Assessing biochemical and clinical analysis results of infertile male patients in comparison with spermiogram results

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Our study aims to reveal the clinical outcomes of infertile male patients that were evaluated comparatively according to spermiogram results. Male infertility patients between the ages of 18–50 with regular health records were included in the study. Men under the age of 18, over the age of 50 and who did not seek children were excluded from the study. Demographic data, questionnaire scores, hormonal parameters and spermiogram results were examined and comparatively analyzed. 133 patients were included. Patietns with abnormal spermiogram results had higher mean FSH(mIU/mL) and LH(mIU/mL) values. Patients with normal spermiogram results had higher sperm concentration(mil/mL) and sperm motility(%a + b).(p < 0.05) Azoospermia patients had highest mean FSH(mIU/mL) and WBC(*10^3cells/uL) values and teratozoospermia patients had the lowest.(p < 0.05) Patients with normal results had lowest mean LH(mIU/mL) values while azoospermia patients had the highest.(p < 0.05) Asthenoteratozoospermia patients had highest mean LYM(*10^3cells/uL) values while patients with normal results had the lowest.(p < 0.05) Although statistically significant differences were not observed in terms of trace element analysis and many laboratory results, our study is important due to limited number of studies for especially trace element analysis in infertile male patients. infertility semen analysis trace element Introduction Infertility is inability to have a child despite one year of unprotected and regular sexual intercourse. Infertility can occur due to factors originating from men and women. Male Infertility has become a urological pathology that closely concerns societies with its increasing incidence and prevalence every year. Lifestyle, dietary habits, increased radiation exposure, increases in smoking and alcohol use and sedentary lifestyle are closely related factors with increasing rates of male infertility. Also, sperm production disorders, blockages in sperm ducts, presence of antibodies against sperm, testicular trauma, hormonal disorders, anatomical problems, varicocele, previous diseases, infections and some medications are additional etiological factors. Many studies have been conducted in the literature about the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. On the other hand, unexplained infertility still constitutes a large proportion among infertility subtypes. For this reason, multidisciplinary studies in the field of infertility and the results obtained from these studies are expected to guide diagnosis and treatment within the upcoming years. Infertility is a complex pathology that requires special multidisciplinary approach. Evaluating biochemical, microbiological and genetic analysis results of patients in comparison with the clinical data increases the value of the scientific studies and facilitates access to many additional data. History taking, physical examination, laboratory findings and imaging modalities have important place in the diagnosis of infertility. In addition to the hormonal analysis and biochemical tests, studies in the literature have also attempted to reveal their relationship with infertility by analyzing trace elements such as zinc and selenium in urine and semen fluid. Infertility has psychological aspects and many infertile men feel incomplete and unhappy for several reasons. Various surgical techniques for sperm retrieval, as well as medical treatments such as hormonal support and replacement therapies and antioxidant treatments, can be used in the treatment of infertility. The aim of our study is evaluating the laboratory results, trace element analysis and the demographic data of the patients in comparison with the semen analysis outcomes. The study was conducted in order to evaluate the relations that would lead new treatment modalities and replacement therapies. It was thought that by evaluating the spermiogram and trace element analysis results of infertile patients together, an opportunity can be created for different approaches that have similar features in the literature and can guide diagnosis and treatment in the future. Materials and Methods Infertile male patients between 18 and 50 years, with regular health records were included in the study. Men under the age of 18, over the age of 50, and who did not seek children were excluded. The history of the infertile patients that admitted between May 2021 and October 2021 were obtained. Age, body mass index(BMI-kg/m2), infertility duration(months), comorbidities, habits(smoking and alcohol) were noted. History of previous urogenital surgery, medical treatment(antioxidant treatment, hormone replacement therapy) and sperm extraction/aspiration technique(if performed) were recorded. Physical examination of the urogenital system was performed and pathological findings were recorded. International Index of Erectile Functions(IIEF-15) and the Sexual Health Inventory for Men(SHIM) outcomes were analyzed to evaluate erectile functions. Within the scope of the laboratory analysis, hormonal parameters(FSH, LH, Total Testosterone, Free Testosterone, Estradiol, Prolactin), LDL HDL and total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, urinalysis, fasting blood glucose, thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), urea and creatinine levels, complete blood count(CBC) parameters(WBC, RBC, Hgb, NEU, LYM, EOS, PLT) were examined. In addition sperm concentration(mil/mL), sperm motility(%a + b group motile sperm), and sperm morphology(% normal form) were analysed with semen analysis. Trace element analyses were conducted in the semen fluids and spot urine samples. Creatinine, copper, zinc and boron levels in the urine samples, zinc and boron levels in the semen fluids were evaluated and comparative analyzes were performed. The semen fluid and urine sample were consisted of the residual parts of the samples obtained for routine analysis. No additional samples were taken. Outcomes of the patients were examined comparatively according to normal and abnormal spermiogram results. In addition, spermiogram results were divided into subgroups as normal, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, oligoasthenozoospermia, oligoteratozoospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia and azoospermia. All outcomes were examined comparatively between these groups. Statistical Analysis Data analysis was performed with SPSS 21.0 and was studied at 95% confidence level. Normality was ensured for variables with skewness and kurtosis values between + 3 and − 3 and parametric tests were used, while non-parametric test techniques were used for variables outside this range. Examining the variables that provided normality according to the Spermiogram results(Normal and Abnormal Result) were analyzed with the independent groups t test, while the Mann Whitney test was used for the variables that did not provide normality. The variables that provided normality were examined in terms of detailed analysis of the spermiogram results(Normal, Oligozoospermia, Asthenozoospermia, Teratozoospermia, Oligoastenozoospermia, Oligoteratozoospermia, Astenoteratozoospermia, Oligoastenoteratozoospermia and Azoospermia) were analyzed by ANOVA test and the Kruskal Wallis test was used for the variables that did not provide normality. The relation between categorical variables was analyzed with the Chi-square test. The effect of variables giving significant results for spermiogram results were analyzed by logistic regression test. The statistical significance of the analysis results were evaluated with P value and values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results 133 patients were examined in detail. Ages of patients were 23–45 years(32.98 ± 4.69) and body mass indexes(BMI-kg/m2) were 18-41.6kg/m2(27.03 ± 3.94), infertility periods were 12–180 months(36.22 ± 34.73). The rate of comorbidities was 18%. 52% of the patients were smoker and 24% of them were consuming alcohol. 22.6% of the patients had history of previous urogenital surgery. Previous medical treatment history(antioxidant therapy, hormone replacement therapy) was observed in 13.5% of the patients. 3% of patients had history of sperm extraction/aspiration. Pathological physical examination findings were observed in 4.5%. International Index for Erectile Functions(IIEF 15) and the Sexual Health Inventory for Men(SHIM) were used for evaluating erectile functions. IIEF-15 scores range between 10–75(62.99 ± 9.25). Erectile function(EF) scores were 5–30(26.15 ± 4.64), orgasmic function(OF) scores were 1–10(9.01 ± 1.77), sexual desire(SD) scores were 2–10(7.64 ± 1.49), sexual satisfaction(SS) scores were 0–15(11.33 ± 2.46) and overall satisfaction(OS) scores were 2–10(8.81 ± 1.37). The average SHIM scores were 3–25(20.51 ± 4.1). FSH values were 0.84-55.07mIU/mL(7.6 ± 8.39). LH values were 0.92-24.22mIU/mL(4.49 ± 3.45). Total testosterone values were 1.32-8.86ng/mL(3.99 ± 1.48). Free testosterone values were 1.58-27.03pg/mL(12.7 ± 5.39). Estradiol values were 19.22-64.2ng/L(26.96 ± 7.52). Prolactin values were 3.56-45.12ng/mL(10.03 ± 5.42). Biochemical analysis results were also noted. LDL Cholesterol values were 35-227mg/dL(117.55 ± 35.98). HDL Cholesterol values were 25-70mg/dL(43.91 ± 8.47). Total Cholesterol values were 102-309mg/dL(193.3 ± 41.73). Triglyceride levels were 41-557mg/dL(163.07 ± 98.1). Abnormal urinalysis results were observed in 29%. Fasting Blood Glucose(FBG) values were 63-390mg/dL(98.95 ± 28.22). Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH) values were 0.02-11.53mIU/mL(1.98 ± 1.43). Urea values were 14-46mg/dL(27.44 ± 6.69). Creatinine levels were 0.72-1.57mg/dL(1 ± 0.12). Sperm concentration was 0-236mil/mL(50.25 ± 53.05). Sperm Motility(%a + b) was 0-100(41.39 ± 28.13). Semen Volume was 0.4-7mL(3.11 ± 1.31). Normal sperm morphology rate was 21.9% and morphological evaluation could not be performed in 21.1% of the patients due to low concentration. Urine Creatinine levels were 12.44-294.71mg/dL(133.7 ± 62.8). Urine Copper levels were 4.9-71.21ug/dL(29.44 ± 13.57). Urine Zinc levels were 92-5588ug/dL(1285.58 ± 833.63). Urine Boron levels were 0.24-3.06mg/L(1.2 ± 0.56). Semen Zinc levels were 6.5-68.4ug/dL (21.52 ± 12.05). Semen Boron levels were 33.03-610ug/L(237.51 ± 127.17). Outcomes of patients were grouped based on spermiogram results and examined comparatively in terms of normal and abnormal results.(Tables 1 and 2 ) FSH showed a significant difference(p < 0.05). Patients with normal results had 4.52 ± 2.75mIU/mL, patients with abnormal results had 8.27 ± 9.05mIU/mL. LH showed a significant difference according to Spermiogram results(Normal and Abnormal)(p < 0.05). Patientes with normal results had 2.95 ± 1.31mIU/mL, while patients with abnormal results had 4.83 ± 3.68mIU/mL. Sperm Concentration showed a significant difference(p < 0.05). Patients with normal results had 89.75 ± 52.55mil/mL, while patients with abnormal results had 41.55 ± 49.28mil/mL. Sperm Motility showed also significant difference(p < 0.05). Patients with normal results had 62.71 ± 17.31(%a + b), while patients with abnormal results had 36.7 ± 27.93(%a + b). Table 1 Evaluation of the Relationship Between Spermiogram Results(Normal and Abnormal) and Categorical Variables Variables Spermiogram Result (Normal, Abnormal) p Normal Abnormal n (%) n (%) Comorbidity No 21(%87,5) 88(%80,7) ,435 Yes 3(%12,5) 21(%19,3) Smoking No 10(%45,5) 50(%48,5) ,792 Yes 12(%54,5) 53(%51,5) Alcohol No 17(%77,3) 78(%75,7) ,878 Yes 5(%22,7) 25(%24,3) History of previous surgery No 20(%83,3) 83(%76,1) ,446 Yes 4(%16,7) 26(%23,9) History of Medical Treatment-for infertility No 23(%95,8) 92(%84,4) ,138 Yes 1(%4,2) 17(%15,6) History of Sperm Extraction No 24(%100) 105(%96,3) ,341 Yes 0(%0) 4(%3,7) Physical Examination Findings No 24(%100) 102(%94,4) ,237 Yes 0(%0) 6(%5,6) Urinalysis Result No 17(%70,8) 76(%71) ,985 Yes 7(%29,2) 31(%29) *p < 0,05; Chi-square test Table 2 Evaluation of Measurements in Terms of Spermiogram Results (Normal and Abnormal) Variables Spermiogram Result (Normal, Abnormal) p Normal Abnormal Mean ± sd Mean ± sd Age 32,5 ± 5,23 33,09 ± 4,58 ,578 Body Mass Index (BMI-kg/m2) 26,34 ± 3,4 27,18 ± 4,04 ,347 Infertility duration(month) 30,75 ± 35,22 37,42 ± 34,67 ,182 IIEF-15 score 64,55 ± 8,21 62,65 ± 9,47 ,274 Erectile Function 26,95 ± 4,05 25,97 ± 4,76 ,202 Orgasmic Function 9,14 ± 1,25 8,98 ± 1,87 ,705 Sexual Desire 7,82 ± 1,1 7,6 ± 1,56 ,529 Intercourse Satisfaction 11,64 ± 1,92 11,26 ± 2,57 ,867 Overall Satisfaction 9 ± 1,35 8,77 ± 1,38 ,353 SHIM Score 20,68 ± 3,98 20,47 ± 4,15 ,826 Total testosterone(ng/mL) 3,78 ± 1,08 4,03 ± 1,55 ,448 Free testosterone(pg/mL) 14,38 ± 4,51 12,34 ± 5,51 ,092 FSH(mIU/mL) 4,52 ± 2,75 8,27 ± 9,05 , 014* LH(mIU/mL) 2,95 ± 1,31 4,83 ± 3,68 , 005* Estradiol(ng/L) 25,42 ± 4,78 27,31 ± 7,98 ,657 Prolactine(ng/mL) 9,11 ± 3,59 10,23 ± 5,74 ,538 Fasting Blood Glucose(FBC)(mg/dL) 99,38 ± 15,01 98,85 ± 30,42 ,658 Total Cholesterol(mg/dL) 205,58 ± 46,12 190,57 ± 40,42 ,111 LDL Cholesterol(mg/dL) 126,46 ± 39,47 115,56 ± 35,05 ,181 HDL Cholesterol(mg/dL) 46,21 ± 6,95 43,4 ± 8,72 ,142 Triglyceride(mg/dL) 164,04 ± 101,13 162,85 ± 97,89 ,873 Urea(mg/dL) 27,71 ± 8,94 27,38 ± 6,14 ,864 Creatinine(mg/dL) 1,03 ± 0,16 1 ± 0,1 ,606 TSH(mIU/mL) 1,82 ± 0,7 2,02 ± 1,54 ,893 WBC(*10^3cell/uL) 6,8 ± 1,59 7,26 ± 1,92 ,279 RBC(10^6/microlitre) 5,09 ± 0,26 5,14 ± 0,37 ,684 Hgb(g/dL) 15,53 ± 0,88 15,52 ± 0,97 ,938 NEU(*10^3cell/uL) 4,05 ± 1,39 4,2 ± 1,5 ,584 LYM(*10^3cell/uL) 2,04 ± 0,58 2,26 ± 0,71 ,155 EOS(*10^3cell/uL) 0,27 ± 0,52 0,22 ± 0,35 ,880 PLT(*10^3cell/uL) 219,63 ± 47,67 236,38 ± 58,11 ,190 Sperm Concentration(mil/mL) 89,75 ± 52,55 41,55 ± 49,28 , 000* Sperm Motility(%a + b) 62,71 ± 17,31 36,7 ± 27,93 , 000* Semen Volume(mL) 3,41 ± 1,55 3,04 ± 1,25 ,218 Urine Creatinine(mg/dL) 125,1 ± 65,23 135,63 ± 62,39 ,460 Uriner Copper(ug/dL) 31,29 ± 14,67 29,02 ± 13,35 ,461 Urine Zinc(ug/dL) 1381,04 ± 1030,35 1264,17 ± 787,02 ,771 Urine Boron(mg/L) 1,07 ± 0,51 1,23 ± 0,57 ,228 Semen Zinc(ug/dL) 20,9 ± 16,72 21,65 ± 10,94 ,091 Semen Boron(ug/L) 222,77 ± 131,46 240,86 ± 126,7 ,568 *p < 0,05; student t test, Mann Whitney U test According to logistic regression analysis for examining the effects on spermiogram results, sperm motility(a + b%) positively affects spermiogram results(B = 0.032 p < 0.05) and increases normal state by 1,032 times. In addition, spermiogram results were divided into subgroups, comparative evaluation was performed.(Tables 3 and 4) Table 3 Examining the Relationship Between Spermiogram Results(Detailed Analysis) and Categorical Variables Variables Spermiogram Results(Detailed Analysis) p Normal Oligozoospermia Teratozoospermia Oligoasthenozoospermia Asthenoteratozoospermia Azoospermia n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) Comorbidity No 21(%87,5) 16(%80,0) 34(%79,1) 9(%81,8) 8(%80) 20(%87) ,944 Yes 3(%12,5) 4(%20,0) 9(%20,9) 2(%18,2) 2(%20) 3(%13) Smoking No 10(%45,5) 9(%47,4) 24(%60) 1(%10) 5(%50) 11(%50) ,147 Yes 12(%54,5) 10(%52,6) 16(%40) 9(%90) 5(%50) 11(%50) Alcohol No 17(%77,3) 18(%94,7) 29(%72,5) 8(%80) 8(%80) 14(%63,6) ,304 Yes 5(%22,7) 1(%5,3) 11(%27,5) 2(%20) 2(%20) 8(%36,4) History of previous surgery No 20(%83,3) 15(%75) 37(%86) 6(%54,5) 10(%100) 14(%60,9) ,030* Yes 4(%16,7) 5(%25) 6(%14) 5(%45,5) 0(%0) 9(%39,1) History of Medical Treatment-for infertility No 23(%95,8) 17(%85) 40(%93) 9(%81,8) 8(%80) 17(%73,9) ,200 Yes 1(%4,2) 3(%15) 3(%7) 2(%18,2) 2(%20) 6(%26,1) History of Sperm Extraction No 24(%100) 20(%100) 43(%100) 11(%100) 10(%100) 19(%82,6) , 002* Yes 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) 4(%17,4) Physical Examination Findings No 24(%100) 18(%90) 42(%97,7) 10(%90,9) 10(%100) 20(%90,9) ,419 Yes 0(%0) 2(%10) 1(%2,3) 1(%9,1) 0(%0) 2(%9,1) Urinalysis Result No 17(%70,8) 14(%73,7) 31(%73,8) 7(%63,6) 4(%40) 19(%82,6) ,242 Yes 7(%29,2) 5(%26,3) 11(%26,2) 4(%36,4) 6(%60) 4(%17,4) There was a significant relation between spermiogram results(subgroups) and history of previous surgery(p < 0.05). Patients with normal results had 16.7%; oligozoospermia patients had 25.0%; teratozoospermia patients had 14.0%; oligoastenozoospermia patients had 45.5%; azoospermia patients had 39.1% rate of previous surgeries and asthenoteratozoospermia patients had no previous surgery. There was also significant relation between spermiogram results and history of sperm extraction(p < 0.05). The rate of the sperm extraction history for Azoospermia was 17.4%. FSH, LH, WBC, LYM, sperm concentration, motility and volume values showed significant difference according to detailed analysis(p < 0.05). Azoospermia patients had highest mean FSH values, Teratozoospermia patients had lowest. Mean LH values of those with Azoospermia patients had highest mean LH values, patients with normal results had lowest. Azoospermia patients had the highest mean WBC values, Teratozoospermia patients had lowest. Asthenoteratozoospermia patients had highest mean LYM values, patients with normal results had lowest. Sperm concentration was highest for patients with normal results, Azoospermia patients had lowest values. Mean sperm motility was highest for patients with normal results, while Azoospermia patients had lowest. Mean Semen Volume(mL) was highest for normal results, Oligoastenozoospermia had lowest values.(Table 4) Tablo 4: Evaluation of Variables in Terms of Spermiogram Results (Detailed Analysis) Variables Spermiogram Results (Detailed Analysis) p Normal Oligozoospermia Teratozoospermia Oligoasthenozoospermia Asthenoteratozoospermia Azoospermia Mean±sd Mean±sd Mean±sd Mean±sd Mean±sd Mean±sd Age 32,5±5,23 34,45±3,24 33,09±4,53 32,45±4,57 33,7±5,81 32,26±5,24 ,689 Body Mass Index (BMI-kg/m2) 26,34±3,4 27,86±3,97 26,17±3,23 28,39±5,64 27,47±4,03 27,67±4,47 ,332 Infertility duration(month) 30,75±35,22 45±46,64 30,93±25,18 54±42,43 33±19,03 37,61±39,12 ,319 IIEF-15 score 64,55±8,21 59,17±16,1 64,48±6,06 64,5±5,17 60,56±10,38 62,75±8,38 ,862 Erectile Function 26,95±4,05 25,39±6,33 26,65±3,8 26,3±3,09 27,56±14,17 25,95±4,39 ,838 Orgasmic Function 9,14±1,25 8,28±2,72 9,4±1,22 9,8±0,42 9,22±1,39 8,6±1,9 ,200 Sexual Desire 7,82±1,1 7,17±2,18 7,8±1,44 7,5±1,43 7,56±1,33 7,65±1,39 ,751 Intercourse Satisfaction 11,64±1,92 10,06±4,29 11,63±1,96 11,8±1,23 10,78±2,54 11,6±2,06 ,907 Overall Satisfaction 9±1,35 8,22±2,16 8,88±1,18 9,1±1,1 8,67±1,32 8,95±0,94 ,786 SHIM Score 20,68±3,98 20,44±5,01 20,93±3,5 20,7±3,16 21,11±4,08 19,35±5,16 ,838 Total testosterone(ng/mL) 3,78±1,08 4±1,54 3,98±1,29 4,44±1,9 4,11±2,26 4,03±1,59 ,905 Free testosterone(pg/mL) 14,38±4,51 12,11±5,84 12,22±4,33 13,39±7,07 12,44±7,23 12,43±6,1 ,684 FSH(mIU/mL) 4,52±2,75 7,73±4,19 4,47±2,63 6,18±3,01 4,44±1,94 18,96±14,46 ,000* LH(mIU/mL) 2,95±1,31 3,62±1,25 3,72±2,16 4,52±2,24 3,49±1,41 8,76±5,66 ,000* Estradiol(ng/L) 25,42±4,78 27,55±8,21 25,12±5,1 30,81±14 28,17±8,33 29,16±8,25 ,516 Prolactine(ng/mL) 9,11±3,59 9,41±3,95 9,67±5,18 10,28±4,16 9,63±3,6 10,72±5,06 ,837 Fasting Blood Glucose(FBC)(mg/dL) 99,38±15,01 93,8±8,72 97,28±11,13 91,91±13,81 105,6±13,56 106,04±62,83 ,197 Total Cholesterol(mg/dL) 205,58±46,12 190,35±46,4 189,83±35,48 183,36±49,64 185,8±35,11 198,3±44,51 ,600 LDL Cholesterol(mg/dL) 126,46±39,47 115,75±41,01 114,5±30,9 114,55±45,67 113,2±29,01 119,7±37,66 ,841 HDL Cholesterol(mg/dL) 46,21±6,95 45,6±7,79 43,93±8,14 40,82±10,39 40,7±9,51 43,3±9,7 ,359 Triglyceride(mg/dL) 164,04±101,13 158,9±119,27 162,6±105,61 139,82±68,1 159,6±50,32 176,7±97,17 ,621 Urea(mg/dL) 27,71±8,94 26,8±5,55 26,56±5,85 26,73±6,31 32,7±6,83 26,7±5,55 ,173 Creatinine(mg/dL) 1,03±0,16 0,98±0,11 1±0,1 0,97±0,1 1,05±0,11 1±0,11 ,615 TSH(mIU/mL) 1,82±0,7 2,55±2,53 1,84±0,94 1,7±0,65 2,37±0,86 1,54±0,58 ,256 WBC(*10^3cell/uL) 6,8±1,59 6,92±2,02 6,74±1,54 7,22±1,46 8,15±1,23 8,16±2,57 ,024* RBC(10^6/microlitre) 5,09±0,26 5,05±0,36 5,18±0,37 5,19±0,59 5,17±0,32 5,13±0,29 ,771 Hgb(g/dL) 15,53±0,88 15,47±0,96 15,51±1,06 15,03±0,92 15,87±0,57 15,69±0,96 ,416 NEU(*10^3cell/uL) 4,05±1,39 4,03±1,32 3,91±0,98 3,95±1,43 4,48±1,17 4,94±2,29 ,312 LYM(*10^3cell/uL) 2,04±0,58 2,12±0,87 2,09±0,68 2,52±0,57 2,69±0,5 2,36±0,67 ,045* EOS(*10^3cell/uL) 0,27±0,52 0,16±0,16 0,27±0,53 0,19±0,1 0,25±0,13 0,2±0,16 ,365 PLT(*10^3cell/uL) 219,63±47,67 218,7±70,51 236,84±45,12 233,73±53,22 262,9±81,89 240,65±60,94 ,314 Sperm Concentration(mil/mL) 89,75±52,55 9±4,22 80,19±46,88 9,45±3,53 68,7±53,08 0±0 ,000* Sperm Motility(%a+b) 62,71±17,31 51,8±17,28 60,02±14,25 20,09±8,34 14,5±9,36 0±0 ,000* Semen Volume(mL) 3,41±1,55 3,33±0,81 3,32±1,2 2,36±1,2 3,29±1,48 2,51±1,3 ,035* Urine Creatinine(mg/dL) 125,1±65,23 133,17±74,94 131,77±59,92 145,49±64,68 160,93±63,43 129,22±59,08 ,733 Uriner Copper(ug/dL) 31,29±14,67 27,71±12,87 27,64±13,06 30,16±15,2 35,15±14,87 29,52±13,58 ,669 Urine Zinc(ug/dL) 1381,04±1030,35 1481,11±1197,35 1100,29±522,19 1224,73±476,84 1761,4±1247,25 1186,87±592,89 ,721 Urine Boron(mg/L) 1,07±0,51 1,05±0,54 1,4±0,57 1,25±0,61 1,28±0,59 1,02±0,51 ,053 Semen Zinc(ug/dL) 20,9±16,72 21,84±10,89 22,75±10,3 16,9±2,9 22,93±21,3 20,52±9,58 ,311 Semen Boron(ug/L) 222,77±131,46 244,79±124,09 233,65±134,33 213,68±115,17 215,57±158,33 257,64±120,67 ,937 *p<0,05; ANOVA test, Kruskal Wallis test Discussion Infertility has become a common health problem recently and many studies have been conducted in the literature on male infertility. However it has become a common condition, most of the patients do not admit for receiving professional support or they delay. In our study, the average infertility duration was between 3–4 years and this outcome revealed delays. Considering the fertility potential and age of the patients, it is important to keep this period shorter. Delayed applications may also reduce the positive results of assisted reproductive techniques. IIEF-15 and SHIM are widely used for evaluating erectile functions. In our study, average IIEF-15 score was 62.99 ± 9.25 and ED was not significantly accompanied. Average EF score was 26.15 ± 4.64 and erectile functions were generally normal. In addition, mean OF score was 9.01 ± 1.77, mean SD score was 7.64 ± 1.49, mean SS score was 11.33 ± 2.46 and GS score was 8.81 ± 1.37. The mean SHIM score was 20.51 ± 4.1 and this pointed mild ED. Some laboratory results pointed statistically significant difference between the groups. Azoospermia patients had highest mean FSH(mIU/mL) and WBC(*10^3cells/uL) values and teratozoospermia patients had the lowest.(p < 0.05) Patients with normal results had lowest mean LH(mIU/mL) values while azoospermia patients had the highest.(p < 0.05) Asthenoteratozoospermia patients had highest mean LYM(*10^3cells/uL) values while patients with normal results had the lowest.(p < 0.05) While evaluating these results, predicitons and detailed laboratory examinations would be reconsidered as well as treatment strategies especially for abnormal hormonal values. Decrease in sperm quality, lower semen volume, and a decrease in sperm concentration, motility and morphology are observed in obese patients compared to normal individuals.( 1 ) In our study, considering the average body mass index(BMI-kg/m2) of the patients, it was observed that they were above the ideal weight. The negative impact of this outcome on fertility potential has been observed. In addition to its negative effects on general health, smoking has also negative effects on sperm capacitation, DNA integrity, sperm motility, morphology, number, vitality and semen volume.( 1 ) When the habits of the patients in our study were examined, it was observed that the rates of smoking and alcohol consuming were quite high. Considering previous publications in the literature, our results support the conclusion that smoking and alcohol negatively affect fertility potential. The effects of comorbidities and previous surgeries on fertility potential have also been supported by the results of our study. It was observed that one in every five patients had comorbidities that would negatively affect fertility potential. It has been also observed that urogenital surgeries for various reasons would also negatively affect their fertility potential. Recently, a decrease in the rates of varicocele and cryptorchidism at first admission, an increase in hypogonadism cases and idiopathic cases have been observed in male infertility admissions.( 2 ) Varicocele is a very common condition that have negative effects on testicular functions and would lead to subfertility, scrotal discomfort and hypogonadism.( 3 ) Microscopic varicocelectomy is a surgical treatment option with highest success and lowest complication rates.( 3 ) In our study, 22.6% of the patients had a history of previous urogenital surgery and this high rates also pointed the role of surgical history. Urogenital system physical examination of the patients was performed, pathological findings were detected in 4.5% of the patients. These pathological findings had an important role in the etiology of infertility. Medical treatment history was observed in 13.5% of the patients. Medical treatments increase fertility potential when given in the right indications and to appropriate patients. This can also affect the successful outcome rates of assisted reproductive techniques. Additionally, the higher rate of sperm extraction/aspiration history in azoospermic patients is consistent with the literature. Seminal fluid biochemical content is provided by a wide variety of accessory glands.( 4 ) Zinc is one of the most important components added to the seminal fluid by the prostate gland and important for normal testicular development.( 4 ) Zinc is very important and necessary for growth, sexual maturation and reproduction.( 5 ) It plays an important role for human health, and male reproductive system as it is necessary for spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis.( 6 ) The highest concentration of zinc is found in the first fraction of ejaculate, spermatozoa have a higher zinc concentration than all other body tissues and studies have shown that carbonic anhydrase is found in seminal plasma.( 7 ) In studies, significant positive correlation was observed between seminal zinc values, sperm consentration and motility and also between serum zinc values and sperm motility.( 8 ) The relation of concentration, motility, viability, pH and viscosity with seminal plasma zinc levels has been observed. ( 9 ) It has been shown that decreased sperm values is associated with pathozoospermia.( 6 ) It is stated that sperm motility has a significant relation with zinc level.( 4 ) In addition, zinc protects sperm from bacteria and chromosomal damage.( 4 ) Significant negative correlation was observed between serum zinc level and rates of abnormal forms.( 8 ) Zinc is important for union of head and tail of spermatozoa.( 10 ) Zinc supplementation increases daily sperm production and reduces abnormal spermatozoa rates.( 10 ) It has a very important role in continuity of germ cells, spermatogenesis progression, testicular development for sperm maturation and regulation of sperm motility.( 11 ) It also reduces reactive oxygen species and has antioxidant properties.( 10 ) Zinc measurements in human seminal fluid are very important for evaluation of male infertility.( 4 ) Studies reveal important role of seminal plasma zinc levels in improving male fertility potential and show that appropriate seminal plasma concentration is necessary for normal sperm functions.( 4 ) However, it has also been stated that serum free testosterone levels show significant positive correlation with seminal plasma zinc levels.( 4 ) In another study, it was reported that folic acid and zinc supplements to men in couples expecting fertility did not contribute significantly to semen quality and live birth rates compared to placebo.( 12 ) In our study, mean urine zinc level was 1285.58 ± 833.63ug/dl and mean semen zinc level was 21.52 ± 12.05ug/dL. Values did not show statistically significant difference between the patients that had normal and abnormal spermiyogram results. Calcium is detected at the highest concentration in seminal plasma analyses, followed by magnesium and zinc.( 13 ) Although the seminal plasma concentration of calcium, magnesium and zinc is higher than the blood plasma concentration, the blood plasma concentration of copper is higher than the seminal plasma concentration.( 13 ) The presence of chronic prostatitis causes decrease in the prostatic fluid zinc levels, also frequent ejaculation may also decrease seminal vesicle zinc levels.( 14 ) This situation may lead to lower antioxidant capacity and the adverse effect of heavy metals and also semen quality would be affected. In another study, no correlation was found between zinc, selenium and rubidium levels in seminal plasma and sperm motility, vitality and morphology. ( 15 ) Boron is an element taken with natural products such as water, vegetables and fruits.( 16 ) Studies have shown effects on bone metabolism, coagulation system, physiological effects of steroid hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines.( 16 ) Boron is a very important trace element in terms of membrane integrity. Daily boron intake of people in various countries has been determined as 0.89–2.12 mg/day.( 17 ) In a study conducted in Turkey, daily boron exposure levels were measured in people living in a certain geography; blood boron and daily boron exposure levels, blood and urine boron levels, blood and semen boron levels were found to be statistically significant.( 18 ) In studies, a positive correlation was observed between boron exposure and sperm motility, and a negative correlation was observed with the rate of immotile sperm. This reveals the positive effects of boron on the semen profile.( 19 ) In our study, mean urine boron value was 1.2 ± 0.56mg/L and mean semen boron value was 237.51 ± 127.17ug/L. The values did not show statistically significant difference between the patients with normal and abnormal spermiyogram results. In our study, mean semen zinc level was determined as 21.52 ± 12.05ug/dL and mean semen boron level was determined as 237.51 ± 127.17ug/L. In a study, Seminal Plasma Zinc level was found to be 692.9 ± 24.0ug/mL in normospermic patients, 617.2 ± 43.7ug/mL in oligospermic patients and 661.9 ± 31.2ug/mL in azoospermic patients.( 20 ) The number of studies directly related to boron analysis in seminal plasma in infertile patients is quite limited in the literature, but within the scope of our study, the data and results obtained by boron and zinc analysis are very important. Also the trace element analysis we performed on the urine samples of infertile male patients; Urine Creatinine level average 133.7 ± 62.8mg/dL, urine Copper level average 29.44 ± 13.57ug/dL, urine Zinc level average 1285.58 ± 833.63ug/dL and Urine Boron level was determined to be 1.2 ± 0.56mg/L on average and the results are compatible with the literatüre. In a study, Sexual Health Inventory for Men(SHIM) and Erection Hardness Score(EHC) parameters were found to be lower in the group with low semen parameters.( 21 ) FSH levels were found to be significantly higher in the group with low semen parameters.( 21 ) Serum FSH level is known to have an inverse correlation with the disorder in spermatogenesis, and studies show that high FSH levels are a highly likely predictor of spermatozoa deficiency in semen.( 21 ) Also it has been confirmed in our study. Serum zinc concentration was also found to be lower in the group with low parameters.( 21 ) Mean sperm concentration and motility values of those with normal spermiogram results was the highest, mean value of those with Azoospermia was lowest. Mean semen volume of those with normal spermiogram results was highest, mean value of those with oligoastenozoospermia was lowest. These results are compatible with the literature. In some infertile patients, some of the semen parameters were observed in normal ranges. Etiological factors are variable in the literature, male factor, female factor and unexplained infertility can be detected among infertile couples. Multidisciplinary approach directly affects appropriate examination selections, comprehensive evaluation of patients and success of assisted reproductive techniques. Although no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups according to spermiogram results in terms of trace element analysis and many laboratory results, our study reveals important outcomes as there are limited comprehensive studies in the literature on trace element analysis in urine and semen samples. Comprehensive studies involving large populations are required in this field that can lead future diagnostic and treatment options. Declarations Data Availability Statement: The data of infertile male patients has been generated and analysed with using the hospital records and patient statements. Additional data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Bisconti M, Simon JF, Grassi S, Leroy B, Martinet B, Arcolia V, et al. Influence of Risk Factors for Male Infertility on Sperm Protein Composition. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(23). Fallara G, Cazzaniga W, Boeri L, Capogrosso P, Candela L, Pozzi E, et al. Male factor infertility trends throughout the last 10 years: Report from a tertiary-referral academic andrology centre. Andrology. 2021;9(2):610-7. Visser WR, Smith-Harrison LI, Krzastek SC. Surgical procedures for male infertility: an update. Curr Opin Urol. 2021;31(1):43-8. Kothari RP, Chaudhari AR. Zinc Levels in Seminal Fluid in Infertile Males and its Relation with Serum Free Testosterone. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(5):CC05-8. Madding CI, Jacob M, Ramsay VP, Sokol RZ. Serum and semen zinc levels in normozoospermic and oligozoospermic men. Ann Nutr Metab. 1986;30(4):213-8. Osadchuk L, Kleshchev M, Danilenko A, Osadchuk A. Impact of seminal and serum zinc on semen quality and hormonal status: A population-based cohort study of Russian young men. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2021;68:126855. Mawson CA, Fischer MI. Zinc and carbonic anhydrase in human semen. Biochem J. 1953;55(4):696-700. Bazid HAS, Attia AM, Yousef AM, Fawal AN, Mostafa MI. Evaluating the Serum and Seminal Plasma Levels of Zinc and Cadmium in Smokers and Their Relation to the Semen Parameters. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022;200(3):1002-9. Wiwanitkit V. Not only seminal plasma zinc but also other trace elements affect semen quality. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4(1):58. Kendall NR, McMullen S, Green A, Rodway RG. The effect of a zinc, cobalt and selenium soluble glass bolus on trace element status and semen quality of ram lambs. Anim Reprod Sci. 2000;62(4):277-83. Liu H, Sun Y, Zhao J, Dong W, Yang G. Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Semen Quality, Sperm Antioxidant Ability, and Seminal and Blood Plasma Mineral Profiles in Cashmere Goats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;196(2):438-45. Schisterman EF, Sjaarda LA, Clemons T, Carrell DT, Perkins NJ, Johnstone E, et al. Effect of Folic Acid and Zinc Supplementation in Men on Semen Quality and Live Birth Among Couples Undergoing Infertility Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;323(1):35-48. Wong WY, Flik G, Groenen PM, Swinkels DW, Thomas CM, Copius-Peereboom JH, et al. The impact of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper in blood and seminal plasma on semen parameters in men. Reprod Toxicol. 2001;15(2):131-6. Dissanayake D, Wijesinghe P, Ratnasooriya W, Wimalasena S. Relationship between seminal plasma zinc and semen quality in a subfertile population. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2010;3(3):124-8. Behne D, Gessner H, Wolters G, Brotherton J. Selenium, rubidium and zinc in human semen and semen fractions. Int J Androl. 1988;11(5):415-23. Koc F, Aysan E, Hasbahceci M, Arpaci B, Gecer S, Demirci S, et al. Relationship Not Found Between Blood and Urine Concentrations and Body Mass Index in Humans With Apparently Adequate Boron Status. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016;171(2):246-50. Usuda K, Kono K, Dote T, Watanabe M, Shimizu H, Tanimoto Y, et al. An overview of boron, lithium, and strontium in human health and profiles of these elements in urine of Japanese. Environ Health Prev Med. 2007;12(6):231-7. Duydu Y, Basaran N, Aydin S, Ustundag A, Yalcin CO, Anlar HG, et al. Evaluation of FSH, LH, testosterone levels and semen parameters in male boron workers under extreme exposure conditions. Arch Toxicol. 2018;92(10):3051-9. Korkmaz M, Yenigun M, Bakirdere S, Ataman OY, Keskin S, Muezzinoglu T, et al. Effects of chronic boron exposure on semen profile. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;143(2):738-50. Schoenfeld C, Amelar RD, Dubin L, Numeroff M. Prolactin, fructose, and zinc levels found in human seminal plasma. Fertil Steril. 1979;32(2):206-8. Tsujimura A, Hiramatsu I, Miyoshi M, Ogasa T, Miyoshi Y, Ishikawa K, et al. Relationship between serum zinc concentration and semen quality in newly-wed men. Int J Urol. 2021;28(3):289-93. Additional Declarations There is NO conflict of interest to disclose. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4015615","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":277933151,"identity":"2abd02bc-ff11-4093-b4f0-021f7090c4e2","order_by":0,"name":"Selcuk Sarikaya","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6426-1398","institution":"Gulhane Research and Training Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Selcuk","middleName":"","lastName":"Sarikaya","suffix":""},{"id":277933152,"identity":"50e14352-8b52-4877-9121-45ae401098f1","order_by":1,"name":"Ibrahim Kiliccalan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibrahim","middleName":"","lastName":"Kiliccalan","suffix":""},{"id":277933153,"identity":"abf07b8e-d66c-49f9-9351-48cceace5db1","order_by":2,"name":"Emel Caglar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emel","middleName":"","lastName":"Caglar","suffix":""},{"id":277933154,"identity":"b92e7ecf-beb0-4bd7-8eed-203b8b0a720b","order_by":3,"name":"Muhittin Serdar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhittin","middleName":"","lastName":"Serdar","suffix":""},{"id":277933155,"identity":"f7ece542-b5ed-4b6c-adf6-ae339f75a67e","order_by":4,"name":"Selahattin Bedir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Selahattin","middleName":"","lastName":"Bedir","suffix":""},{"id":277933156,"identity":"8789f62b-4194-4475-a513-0c24e0c05209","order_by":5,"name":"Taner Ozgurtas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taner","middleName":"","lastName":"Ozgurtas","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-05 07:00:45","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4015615/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4015615/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55306349,"identity":"4691da4e-2fe3-4847-952a-8ab02ab457ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-25 13:33:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":673256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4015615/v1/d1a20b07-eb47-4a8b-8ce4-f6f789a8f392.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e conflict of interest to disclose.","formattedTitle":"Assessing biochemical and clinical analysis results of infertile male patients in comparison with spermiogram results","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eInfertility is inability to have a child despite one year of unprotected and regular sexual intercourse. Infertility can occur due to factors originating from men and women. Male Infertility has become a urological pathology that closely concerns societies with its increasing incidence and prevalence every year. Lifestyle, dietary habits, increased radiation exposure, increases in smoking and alcohol use and sedentary lifestyle are closely related factors with increasing rates of male infertility. Also, sperm production disorders, blockages in sperm ducts, presence of antibodies against sperm, testicular trauma, hormonal disorders, anatomical problems, varicocele, previous diseases, infections and some medications are additional etiological factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany studies have been conducted in the literature about the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. On the other hand, unexplained infertility still constitutes a large proportion among infertility subtypes. For this reason, multidisciplinary studies in the field of infertility and the results obtained from these studies are expected to guide diagnosis and treatment within the upcoming years. Infertility is a complex pathology that requires special multidisciplinary approach. Evaluating biochemical, microbiological and genetic analysis results of patients in comparison with the clinical data increases the value of the scientific studies and facilitates access to many additional data. History taking, physical examination, laboratory findings and imaging modalities have important place in the diagnosis of infertility. In addition to the hormonal analysis and biochemical tests, studies in the literature have also attempted to reveal their relationship with infertility by analyzing trace elements such as zinc and selenium in urine and semen fluid. Infertility has psychological aspects and many infertile men feel incomplete and unhappy for several reasons. Various surgical techniques for sperm retrieval, as well as medical treatments such as hormonal support and replacement therapies and antioxidant treatments, can be used in the treatment of infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of our study is evaluating the laboratory results, trace element analysis and the demographic data of the patients in comparison with the semen analysis outcomes. The study was conducted in order to evaluate the relations that would lead new treatment modalities and replacement therapies. It was thought that by evaluating the spermiogram and trace element analysis results of infertile patients together, an opportunity can be created for different approaches that have similar features in the literature and can guide diagnosis and treatment in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eInfertile male patients between 18 and 50 years, with regular health records were included in the study. Men under the age of 18, over the age of 50, and who did not seek children were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe history of the infertile patients that admitted between May 2021 and October 2021 were obtained. Age, body mass index(BMI-kg/m2), infertility duration(months), comorbidities, habits(smoking and alcohol) were noted. History of previous urogenital surgery, medical treatment(antioxidant treatment, hormone replacement therapy) and sperm extraction/aspiration technique(if performed) were recorded. Physical examination of the urogenital system was performed and pathological findings were recorded. International Index of Erectile Functions(IIEF-15) and the Sexual Health Inventory for Men(SHIM) outcomes were analyzed to evaluate erectile functions. Within the scope of the laboratory analysis, hormonal parameters(FSH, LH, Total Testosterone, Free Testosterone, Estradiol, Prolactin), LDL HDL and total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, urinalysis, fasting blood glucose, thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), urea and creatinine levels, complete blood count(CBC) parameters(WBC, RBC, Hgb, NEU, LYM, EOS, PLT) were examined. In addition sperm concentration(mil/mL), sperm motility(%a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b group motile sperm), and sperm morphology(% normal form) were analysed with semen analysis. Trace element analyses were conducted in the semen fluids and spot urine samples. Creatinine, copper, zinc and boron levels in the urine samples, zinc and boron levels in the semen fluids were evaluated and comparative analyzes were performed. The semen fluid and urine sample were consisted of the residual parts of the samples obtained for routine analysis. No additional samples were taken.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcomes of the patients were examined comparatively according to normal and abnormal spermiogram results. In addition, spermiogram results were divided into subgroups as normal, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, oligoasthenozoospermia, oligoteratozoospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia and azoospermia. All outcomes were examined comparatively between these groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData analysis was performed with SPSS 21.0 and was studied at 95% confidence level. Normality was ensured for variables with skewness and kurtosis values between +\u0026thinsp;3 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3 and parametric tests were used, while non-parametric test techniques were used for variables outside this range. Examining the variables that provided normality according to the Spermiogram results(Normal and Abnormal Result) were analyzed with the independent groups t test, while the Mann Whitney test was used for the variables that did not provide normality. The variables that provided normality were examined in terms of detailed analysis of the spermiogram results(Normal, Oligozoospermia, Asthenozoospermia, Teratozoospermia, Oligoastenozoospermia, Oligoteratozoospermia, Astenoteratozoospermia, Oligoastenoteratozoospermia and Azoospermia) were analyzed by ANOVA test and the Kruskal Wallis test was used for the variables that did not provide normality. The relation between categorical variables was analyzed with the Chi-square test. The effect of variables giving significant results for spermiogram results were analyzed by logistic regression test. The statistical significance of the analysis results were evaluated with P value and values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e133 patients were examined in detail. Ages of patients were 23\u0026ndash;45 years(32.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.69) and body mass indexes(BMI-kg/m2) were 18-41.6kg/m2(27.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.94), infertility periods were 12\u0026ndash;180 months(36.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34.73). The rate of comorbidities was 18%. 52% of the patients were smoker and 24% of them were consuming alcohol. 22.6% of the patients had history of previous urogenital surgery. Previous medical treatment history(antioxidant therapy, hormone replacement therapy) was observed in 13.5% of the patients. 3% of patients had history of sperm extraction/aspiration. Pathological physical examination findings were observed in 4.5%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInternational Index for Erectile Functions(IIEF 15) and the Sexual Health Inventory for Men(SHIM) were used for evaluating erectile functions. IIEF-15 scores range between 10\u0026ndash;75(62.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.25). Erectile function(EF) scores were 5\u0026ndash;30(26.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.64), orgasmic function(OF) scores were 1\u0026ndash;10(9.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.77), sexual desire(SD) scores were 2\u0026ndash;10(7.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.49), sexual satisfaction(SS) scores were 0\u0026ndash;15(11.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.46) and overall satisfaction(OS) scores were 2\u0026ndash;10(8.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37). The average SHIM scores were 3\u0026ndash;25(20.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFSH values were 0.84-55.07mIU/mL(7.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.39). LH values were 0.92-24.22mIU/mL(4.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.45). Total testosterone values were 1.32-8.86ng/mL(3.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48). Free testosterone values were 1.58-27.03pg/mL(12.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.39). Estradiol values were 19.22-64.2ng/L(26.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.52). Prolactin values were 3.56-45.12ng/mL(10.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.42). Biochemical analysis results were also noted. LDL Cholesterol values were 35-227mg/dL(117.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35.98). HDL Cholesterol values were 25-70mg/dL(43.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.47). Total Cholesterol values were 102-309mg/dL(193.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41.73). Triglyceride levels were 41-557mg/dL(163.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;98.1). Abnormal urinalysis results were observed in 29%. Fasting Blood Glucose(FBG) values were 63-390mg/dL(98.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.22). Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH) values were 0.02-11.53mIU/mL(1.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43). Urea values were 14-46mg/dL(27.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.69). Creatinine levels were 0.72-1.57mg/dL(1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSperm concentration was 0-236mil/mL(50.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.05). Sperm Motility(%a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b) was 0-100(41.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.13). Semen Volume was 0.4-7mL(3.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31). Normal sperm morphology rate was 21.9% and morphological evaluation could not be performed in 21.1% of the patients due to low concentration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrine Creatinine levels were 12.44-294.71mg/dL(133.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;62.8). Urine Copper levels were 4.9-71.21ug/dL(29.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.57). Urine Zinc levels were 92-5588ug/dL(1285.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;833.63). Urine Boron levels were 0.24-3.06mg/L(1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56). Semen Zinc levels were 6.5-68.4ug/dL (21.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.05). Semen Boron levels were 33.03-610ug/L(237.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;127.17).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOutcomes of patients were grouped based on spermiogram results and examined comparatively in terms of normal and abnormal results.(Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) FSH showed a significant difference(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Patients with normal results had 4.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.75mIU/mL, patients with abnormal results had 8.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.05mIU/mL. LH showed a significant difference according to Spermiogram results(Normal and Abnormal)(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Patientes with normal results had 2.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31mIU/mL, while patients with abnormal results had 4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.68mIU/mL. Sperm Concentration showed a significant difference(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Patients with normal results had 89.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.55mil/mL, while patients with abnormal results had 41.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;49.28mil/mL. Sperm Motility showed also significant difference(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Patients with normal results had 62.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.31(%a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b), while patients with abnormal results had 36.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.93(%a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvaluation of the Relationship Between Spermiogram Results(Normal and Abnormal) and Categorical Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpermiogram Result (Normal, Abnormal)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbnormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComorbidity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(%87,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88(%80,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(%12,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(%19,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(%45,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(%48,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,792\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(%54,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53(%51,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlcohol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(%77,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78(%75,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(%22,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(%24,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistory of previous surgery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(%83,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83(%76,1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,446\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(%16,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(%23,9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistory of Medical Treatment-for infertility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(%95,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92(%84,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(%4,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(%15,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistory of Sperm Extraction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(%100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105(%96,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(%0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(%3,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Examination Findings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(%100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102(%94,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(%0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(%5,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrinalysis Result\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(%70,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76(%71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(%29,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(%29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,05; Chi-square test\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvaluation of Measurements in Terms of Spermiogram Results (Normal and Abnormal)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpermiogram Result (Normal, Abnormal)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbnormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33,09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody Mass Index (BMI-kg/m2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfertility duration(month)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35,22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37,42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34,67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIIEF-15 score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eErectile Function\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25,97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrgasmic Function\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual Desire\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,529\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntercourse Satisfaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Satisfaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSHIM Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal testosterone(ng/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,448\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFree testosterone(pg/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFSH(mIU/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e014*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLH(mIU/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e005*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstradiol(ng/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25,42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProlactine(ng/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFasting Blood Glucose(FBC)(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30,42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,658\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Cholesterol(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205,58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46,12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190,57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40,42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLDL Cholesterol(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126,46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39,47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115,56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35,05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHDL Cholesterol(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46,21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43,4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTriglyceride(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164,04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;101,13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;97,89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrea(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCreatinine(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,606\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTSH(mIU/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,893\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWBC(*10^3cell/uL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRBC(10^6/microlitre)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,684\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHgb(g/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,938\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNEU(*10^3cell/uL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,584\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLYM(*10^3cell/uL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEOS(*10^3cell/uL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,880\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePLT(*10^3cell/uL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219,63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47,67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;58,11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSperm Concentration(mil/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;49,28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSperm Motility(%a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62,71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17,31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36,7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27,93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemen Volume(mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrine Creatinine(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125,1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;65,23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135,63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;62,39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUriner Copper(ug/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14,67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29,02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13,35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrine Zinc(ug/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1381,04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1030,35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1264,17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;787,02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,771\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrine Boron(mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemen Zinc(ug/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16,72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemen Boron(ug/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222,77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;131,46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240,86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;126,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,568\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,05; student t test, Mann Whitney U test\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to logistic regression analysis for examining the effects on spermiogram results, sperm motility(a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b%) positively affects spermiogram results(B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032 p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and increases normal state by 1,032 times.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, spermiogram results were divided into subgroups, comparative evaluation was performed.(Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and 4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExamining the Relationship Between Spermiogram Results(Detailed Analysis) and Categorical Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpermiogram Results(Detailed Analysis)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOligozoospermia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeratozoospermia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOligoasthenozoospermia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsthenoteratozoospermia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzoospermia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComorbidity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(%87,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(%80,0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(%79,1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(%81,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(%80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(%87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(%12,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(%20,0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(%20,9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(%18,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(%20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(%13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(%45,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(%47,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(%60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(%10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(%50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(%50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(%54,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(%52,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(%40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(%90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(%50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(%50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlcohol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(%77,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(%94,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(%72,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(%80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(%80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(%63,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(%22,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(%5,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(%27,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(%20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(%20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(%36,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistory of previous surgery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(%83,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(%75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(%86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(%54,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(%100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(%60,9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,030*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(%16,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(%25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(%14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(%45,5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(%0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(%39,1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistory of Medical Treatment-for infertility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(%95,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(%85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(%93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(%81,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(%80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(%73,9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(%4,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(%15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(%7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(%18,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(%20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(%26,1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistory of Sperm Extraction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(%100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(%100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43(%100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(%100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(%100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(%82,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,\u003cstrong\u003e002*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(%0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(%0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(%0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(%0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(%0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(%17,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Examination Findings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(%100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(%90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(%97,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(%90,9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(%100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(%90,9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(%0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(%10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(%2,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(%9,1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(%0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(%9,1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrinalysis Result\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(%70,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(%73,7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(%73,8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(%63,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(%40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(%82,6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(%29,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(%26,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(%26,2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(%36,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(%60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(%17,4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a significant relation between spermiogram results(subgroups) and history of previous surgery(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Patients with normal results had 16.7%; oligozoospermia patients had 25.0%; teratozoospermia patients had 14.0%; oligoastenozoospermia patients had 45.5%; azoospermia patients had 39.1% rate of previous surgeries and asthenoteratozoospermia patients had no previous surgery. There was also significant relation between spermiogram results and history of sperm extraction(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The rate of the sperm extraction history for Azoospermia was 17.4%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFSH, LH, WBC, LYM, sperm concentration, motility and volume values showed significant difference according to detailed analysis(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAzoospermia patients had highest mean FSH values, Teratozoospermia patients had lowest. Mean LH values of those with Azoospermia patients had highest mean LH values, patients with normal results had lowest. Azoospermia patients had the highest mean WBC values, Teratozoospermia patients had lowest. Asthenoteratozoospermia patients had highest mean LYM values, patients with normal results had lowest. Sperm concentration was highest for patients with normal results, Azoospermia patients had lowest values. Mean sperm motility was highest for patients with normal results, while Azoospermia patients had lowest. Mean Semen Volume(mL) was highest for normal results, Oligoastenozoospermia had lowest values.(Table\u0026nbsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTablo 4: Evaluation of Variables in Terms of Spermiogram Results (Detailed Analysis)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"101%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.181818181818183%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75.75757575757575%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpermiogram Results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Detailed Analysis)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0606060606060606%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOligozoospermia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.055555555555557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTeratozoospermia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOligoasthenozoospermia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.055555555555557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsthenoteratozoospermia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAzoospermia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;sd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;sd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.055555555555557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;sd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;sd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.055555555555557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;sd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;sd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32,5\u0026plusmn;5,23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34,45\u0026plusmn;3,24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33,09\u0026plusmn;4,53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32,45\u0026plusmn;4,57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33,7\u0026plusmn;5,81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32,26\u0026plusmn;5,24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,689\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody Mass Index (BMI-kg/m2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,34\u0026plusmn;3,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,86\u0026plusmn;3,97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,17\u0026plusmn;3,23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28,39\u0026plusmn;5,64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,47\u0026plusmn;4,03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,67\u0026plusmn;4,47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfertility duration(month)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30,75\u0026plusmn;35,22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u0026plusmn;46,64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30,93\u0026plusmn;25,18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u0026plusmn;42,43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u0026plusmn;19,03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37,61\u0026plusmn;39,12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIIEF-15 score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64,55\u0026plusmn;8,21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59,17\u0026plusmn;16,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64,48\u0026plusmn;6,06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64,5\u0026plusmn;5,17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60,56\u0026plusmn;10,38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62,75\u0026plusmn;8,38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eErectile Function\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,95\u0026plusmn;4,05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25,39\u0026plusmn;6,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,65\u0026plusmn;3,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,3\u0026plusmn;3,09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,56\u0026plusmn;14,17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25,95\u0026plusmn;4,39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrgasmic Function\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,14\u0026plusmn;1,25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,28\u0026plusmn;2,72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,4\u0026plusmn;1,22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,8\u0026plusmn;0,42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,22\u0026plusmn;1,39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,6\u0026plusmn;1,9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual Desire\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,82\u0026plusmn;1,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,17\u0026plusmn;2,18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,8\u0026plusmn;1,44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,5\u0026plusmn;1,43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,56\u0026plusmn;1,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,65\u0026plusmn;1,39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntercourse Satisfaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,64\u0026plusmn;1,92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,06\u0026plusmn;4,29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,63\u0026plusmn;1,96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,8\u0026plusmn;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,78\u0026plusmn;2,54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,6\u0026plusmn;2,06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Satisfaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u0026plusmn;1,35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,22\u0026plusmn;2,16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,88\u0026plusmn;1,18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,1\u0026plusmn;1,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,67\u0026plusmn;1,32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,95\u0026plusmn;0,94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,786\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSHIM Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,68\u0026plusmn;3,98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,44\u0026plusmn;5,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,93\u0026plusmn;3,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,7\u0026plusmn;3,16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21,11\u0026plusmn;4,08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19,35\u0026plusmn;5,16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal testosterone(ng/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,78\u0026plusmn;1,08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026plusmn;1,54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,98\u0026plusmn;1,29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,44\u0026plusmn;1,9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,11\u0026plusmn;2,26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,03\u0026plusmn;1,59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,905\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFree testosterone(pg/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14,38\u0026plusmn;4,51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,11\u0026plusmn;5,84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,22\u0026plusmn;4,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13,39\u0026plusmn;7,07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,44\u0026plusmn;7,23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,43\u0026plusmn;6,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,684\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFSH(mIU/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,52\u0026plusmn;2,75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,73\u0026plusmn;4,19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,47\u0026plusmn;2,63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,18\u0026plusmn;3,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,44\u0026plusmn;1,94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18,96\u0026plusmn;14,46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLH(mIU/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,95\u0026plusmn;1,31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,62\u0026plusmn;1,25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,72\u0026plusmn;2,16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,52\u0026plusmn;2,24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,49\u0026plusmn;1,41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,76\u0026plusmn;5,66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstradiol(ng/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25,42\u0026plusmn;4,78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,55\u0026plusmn;8,21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25,12\u0026plusmn;5,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30,81\u0026plusmn;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28,17\u0026plusmn;8,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29,16\u0026plusmn;8,25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProlactine(ng/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,11\u0026plusmn;3,59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,41\u0026plusmn;3,95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,67\u0026plusmn;5,18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,28\u0026plusmn;4,16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,63\u0026plusmn;3,6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,72\u0026plusmn;5,06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFasting Blood Glucose(FBC)(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99,38\u0026plusmn;15,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93,8\u0026plusmn;8,72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97,28\u0026plusmn;11,13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91,91\u0026plusmn;13,81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105,6\u0026plusmn;13,56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106,04\u0026plusmn;62,83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Cholesterol(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205,58\u0026plusmn;46,12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190,35\u0026plusmn;46,4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189,83\u0026plusmn;35,48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183,36\u0026plusmn;49,64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185,8\u0026plusmn;35,11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198,3\u0026plusmn;44,51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLDL Cholesterol(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126,46\u0026plusmn;39,47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115,75\u0026plusmn;41,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114,5\u0026plusmn;30,9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114,55\u0026plusmn;45,67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113,2\u0026plusmn;29,01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119,7\u0026plusmn;37,66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHDL Cholesterol(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46,21\u0026plusmn;6,95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45,6\u0026plusmn;7,79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43,93\u0026plusmn;8,14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40,82\u0026plusmn;10,39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40,7\u0026plusmn;9,51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43,3\u0026plusmn;9,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTriglyceride(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164,04\u0026plusmn;101,13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158,9\u0026plusmn;119,27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162,6\u0026plusmn;105,61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139,82\u0026plusmn;68,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159,6\u0026plusmn;50,32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176,7\u0026plusmn;97,17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,621\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrea(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,71\u0026plusmn;8,94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,8\u0026plusmn;5,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,56\u0026plusmn;5,85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,73\u0026plusmn;6,31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32,7\u0026plusmn;6,83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26,7\u0026plusmn;5,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCreatinine(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,03\u0026plusmn;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,98\u0026plusmn;0,11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026plusmn;0,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,97\u0026plusmn;0,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,05\u0026plusmn;0,11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026plusmn;0,11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTSH(mIU/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,82\u0026plusmn;0,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,55\u0026plusmn;2,53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,84\u0026plusmn;0,94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,7\u0026plusmn;0,65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,37\u0026plusmn;0,86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,54\u0026plusmn;0,58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWBC(*10^3cell/uL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,8\u0026plusmn;1,59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,92\u0026plusmn;2,02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,74\u0026plusmn;1,54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,22\u0026plusmn;1,46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,15\u0026plusmn;1,23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e5,13\u0026plusmn;0,29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,771\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHgb(g/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,53\u0026plusmn;0,88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,47\u0026plusmn;0,96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,51\u0026plusmn;1,06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,03\u0026plusmn;0,92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,87\u0026plusmn;0,57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,69\u0026plusmn;0,96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNEU(*10^3cell/uL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,05\u0026plusmn;1,39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,03\u0026plusmn;1,32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,91\u0026plusmn;0,98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,95\u0026plusmn;1,43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,48\u0026plusmn;1,17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,94\u0026plusmn;2,29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLYM(*10^3cell/uL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,04\u0026plusmn;0,58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,12\u0026plusmn;0,87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,09\u0026plusmn;0,68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,52\u0026plusmn;0,57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,69\u0026plusmn;0,5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,36\u0026plusmn;0,67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,045*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEOS(*10^3cell/uL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,27\u0026plusmn;0,52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,16\u0026plusmn;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,27\u0026plusmn;0,53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,19\u0026plusmn;0,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,25\u0026plusmn;0,13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,2\u0026plusmn;0,16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePLT(*10^3cell/uL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219,63\u0026plusmn;47,67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218,7\u0026plusmn;70,51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236,84\u0026plusmn;45,12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233,73\u0026plusmn;53,22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e262,9\u0026plusmn;81,89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240,65\u0026plusmn;60,94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSperm Concentration(mil/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89,75\u0026plusmn;52,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u0026plusmn;4,22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80,19\u0026plusmn;46,88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,45\u0026plusmn;3,53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68,7\u0026plusmn;53,08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026plusmn;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSperm Motility(%a+b)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62,71\u0026plusmn;17,31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51,8\u0026plusmn;17,28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60,02\u0026plusmn;14,25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,09\u0026plusmn;8,34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14,5\u0026plusmn;9,36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026plusmn;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemen Volume(mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,41\u0026plusmn;1,55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,33\u0026plusmn;0,81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,32\u0026plusmn;1,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,36\u0026plusmn;1,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,29\u0026plusmn;1,48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,51\u0026plusmn;1,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,035*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrine Creatinine(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125,1\u0026plusmn;65,23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133,17\u0026plusmn;74,94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131,77\u0026plusmn;59,92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145,49\u0026plusmn;64,68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160,93\u0026plusmn;63,43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129,22\u0026plusmn;59,08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,733\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUriner Copper(ug/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31,29\u0026plusmn;14,67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,71\u0026plusmn;12,87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,64\u0026plusmn;13,06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30,16\u0026plusmn;15,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35,15\u0026plusmn;14,87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29,52\u0026plusmn;13,58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrine Zinc(ug/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1381,04\u0026plusmn;1030,35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1481,11\u0026plusmn;1197,35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1100,29\u0026plusmn;522,19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1224,73\u0026plusmn;476,84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1761,4\u0026plusmn;1247,25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1186,87\u0026plusmn;592,89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,721\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrine Boron(mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,07\u0026plusmn;0,51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,05\u0026plusmn;0,54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,4\u0026plusmn;0,57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,25\u0026plusmn;0,61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,28\u0026plusmn;0,59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,02\u0026plusmn;0,51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemen Zinc(ug/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,9\u0026plusmn;16,72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21,84\u0026plusmn;10,89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,75\u0026plusmn;10,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16,9\u0026plusmn;2,9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,93\u0026plusmn;21,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20,52\u0026plusmn;9,58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemen Boron(ug/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222,77\u0026plusmn;131,46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244,79\u0026plusmn;124,09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233,65\u0026plusmn;134,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213,68\u0026plusmn;115,17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215,57\u0026plusmn;158,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257,64\u0026plusmn;120,67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*p\u0026lt;0,05; ANOVA test, Kruskal Wallis test\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eInfertility has become a common health problem recently and many studies have been conducted in the literature on male infertility. However it has become a common condition, most of the patients do not admit for receiving professional support or they delay. In our study, the average infertility duration was between 3\u0026ndash;4 years and this outcome revealed delays. Considering the fertility potential and age of the patients, it is important to keep this period shorter. Delayed applications may also reduce the positive results of assisted reproductive techniques.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIIEF-15 and SHIM are widely used for evaluating erectile functions. In our study, average IIEF-15 score was 62.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.25 and ED was not significantly accompanied. Average EF score was 26.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.64 and erectile functions were generally normal. In addition, mean OF score was 9.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.77, mean SD score was 7.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.49, mean SS score was 11.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.46 and GS score was 8.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37. The mean SHIM score was 20.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1 and this pointed mild ED.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome laboratory results pointed statistically significant difference between the groups. Azoospermia patients had highest mean FSH(mIU/mL) and WBC(*10^3cells/uL) values and teratozoospermia patients had the lowest.(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) Patients with normal results had lowest mean LH(mIU/mL) values while azoospermia patients had the highest.(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) Asthenoteratozoospermia patients had highest mean LYM(*10^3cells/uL) values while patients with normal results had the lowest.(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) While evaluating these results, predicitons and detailed laboratory examinations would be reconsidered as well as treatment strategies especially for abnormal hormonal values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecrease in sperm quality, lower semen volume, and a decrease in sperm concentration, motility and morphology are observed in obese patients compared to normal individuals.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) In our study, considering the average body mass index(BMI-kg/m2) of the patients, it was observed that they were above the ideal weight. The negative impact of this outcome on fertility potential has been observed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to its negative effects on general health, smoking has also negative effects on sperm capacitation, DNA integrity, sperm motility, morphology, number, vitality and semen volume.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) When the habits of the patients in our study were examined, it was observed that the rates of smoking and alcohol consuming were quite high. Considering previous publications in the literature, our results support the conclusion that smoking and alcohol negatively affect fertility potential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effects of comorbidities and previous surgeries on fertility potential have also been supported by the results of our study. It was observed that one in every five patients had comorbidities that would negatively affect fertility potential. It has been also observed that urogenital surgeries for various reasons would also negatively affect their fertility potential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecently, a decrease in the rates of varicocele and cryptorchidism at first admission, an increase in hypogonadism cases and idiopathic cases have been observed in male infertility admissions.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) Varicocele is a very common condition that have negative effects on testicular functions and would lead to subfertility, scrotal discomfort and hypogonadism.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) Microscopic varicocelectomy is a surgical treatment option with highest success and lowest complication rates.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) In our study, 22.6% of the patients had a history of previous urogenital surgery and this high rates also pointed the role of surgical history. Urogenital system physical examination of the patients was performed, pathological findings were detected in 4.5% of the patients. These pathological findings had an important role in the etiology of infertility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical treatment history was observed in 13.5% of the patients. Medical treatments increase fertility potential when given in the right indications and to appropriate patients. This can also affect the successful outcome rates of assisted reproductive techniques. Additionally, the higher rate of sperm extraction/aspiration history in azoospermic patients is consistent with the literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeminal fluid biochemical content is provided by a wide variety of accessory glands.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) Zinc is one of the most important components added to the seminal fluid by the prostate gland and important for normal testicular development.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) Zinc is very important and necessary for growth, sexual maturation and reproduction.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) It plays an important role for human health, and male reproductive system as it is necessary for spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) The highest concentration of zinc is found in the first fraction of ejaculate, spermatozoa have a higher zinc concentration than all other body tissues and studies have shown that carbonic anhydrase is found in seminal plasma.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn studies, significant positive correlation was observed between seminal zinc values, sperm consentration and motility and also between serum zinc values and sperm motility.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) The relation of concentration, motility, viability, pH and viscosity with seminal plasma zinc levels has been observed. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) It has been shown that decreased sperm values is associated with pathozoospermia.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) It is stated that sperm motility has a significant relation with zinc level.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) In addition, zinc protects sperm from bacteria and chromosomal damage.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) Significant negative correlation was observed between serum zinc level and rates of abnormal forms.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) Zinc is important for union of head and tail of spermatozoa.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) Zinc supplementation increases daily sperm production and reduces abnormal spermatozoa rates.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) It has a very important role in continuity of germ cells, spermatogenesis progression, testicular development for sperm maturation and regulation of sperm motility.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e) It also reduces reactive oxygen species and has antioxidant properties.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) Zinc measurements in human seminal fluid are very important for evaluation of male infertility.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) Studies reveal important role of seminal plasma zinc levels in improving male fertility potential and show that appropriate seminal plasma concentration is necessary for normal sperm functions.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) However, it has also been stated that serum free testosterone levels show significant positive correlation with seminal plasma zinc levels.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) In another study, it was reported that folic acid and zinc supplements to men in couples expecting fertility did not contribute significantly to semen quality and live birth rates compared to placebo.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e) In our study, mean urine zinc level was 1285.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;833.63ug/dl and mean semen zinc level was 21.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.05ug/dL. Values did not show statistically significant difference between the patients that had normal and abnormal spermiyogram results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium is detected at the highest concentration in seminal plasma analyses, followed by magnesium and zinc.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e) Although the seminal plasma concentration of calcium, magnesium and zinc is higher than the blood plasma concentration, the blood plasma concentration of copper is higher than the seminal plasma concentration.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e) The presence of chronic prostatitis causes decrease in the prostatic fluid zinc levels, also frequent ejaculation may also decrease seminal vesicle zinc levels.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e) This situation may lead to lower antioxidant capacity and the adverse effect of heavy metals and also semen quality would be affected. In another study, no correlation was found between zinc, selenium and rubidium levels in seminal plasma and sperm motility, vitality and morphology. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoron is an element taken with natural products such as water, vegetables and fruits.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e) Studies have shown effects on bone metabolism, coagulation system, physiological effects of steroid hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e) Boron is a very important trace element in terms of membrane integrity. Daily boron intake of people in various countries has been determined as 0.89\u0026ndash;2.12 mg/day.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) In a study conducted in Turkey, daily boron exposure levels were measured in people living in a certain geography; blood boron and daily boron exposure levels, blood and urine boron levels, blood and semen boron levels were found to be statistically significant.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e) In studies, a positive correlation was observed between boron exposure and sperm motility, and a negative correlation was observed with the rate of immotile sperm. This reveals the positive effects of boron on the semen profile.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e) In our study, mean urine boron value was 1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56mg/L and mean semen boron value was 237.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;127.17ug/L. The values did not show statistically significant difference between the patients with normal and abnormal spermiyogram results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, mean semen zinc level was determined as 21.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.05ug/dL and mean semen boron level was determined as 237.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;127.17ug/L. In a study, Seminal Plasma Zinc level was found to be 692.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.0ug/mL in normospermic patients, 617.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43.7ug/mL in oligospermic patients and 661.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31.2ug/mL in azoospermic patients.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) The number of studies directly related to boron analysis in seminal plasma in infertile patients is quite limited in the literature, but within the scope of our study, the data and results obtained by boron and zinc analysis are very important. Also the trace element analysis we performed on the urine samples of infertile male patients; Urine Creatinine level average 133.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;62.8mg/dL, urine Copper level average 29.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.57ug/dL, urine Zinc level average 1285.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;833.63ug/dL and Urine Boron level was determined to be 1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56mg/L on average and the results are compatible with the literat\u0026uuml;re.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a study, Sexual Health Inventory for Men(SHIM) and Erection Hardness Score(EHC) parameters were found to be lower in the group with low semen parameters.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e) FSH levels were found to be significantly higher in the group with low semen parameters.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e) Serum FSH level is known to have an inverse correlation with the disorder in spermatogenesis, and studies show that high FSH levels are a highly likely predictor of spermatozoa deficiency in semen.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e) Also it has been confirmed in our study. Serum zinc concentration was also found to be lower in the group with low parameters.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean sperm concentration and motility values of those with normal spermiogram results was the highest, mean value of those with Azoospermia was lowest. Mean semen volume of those with normal spermiogram results was highest, mean value of those with oligoastenozoospermia was lowest. These results are compatible with the literature. In some infertile patients, some of the semen parameters were observed in normal ranges. Etiological factors are variable in the literature, male factor, female factor and unexplained infertility can be detected among infertile couples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultidisciplinary approach directly affects appropriate examination selections, comprehensive evaluation of patients and success of assisted reproductive techniques. Although no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups according to spermiogram results in terms of trace element analysis and many laboratory results, our study reveals important outcomes as there are limited comprehensive studies in the literature on trace element analysis in urine and semen samples. Comprehensive studies involving large populations are required in this field that can lead future diagnostic and treatment options.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe data of infertile male patients has been generated and analysed with using the hospital records and patient statements. Additional data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBisconti M, Simon JF, Grassi S, Leroy B, Martinet B, Arcolia V, et al. Influence of Risk Factors for Male Infertility on Sperm Protein Composition. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(23).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFallara G, Cazzaniga W, Boeri L, Capogrosso P, Candela L, Pozzi E, et al. Male factor infertility trends throughout the last 10 years: Report from a tertiary-referral academic andrology centre. Andrology. 2021;9(2):610-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVisser WR, Smith-Harrison LI, Krzastek SC. Surgical procedures for male infertility: an update. Curr Opin Urol. 2021;31(1):43-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKothari RP, Chaudhari AR. Zinc Levels in Seminal Fluid in Infertile Males and its Relation with Serum Free Testosterone. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(5):CC05-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMadding CI, Jacob M, Ramsay VP, Sokol RZ. Serum and semen zinc levels in normozoospermic and oligozoospermic men. Ann Nutr Metab. 1986;30(4):213-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOsadchuk L, Kleshchev M, Danilenko A, Osadchuk A. Impact of seminal and serum zinc on semen quality and hormonal status: A population-based cohort study of Russian young men. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2021;68:126855.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMawson CA, Fischer MI. Zinc and carbonic anhydrase in human semen. Biochem J. 1953;55(4):696-700.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBazid HAS, Attia AM, Yousef AM, Fawal AN, Mostafa MI. Evaluating the Serum and Seminal Plasma Levels of Zinc and Cadmium in Smokers and Their Relation to the Semen Parameters. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022;200(3):1002-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWiwanitkit V. Not only seminal plasma zinc but also other trace elements affect semen quality. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4(1):58.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKendall NR, McMullen S, Green A, Rodway RG. The effect of a zinc, cobalt and selenium soluble glass bolus on trace element status and semen quality of ram lambs. Anim Reprod Sci. 2000;62(4):277-83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu H, Sun Y, Zhao J, Dong W, Yang G. Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Semen Quality, Sperm Antioxidant Ability, and Seminal and Blood Plasma Mineral Profiles in Cashmere Goats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;196(2):438-45.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchisterman EF, Sjaarda LA, Clemons T, Carrell DT, Perkins NJ, Johnstone E, et al. Effect of Folic Acid and Zinc Supplementation in Men on Semen Quality and Live Birth Among Couples Undergoing Infertility Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;323(1):35-48.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWong WY, Flik G, Groenen PM, Swinkels DW, Thomas CM, Copius-Peereboom JH, et al. The impact of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper in blood and seminal plasma on semen parameters in men. Reprod Toxicol. 2001;15(2):131-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDissanayake D, Wijesinghe P, Ratnasooriya W, Wimalasena S. Relationship between seminal plasma zinc and semen quality in a subfertile population. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2010;3(3):124-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBehne D, Gessner H, Wolters G, Brotherton J. Selenium, rubidium and zinc in human semen and semen fractions. Int J Androl. 1988;11(5):415-23.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKoc F, Aysan E, Hasbahceci M, Arpaci B, Gecer S, Demirci S, et al. Relationship Not Found Between Blood and Urine Concentrations and Body Mass Index in Humans With Apparently Adequate Boron Status. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016;171(2):246-50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUsuda K, Kono K, Dote T, Watanabe M, Shimizu H, Tanimoto Y, et al. An overview of boron, lithium, and strontium in human health and profiles of these elements in urine of Japanese. Environ Health Prev Med. 2007;12(6):231-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuydu Y, Basaran N, Aydin S, Ustundag A, Yalcin CO, Anlar HG, et al. Evaluation of FSH, LH, testosterone levels and semen parameters in male boron workers under extreme exposure conditions. Arch Toxicol. 2018;92(10):3051-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKorkmaz M, Yenigun M, Bakirdere S, Ataman OY, Keskin S, Muezzinoglu T, et al. Effects of chronic boron exposure on semen profile. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;143(2):738-50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchoenfeld C, Amelar RD, Dubin L, Numeroff M. Prolactin, fructose, and zinc levels found in human seminal plasma. Fertil Steril. 1979;32(2):206-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTsujimura A, Hiramatsu I, Miyoshi M, Ogasa T, Miyoshi Y, Ishikawa K, et al. Relationship between serum zinc concentration and semen quality in newly-wed men. Int J Urol. 2021;28(3):289-93.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"infertility, semen analysis, trace element","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4015615/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4015615/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eInfertility is recently a common health problem among the populations. Our study aims to reveal the clinical outcomes of infertile male patients that were evaluated comparatively according to spermiogram results. Male infertility patients between the ages of 18\u0026ndash;50 with regular health records were included in the study. Men under the age of 18, over the age of 50 and who did not seek children were excluded from the study. Demographic data, questionnaire scores, hormonal parameters and spermiogram results were examined and comparatively analyzed. 133 patients were included. Patietns with abnormal spermiogram results had higher mean FSH(mIU/mL) and LH(mIU/mL) values. Patients with normal spermiogram results had higher sperm concentration(mil/mL) and sperm motility(%a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b).(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) Azoospermia patients had highest mean FSH(mIU/mL) and WBC(*10^3cells/uL) values and teratozoospermia patients had the lowest.(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) Patients with normal results had lowest mean LH(mIU/mL) values while azoospermia patients had the highest.(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) Asthenoteratozoospermia patients had highest mean LYM(*10^3cells/uL) values while patients with normal results had the lowest.(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) Although statistically significant differences were not observed in terms of trace element analysis and many laboratory results, our study is important due to limited number of studies for especially trace element analysis in infertile male patients.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessing biochemical and clinical analysis results of infertile male patients in comparison with spermiogram results","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-13 06:37:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4015615/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f59b9a6a-c1c5-4cbe-80d5-c59a24841e39","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-25T13:25:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-13 06:37:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4015615","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4015615","identity":"rs-4015615","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}