Household means of transportation and place of child delivery in Nigeria

Household means of transportation and place of child delivery in Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Household means of transportation and place of child delivery in Nigeria Lukman Bola Solanke, Omolayo Bukola Oluwatope, Yinusa Rasheed Adebayo, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-17304/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The means of transportation available to pregnant women in households may serve either as a driver or deterrent of institutional delivery. However, how household means of transportation associates with place of delivery has been less explored in Nigeria. Methods This study was based on pooled data of 2008-2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. The study analysed a weighted sample size of 6,540 women. The multilevel logistic regression model was applied using STATA 14. Results The study revealed 37% institutional delivery among women in Nigeria. Women whose household mode of transport were cars were twice more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women who had no viable household means of transportation (AOR=2.044, p<0.01; CI=1.781-2.345). Women who live in communities with high proportions of households with no means of transportation were 12.8% less likely to have institutional delivery (AOR=0.872, p=0.01; CI: 0.788-0.967). Women who live in communities with high proportions of household who owned motorcycle compared to those in communities with low proportion were 31.9% more likely to have institutional delivery (AOR=1.319, p<0.05; CI: 1.071-1.625). Women who live in communities with high proportions of households who owned cars compared to those in communities with low proportion were more than three times more likely to have institutional delivery (AOR=3.146, p<0.01; CI: 2.621-3.777). Conclusion Means of transportation significantly explains choice of place of child delivery in urban Nigeria. A public-private transport support programme to reduce transportation burden among pregnant women is imperative in the country. Maternal & Fetal Medicine Institutional delivery non-institutional delivery means of transportation place of delivery pregnant women Nigeria Figures Figure 1 Background Inequalities in women’s access to and utilisation of maternal healthcare services in Nigeria and other developing countries have been well documented over the years [ 1 – 4 ]. This has led not only to differences in the use of maternal healthcare services among childbearing women within and between developing countries, it also increase the risk of maternal morbidity and mortality among different groups of childbearing women. One of the profound maternal healthcare service inequities across developing countries is place of child delivery. In most parts of developing countries, most women particularly women from disadvantaged socio-economic groups have non-institutional delivery with high proportion of deliveries taking place at home [ 5 – 8 ]. Non-institutional delivery may suggests that delivery is taking place in the absence of a skilled birth attendant or in the presence of no one, which further elevates the risk of adverse maternal and child health outcomes. In Nigeria, reports from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey reveals that less than two-fifths of women had their most recent deliveries in a health facility, though with significant variations within the country, which reveals the North-west geo-political zone as having the least proportion of institutional delivery in the country [ 9 ]. Evidence abounds that the reasons for low institutional delivery in developing countries operates at multiple levels of the social environment cutting across women’s individual characteristics, the social environment, health delivery system, as well as the health policy context [ 10 – 11 ]. One important factor accounting for low institutional delivery in developing countries is poor or lack of transportation [ 12 – 18 ]. However, the issue of transportation seems to have been greatly overshadowed by more research attention on geographical or physical accessibility to maternal healthcare services [ 19 – 25 ]. These studies stressed the need to shorten the distance to health facility through expansion of available maternity care facilities to boost access to the services, but ignore the fact that utilisation may not necessarily increase through easy access to health facility [ 26 ] particularly in the absence of vehicular transport which serve as the crucial link between home and health facility [ 27 ]. Several pregnant women who may have reached decision to seek institutional delivery may be compelled to act otherwise if there are no viable means of transportation to the facility. Many others may develop complications while trying to source viable means of transportation. Household means of transportation available to pregnant women such as canoe, bicycle, animal-drawn cart, motorcycle, and car thus serve either as a driver or a deterrent of institutional delivery [ 10 ]. However, how household means of transportation associates with place of delivery has been less explored in Nigeria and many parts of developing countries. The few existing studies that examined the impact of means of transportation on utilisation of delivery care focused mainly on how means of transportation affect access to emergency obstetric care [ 28 – 32 ], and not on how it associates with place of delivery when need for emergency obstetric care do not arise. This has not only undermined the need to address problems associated with specific means of transportation, which women face when seeking institutional delivery, but may have also led to the non-development of effective transportation intervention in existing maternal healthcare strategies in the country [ 33 ]. This study addressed the knowledge gap by raising the question: to what extent do household means of transportation associate with place of child delivery in Nigeria? The objective of the study was therefore to examine the extent of association between household means of transportation and place of delivery. This was with the view to providing additional information to improving maternity care service delivery in Nigeria. The three-delay model [ 34 ] provides the analytical framework of the study. The model specifies that three types of delays may hinder pregnant women from accessing and utilising needed maternal healthcare service, namely, delay one (delay in decision to seek care exemplified through lack of understanding of pregnancy complications, acceptance of maternal death, poor women’s social status, and socio-cultural barriers to seeking care such as need for male permission before visiting health facility), delay two (delay in reaching care such as delays caused by mountains, islands, rivers, distance to health centres and hospitals, and availability of and cost of transportation), and delay three (delay in receiving care such as delays caused by lack of supplies, personnel, and poorly trained personnel with punitive attitude). This study focused on delay two where the means of transportation plays a key role in the choice of institutional or non-institutional delivery. Methods Study context The state of institutional delivery in Nigeria leaves much to be desired. Between 1990 and 2013, the proportions of institutional delivery have only increased from 30.9% in 1990 to 36% in 2013 [ 35 , 9 ]. The key reasons accounting for low institutional delivery in the country include long distance to facility/lack of transportation, perception that institutional delivery is not necessary, and child born suddenly before going to facility [ 9 ]. Health policy and programmes to address the situation are available in the country though with implementation challenges [ 33 , 36 ] including the implementation challenges of the National Health Insurance Scheme [ 37 ]. Current priority actions for boosting demand for institutional delivery in the country are provision of essential newborn care and renewed scale up of emergency obstetric care, employment and training of more skilled birth attendants, the promotion of birth and emergency preparedness at home, and creating adequate link between home and facility through emergency loans and transport schemes [ 33 ]. While steps are being taken to execute the facility-based priority actions, a Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) programme is also being implemented to improve awareness of birth and emergency preparedness. However, health transport programmes are less available in the country. The available health transport schemes often focused on assisting women in need of emergency obstetric care [ 33 ]. Though, the transportation system in Nigeria is still largely underdeveloped, available evidence show that public transportation is dominant in the country, but men are the major users of public transportation in the country [ 38 ], and are also the major owners of private mode of transport in the country. However, many men in Nigeria and in several developing countries have poor knowledge about pregnancy complications and danger signs [ 39 – 43 ] which may affect how well they make vehicular transport ready for pregnant women. Hence, improving the transport system in the country to promote more women’s concerns and enhance access to maternal health services is one of the contemporary challenges of health delivery system in the country. It is important that health authorities in Nigeria devise more transportation interventions particularly interventions that have enhanced institutional delivery in other countries such as the public private emergency transportation service in India [ 44 ] and the health voucher scheme that assist pregnant women to pay for transport to health facility in Bangladesh [ 45 ]. Data source and sample This study was based on pooled data of 2008–2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS). The surveys are the fifth and sixth rounds of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) programme implemented in the country by the National Population Commission with financial and technical support of the USAID. The surveys provide nationally valid information on the levels of fertility, mortality, family planning, reproductive health, and domestic violence. The surveys are conducted every five years based on multi staged survey designs involving random sampling at every stage of data collection [ 46 – 47 , 9 ]. The inclusion criteria was being resident in urban area, not being in the poor or poorer household group, and having had at least a live birth in the last five years preceding the survey. It was important to exclude rural dwellers and women in the poor or poorer wealth groups because poverty and living in rural and remote areas in Nigeria are usually associated with lack of viable means of transportation. The number of women with these features may thus bias the sample if not excluded. A weighted sample size of 6,540 women was therefore analysed in the study. Outcome variable The outcome variable in the study was place of child delivery. This was categorised into institutional and non-institutional delivery in line with measurement of the same variable in similar studies [ 48 – 51 , 8 ]. All deliveries that occurred in private or public health facilities were categorised as ‘institutional delivery’ and coded ‘0’, while births that occurred elsewhere were categorised as ‘non-institutional delivery’ and coded ‘1’ hence, the category of interest in the study is non-institutional delivery. This is necessary because available evidence suggests that institutional deliveries are high in urban areas compared to non-institutional deliveries. Explanatory and Control variables The main explanatory variable in the study was household means of transportation. This variable was measured at two levels in the study. At the lower level (household-level), the means of transportation available to pregnant women in selected households was divided into five categories, namely, none, canoe, bicycle, motorcycle, and car. Where the household owns more than one means of transportation, the more viable means of transportation is selected. At the higher level (community-level), the proportions of household that owns specific means of transportation were generated by the method of aggregation at the cluster (community) level and divided into low, moderate and high proportions. The means of transportation was measured at the community level in the study based on research evidence that community-level practices may also serve as barriers to institutional delivery [ 52 ]. Four variables from the pool of several variables (education, household wealth, birth order, and geographic region) that have shown significant association with institutional delivery in previous studies [ 48 , 53 , 51 , 7 ] were selected as additional explanatory variables in the study. Also, four variables (number of antenatal visits, timing of antenatal visits, healthcare decision, and perception of whether or not distance to facility is a big problem to accessing healthcare) were selected for statistical control in the study. A number of studies have found antenatal care visits and timing to have significant association with institutional delivery [ 54 – 58 ], while healthcare decision which proxy women’s status, and perception of distance were included in line with the causes of the second delay in the theoretical underpinning of the study [ 34 ]). Data analysis Using Stata 14 [ 59 ] analyses were performed at multiple levels. At the univariate level, place of delivery was described using the pie chart. Also at this level, percentages and frequency distribution were used to present the respondents’ socio-demographic profile. At the bivariate level, the Unadjusted Odds Ratio (UOR) was used to examine the association between specific explanatory variable and place of delivery with focus on institutional delivery. The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) were then calculated to determine if the explanatory variables are collinear using the mean VIF score which is expected to be less than five to indicate that the regression coefficients are not exaggerated [ 60 ]. At the multivariate level of the analyses, the Multilevel Logistic Regression Model (MLRM) was applied to further assess variations in institutional delivery attributable to means of transportation at the household and community levels. Three MLRM models were fitted. Model 1 was based on means of transportation at both the household and community levels, and controlling for the background and other variables. In Model 2, the selected background characteristics were added to the previous model, while in Model 3, the control variables were added to the preceding model. The Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used to determine the significance of means of transportation at the community level. The ICC is expected to range from 0 to 1 [ 61 ]. The higher the values of the ICC, the more significant are the means of transportation at the community level. Statistical significance at all levels of the analyses was accepted at p < 0.05. Results Table 1 presents the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. More than two-fifths of the respondents were from households that had no viable means of transportation. However, among the respondents who reported household ownership of different transport modes, motorcycle was the dominant transport mode. Nearly half of the respondents had no formal education. Secondary education was the dominant educational level among the respondents who had formal education. More than one-fifth of the respondents belong to households either at the poorest or poorer wealth quintiles. However, the distribution of the respondents at other household wealth quintiles was nearly equal among the respondents. Slightly more than half of the respondents were high parous women. Nearly half of the respondents had four or more antenatal care visits. However, more than one-third of the respondents had no antenatal care visits during their most recent pregnancy. Less than one-fifth of the respondents had their first antenatal visits within the first trimester of the pregnancy, while nearly half of the respondents had their first antenatal visits during the second trimester of the pregnancy. Also, more than one-third of the respondents had the first antenatal visits in the last trimester of the pregnancy. Table 1 Respondents’ Socio-demographic characteristics Characteristic Number of Women (n = 38,102) Percentage Characteristic Number of Women (n = 38,102) Percentage Means of transportation Healthcare decision None 16,838 44.2 Male dominated 24,081 63.2 Canoe 296 0.8 Not male dominated 14,021 36.8 Bicycle 5,237 13.7 Perception of distance to health facility Motorcycle 12,558 33.0 Big problem 13,422 35.2 Car 3,173 8.3 Not a problem 24,680 64.8 Maternal education Proportion who owns no means of transport in community None 17,811 46.8 Low 12,807 33.6 Primary 7,927 20.8 Moderate 12,532 32.9 Secondary 10,031 26.3 High 12,763 33.5 Higher 2,333 6.1 Proportion who owns bicycle in community Household wealth quintile Low 13,287 34.9 Poorest 8,773 23.0 Moderate 12,455 32.7 Poorer 8,504 22.3 High 12,360 32.4 Middle 7,252 19.0 Proportion who owns motorcycle in community Richer 6,878 18.1 Low 13,107 34.4 Richest 6,695 17.6 Moderate 12,040 31.6 Birth order High 12,955 34.0 1 6,723 17.7 Proportion who owns car in community 2 6,287 16.5 Low 12,441 32.7 3 5,759 15.1 Moderate 12,423 32.6 4 or higher 19,333 50.7 High 13,238 34.7 Number of antenatal visit Place of residence No ANC visit 15,567 40.9 Urban 12,608 33.1 1–3 visits 4,174 10.9 Rural 25,494 66.9 4 or more visits 18,361 48.2 Geographic region Timing of first antenatal visits Northern region 24,417 64.1 First trimester 6,475 17.0 Southern region 13,685 35.9 Second trimester 17,231 45.2 Third trimester 14,396 37.8 Healthcare decision of the majority of respondents was male dominated. The majority of the respondents did not perceived distance to health facility as a problem. Also, a majority reside in the rural areas of the country, and had a preponderance of women from the northern region. Slightly more than one-third of the respondents live in communities with either low or high proportions of households that had no viable means of transportation. Distribution of the respondents by proportions of households who had bicycle in the community revealed a nearly equal proportions of low, moderate and high proportion of households that had bicycle. This pattern was replicated with respect to distribution by proportions of households that had a motorcycle or a car in the community. Figure 1 presents the prevalence of institutional and non-institutional delivery among the respondents with dominance of non-institutional delivery. Table 2 presents the independent association between place of delivery and specific explanatory and control variable. Women from household with canoes and bicycle as transport modes were less likely to have institutional delivery. However, as household means of transportation improved from motorcycle to car, the likelihood of institutional delivery increased among the women. Women from households with car as transport mode were three times more likely to have institutional delivery. Education, household wealth quintile and antenatal care visits were positively associated with place of delivery. For instance, as educational attainment improves, the likelihood of institutional delivery increased significantly. Likewise, as household wealth quintile improves, the odds of institutional delivery also increased. In contrast, birth order and timing of first antenatal care visits and place of delivery were negatively associated with institutional delivery. For instance, as birth order increased, the odds of institutional delivery reduced among the women, and as timing of first antenatal care visits increased, the odds of institutional delivery reduced significantly. Table 2 Unadjusted odds ratio showing association between the explanatory variables and place of child delivery Variable AOR p-value 95% CI Variable AOR p-value 95% CI Means of transportation Healthcare decision None RC 1.000 - - Male dominated RC 1.000 - - Canoe 0.344 p < 0.01 0.268–0.442 Not male dominated 3.114 p < 0.01 2.981–3.254 Bicycle 0.405 p < 0.01 0.375–0.438 Perception of distance to health facility Motorcycle 1.068 p = 0.01 1.018–1.121 Big problem RC 1.000 - - Car 3.717 p < 0.01 3.428–4.030 Not a problem 2.580 p < 0.01 2.461–2.705 Maternal education Proportion who owns no means of transport in community None RC 1.000 - - Low RC 1.000 - - Primary 1.150 0.295 0.885–1.494 Moderate 0.907 p < 0.05 0.832–0.989 Secondary 1.369 p < 0.01 1.229–1.525 High 0.799 p < 0.01 0.740–0.862 Higher 1.530 p < 0.01 1.305–1.793 Proportion who owns bicycle in community Household wealth quintile Low RC 1.000 - - Poorest RC 1.000 - - Moderate 0.510 p < 0.01 0.484–0.536 Poorer 1.300 p < 0.01 1.222–1.382 High 0.310 p < 0.01 0.294–0.327 Middle 1.560 p < 0.01 1.406–1.732 Proportion who owns motorcycle in community Richer 1.691 p < 0.01 1.544–1.852 Low RC 1.000 - - Richest 2.762 p < 0.01 2.510–3.040 Moderate 0.770 p < 0.01 0.731–0.809 Birth order High 0.763 p < 0.01 0.724–0.802 1 RC 1.000 - - Proportion who owns car in community 2 0.805 p < 0.01 0.751–0.863 Low RC 1.000 - - 3 0.746 p < 0.01 0.695–0.802 Moderate 1.572 p < 0.01 1.487–1.661 4 or higher 0.475 p < 0.01 0.449–0.503 High 3.363 p < 0.01 3.188–3.549 Number of antenatal visits Place of residence No ANC visit RC 1.000 - - Urban RC 1.000 - - 1–3 visits 3.410 p < 0.01 3.136–3.707 Rural 0.196 p < 0.01 0.187–0.205 4 or more visits 12.921 p < 0.01 12.171–13.717 Geographic region Timing of first antenatal visit Northern region RC 1.000 - - First trimester RC 1.000 - - Southern region 6.037 p < 0.01 5.762–6.326 Second trimester 0.762 p < 0.01 0.719–0.807 Third trimester 0.039 p < 0.01 0.036–0.043 Healthcare decision and perception of distance to health facility relates positively with place of delivery with higher likelihood of institutional delivery among women whose healthcare decision were not male dominated and who do not perceived distance to facility as a problem. The odds of institutional delivery were lower among rural women and higher among southern women. Women who live in communities with either moderate or high proportions of households with no viable means of transportation, and with bicycles or motorcycles as transport modes were less likely to have institutional delivery. In contrast, women who live in communities with either moderate or high proportion of households with cars as transport mode were more likely to have institutional delivery. Following the bivariate analyses, a VIF test was performed to confirm absence of serious multicollinearity among the explanatory variables. A mean score of 2.79 was obtained indicating that the explanatory variables do not have serious collinearity that could mislead the estimation of the regression coefficients at the multivariate level. Table 3 presents results of the fitted adjusted models. In Model 1, while the odds of institutional delivery reduced by 72.7% and 44.7% among women from households with canoes (AOR = 0.273, p < 0.01; CI: 0.198–0.378) and bicycles (AOR = 0.553, p < 0.01, CI: 0.499–0.613) as mode of transport respectively, the odds increased by 37.0% among women from households with motorcycles as means of transportation (AOR = 1.370, p < 0.01; CI: 1.282–1.465). Likewise, women from households with cars as means of transportation were four times more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women from households that had no viable means of transportation (AOR = 4.037, p < 0.01; CI: 3.585–4.546). At the community level, the likelihood of institutional delivery were significantly lower among women who live in communities where the majority of households either had no viable means of transportation or had the dominance of bicycles or motorcycles. In contrast, women who live in communities with high proportion of households with cars as the transport mode were nearly four times more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women in the reference category (AOR = 3.644, p < 0.01; CI: 2.797–4.746). Table 3 adjusted odds ratio showing further association between the explanatory variables and place of child delivery Characteristic Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 AOR p-value 95% CI AOR p-value 95% CI AOR p-value 95% CI Means of transportation None RC 1.000 - - 1.000 - - 1.000 - - Canoe 0.273 p < 0.01 0.198–0.378 0.230 p < 0.01 0.164–0.324 0.317 p < 0.01 0.221–0.456 Bicycle 0.553 p < 0.01 0.499–0.613 0.867 p < 0.05 0.774–0.969 0.884 p < 0.05 0.785–0.995 Motorcycle 1.370 p < 0.01 1.282–1.465 1.114 p = 0.05 1.033–1.201 1.292 p < 0.01 1.143–1.460 Car 4.037 p < 0.01 3.585–4.546 1.225 p < 0.05 1.077–1.395 2.044 p < 0.01 1.781–2.345 Proportion who owns no means of transport in community Low RC 1.000 - - 1.000 - - 1.000 - - Moderate 0.852 p = 0.01 0.777–0.934 0.130 p < 0.05 0.006–0.254 0.861 p < 0.05 0.784–0.946 High 0.318 p < 0.01 0.237–0.426 0.401 p < 0.01 0.291–0.511 0.872 p = 0.01 0.788–0.967 Proportion who owns bicycle in community Low RC 1.000 - - 1.000 - - 1.000 - - Moderate 0.537 p < 0.01 0.421–0.685 0.859 p < 0.05 0.748–0.986 0.962 0.649 0.815–1.135 High 0.352 p < 0.01 0.261–0.476 0.889 0.073 0.782–1.011 0.858 0.145 0.698–1.054 Proportion who owns motorcycle in community Low RC 1.000 - - 1.000 - - 1.000 - - Moderate 0.874 0.285 0.683–1.119 1.215 p < 0.05 1.024–1.441 1.111 0.219 0.939–1.314 High 0.821 0.203 0.605–1.113 1.507 p < 0.01 1.220–1.862 1.319 p < 0.05 1.071–1.625 Proportion who owns car in community Low RC 1.000 - - 1.000 - - 1.000 - - Moderate 1.809 p < 0.01 1.413–2.315 1.216 p < 0.05 1.013–1.459 1.448 p < 0.01 1.264–1.658 High 3.644 p < 0.01 2.797–4.746 1.915 p < 0.01 1.748–2.083 3.146 p < 0.01 2.621–3.777 Place of residence Urban RC 1.000 - - 1.000 - - Rural 0.550 p < 0.01 0.499–0.607 0.665 p < 0.01 0.601–0.736 Geographic region Northern region RC 1.000 - - 1.000 - - Southern region 2.486 p < 0.01 2.140–2.888 2.092 p < 0.01 1.804–2.425 Maternal education None RC 1.000 - - 1.000 - - Primary 1.768 p < 0.01 1.637–1.909 1.930 p < 0.01 1.753–2.125 Secondary 2.547 p < 0.01 2.347–2.763 2.980 p < 0.01 2.673–3.321 Higher 7.343 p < 0.01 6.220–8.670 9.402 p < 0.01 7.650-11.554 Household wealth quintile Poorest RC 1.000 - - 1.000 - - Poorer 1.489 p < 0.01 1.339–1.657 1.587 p < 0.01 1.397–1.803 Middle 1.974 p < 0.01 1.772–2.199 2.277 p < 0.01 1.987–2.610 Richer 2.584 p < 0.01 2.297–2.907 3.184 p < 0.01 2.729–3.715 Richest 4.004 p < 0.01 3.478–4.608 5.596 p < 0.01 4.638–6.751 Birth order 1 RC 1.000 - - 1.000 - - 2 0.740 p < 0.01 0.666–0.823 0.705 p < 0.01 0.630–0.788 3 0.732 p < 0.01 0.656–0.816 0.687 p < 0.01 0.612–0.770 4 or higher 0.700 p < 0.01 0.641–0.765 0.645 p < 0.01 0.587–0.708 Number of antenatal visits No ANC visit RC 1.000 - - 1–3 visits 0.950 0.504 0.817–1.105 4 or more visits 1.735 p < 0.01 1.515–1.986 Timing of first antenatal visits First trimester RC 1.000 - - Second trimester 0.864 p = 0.01 0.796–0.939 Third trimester 0.129 p < 0.01 0.109–0.152 Healthcare decision Male dominated RC 1.000 - - Not male dominated 1.438 p < 0.01 1.338–1.546 Perception of distance to health facility Big problem RC 1.000 - - Not a problem 1.198 p < 0.01 1.109–1.295 In Model 2, the addition of the selected background characteristics slightly altered the pattern of association between means of transportation and place of delivery, though means of transportation remained significantly associated with place of delivery at both household and community levels. For instance, the odds of institutional delivery among women from households that had motorcycle as the transport mode reduced from 37% in Model 1 to 11.4% in Model 2. Also, the odds of institutional delivery among women from households that had cars as the transport mode reduced from more than four times likelihood in Model 1 to 22.5% in Model 2 indicating that the background characteristics played strong mediating role in the likelihood of institutional delivery. Additionally, the odds of institutional delivery increased significantly as education and household wealth quintiles improved, while the odds reduced significantly as birth order increased. Furthermore, the likelihood of institutional delivery reduced significantly for rural women (AOR = 0.550, p < 0.01; CI: 0.499–0.607), whereas southern women were more than twice more likely to have institutional delivery compared to northern women (AOR = 2.486, p < 0.01; CI: 2.140–2.888). In Model 3, there were noticeable changes in the association between means of transportation and place of delivery. The odds of institutional delivery remained lower among women from households that had canoes (AOR = 0.317, p < 0.01; CI: 0.221–0.456) and bicycles (AOR = 0.884, p < 0.05; CI: 0.785–0.995) as the transport modes. Though, the odds were also significantly higher among women from households with motorcycle as the means of transportation, the odds of institutional delivery were twice more likely among women from households that had cars compared to women from households that had no viable means of transportation (AOR = 2.044, p < 0.01; CI: 1.781–2.345). At the community level, women who live in communities with moderate or high proportions of households with no viable means of transportation were less likely to have institutional delivery. Though, women who live in communities with either moderate or high proportions of households who owns bicycle were also less likely to have institutional delivery, but these were without statistical significance. Women who live in communities with high proportions of households who owned motorcycle were 31.9% more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women in communities with low proportion (AOR = 1.319, p < 0.05; CI: 1.071–1.625). Among women who live in communities with high proportion of households who had cars as mode of transport, the odds of institutional delivery were three times more likely (AOR = 3.146, p < 0.01; CI: 2.621–3.777). Rural women were 33.5% less likely to have institutional delivery compared to urban women (AOR = 0.665, p < 0.01; CI: 0.601–0.736), while southern women were twice more likely to have institutional delivery compared to northern women (AOR = 2.092, p < 0.01; CI: 1.804–2.425). Maternal education and household wealth maintained significant associations with institutional delivery with increasing odds of institutional delivery as the characteristics improved progressively. However, the likelihood of institutional delivery reduced significantly as birth orders increased. For instance, women who had the fourth or higher births were 35.5% less likely to have institutional delivery compared to women who had the first birth (AOR = 0.645, p < 0.01; CI: 0.587–0.708). Women who had four or more antenatal visits were 73.5% more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women who had no antenatal visit (AOR = 1.735, p < 0.01; CI: 1.515–1.986) but in contrast, women who had first antenatal visits during the second or third trimester of their most recent pregnancy were significantly less likely to have institutional delivery. Women whose healthcare decisions were not male dominated were 43.8% more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women whose healthcare decisions were male dominated (AOR = 1.438, p < 0.01; CI: 1.338–1.546), and women who did not perceived distance to health facility as a problem were more 19.8% more likely to have institutional delivery (AOR = 1.198, p < 0.01; CI: 1.109–1.295). Table 4 presents the importance of means of transportation at the community level. In the empty model, there were significant variation in the prevalence of institutional delivery among women in the absence of means of transportation (ICC = 0.451). With the inclusion of means of transportation only in the model, the ICC of 0.368 indicate that households ownership of specific means of transportation at the community level accounts for 36.8% of the variation in institutional delivery among the women. This proportion however declined to 18.3% in model 2 with the inclusion of the background characteristics. The variation in institutional delivery attributable to means of transportation at the community level further declined to 17.0% in the full model. Table 4 Multilevel logistic regression model showing effects of means of transportation at the community level Parameter Empty Model Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Community-level variance (S.E.) 2.674 (0.165) 1.919 (0.122) 0.735 (0.055) 0.676 (0.053) ICC 0.451 0.368 0.183 0.170 Log-likelihood -20273.5 -19571.9 -16234.5 -14679.7 LR test χ 2 = 247.4; p < 0.001 χ 2 = 141.4; p < 0.001 χ 2 = 53.2; p < 0.001 χ 2 = 24.9; p < 0.001 Discussion This study addressed the extent to which household means of transportation explains place of child delivery in Nigeria. The study focused on an important deterrent of institutional delivery which has been overshadowed by more research attention on geographical or physical accessibility to maternity care services [ 19 – 25 ]. The study is important because it paid attention to the fact that in developing countries utilisation of delivery care may not necessarily increase with more proximity to health facility [ 26 ] but with less difficulty in moving from home to facility. The link between home and facility is crucial and is better served by vehicular transport [ 27 ]. This study also improved upon previous studies that investigated how means of transportation exert influence on access to emergency obstetric care [ 28 – 32 ] by providing information on the barriers to institutional delivery when there is no need for emergency obstetric care. Findings from the study provided support for the three delay model [ 34 ] by confirming that women status (proxy in the study by healthcare decision) and transportation negatively affect institutional delivery. Findings from the study not only further confirm low institutional delivery in Nigeria in line with previous findings in the country [ 6 , 13 , 17 , 8 ], it has also confirmed the significance of variables previously associated with institutional delivery [ 48 , 53 , 12 , 54 , 56 , 7 , 58 ]. However, the key issue that emerged from the study is that most pregnant women in the country live in households with no viable means of transportation to reduce their stress in moving from home to facility. In many parts of rural Nigeria, dominant means of transportation are bicycle, motorcycle, and animal-drawn cart. These means of transport do not enhance conveying pregnant women from home to facility, and may be more difficult to use given the poor state of roads in most rural areas of the country. In the riverine areas of the country, most of the boats available for household use are canoes without motor, which greatly slow down mobility of pregnant women from home to facility, which usually are not widely available in the riverine areas of the country. Though, in the urban areas, cars are widely available but their use by pregnant women may face some challenges. Most car owners in the country are men who may have poor knowledge of pregnancy complications and danger signs [ 39 , 43 ]. Such men may not understand the important role of viable vehicular transport in birth preparedness. It is therefore important that existing maternal and child health programmes in the country should strengthened the Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) strategy by including male awareness on the need for viable transport arrangement for pregnant women in all households. In view of the dominance of public transportation in the country particularly in the urban areas [ 38 ], public transportation resources could be harnessed to provide support to the maternity care delivery system in the country. For instance, in most urban and peri-urban communities in the country, key stakeholders in the transport industry include the National Union of Road Transport Workers, Road Transport Employers Association of Nigeria, and Nigerian Association of Road Transport Owners. These unions have offices in virtually all communities. The health delivery system needs to mobilise these unions for the purpose of enhancing more institutional delivery in the country. One workable way could be a public-private partnership transport support programme that ensure that in all communities where these unions are represented, at least one of the union vehicles could be designated for providing immediate transport assistance to pregnant women in the community, and providing the information to community members through the primary health care centre in the community. This will not only reduce transportation burden of many pregnant women, it will also boost the possibility of institutional delivery among pregnant women who have no viable mode of transport. The data analysed in the study did not provide information about pregnant women who were in need of emergency obstetric care. The study therefore assumed that all the women had the choice of delivering in health facility or non-health facility, and that their eventual choice was determined by their socio-economic condition particularly the means of transportation available to them. Thus, the inability to separate women in need of emergency obstetric care from the women analysed may constitute a limitation of the inference made in the study. However, the use of control variables in the analyses has largely ensured that the associations established in the study are not misleading. Conclusion The study addressed the extent to which means of transportation may serve either as a driver or deterrent of institutional delivery in Nigeria. Data analysed in the study were pooled from the 2008–2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys. Findings revealed that means of transportation are significantly associated with institutional delivery. The findings suggest need to harness transportation resources in the country to provide more support for the maternity care delivery system through a public-private transport support programme. Abbreviations DHS Demographic and Health Survey NPC National Population Commission NDHS Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was based on secondary data extracted from the pooled data of 2008-2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Access to the data was requested and granted by MEASURE DHS. Consent to publish Not Applicable Availability of data and materials The dataset supporting the conclusions and inferences from this article is available online at https://dhsprogram.com/data/ Competing Interests The authors declares no competing interests Funding Not Applicable Authors’ contributions SBL developed the concept. OMO, YRA, and SBL reviewed literature. SBL, OJO, BBI and TOO analysed the data and interpreted the results. All authors discussed the results, reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content, and proof read manuscript for spelling and grammar. Acknowledgements The authors expresses appreciation to the National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria], ICF International and MEASURE DHS Project for granting timely access to the data. References Ityavyah DA. Health services inequalities in Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 1988; 27(11):1223-1235 Sundari TK. The untold story: How the health care systems in developing countries contribute to maternal mortality. International Journal of Health Services. 1992; 22(3): 513-528 Silal SP, Penn-Kekana L, Harris B, Birch S, McIntyre D. Exploring inequalities in access to and use of maternal health services in South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012; 12:120,doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-120 Joseph G, Mohnsam da Silva IC, Wehrmeister FC, Barros AJD, Victora CG. Inequalities in the coverage of place of delivery and skilled birth attendance: analyses of cross-sectional surveys in 80 low and middle-income countries. 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An Original Stepwise Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis of Discriminatory Accuracy: The Case of Neighbourhoods and Health. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(4): e0153778, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153778 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-17304","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":407948,"identity":"9ba9a369-2f74-4d80-bd70-0b86bd334f9b","order_by":1,"name":"Lukman Bola Solanke","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABB0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACA2YGBgsgzdzAwHCAQQ4kdOABYS0SQJoRrMUYrCWBFC2JDSAxfFp025s3Pi6okJCXb29s/FxwxiZ9ftjhh0Bb7OR0G7BrMTtzrNh4xhkJww1nDjZLz7iRlrvxdpoBUEuysdkBHFpu5JhJ87ZJMG6QSGyQ5vlwOHfj7ASQlgOJ23BrMf8N1GI/f0Zi82+eD//TDWenfyCkxYwZqCWx4UZimzTPjQMJ8tI5BGwB+kUa6JdkoF/arHnOJBtukM4pOJBggMcvx5s3fi6osLGd3958+DbPMTt5+dnpmz98qLCTw6UFExiAVRoQqxwE5BtIUT0KRsEoGAUjAQAAH69oLDSnpAkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-1174","institution":"Obafemi Awolowo University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lukman","middleName":"Bola","lastName":"Solanke","suffix":""},{"id":407949,"identity":"60b72aff-9237-424b-8276-f38e07fed758","order_by":2,"name":"Omolayo Bukola Oluwatope","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Obafemi Awolowo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omolayo","middleName":"Bukola","lastName":"Oluwatope","suffix":""},{"id":407950,"identity":"0354da5c-b585-472d-9e30-609e820c8a7f","order_by":3,"name":"Yinusa Rasheed Adebayo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University Birnin Kebbi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yinusa","middleName":"Rasheed","lastName":"Adebayo","suffix":""},{"id":407951,"identity":"ec38e0ea-14ea-4b38-89b5-3f2ef8b136c2","order_by":4,"name":"Olaoye James Oyeleye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Obafemi Awolowo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Olaoye","middleName":"James","lastName":"Oyeleye","suffix":""},{"id":407952,"identity":"c8265f89-6322-42a3-86bf-9caf4c5d174d","order_by":5,"name":"Benjamin Bukky Ilesanmi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Obafemi Awolowo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Benjamin","middleName":"Bukky","lastName":"Ilesanmi","suffix":""},{"id":407953,"identity":"80d7c595-5159-4753-9f5d-f62a0c914c64","order_by":6,"name":"Tosin Olajide Oni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Obafemi Awolowo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tosin","middleName":"Olajide","lastName":"Oni","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-03-11 17:55:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-17304/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-17304/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":653040,"identity":"33bce318-836c-4a8b-b522-6d0493be6ead","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-03-16 15:22:16","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33705,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Place of delivery in Nigeria, NDHS 2008-2013","description":"","filename":"1.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-17304/v1/1.PNG"},{"id":13493825,"identity":"315278ca-f85d-475d-87a2-28420123b56b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 22:38:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":472455,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-17304/v1/2e625533-f726-4c93-ae34-3a652b7911f7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Household means of transportation and place of child delivery in Nigeria","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":" \u003cp\u003eInequalities in women\u0026rsquo;s access to and utilisation of maternal healthcare services in Nigeria and other developing countries have been well documented over the years [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. This has led not only to differences in the use of maternal healthcare services among childbearing women within and between developing countries, it also increase the risk of maternal morbidity and mortality among different groups of childbearing women. One of the profound maternal healthcare service inequities across developing countries is place of child delivery. In most parts of developing countries, most women particularly women from disadvantaged socio-economic groups have non-institutional delivery with high proportion of deliveries taking place at home [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-institutional delivery may suggests that delivery is taking place in the absence of a skilled birth attendant or in the presence of no one, which further elevates the risk of adverse maternal and child health outcomes. In Nigeria, reports from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey reveals that less than two-fifths of women had their most recent deliveries in a health facility, though with significant variations within the country, which reveals the North-west geo-political zone as having the least proportion of institutional delivery in the country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Evidence abounds that the reasons for low institutional delivery in developing countries operates at multiple levels of the social environment cutting across women\u0026rsquo;s individual characteristics, the social environment, health delivery system, as well as the health policy context [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne important factor accounting for low institutional delivery in developing countries is poor or lack of transportation [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the issue of transportation seems to have been greatly overshadowed by more research attention on geographical or physical accessibility to maternal healthcare services [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. These studies stressed the need to shorten the distance to health facility through expansion of available maternity care facilities to boost access to the services, but ignore the fact that utilisation may not necessarily increase through easy access to health facility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] particularly in the absence of vehicular transport which serve as the crucial link between home and health facility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Several pregnant women who may have reached decision to seek institutional delivery may be compelled to act otherwise if there are no viable means of transportation to the facility. Many others may develop complications while trying to source viable means of transportation. Household means of transportation available to pregnant women such as canoe, bicycle, animal-drawn cart, motorcycle, and car thus serve either as a driver or a deterrent of institutional delivery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, how household means of transportation associates with place of delivery has been less explored in Nigeria and many parts of developing countries. The few existing studies that examined the impact of means of transportation on utilisation of delivery care focused mainly on how means of transportation affect access to emergency obstetric care [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29 CR30 CR31\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], and not on how it associates with place of delivery when need for emergency obstetric care do not arise. This has not only undermined the need to address problems associated with specific means of transportation, which women face when seeking institutional delivery, but may have also led to the non-development of effective transportation intervention in existing maternal healthcare strategies in the country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. This study addressed the knowledge gap by raising the question: to what extent do household means of transportation associate with place of child delivery in Nigeria?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe objective of the study was therefore to examine the extent of association between household means of transportation and place of delivery. This was with the view to providing additional information to improving maternity care service delivery in Nigeria. The three-delay model [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] provides the analytical framework of the study. The model specifies that three types of delays may hinder pregnant women from accessing and utilising needed maternal healthcare service, namely, delay one (delay in decision to seek care exemplified through lack of understanding of pregnancy complications, acceptance of maternal death, poor women\u0026rsquo;s social status, and socio-cultural barriers to seeking care such as need for male permission before visiting health facility), delay two (delay in reaching care such as delays caused by mountains, islands, rivers, distance to health centres and hospitals, and availability of and cost of transportation), and delay three (delay in receiving care such as delays caused by lack of supplies, personnel, and poorly trained personnel with punitive attitude). This study focused on delay two where the means of transportation plays a key role in the choice of institutional or non-institutional delivery.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":" \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy context\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe state of institutional delivery in Nigeria leaves much to be desired. Between 1990 and 2013, the proportions of institutional delivery have only increased from 30.9% in 1990 to 36% in 2013 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The key reasons accounting for low institutional delivery in the country include long distance to facility/lack of transportation, perception that institutional delivery is not necessary, and child born suddenly before going to facility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Health policy and programmes to address the situation are available in the country though with implementation challenges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] including the implementation challenges of the National Health Insurance Scheme [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Current priority actions for boosting demand for institutional delivery in the country are provision of essential newborn care and renewed scale up of emergency obstetric care, employment and training of more skilled birth attendants, the promotion of birth and emergency preparedness at home, and creating adequate link between home and facility through emergency loans and transport schemes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile steps are being taken to execute the facility-based priority actions, a Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) programme is also being implemented to improve awareness of birth and emergency preparedness. However, health transport programmes are less available in the country. The available health transport schemes often focused on assisting women in need of emergency obstetric care [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Though, the transportation system in Nigeria is still largely underdeveloped, available evidence show that public transportation is dominant in the country, but men are the major users of public transportation in the country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], and are also the major owners of private mode of transport in the country. However, many men in Nigeria and in several developing countries have poor knowledge about pregnancy complications and danger signs [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR40 CR41 CR42\" citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e] which may affect how well they make vehicular transport ready for pregnant women. Hence, improving the transport system in the country to promote more women\u0026rsquo;s concerns and enhance access to maternal health services is one of the contemporary challenges of health delivery system in the country. It is important that health authorities in Nigeria devise more transportation interventions particularly interventions that have enhanced institutional delivery in other countries such as the public private emergency transportation service in India [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e] and the health voucher scheme that assist pregnant women to pay for transport to health facility in Bangladesh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData source and sample\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was based on pooled data of 2008\u0026ndash;2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS). The surveys are the fifth and sixth rounds of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) programme implemented in the country by the National Population Commission with financial and technical support of the USAID. The surveys provide nationally valid information on the levels of fertility, mortality, family planning, reproductive health, and domestic violence. The surveys are conducted every five years based on multi staged survey designs involving random sampling at every stage of data collection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The inclusion criteria was being resident in urban area, not being in the poor or poorer household group, and having had at least a live birth in the last five years preceding the survey. It was important to exclude rural dwellers and women in the poor or poorer wealth groups because poverty and living in rural and remote areas in Nigeria are usually associated with lack of viable means of transportation. The number of women with these features may thus bias the sample if not excluded. A weighted sample size of 6,540 women was therefore analysed in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOutcome variable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outcome variable in the study was place of child delivery. This was categorised into institutional and non-institutional delivery in line with measurement of the same variable in similar studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR49 CR50\" citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. All deliveries that occurred in private or public health facilities were categorised as \u0026lsquo;institutional delivery\u0026rsquo; and coded \u0026lsquo;0\u0026rsquo;, while births that occurred elsewhere were categorised as \u0026lsquo;non-institutional delivery\u0026rsquo; and coded \u0026lsquo;1\u0026rsquo; hence, the category of interest in the study is non-institutional delivery. This is necessary because available evidence suggests that institutional deliveries are high in urban areas compared to non-institutional deliveries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExplanatory and Control variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main explanatory variable in the study was household means of transportation. This variable was measured at two levels in the study. At the lower level (household-level), the means of transportation available to pregnant women in selected households was divided into five categories, namely, none, canoe, bicycle, motorcycle, and car. Where the household owns more than one means of transportation, the more viable means of transportation is selected. At the higher level (community-level), the proportions of household that owns specific means of transportation were generated by the method of aggregation at the cluster (community) level and divided into low, moderate and high proportions. The means of transportation was measured at the community level in the study based on research evidence that community-level practices may also serve as barriers to institutional delivery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour variables from the pool of several variables (education, household wealth, birth order, and geographic region) that have shown significant association with institutional delivery in previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] were selected as additional explanatory variables in the study. Also, four variables (number of antenatal visits, timing of antenatal visits, healthcare decision, and perception of whether or not distance to facility is a big problem to accessing healthcare) were selected for statistical control in the study. A number of studies have found antenatal care visits and timing to have significant association with institutional delivery [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR55 CR56 CR57\" citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e], while healthcare decision which proxy women\u0026rsquo;s status, and perception of distance were included in line with the causes of the second delay in the theoretical underpinning of the study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing Stata 14 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e] analyses were performed at multiple levels. At the univariate level, place of delivery was described using the pie chart. Also at this level, percentages and frequency distribution were used to present the respondents\u0026rsquo; socio-demographic profile. At the bivariate level, the Unadjusted Odds Ratio (UOR) was used to examine the association between specific explanatory variable and place of delivery with focus on institutional delivery. The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) were then calculated to determine if the explanatory variables are collinear using the mean VIF score which is expected to be less than five to indicate that the regression coefficients are not exaggerated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the multivariate level of the analyses, the Multilevel Logistic Regression Model (MLRM) was applied to further assess variations in institutional delivery attributable to means of transportation at the household and community levels. Three MLRM models were fitted. Model 1 was based on means of transportation at both the household and community levels, and controlling for the background and other variables. In Model 2, the selected background characteristics were added to the previous model, while in Model 3, the control variables were added to the preceding model. The Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used to determine the significance of means of transportation at the community level. The ICC is expected to range from 0 to 1 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. The higher the values of the ICC, the more significant are the means of transportation at the community level. Statistical significance at all levels of the analyses was accepted at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Results","content":" \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. More than two-fifths of the respondents were from households that had no viable means of transportation. However, among the respondents who reported household ownership of different transport modes, motorcycle was the dominant transport mode. Nearly half of the respondents had no formal education. Secondary education was the dominant educational level among the respondents who had formal education. More than one-fifth of the respondents belong to households either at the poorest or poorer wealth quintiles. However, the distribution of the respondents at other household wealth quintiles was nearly equal among the respondents. Slightly more than half of the respondents were high parous women. Nearly half of the respondents had four or more antenatal care visits. However, more than one-third of the respondents had no antenatal care visits during their most recent pregnancy. Less than one-fifth of the respondents had their first antenatal visits within the first trimester of the pregnancy, while nearly half of the respondents had their first antenatal visits during the second trimester of the pregnancy. Also, more than one-third of the respondents had the first antenatal visits in the last trimester of the pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; Socio-demographic characteristics\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNumber of Women (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38,102)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePercentage\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNumber of Women (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38,102)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePercentage\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMeans of transportation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHealthcare decision\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16,838\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e44.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMale dominated\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24,081\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCanoe\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e296\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNot male dominated\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14,021\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBicycle\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5,237\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePerception of distance to health facility\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMotorcycle\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12,558\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBig problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13,422\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e35.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCar\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3,173\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNot a problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24,680\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMaternal education\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns no means of transport in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17,811\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e46.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12,807\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePrimary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7,927\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12,532\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSecondary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10,031\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12,763\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigher\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2,333\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns bicycle in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHousehold wealth quintile\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13,287\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePoorest\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8,773\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12,455\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePoorer\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8,504\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12,360\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMiddle\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7,252\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns motorcycle in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRicher\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6,878\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13,107\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRichest\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6,695\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12,040\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e31.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eBirth order\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12,955\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6,723\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns car in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6,287\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12,441\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5,759\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12,423\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4 or higher\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19,333\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13,238\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eNumber of antenatal visit\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo ANC visit\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15,567\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUrban\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12,608\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;3 visits\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4,174\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRural\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25,494\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e66.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4 or more visits\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18,361\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGeographic region\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eTiming of first antenatal visits\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNorthern region\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24,417\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFirst trimester\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6,475\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17.0\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSouthern region\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13,685\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e35.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSecond trimester\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17,231\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eThird trimester\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14,396\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare decision of the majority of respondents was male dominated. The majority of the respondents did not perceived distance to health facility as a problem. Also, a majority reside in the rural areas of the country, and had a preponderance of women from the northern region. Slightly more than one-third of the respondents live in communities with either low or high proportions of households that had no viable means of transportation. Distribution of the respondents by proportions of households who had bicycle in the community revealed a nearly equal proportions of low, moderate and high proportion of households that had bicycle. This pattern was replicated with respect to distribution by proportions of households that had a motorcycle or a car in the community. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the prevalence of institutional and non-institutional delivery among the respondents with dominance of non-institutional delivery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the independent association between place of delivery and specific explanatory and control variable. Women from household with canoes and bicycle as transport modes were less likely to have institutional delivery. However, as household means of transportation improved from motorcycle to car, the likelihood of institutional delivery increased among the women. Women from households with car as transport mode were three times more likely to have institutional delivery. Education, household wealth quintile and antenatal care visits were positively associated with place of delivery. For instance, as educational attainment improves, the likelihood of institutional delivery increased significantly. Likewise, as household wealth quintile improves, the odds of institutional delivery also increased. In contrast, birth order and timing of first antenatal care visits and place of delivery were negatively associated with institutional delivery. For instance, as birth order increased, the odds of institutional delivery reduced among the women, and as timing of first antenatal care visits increased, the odds of institutional delivery reduced significantly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eUnadjusted odds ratio showing association between the explanatory variables and place of child delivery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eVariable\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep-value\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eVariable\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep-value\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMeans of transportation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHealthcare decision\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMale dominated \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCanoe\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.344\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.268\u0026ndash;0.442\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNot male dominated\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.114\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.981\u0026ndash;3.254\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBicycle\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.405\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.375\u0026ndash;0.438\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePerception of distance to health facility\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMotorcycle\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.068\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.018\u0026ndash;1.121\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBig problem \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCar\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.717\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.428\u0026ndash;4.030\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNot a problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.580\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.461\u0026ndash;2.705\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMaternal education\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns no means of transport in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePrimary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.150\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.295\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.885\u0026ndash;1.494\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.907\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.832\u0026ndash;0.989\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSecondary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.369\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.229\u0026ndash;1.525\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.799\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.740\u0026ndash;0.862\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigher\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.530\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.305\u0026ndash;1.793\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns bicycle in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHousehold wealth quintile\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePoorest \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.510\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.484\u0026ndash;0.536\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePoorer\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.300\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.222\u0026ndash;1.382\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.310\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.294\u0026ndash;0.327\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMiddle\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.560\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.406\u0026ndash;1.732\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns motorcycle in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRicher\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.691\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.544\u0026ndash;1.852\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRichest\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.762\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.510\u0026ndash;3.040\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.770\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.731\u0026ndash;0.809\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eBirth order\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.763\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.724\u0026ndash;0.802\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1 \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns car in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.805\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.751\u0026ndash;0.863\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.746\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.695\u0026ndash;0.802\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.572\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.487\u0026ndash;1.661\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4 or higher\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.475\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.449\u0026ndash;0.503\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.363\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.188\u0026ndash;3.549\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eNumber of antenatal visits\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo ANC visit \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUrban \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;3 visits\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.410\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.136\u0026ndash;3.707\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRural\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.196\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.187\u0026ndash;0.205\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4 or more visits\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.921\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.171\u0026ndash;13.717\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGeographic region\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eTiming of first antenatal visit\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNorthern region \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFirst trimester \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSouthern region\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.037\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.762\u0026ndash;6.326\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSecond trimester\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.762\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.719\u0026ndash;0.807\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eThird trimester\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.039\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.036\u0026ndash;0.043\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare decision and perception of distance to health facility relates positively with place of delivery with higher likelihood of institutional delivery among women whose healthcare decision were not male dominated and who do not perceived distance to facility as a problem. The odds of institutional delivery were lower among rural women and higher among southern women. Women who live in communities with either moderate or high proportions of households with no viable means of transportation, and with bicycles or motorcycles as transport modes were less likely to have institutional delivery. In contrast, women who live in communities with either moderate or high proportion of households with cars as transport mode were more likely to have institutional delivery. Following the bivariate analyses, a VIF test was performed to confirm absence of serious multicollinearity among the explanatory variables. A mean score of 2.79 was obtained indicating that the explanatory variables do not have serious collinearity that could mislead the estimation of the regression coefficients at the multivariate level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents results of the fitted adjusted models. In Model 1, while the odds of institutional delivery reduced by 72.7% and 44.7% among women from households with canoes (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.273, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 0.198\u0026ndash;0.378) and bicycles (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.553, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, CI: 0.499\u0026ndash;0.613) as mode of transport respectively, the odds increased by 37.0% among women from households with motorcycles as means of transportation (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.370, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 1.282\u0026ndash;1.465). Likewise, women from households with cars as means of transportation were four times more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women from households that had no viable means of transportation (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.037, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 3.585\u0026ndash;4.546). At the community level, the likelihood of institutional delivery were significantly lower among women who live in communities where the majority of households either had no viable means of transportation or had the dominance of bicycles or motorcycles. In contrast, women who live in communities with high proportion of households with cars as the transport mode were nearly four times more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women in the reference category (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.644, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 2.797\u0026ndash;4.746).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eadjusted odds ratio showing further association between the explanatory variables and place of child delivery\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"24\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModel 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModel 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModel 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep-value\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep-value\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep-value\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95% CI\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMeans of transportation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCanoe\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.273\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.198\u0026ndash;0.378\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.230\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.164\u0026ndash;0.324\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.317\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.221\u0026ndash;0.456\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBicycle\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.553\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.499\u0026ndash;0.613\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.867\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.774\u0026ndash;0.969\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.884\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.785\u0026ndash;0.995\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMotorcycle\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.370\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.282\u0026ndash;1.465\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.114\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.033\u0026ndash;1.201\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.292\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.143\u0026ndash;1.460\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCar\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.037\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.585\u0026ndash;4.546\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.225\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.077\u0026ndash;1.395\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.044\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.781\u0026ndash;2.345\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns no means of transport in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.852\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.777\u0026ndash;0.934\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.130\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.006\u0026ndash;0.254\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.861\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.784\u0026ndash;0.946\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.318\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.237\u0026ndash;0.426\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.401\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.291\u0026ndash;0.511\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.872\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.788\u0026ndash;0.967\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns bicycle in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.537\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.421\u0026ndash;0.685\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.859\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.748\u0026ndash;0.986\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.962\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.649\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.815\u0026ndash;1.135\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.352\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.261\u0026ndash;0.476\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.889\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.073\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.782\u0026ndash;1.011\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.858\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.145\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.698\u0026ndash;1.054\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns motorcycle in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.874\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.285\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.683\u0026ndash;1.119\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.215\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.024\u0026ndash;1.441\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.111\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.219\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.939\u0026ndash;1.314\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.821\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.203\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.605\u0026ndash;1.113\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.507\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.220\u0026ndash;1.862\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.319\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.071\u0026ndash;1.625\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eProportion who owns car in community\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLow \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModerate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.809\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.413\u0026ndash;2.315\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.216\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.013\u0026ndash;1.459\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.448\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.264\u0026ndash;1.658\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.644\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.797\u0026ndash;4.746\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.915\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.748\u0026ndash;2.083\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.146\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.621\u0026ndash;3.777\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUrban \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRural\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.550\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.499\u0026ndash;0.607\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.665\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.601\u0026ndash;0.736\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGeographic region\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNorthern region \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSouthern region\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.486\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.140\u0026ndash;2.888\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.092\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.804\u0026ndash;2.425\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMaternal education\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNone \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePrimary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.768\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.637\u0026ndash;1.909\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.930\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.753\u0026ndash;2.125\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSecondary\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.547\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.347\u0026ndash;2.763\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.980\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.673\u0026ndash;3.321\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigher\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.343\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.220\u0026ndash;8.670\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.402\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.650-11.554\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHousehold wealth quintile\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePoorest \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePoorer\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.489\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.339\u0026ndash;1.657\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.587\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.397\u0026ndash;1.803\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMiddle\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.974\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.772\u0026ndash;2.199\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.277\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.987\u0026ndash;2.610\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRicher\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.584\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.297\u0026ndash;2.907\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.184\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.729\u0026ndash;3.715\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRichest\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.004\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.478\u0026ndash;4.608\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.596\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.638\u0026ndash;6.751\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eBirth order\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1 \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.740\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.666\u0026ndash;0.823\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.705\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.630\u0026ndash;0.788\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.732\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.656\u0026ndash;0.816\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.687\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.612\u0026ndash;0.770\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4 or higher\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.700\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.641\u0026ndash;0.765\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.645\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.587\u0026ndash;0.708\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eNumber of antenatal visits\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo ANC visit \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;3 visits\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.950\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.504\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.817\u0026ndash;1.105\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4 or more visits\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.735\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.515\u0026ndash;1.986\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eTiming of first antenatal visits\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFirst trimester \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSecond trimester\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.864\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.796\u0026ndash;0.939\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eThird trimester\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.129\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.109\u0026ndash;0.152\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHealthcare decision\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMale dominated \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNot male dominated\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.438\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.338\u0026ndash;1.546\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePerception of distance to health facility\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBig problem \u003csup\u003eRC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.000\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNot a problem\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.198\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.109\u0026ndash;1.295\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Model 2, the addition of the selected background characteristics slightly altered the pattern of association between means of transportation and place of delivery, though means of transportation remained significantly associated with place of delivery at both household and community levels. For instance, the odds of institutional delivery among women from households that had motorcycle as the transport mode reduced from 37% in Model 1 to 11.4% in Model 2. Also, the odds of institutional delivery among women from households that had cars as the transport mode reduced from more than four times likelihood in Model 1 to 22.5% in Model 2 indicating that the background characteristics played strong mediating role in the likelihood of institutional delivery. Additionally, the odds of institutional delivery increased significantly as education and household wealth quintiles improved, while the odds reduced significantly as birth order increased. Furthermore, the likelihood of institutional delivery reduced significantly for rural women (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.550, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 0.499\u0026ndash;0.607), whereas southern women were more than twice more likely to have institutional delivery compared to northern women (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.486, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 2.140\u0026ndash;2.888).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Model 3, there were noticeable changes in the association between means of transportation and place of delivery. The odds of institutional delivery remained lower among women from households that had canoes (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.317, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 0.221\u0026ndash;0.456) and bicycles (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.884, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; CI: 0.785\u0026ndash;0.995) as the transport modes. Though, the odds were also significantly higher among women from households with motorcycle as the means of transportation, the odds of institutional delivery were twice more likely among women from households that had cars compared to women from households that had no viable means of transportation (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.044, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 1.781\u0026ndash;2.345). At the community level, women who live in communities with moderate or high proportions of households with no viable means of transportation were less likely to have institutional delivery. Though, women who live in communities with either moderate or high proportions of households who owns bicycle were also less likely to have institutional delivery, but these were without statistical significance. Women who live in communities with high proportions of households who owned motorcycle were 31.9% more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women in communities with low proportion (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.319, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; CI: 1.071\u0026ndash;1.625). Among women who live in communities with high proportion of households who had cars as mode of transport, the odds of institutional delivery were three times more likely (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.146, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 2.621\u0026ndash;3.777). Rural women were 33.5% less likely to have institutional delivery compared to urban women (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.665, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 0.601\u0026ndash;0.736), while southern women were twice more likely to have institutional delivery compared to northern women (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.092, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 1.804\u0026ndash;2.425).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal education and household wealth maintained significant associations with institutional delivery with increasing odds of institutional delivery as the characteristics improved progressively. However, the likelihood of institutional delivery reduced significantly as birth orders increased. For instance, women who had the fourth or higher births were 35.5% less likely to have institutional delivery compared to women who had the first birth (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.645, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 0.587\u0026ndash;0.708). Women who had four or more antenatal visits were 73.5% more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women who had no antenatal visit (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.735, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 1.515\u0026ndash;1.986) but in contrast, women who had first antenatal visits during the second or third trimester of their most recent pregnancy were significantly less likely to have institutional delivery. Women whose healthcare decisions were not male dominated were 43.8% more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women whose healthcare decisions were male dominated (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.438, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 1.338\u0026ndash;1.546), and women who did not perceived distance to health facility as a problem were more 19.8% more likely to have institutional delivery (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.198, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; CI: 1.109\u0026ndash;1.295).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the importance of means of transportation at the community level. In the empty model, there were significant variation in the prevalence of institutional delivery among women in the absence of means of transportation (ICC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.451). With the inclusion of means of transportation only in the model, the ICC of 0.368 indicate that households ownership of specific means of transportation at the community level accounts for 36.8% of the variation in institutional delivery among the women. This proportion however declined to 18.3% in model 2 with the inclusion of the background characteristics. The variation in institutional delivery attributable to means of transportation at the community level further declined to 17.0% in the full model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMultilevel logistic regression model showing effects of means of transportation at the community level\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eParameter\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEmpty Model\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModel 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModel 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eModel 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCommunity-level variance (S.E.)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.674 (0.165)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.919 (0.122)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.735 (0.055)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.676 (0.053)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eICC\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.451\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.368\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.183\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.170\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLog-likelihood\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-20273.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-19571.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-16234.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e-14679.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLR test\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;247.4; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;141.4; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53.2; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.9; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion","content":" \u003cp\u003eThis study addressed the extent to which household means of transportation explains place of child delivery in Nigeria. The study focused on an important deterrent of institutional delivery which has been overshadowed by more research attention on geographical or physical accessibility to maternity care services [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The study is important because it paid attention to the fact that in developing countries utilisation of delivery care may not necessarily increase with more proximity to health facility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] but with less difficulty in moving from home to facility. The link between home and facility is crucial and is better served by vehicular transport [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. This study also improved upon previous studies that investigated how means of transportation exert influence on access to emergency obstetric care [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29 CR30 CR31\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] by providing information on the barriers to institutional delivery when there is no need for emergency obstetric care. Findings from the study provided support for the three delay model [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] by confirming that women status (proxy in the study by healthcare decision) and transportation negatively affect institutional delivery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings from the study not only further confirm low institutional delivery in Nigeria in line with previous findings in the country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], it has also confirmed the significance of variables previously associated with institutional delivery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the key issue that emerged from the study is that most pregnant women in the country live in households with no viable means of transportation to reduce their stress in moving from home to facility. In many parts of rural Nigeria, dominant means of transportation are bicycle, motorcycle, and animal-drawn cart. These means of transport do not enhance conveying pregnant women from home to facility, and may be more difficult to use given the poor state of roads in most rural areas of the country. In the riverine areas of the country, most of the boats available for household use are canoes without motor, which greatly slow down mobility of pregnant women from home to facility, which usually are not widely available in the riverine areas of the country. Though, in the urban areas, cars are widely available but their use by pregnant women may face some challenges. Most car owners in the country are men who may have poor knowledge of pregnancy complications and danger signs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Such men may not understand the important role of viable vehicular transport in birth preparedness. It is therefore important that existing maternal and child health programmes in the country should strengthened the Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) strategy by including male awareness on the need for viable transport arrangement for pregnant women in all households.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn view of the dominance of public transportation in the country particularly in the urban areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], public transportation resources could be harnessed to provide support to the maternity care delivery system in the country. For instance, in most urban and peri-urban communities in the country, key stakeholders in the transport industry include the National Union of Road Transport Workers, Road Transport Employers Association of Nigeria, and Nigerian Association of Road Transport Owners. These unions have offices in virtually all communities. The health delivery system needs to mobilise these unions for the purpose of enhancing more institutional delivery in the country. One workable way could be a public-private partnership transport support programme that ensure that in all communities where these unions are represented, at least one of the union vehicles could be designated for providing immediate transport assistance to pregnant women in the community, and providing the information to community members through the primary health care centre in the community. This will not only reduce transportation burden of many pregnant women, it will also boost the possibility of institutional delivery among pregnant women who have no viable mode of transport.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data analysed in the study did not provide information about pregnant women who were in need of emergency obstetric care. The study therefore assumed that all the women had the choice of delivering in health facility or non-health facility, and that their eventual choice was determined by their socio-economic condition particularly the means of transportation available to them. Thus, the inability to separate women in need of emergency obstetric care from the women analysed may constitute a limitation of the inference made in the study. However, the use of control variables in the analyses has largely ensured that the associations established in the study are not misleading.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe study addressed the extent to which means of transportation may serve either as a driver or deterrent of institutional delivery in Nigeria. Data analysed in the study were pooled from the 2008\u0026ndash;2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys. Findings revealed that means of transportation are significantly associated with institutional delivery. The findings suggest need to harness transportation resources in the country to provide more support for the maternity care delivery system through a public-private transport support programme.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Abbreviations ","content":"\u003cp\u003eDHS\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Demographic and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNPC\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; National Population Commission\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNDHS\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations ","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was based on secondary data extracted from the pooled data of 2008-2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Access to the data was requested and granted by MEASURE DHS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset supporting the conclusions and inferences from this article is available online at \u003ca href=\"https://dhsprogram.com/data/\"\u003ehttps://dhsprogram.com/data/\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declares no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBL developed the concept. OMO, YRA, and SBL reviewed literature. SBL, OJO, BBI and TOO analysed the data and interpreted the results. All authors discussed the results, reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content, and proof read manuscript for spelling and grammar.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors expresses appreciation to the National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria], ICF International and MEASURE DHS Project for granting timely access to the data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References ","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eItyavyah DA. Health services inequalities in Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 1988; 27(11):1223-1235\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSundari TK. The untold story: How the health care systems in developing countries contribute to maternal mortality. International Journal of Health Services. 1992; 22(3): 513-528\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSilal SP, Penn-Kekana L, Harris B, Birch S, McIntyre D. 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PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(4): e0153778, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153778\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Institutional delivery, non-institutional delivery, means of transportation, place of delivery, pregnant women, Nigeria ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-17304/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-17304/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground The means of transportation available to pregnant women in households may serve either as a driver or deterrent of institutional delivery. However, how household means of transportation associates with place of delivery has been less explored in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Methods This study was based on pooled data of 2008-2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. The study analysed a weighted sample size of 6,540 women. The multilevel logistic regression model was applied using STATA 14. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults The study revealed 37% institutional delivery among women in Nigeria. Women whose household mode of transport were cars were twice more likely to have institutional delivery compared to women who had no viable household means of transportation (AOR=2.044, p\u0026lt;0.01; CI=1.781-2.345). Women who live in communities with high proportions of households with no means of transportation were 12.8% less likely to have institutional delivery (AOR=0.872, p=0.01; CI: 0.788-0.967). Women who live in communities with high proportions of household who owned motorcycle compared to those in communities with low proportion were 31.9% more likely to have institutional delivery (AOR=1.319, p\u0026lt;0.05; CI: 1.071-1.625). Women who live in communities with high proportions of households who owned cars compared to those in communities with low proportion were more than three times more likely to have institutional delivery (AOR=3.146, p\u0026lt;0.01; CI: 2.621-3.777).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusion Means of transportation significantly explains choice of place of child delivery in urban Nigeria. A public-private transport support programme to reduce transportation burden among pregnant women is imperative in the country.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Household means of transportation and place of child delivery in Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-03-16 15:22:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-17304/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"99b7fdf5-6e78-4d85-b80a-f54276382d28","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 16th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":70460,"name":"Maternal \u0026 Fetal Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-03-16 15:22:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-17304","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-17304","identity":"rs-17304","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"GqpaHPwrfC8PjnIFayRh5","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}