictors included in the model), degrees of freedom (df), corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), \u0026Delta;AICc (difference from the best model), and Akaike weights (AICw). The three most supported models include culture type and valve weight as predictors, while length and width show lower relative importance. Relative importance (RI) values summarize the cumulative AIC weight of each predictor across all model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValve weight\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAICc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAICw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal annelids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,533\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017,9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average distribution of the annelid association was significantly different for bay, crop, and width (Table 3), not different for length. When Permanova was used with cultivation and site, based on the coefficient of determination, both responded with high values, but the value for the site (R\u0026sup2; =0.283) was higher.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3. PERMANOVA results for annelid assemblages associated with \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea\u003c/em\u003e sp. oysters in the Paranagu\u0026aacute; Estuarine Complex. Multivariate effects of bay, local site, shell width, and shell length on annelid community composition based on Hellinger-transformed Bray\u0026ndash;Curtis distances. The table reports degrees of freedom (gl), pseudo-F statistics, permutation-based significance values (P perm), and the proportion of explained variation (R\u0026sup2;).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"313\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.4702%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.2649%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.5099%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo-F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.5232%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP (perm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.2318%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.4702%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.2649%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.5099%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21,948\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.5232%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.2318%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.4702%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.2649%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.5099%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24,231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.5232%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.2318%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.4702%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.2649%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.5099%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.963\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.5232%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.2318%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.4702%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.2649%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.5099%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.5232%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,772\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.2318%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.4702%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResiduals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.2649%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5099%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5232%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.2318%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.4702%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.2649%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.5099%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5232%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.2318%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;abundance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total abundance for \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. (1,830 individuals) on the oyster beds was explained by Errantia (IR=1) and cultivation (IR=1) (Table 4). All 282 oysters analyzed displayed signs of boring polydorid tunnels (Appendix: Figure 1). However, only 178 oysters had polydorids present.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolydora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. responded positively between bays and different types of cultures (Appendix: Table 4). The abundance of \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. was higher in individuals in Laranjeiras Bay than in those collected in Pinheiros Bay. In Laranjeiras Bay, the abundance of \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. was higher in the mud cultures, followed by long-line and \u0026quot;natural\u0026quot;. In contrast, the presence of \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. in Pinheiros Bay was higher in long-line cultures, followed by \u0026quot;natural\u0026quot; and less abundant in mud. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the different seasons (fall and summer) and the types of culverts in the Bay of Pinheiros.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Model selection results for \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. abundance in\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eCrassostrea\u003c/em\u003e sp. oysters.\u003cbr\u003eBest-supported generalized linear models (negative binomial) describing variation in \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. counts based on shell length, culture type, abundance of Errantia and Sedentaria annelids, shell width, salinity, and temperature. For each candidate model, the table lists the predictors included (with estimated coefficients), degrees of freedom (df), corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), \u0026Delta;AICc (difference from the best model), and Akaike weights (AICw).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCulture type and shell width consistently appear in the highest-ranked models, while Errantia, salinity, and temperature show moderate to low support across candidate models. Relative importance (RI) values summarize the cumulative contribution of each predictor across the full model set\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"636\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eErrantia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalinity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSedentaria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAICc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAICw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolydora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1480,3 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1480,6 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1481,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1481,7 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1481,7 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1481,8 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1481,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1482,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1482,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1482,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1482,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1482,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1483,0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1483,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1483,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1483,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1483,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1483,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1483,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,0056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1483,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1483,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1484,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,93\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisualization of the generalized linear regression of the abundance of \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. by the abundance of wanderers showed a positive fit, with an increase in the abundance of \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. in oysters with more than ten individuals of errant annelids (Figure 5A). Although the abundance of \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. about the abundance of sedentary oysters showed a negative fit, the regression fit showed an inverse relationship (Figure 5B).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe generalized linear regression of the abundance of \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. by the width of the oysters showed a positive fit for oysters between 5 and 7 cm in size (Figure 5C). When the regression was carried out for the abundance of \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. by the type of cultivation, it showed a positive fit for cultivation in mud (Figure 5D).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolydora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. was predominant in all the bays, cultivation methods, and natural environments over the other annelids (Table 5). Laranjeiras Bay had more \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. and \u003cem\u003eAlitta\u003c/em\u003e sp. than Pinheiros Bay, which had more \u003cem\u003eNicolea\u003c/em\u003e sp. individuals than Laranjeiras (Table 5). In terms of cultivation techniques, as with the bays, \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. and \u003cem\u003eAlitta\u003c/em\u003e sp. predominated (Table 5). Cultivation directly in the mud had the highest values among the cultivation techniques (Appendix: Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5: Contribution of dominant annelid species to dissimilarities between bays and culture types. Results of SIMPER analyses showing the percentage contribution of the main annelid species to the average Bray\u0026ndash;Curtis dissimilarity between groups. The upper panel summarizes species contributions comparing Laranjeiras and Pinheiros Bays; the subsequent panels present comparisons among culture methods (Mud vs. Longline; Mud vs. Natural; Longline vs. Natural). For each contrast, values represent the average contribution of each species to group dissimilarity, and the cumulative proportion (\u0026sum; % Cumulative) indicates how much of the total difference is explained by the listed taxa.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"572\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBays\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLaranjeiras Bay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePinheiros Bay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026sum; % Cumulative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolydora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,733\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,555\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlitta\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,784\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNicolea\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 291px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCultures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLama\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLongline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026sum;\u003c/strong\u003e %Cumulative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolydora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,377\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlitta\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNicolea\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNatural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026sum;% Cumulative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolydora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,377\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,986\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlitta\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. vancaurica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,954\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLongline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNatural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026sum; %Cumulative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolydora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,986\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlitta\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNicolea\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough the pathogens \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. and \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. have been detected in oysters in the cultures, the higher infestation rates no indicate a low condition index of the oysters. The high incidence of \u003cem\u003eVibrio\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e in oysters in the region is common, but pathogenic strains are rarely detected (Sobrinho et al., 2009; Leibowitz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Although our results do not directly indicate negative effects on farms, show that mud farms are potential vectors of \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e sp. populations in scenarios of greater development of oyster farming in the CEP. Infestation by polydorids of the \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e complex is a serious problem for mollusks both in the natural environment and on farms (Sato-Okoshi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Walker \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Martinelli, 2020). In Venezuela, Diaz-Diaz, and Li\u0026ntilde;ero-Arana (2009) recorded levels of infestation by polydorids close to 65% in shells of \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea rhizophorae\u003c/em\u003e in the natural environment. All oysters collected contained empty excavated tunnels and signs of deposition of extra and structurally fragile layers in the calcareous skeleton of the valves. The formation of channels in the shell of mollusk\u0026rsquo;s makes the shell brittle, and even without reaching the inner face can make the host vulnerable to the action of parasites and/or environmental changes (Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Ortiz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolydorid infestations, like other pathogens, promote extra energy expenditure capable of compromising vital functions and reproductive activities. The stress and energy expenditure generated by perforations in oyster valves leads to a reduction in the individual's condition, making them more susceptible to other parasitic pathogens (Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Ortiz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). However, as we saw in the analysis, the greater contribution of pathogens did not directly indicate the low condition of our oysters. According to local research, the marine bivalves of the Paran\u0026aacute; coast have a continuous reproductive pattern, with peaks in the release of gametes in summer and a reduction in winter periods (Absher, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Cruz-Kalled, 2003; Christo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The oysters sampled were adults and in the reproductive phase, with well-developed gonadal cells, and this factor influenced the condition index, which reached a maximum average of 2.60 in November/2018 and 2.67 in June/2019. In general, there is little evidence in the literature to confirm reductions in mollusk fitness (Sievers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Christo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) evaluated the condition index of \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea\u003c/em\u003e spp. oysters in Guaratuba Bay in natural and cultivated environments for one year, where the highest average percentages were 2.40% and 2.65% for the months of May/2002 and January/2003.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach of the sites sampled differs in the forms of cultivation (natural environment, long-line and mud) and in the local characteristics of the estuarine flow, such as Pinheiros Bay (Vila F\u0026aacute;tima, Poruquara and mangrove swamp) which receives forcings from effluents and tides, and it is important to note that this bay suffers little influence from anthropogenic activities, unlike the other bays in the estuary. Laranjeiras Bay (Ilha Rasa, Medeiros and the mangrove swamp), in addition to environmental forcings, has a lot of anthropogenic activity. Together, Laranjeiras and Paranagu\u0026aacute; bays influence the forcings of the Mixing Zone (Ponta Oeste), a place close to the mouths of the CEP, with great tidal and current dynamics. We took salinity and temperature measurements at each site on a one-off basis, only on the date the oysters were collected. Salinity varied between 19 and 26\u0026deg;C and water temperature between 22 and 24\u0026deg;C in the summer and fall. Without major variations, these did not make a significant contribution to the models generated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. and \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e were identified in oysters from Laranjeiras and Pinheiros Bays. \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. had already been isolated in Medeiros and Ponta Oeste, with a frequency of 71% of infected oysters (Nolli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). To date, however, there has been no survey of its occurrence in Pinheiros Bay. Although the analytical models did not identify any relevant interaction between species of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e and the CI of the oysters, it is important to be aware of their presence, as they can settle even in healthy oysters. Although the genus \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e do not cause direct harm to human health, it includes species that have a potential impact on aquaculture worldwide and are therefore notifiable to the Animal Health Organization (OIE, 2020). \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e negatively interferes with the body development of bivalves, causing involuntary opening of the shell (gapping), retraction of the mantle, retarded growth, impairment of the immune system, abscesses, and other lesions up to mortality. All this greatly impacts the market, producers, the environment, and aquaculture sustainability (Lassudrie \u0026amp; Soudant et al., 2014; Nolli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Luz Cunha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). G\u0026oacute;ngora-G\u0026oacute;mez et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) evaluated the presence of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. and its relationship with growth and condition index in oyster farms in Mexico, they found no major links between the prevalence of \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. and the parameters evaluated, nor any direct effect of the presence of the protist on the health of the oysters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome \u003cem\u003eV\u0026iacute;brio\u003c/em\u003e species pose a threat to bivalve mollusk production, such as \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e as identified through selective culture medium, which in addition to causing gastroenteritis in humans. Moreover, \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e is known to affect the early stages of cultivation, with larval mortalities of up to 100%, reduced productivity and high economic losses (Romalde et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Several countries such as New Zealand (Kirs et al., 2011), Spain (Lopez- Joven et al.,2015) and Korea (Park et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) have already reported the presence of \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e in oyster cultures and as being responsible for many cases of food poisoning in Japan (Kubota et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Hara-Kudo et al.,2012), Bangladesh (Bhuiyan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e ), Taiwan (Yu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The worldwide prevalence of \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e gastroenteritis cases emphasize the need to understand the virulence factors involved and their effects on humans (Letchumanan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivation in the water column, the intertidal zone and directly in the sediment can favor the exposure of mollusks to epibiont organisms, parasites, and pathogens (Lordeiros \u0026amp; Garcia, 2004).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the low relationship between pathogens, bacteria, and protists with the IC of oysters in the EBC, we tested and corroborated that cultivated and natural oyster beds determine the associations of errant and sedentary annelids, with heterogeneous associations that respond to the type of cultivation and determine the infestations of polydorids. Associations of errant annelids occurred both in the natural environment and in mud and long-line cultivations. Sedentary annelids, on the other hand, occurred preferentially in long-line cultivations, bearing in mind that their oyster lanterns remain constantly immersed in the water column throughout the production cycle.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eErrant annelids have diverse feeding habits, being carnivores, herbivores, deposit feeders, selective or not, or even omnivores (Fauchald \u0026amp; Jumars, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Jumars et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Sabellids, like terebellids, inhabit secreted tubes, often with particles bound in mucus, such as sand and mud (Merz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Probably polydorids that build and inhabit the tubes can affect mollusks, due to their ability to perforate calcium carbonate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ways in which these annelids feed involve different mechanisms for capturing and selecting food (Jumars, 2015). They are mainly marine deposit feeders, or depositivores, defined by their ability to select organic material from the sediment, or suspensivores, which capture particles suspended in the water column (Fauchald \u0026amp; Jumars, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; Jumars et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMollusk shells and cultivation structures have added heterogeneity to the local habitat, presenting errant and sedentary polychaetes in an intertidal or shallow soft-bottom environment, which initially had mud particles as a structuring element. The shell itself is a substrate for drilling, aggregating polydorids, sabellids, terebellids and sessile tube-building \u003cem\u003eHydroides\u003c/em\u003e sp., which are abundant in structures such as long-line, as they are unable to settle on a soft bottom (Guti\u0026eacute;rrez, 2003).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor polydorids, the inner cavity of the shell can be a microhabitat which reduces the impact of extreme temperatures, hydrodynamic forces, or even predation. Consequently, polydorids and other annelids such as \u003cem\u003eA. succinea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eN. oligohalina\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. vancaurica\u003c/em\u003e, can exploit the cavity to reduce physiological stress, damage or removal by currents or predators (Guti\u0026eacute;rrez, 2003). In addition, the shell can cause changes in near-bed flow and water infiltration through the sediments, with subsequent alteration of the transport of particles and solutes in the benthic system (Barners et al, 2010).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermining annelid associations in oyster beds allows us to understand their function as ecosystem engineers, which act as reefs and modify the original environment (Bruschetti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Annelids such as tubificids can provide three-dimensional complexity to these habitats, improving the retention and settlement of particles suspended in the water column (Bailey-Brock, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e). Free-living annelids such as \u003cem\u003eA. succinea\u003c/em\u003e (Bruschetti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), and other wanderers are favored by the presence of sediment and shelter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs filter-feeding mollusks (Dame et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Zhu et.al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), many annelids affect the seston of shallow waters (i.e. estuaries and coastal lagoons) by removing large amounts of suspended particulate matter (phytoplankton and detritus) from the water column (Davies etal., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Jordana etal., 2001; Dubois et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). This can increase light penetration and can therefore increase the production of benthic primary producers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteractions caused by farming structures can be highly relevant to understanding associations and utilization by different organisms, providing knowledge of them as bioengineers of aquatic ecosystems. For the aquaculture sector, biofouling can negatively affect cultivated organisms, reducing growth rates and the development of healthy mollusks. In this context, proper farm management in the context of the social-ecological networks of small-scale fishing of PEC, where their resilience is affected by hydrodynamic ecological and social interactions (Nether et al. 2024), knowing how to makes it possible to control and reduce damage, even if only minimally.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, our study shows that oyster culture in the CEP operates within a complex socio-ecological and environmental context in which pathogens, annelid associates, and cultivation methods interact but do not necessarily translate into reduced oyster condition. Although \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eVibrio parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e, and polydorids were frequently detected, their presence was not directly linked to lower condition indices, likely reflecting the continuous reproductive dynamics and overall resilience of local oyster stocks. At the same time, different cultivation systems and estuarine settings clearly structure annelid assemblages and influence polydorid infestation patterns, highlighting oyster beds as biogenic habitats that enhance benthic heterogeneity and function as ecosystem-engineering structures. These findings emphasize that oyster farming in subtropical estuaries can simultaneously support production and shape benthic biodiversity, but they also underscore the need for continued monitoring of pathogens and bioeroders, especially amid aquaculture expansion and increasing anthropogenic pressure. Integrating health surveillance with an ecological understanding of associated fauna will be key to sustaining both aquaculture productivity and estuarine ecosystem functioning\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFUNDING DECLARATION: The CNPq project \u0026ndash; Resili\u0026ecirc;ncia socioecol\u0026oacute;gica e sustentabilidade do Complexo Estuarino de Paranagu\u0026aacute; (RESICEP), Process: 441439/2017\u0026ndash;9, \u0026nbsp;financed our field trips and the materials used in this work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe thank the Federal University of Paran\u0026aacute; (UFPR) and the Graduate Program in Coastal and Oceanic Systems (PGSISCO) for their technical, scientific, and institutional support, as well as the use of the facilities at the Center for Marine Studies (CEM) and the Marine Ecology Laboratory (ECOMAR). This work was funded through a scholarship granted by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). MDD is a research fellow on CNPq (proc. n. 313588/2023-6).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAna Beatriz Vilas Boas: Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization; Estela Pires: Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Validation, Visualization, Formal analysis, Software, Data curation; Ricardo Castro Alvarez: Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Validation, Visualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation; Luciene Correa Lima: Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization; Maikon Di Domenico: Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Visualization, Validation, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization Funding acquisition, Supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe thank the Federal University of Paran\u0026aacute; (UFPR) and the Graduate Program in Coastal and Oceanic Systems (PGSISCO) for their technical, scientific, and institutional support, as well as the use of the facilities at the Center for Marine Studies (CEM) and the Marine Ecology Laboratory (ECOMAR). This work was funded through a scholarship granted by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll datasets used in this study are provided as supplementary material, including: dados_geral_ostras_F.csv, vibropolydora.csv, and dados_polyMultDummy.csv. The full, annotated R script used to perform all statistical analyses (GLMs, model‐selection routines, PERMANOVA, SIMPER, and figure generation) is also included as Oyster_annelids_pathogens_script.R (see the Supplementary Material). These files allow full reproduction of the results, figures, and tables presented in the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbsher TM. 1989. Popula\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es naturais de ostras do g\u0026ecirc;nero Crassostrea do litoral do Paran\u0026aacute;: desenvolvimento larval, recrutamento e crescimento. 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Ecosystems 9: 1017\u0026ndash;1028.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"","identity":"aquaculture-international","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"10499","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10499/3","title":"Aquaculture International","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Crassostrea, bivalve aquaculture, Polydora, biofouling, Vibrio, Perkinsus, estuarine systems, animal health ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8865729/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8865729/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOyster aquaculture is expanding worldwide, but the interaction between farming structures, biofouling organisms, and pathogens remains a major constraint for production efficiency and stock health. Farming systems differ in exposure, water flow, substrate availability, and biofouling pressure, potentially influencing pathogen prevalence and the development of boring annelids such as \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e spp. In the Paranagu\u0026aacute; Estuarine Complex (southern Brazil), oysters are produced on longlines, mud-based culture, and natural mangrove banks, yet information on how these environments mediate host\u0026ndash;parasite interactions is limited. Here, we evaluated the occurrence of \u003cem\u003eVibrio parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp., and boring/epibiotic annelids in \u003cem\u003eCrassostrea\u003c/em\u003e sp. across culture types, bays, and seasons. We quantified annelid assemblages on shells, detected \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e sp. in gills and rectum, and assessed oyster condition index (CI). Using multimodel inference, we tested whether pathogens and annelids predicted CI and whether farm type influenced infestation patterns. Although \u003cem\u003eV. parahaemolyticus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePerkinsus\u003c/em\u003e spp., and \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e spp. were widespread, none showed strong negative effects on CI. However, mud-based farms consistently harbored higher \u003cem\u003ePolydora\u003c/em\u003e loads, indicating their potential role as reservoirs or amplifiers of shell-boring annelids under future expansion scenarios. Our results highlight the ecological importance of farming structures as substrates for biofouling communities and support the need for integrated farm management to minimize the spread of shell-boring pests in tropical estuarine aquaculture systems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Environmental drivers of pathogen and annelids interactions in oyster farming systems of a subtropical estuary","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-02 11:04:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8865729/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-10T15:53:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-09T15:53:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T20:42:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"90777408203722612933531387143046871380","date":"2026-03-11T17:19:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"160548348961637100643796618882729037547","date":"2026-03-03T02:30:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-25T22:37:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-17T16:42:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-15T23:56:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Aquaculture International","date":"2026-02-12T21:34:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"","identity":"aquaculture-international","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"10499","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10499/3","title":"Aquaculture International","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fe335cd1-f06b-4948-a128-ddae0d3aecd3","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 2nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-15T22:53:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-02 11:04:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8865729","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8865729","identity":"rs-8865729","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}