Heavy Mineral Assemblages of Quaternary Alluvial Deposits in Coastal Environment: Their Implication for Depositional environment and Provenance Assessment in Eastern Dahomey Basin Southwestern Nigeria

Heavy Mineral Assemblages of Quaternary Alluvial Deposits in Coastal Environment: Their Implication for Depositional environment and Provenance Assessment in Eastern Dahomey Basin Southwestern Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Heavy Mineral Assemblages of Quaternary Alluvial Deposits in Coastal Environment: Their Implication for Depositional environment and Provenance Assessment in Eastern Dahomey Basin Southwestern Nigeria Richard Omotoso Fakolade, Phillips Reuben Ikhane, Qingzhen Hao, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5694357/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The rock provenance of eastern Dahomey Basin has not been studied much, leading to insufficient information about the alluvium deposits around the coastal environment of the basin. This has prompted this research to examine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of heavy minerals in the sediments, with the aim at inferring their provenance, tectonic settings and their economic implications. Thirty (30) sediment samples were collected and subjected to heavy mineral analyses and quantified by viewing under the microscope. The result of heavy mineral analysed under the microscope shows that the heavy mineral assemblages in this study area are dominated by opaque minerals among which is limonite, followed by non-opaque minerals, namely the pyroxene groups (orthpyroxene and clinopyroxene), amphibole group (hornblende, tremolite and actinolite), tourmaline, zircon and rutile. In conclusion, the heavy mineral studies revealed a range of basic and acidic igneous, metamorphic and intermediate rocks coupled with reworked sedimentary deposits in source areas, where there is a mixed depositional environment and varied intensity of weathering. More research work with large amount of samples is recommended to determine the specific source area for the sediments in Eastern Dahomey Basin. words: Heavy minerals Provenance Quaternary Eastern Dahomey Basin Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction Comprehending the provenance of the siliciclastic sediments, their transportation mechanisms and the depositional environment within the coastal environment of eastern Dahomey Basin has been a challenging task. Many research works had been conducted within this environment to unravel the provenance and depositional environment of this deposit, but conscientious has not been arrived at due to variation in their outcomes (Boboye and Nwosu, 2014). Series of methods have been adopted by various researchers to determine their provenance, this includes: ZTR index distribution, detrital composition observation, geochemical analysis, fission-track and identification of pollen types (Fakolade and Bassey, 2017 ; Hegde, et al., 2006, 2009 ; Shalini et al., 2020 & Paltekar et al., 2021 ). In all these methods, heavy mineral characterisation and ZTR index distribution of siliciclastic sediments have been extensively used to trace both the provenance and acquire the source rock compositions in sedimentary rocks (Ikhane et al., 2013 ). According to Hegde, et al. (2006), heavy minerals are minor accessory minerals of the sediments mostly with a higher than average specific gravity and the remnants of the minerals that survived from various factors that destroyed the parent rock. Various non-opaque heavy mineral species (above fifty in number) have been documented in sandstones with specific parageneses that enable a direct match between sediments and source rocks (Morton & Hallsworth, 1994 ). Heavy mineral assemblage is controlled by series of factors which include; the nature of the parent rocks, the climatic conditions during weathering of the parent rocks, relative solubility and stability of the various detrital minerals, their mineralogy, abrasion, their density, size, sorting and past depositional changes experienced by the sediments. In their research work, Florence et al. ( 2013 ) stated that the heavy minerals represent an insignificant part of the sediment volume compared with common minerals quartz, feldspar, and micas. He went further that the complementary light fractions consist of a variety of minerals and other components, this can point to sediment sources ranging from general to specific locations. The siliciclastic deposits of the Dahomey basin extend from Ghana towards the eastern end of Nigeria and terminated at the Okitipupa fringe ( Nton, 2000; Agagu, 1985 ). This forms a large coastal deposits of the Quaternary Epoch. Series of research works have been conducted on these deposits within this region (Ikhane et al., 2013 ), in parts of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Nigeria. Despite this, not much studies has been conducted on their heavy mineral assemblages. Heavy minerals bears crucial information on petrogenetic (Mange & Otvos, 2005 ) and provenance of rocks (Ramasamy & Karikalan, 2010 ). Also, some peculiar heavy minerals have been accepted for provenance indicators (Fakolade & Bassey, 2017 ).They have been used to carry out siliciclastic sediments provenance studies relative to either their mineral assemblages to indicate the original sources (Boggs & Krinsley, 2006 ; Boggs, 2013 ) or as provenance indicators (Mazumder, 2016 ) over the years. Heavy minerals have been adopted to trace sediment transport paths (Pettijohn et al., 1987 ) and to map the paths so as to determine the provenance. Sandstone provenance interpretation using heavy mineral data need to be critically studied, because of the likelihood the sediment might have suffered burial digenesis (Morton & Hallsworth, 2007 ), which may possibly result in elimination of some heavy mineral species through dissolution. The sources of heavy minerals could be either from the crystalline basement complexes, which disintegrate due to weathering, further transported by the rivers and streams, ultimately reaching the coastal environment or reworked sediments from pre-existing sedimentary rocks (Morton & Hallsworth, 1999 ; Wong, 2002 ). Siliciclastic sediment transportation is mostly related with erosion (Mazumder, 2016 ), sandbar formation, gullying, bed form migration and generation of primary sedimentary structures. Heavy minerals concentration can be subjected to hydrodynamic conditions (Rao et al., 2001 ) such as sediment influx from the hinterland, wave energy and its velocity, long shore current and wind speed. These could serve as regulator for littoral transport, sorting and deposition of heavy minerals in suitable environment. Marine actions and shape of the coastal geomorphology have played important role in the concentration of heavy minerals within the alluvial deposits (Cheepurupalli, et al., 2012). This has been extensively used for alluvial (Cordier et al., 2005 ), continental, beach, dune, shallow marine and deep marine (Grzebyk & Leszczyñski, 2006 ) arenaceous deposits respectively. The particle size distribution and the assemblages of heavy minerals in the sediments contribute effectively to trace and adopt the vital minerals to predict their dispersal pattern when they re-enter the natural environment (Basu, 2003 , 2016 ). This research aimed at identifying the heavy minerals present in this study, in order to reconstruct the provenance of the rocks, their transportation processes and depositional environments. This will attempt to characterize the minerals relative to their quality, quantity and spatial distribution, thereby assist to discriminate this modern beach sediment from their ancient sediment counterparts thereby filling a missing gap in the eastern Dahomey Basin. This will also assist to assess various economic viability and implications relative to the international market standards. 2. Regional Geology of the study area The Dahomey Basin is situated on the coast of West Africa (Whiteman, 1982 ) with coordinate ranging from longitude 6º 10'N to 6º 25'N and latitude 4º 30'E to 4º 50' E respectively (Fig. 1 ). It is a combination of inland, coastal, offshore settings that extends from southeastern Ghana through Togo and the Republic of Benin to southwestern Nigeria, trending along the east-west direction and thins out at the Okitipupa ridge/ Benin hinge (Agagu, 1985 ; Okosun, 1990 ; Ikhane et al., 2013 ; Olabode and Mohammed, 2016 ). This has been described as a rift basin, marginal pull-apart, marginal sag basin and West African pre-cratonic basins respectively (Burke et al., 1971 ; Adegoke, 1980 ; Whiteman, 1982 ; Kingston et al., 1983 ). The basin was formed consequently on the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean (Storey, 1995 ). This resulted in the occurrence of three stages of structural development during the pull apart of the South America continent from Africa continent (Mpanda, 1997 ). These include: Rifting activities- A, followed by Horst formation - B or consequential block faulting called horsts and grabens, fragmentation and subsidence and continuous deposition of sediments in the graben - C or sedimentation of the basin after different episodic block faulting an unconformities as expressed by Omatsola & Adegoke ( 1981 ) and Rahaman ( 1988 ) as shown in Fig. 2 . The geologic, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and organic geochemical studies of different parts of the alluvial deposits in Dahomey Basin have been reported in the literatures (Ako et al., 1980 ; Okosun, 1990 ; Billman, 1976 , 1992 ; Nton, 2001 ; Elueze & Nton, 2004 ; Adekeye, 2004 & Adekeye et al., 2006 ; Ikhane et al., 2013 ) among others. 2.1 Stratigraphy Setting The stratigraphy of the Nigerian sector of the Dahomey Basin situated in the southwestern Nigeria covers both the onshore and offshore parts. The areas includes the Cretaceous Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rocks respectively (Jones and Hockey, 1964 ; Coker, 2002 ; Brownfield, and Charpentier, 2006 ). The Cretaceous stratigraphy consists Abeokuta Group with three sub-division; Ise, Afowo, and Araromi (Omatsola and Adegoke, 1981 ). Ise Formation unconformably overlies the basement complex and contains coarse conglomeratic sediments. Afowo Formation is made of transitional sediments (marine sands and sandstone with variable but thick interbedded shales and siltstone) and Araromi is located at the uppermost Formation, composed a total of siltstone and shales with sands and limestone interbeds. Ewekoro Formation is composed of fossiliferous well-bedded limestone, with glauconitic and phosphatic bands that defined the boundary between Ewekoro and Akinbo Formations. Akinbo and Oshosun Formations composed of flaggy gray and black shales beds respectively, while Ilaro, and Benin (coastal plain sand) Formations are predominantly coarse sandy estuarine, deltaic and continental beds, all of which belong to Tertiary deposits. Lying unconformably on the Benin formation is the alluvium deposit. This is made of massive unconsolidated sediment, whitish to greyish in colour, it is texturally dominated with medium grained sand constituting about 80% while it is over 90% dominated with quartz mineral.. It occurs as a ridge coupled with channels otherwise referred to as abandoned ridge channel (Fig. 3 ). The study area is located in the eastern part of the Dahomey Basin, in the area or vicinity of Ilaje community in the coastal environment in the state. The study area is a barrier lagoon coastal complex, stretching from around Agerige community where the coastline starts a southward variation (Woodroffe & Horton, 2005; Awosika & Folorunsho 2010 ). The texture of the alluvial deposits varies from medium to fine grained, well sorted to moderately well sorted sands with colour variation from whithish, greyish to reddish brown respectively. The higher-level terraces are rarely exposed, although, few sections could be seen around Ofada and Moloki on the Ogun river bank. Quaternary deposits consist of only recent alluvium sediments (Figs. 4 ), underlain by siltstone/ mudstone (Jones and Hockey, 1964 ; Omatsola and Adegoke, 1981 and Agagu, 1985 ). This consists of beach ridges adjoined with a foreshore of more than 50 m above the sea level similar to that of modern coast as revealed by Adekeye et al. ( 2006 ) research work. The Beach crest altitude varies from 3 to 4 m above the average sea level, while relief ranges from sea level towards the coast rising gently from 2 m to about 50 m above the mean sea level with the aid of tidal flat (Figs. 5 ). This barrier lagoon bar experiences tides, currents, waves, mostly the long shore currents generated by south-westerly breaking waves at various degrees. The dominant coastal vegetation around the beach are the red mangrove ( Rhizophora racemosa) , white mangrove ( Avicennia spp) , the hardy grass Paspalum vaginatum , the fern Acrositichum anreum , the palm Phoenix reclinata and various climbers ( Ipomea , Vigna and Amaranthus) and shrubs (Awosika & Folorunsho, 2010 ). 3. Materials and methods Thirty (30) selected samples were collected from the Ilaje community and its environs, within the eastern Dahomey Basin using sand scooper, geographical positioning system. The samples were properly packed, well labeled and were subjected to heavy mineral analysis in Keys Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environments in China. The very fine sand fraction < 63 µm was chosen for the separation of heavy minerals using bromoform (CHBr 3 ; 2.89 g/cm 3 ). All the samples were subjected to heavy mineral quantification following the “ribbon counting” method (Mange and Maurer, 1992). The analysis was conducted at Langfang, Yuneng Rock and Mineral Separation Technology Service Company Limited, China. Heavy mineral indices based on pairs of minerals were determined with a range; minimum of 100 and a maximum of 200 grains per minerals. The heavy mineral indices) were used to determine the transportation patterns of the sediment, and to further determine the sediment sources and the influence of weathering in the study area. The heavy minerals were then classified by sensitivity to transport, source and age (post-depositional dissolution). The chemical maturity of the siliciclastic sediments from the study area was assessed through the study of Tourmaline and hornblende (THi) to determine source area variation ( Force & Garner Jr., 1985 ) . The result shows the similarity observed in some of their physical properties (density and shape). Tourmaline and zircon (TZi) was also studied to determine the transportation mechanism of the siliciclastic sediments from the study area, this was due to their chemical stabilities and their distinct hydraulic equivalences. Statistical application using bar and pie charts were applied to study the samples in order to see their variability. The minerals composing rutile and zircon (RuZi) were selected to determine source area variation, due to their similarity in physical and chemical behaviors, but different source rocks (Mange & Morton, 2007). There is a preferential association of rutile with high-grade metamorphic rocks. The ZTR index was also calculated to assess the maturity of the sediments. 3. 1 Procedures to Calculate THi, TZi, RuZi and ZTR 4. Results Non-opaque and opaque heavy minerals were investigated by viewing under the petrographic microscope, the siliciclastic sediments from the study area. The suites of non-opaque heavy minerals identified are as shown in Table 1 and Plate 1 respectively. These include: orthopyroxene (Opx), clinopyroxene (Cpx) hornblende (Hbl), tremolite (Tr), actinolite (Actn), zircon (Zrn), tourmaline (Tur) and rutile (Rt), respectively. Among the opaque minerals present in the samples, limonite (L), was identified. The quantity of heavy minerals in the samples ranges from 0.3 to 2.8 wt %. Opaque minerals, pyroxene groups, and hornblende were observed mostly in all the samples, while tourmaline, zircon, tremolite, limonite appear in some of the samples. Some heavy minerals such as rutile appeared slightly to nil in the study area (Table 1). The heavy minerals are grouped into ultra-stable, unstable and opaque minerals respectively. 4.1 Heavy Mineral Assemblage 4.1.1 Ultrastable Minerals Among the ultrastable heavy minerals present within the eastern Dahomey Basin include: zircon, tourmaline and rutile.Zircon mineral concentration varies from 0.0 to 2.56 % with an average value of 0.83 %. The colour of the zircon mineral varies from colourless, pale yellow, to slightly pinkish (Force, 1991). It shows high relief, dark boundaries, strong birefringence, positive elongation and parallel extinction. This mineral is thought to have its source from the granites and possibly syenites and metamorphic rocks of the southwestern basement complex at the northern section of this study area (Folk, 1974). The resistance to destruction of this mineral during erosion and deposition could indicate multiple cycles of deposition (Pettijohn et al., 1987). Zircon minerals are important indicator in study siliciclastic sediment source area (Deeret al., 1996). This can possibly be found both in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks that has undergone reworked (Bassey, 1996; Fakolade and Bassey, 2017). Also revealed in this study is tourmalinemineral present in the siliciclastic sediments. These range from 0.0 to 17.06 percent with an average of 4.62 per cent. They are subangular, sub-rounded to round, with the colour varying from light brown, yellowish brown, deep brown to greenish respectively. The nature of the tourmaline is suspected to be from felsic igneous rocks (Tucker, 1994) especially granite and metamorphic rocks mostly of stable granitic pegmatites (Petijohn et al., 1987).The rutile mineral observed in the study is very small,it varies from 0.0 to 0.61 per cent with an average of 0.58 percent. It displays high relief, reddish color to deep yellow coupled with sub-rounded shape. This is suggested to be from the felsic igneous and metamorphic rock suite of the adjoined basement complex or reworked sediment from the ocean (Tucker, 1994; Boggs, 2013). The ultra-stable heavy minerals present (zircon, tourmaline and rutile) display sub rounded to rounded shape in this study area suggest the possibility that they had survived numerous periods of recycling and re-deposition from the southern Atlantic Ocean. 4. 1. 2 Unstable Minerals The presence of Pyroxene group (Ortho-pyroxene and Clino-pyroxene minerals) was observed in this study (Table 1, Plates1). Clino-pyroxene mineral ranges from 2.15 to 43.48 percent with an average of 8.09 percent. Their colours vary from yellowish green to colorless. The ortho-pyroxene mineral observed ranges from 2.09 to 52.95% with an average value of 33.36% respectively. The amphibole group consists of the hornblende, actinolite and tremolite heavy minerals respectively. Hornblende concentration varies from 2.89-8.33 percent with the mean value 5.28 percent. It is light-green to greenish brown colour, rectangular in shape. The hornblende is moderately stable (Pettijohn et al., 1987) and common in igneous, some medium grade metamorphic rocks.Actinolite, an unstable mineral, occurs only in a sample (R27) with value 1.47 per cent. Boggs (2009) in his study, revealed that actinolite occurs in contact metamorphic, schist and gneisses might possible come from the basement complex rocks of the southwestern Nigeria. Tremolite belongs to the Amphibole group of minerals. It are ranges from 0 to 13.88 percent with average of 2.28 percent at the study area. It displays subangular shape and colorless. 4. 1. 3 Opaque minerals This constitute the highest percentage of the heavy minerals present in the studies conducted on the < 63 µm fractions of the sediments within the eastern Dahomey Basin. It ranges from 5.38 to 64.95 per cent and the mean value is 40.60 per cent. The colour varies from black to brownish in colour and are mostly oxides of iron minerals. Folk (1974) in his research work, stated that the high percentage of opaque minerals has to do with the iron content. Identified among the opaque minerals is limonite. It varies from 0.0 to 9.37 percent with an average 2.91 percent. 4.2 Discussion 4.2.1 Heavy Mineral Indices Characterisation Heavy mineral indices were estimated to emphasis further on the stabilities of mineral assemblages and maturity of the heavy mineral suites in this study area. The Hornblende/Tourmaline index (HTi) was determined to assess the provenance of the samples under study. This showed that, only 21 out of the 30 samples randomly analysed have their values range from 0.0 to 100.0 percent, with an average value 83.8 percent respectively. The Tourmaline, Zircon index (TZi) values range from 0.0 to 100.0% with a mean value of 84.4 per cent. This only occur in 18 out of 30 samples analysed. The presence of the tourmaline, zircon (TZi) index indicate that the sediments had not travelled a very long distance and probably undergone a cycle, this might possibly reflected from their chemical stabilities and their distinct hydraulic equivalences. The rutile and zircon index (RZi) varies from 0.0 to 66.0 percent with an average of 41.1 per cent. The result indicates that the minerals have preferential association with high-grade metamorphic and reworked sedimentary rocks. The zircon, tourmaline and rutile index (ZTR) index developed by Hubert (1962) has been widely used to evaluate the stability of the heavy mineral assemblage to determine the effects of both pre-depositional weathering and post-depositional dissolution accumulated through series of sedimentary cycles (Table 2). Hubert (1962) stated further that ZTR75 per cent are mineralogically mature. In this study, the zircon-Tourmaline and rutile index ranges from 0.0 to 45 percent with an average of 7.7 percent. This implies that the samples were mineralogically immature and was supported with a graphical representation of the ZTR index (Figure 6a&b). Interestingly, the areas with high ZTR index falls within the same environment of the study. 4.2.2 Pyroxene Suites, Hornblende, Tremolite, Limonite and Actinolite. The hornblende/tourmaline index has been a good indicator to determine basic status of igneous and metamorphic source rocks. Their absence in some other samples indicate either an intense weathering and erosion effect or depletion from source. Also, depletion of the hornblende, coupled with some ferromagnesian minerals, may be vulnerable to their decomposition mostly when exposed to oxidising waters during depositional processes of the samples from the study area ( Garzanti, et al., 2018) . The bar chart (Figure 7) adopted in this study reveals the variability of the heavy mineral indices in relation to the siliciclastic sediments from the study area in terms of the maturity, stability and mineral assemblages of the sediments. This supported the assertion that the sediments are mineralogically immature to mature and chemically unstable to stable. 4. 2.3 Implication of Heavy M ineral for Sediment Provenance Various attempts have been employed on heavy minerals abundance to determine their transportation mode, depositional environment and parent rocks source area, these include: defining the stabilities of the minerals coupled with their mineral assemblages within the study. The heavy minerals in the studied area were classified into three different groups ranging from ultra-stable, moderately stable to unstable (Table 3),based on the chemical and physical resistance to erosion and weathering of the pre-existing rocks within the southwestern Basement Complex (Sengupta, 2017). Heavy minerals such as pyroxene groups, hornblende, tremolite and actinolite belong to the unstable mineral assemblages of mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks coupled with high-grade metamorphic source rock areas capable of undergoing weathering circumstances. (Tucker, 1990; Garzanti, et al., 2018) . This minerals maintain their shapes and are well formed, they have low mechanical and chemical stability, this indicate the minerals in the sample under study had been transported for a short distance, due to rapid erosion from the source area. This explains further that they have their sources within a few kilometers from the adjourning acidic and basic igneous and metamorphic (regional and contact metamorphism) rocks of the southwestern Basement complex of Nigeria due to their mineralogical similarity (Deer et al; 1996; Mange and Morton, 2007; Fakolade and Bassey, 2017). Although the presence of zircon, tourmaline and rutile in this study area suggested the extent of their resistance, an indication the sediments had experienced more than cycles of deposition. It was observed that the percentage of unstable minerals were higher than the ultra-stable ones, indicating that the materials are of various depositional mechanisms and sources. The ultra-stable heavy minerals present as observed for their sub rounded shape, indicate that they have not survived multiple periods of recycling and re-deposition (Garzanti, 2016). The high concentration of opaque minerals present in this sediment samples also suggest the source to be from the adjourning acidic and basic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the southwestern Basement complex of Nigeria coupled with the adjoining creeks. This could be corroborated based on various rivers, streams and tributaries that supported the oceans to supply sediments to the study area. This also confirms the work of Pettijohn et al. (1987 ) that the siliciclastic sediments are assigned to a mixed provenance possibly igneous and metamorphic origin and through sediment reworked processes (Fakolade & Bassey, 2017). Graphical representation was used in this study (Figure 8a & b) to differentiate between acidic and basic igneous rocks and their heavy mineral suites to understand their behaviour (Sengupta, 2017). It was observed that tourmaline mineral was present in all the samples, while other minerals such as zircon and rutile appear very few in some of the locations. Also, the graphic plot of pyroxene groups show that they are present mostly in all the samples from the study area. An increased concentration of this opaque minerals could be linked with their density, particle size and shape assisted by the gentle slope / relief of the study area that has allowed their concentration. These heavy mineral particles are redistributed through various processes which includes; wave action, tidal and river currents and longshore currents within the beach environment. Further to this study, figure 4 shows the heavy minerals are spatial distributed mostly from the northeastern section, and trends towards the southern end of the area under study. The spatial distribution of minerals in this study area are dependent on factors such as weathering of the southwestern basement complex, flooding of rivers draining across this area, coupled with wind load and tides from the sea. The correlation coefficient conducted on the heavy minerals present in the siliciclastic sediments from the study area (Table 4) showed that some of the heavy minerals are weakly correlate (orthopyroxene is weakly correlated with actinolite, limonite and hornblende) as related to mineral assemblages in both basic igneous and metamorphic origin respectively (Muhs, 2004). Others heavy minerals that are positively correlated include: clinopyroxene and tourmaline/zircon /rutile, this confirms the source to be of acidic igneous rock and reworked sediment nature. This suggests that the siliciclastic sediments under study are from mixed acidic and basic igneous rocks, granites, pegmatite and metamorphic related rocks of the adjoined basement complexes of southwestern Nigeria and reworked sedimentary sediments from southern Atlantic Ocean. Similarly, the few tourmaline, rutile, zircon present may belong to the ancient sediments which might have undergone reworking activities. The observed assemblages of non-opaque heavy minerals (pyroxene, amphibole, tourmaline, tremolite, and zircon) suggest their sources from a mixed provenance including igneous rocks, high grade metamorphic rocks (the Precambrian gneissic), granitic and basic rocks ( Force, 1991; C handrasekar, 1992; Cheepurupalli et al., 2012) as seen inTable 4. The further explains that the p resence of some unstable heavy minerals such as amphibole and pyroxene groups in this study area indicate the sediment undergone first cycle depositional episode. Boggs (2006) in his work, corroborated by the research works of Garzanti and And`o (2007) and Sengupta & Ghosal, 2017 ) opined that unstable heavy minerals such as amphibole and pyroxene groups are commonly found in modern sand of quartzose sedimentary environment common in quaternary Epoch. . The Tremolite mineral occurrence in the sediment under study might have resulted from contact metamorphism of calcium and magnesium rich siliceous and carbonate sedimentary rocks and in green schist facies metamorphic rocks derived from ultramafic rocks. The discoveries indicate that the siliciclastic sediments within the study area is related to various rock suites within the basement complexes of the Southwestern Nigeria, this ranges from the high grade to low grade metamorphic rocks, acidic and basic igneous rocks and reworked sediments from the South Atlantic Ocean respectively. Also, some other sediments had contributed to the mineral assemblage in this study area. This had resulted to their varied resistance to weathering erosion and deposition, as corroborated with Pettijohn et al., (1987) and Garzanti and And ò, (2019). The more stable minerals are found in older sediments, while the unstable ones are depleted. Otherwise, the more mature a sediment is, the less susceptible to weathering effects, and the more the stable heavy minerals that will be present in them ( Table 3) . The effect of wave from the coastline had assisted to deposits siliciclastic sediments on the beach. This had allowed the heavy minerals to be more concentration towards the southern section of the study area, while backwash carried some of the lighter minerals back into the sea.The common occurrence of stable minerals mostly zircon and rutile have signified the provenance to be from the granitoid and intrusive acid igneous rocks source area in the Southwestern Basement complex and the reworked sediments from the South Atlantic Ocean ( Biswas, 1999; Ahmed & Islam, 2001; Hegde et al., 2006; Shalini et al., 2020; Paltekar et al., 2021) . It was observed that the heavy minerals identified in this study if properly harnessed due to their economic importance could contribute to the economic benefit of the nation. It is hereby recommended that more research works be carried out including detailed geochemical and geophysical tactical surveys to identify areas prone to deposits of economic values. 5. Conclusion This research work identifies the presence of opaque and non-opaque minerals, these were classified into three groups namely: unstable, moderately stable and ultra-stable heavy minerals. The opaque heavy minerals of mafic igneous source rocks represent the major component in all the studied area samples, followed by the non-opaque minerals. These include: pyroxene and hornblende groups and actinolite. These are found to belong to the unstable mineral assemblages. Whereas the ultra-stable minerals such as tourmaline, zircon and rutile are present in this study but in reduced quantity. The presence of unstable minerals in the samples under study have resulted from short transportation and rapid erosion from the adjourning suites of acidic and basic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Basement complexes of southwestern Nigeria. These ultrastable minerals in the sediments had undergone more than one sedimentary cycles during deposition signifying a mixed provenance field. The minerals assemblages provide evidence that the sediments were deposited in a shallow marine environment during the decreasing sea-level activities in the late-Holocene. The presence and common occurrence of stable minerals, mainly zircon and rutile in this sediment under study has proved beyond doubt that the siliciclastic sediments is from a granitoid and acid igneous rocks source area. Declarations Author Contribution Fakolade O. R - Conceptualized the ideas of the research, participated in data gathering and data analysis and writing of the initial draftIkhane P.R - Developed and design the methods, participated in data collection and contributed in research leadershipHao Q. - Participated in the sample analysis, validation of the laboratory results, data curation and revised the manuscriptGuo Z. - Participated in laboratory results validation and discussion of resultsGao X - Participated in methods design, maps and graphics generationRotimi I. A - contributed to geology of the study area, manuscript initial write up Acknowledgement The author appreciates Professors Zhengtang Guo and Qingzhen Hao of Keys laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and environment, Institute of Geology and geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences and their graduate students for their support during the sample analysis. I acknowledge every contributors both directly or indirectly. Data Availability DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENTData publicly available in a repository: Heavy mineral provinces of the Palos Verdes margin, southern California, available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00110-8 Heavy Minerals and Mineralogical Composition of Subsurface Coastal Plain Clastic Deposits of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies is acailable at ISSN: 2458-925X. Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and diagenesis of the Ewekoro Formation in the eastern Dahomey Basin, southwestern Nigeria. Available at DOI:10. 4314/jmg.v41i1.18832, Nigeria: Its Petroleum Geology, Resources and Potential. I and II. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7361-9, Sand and Sandstones, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9974-6. Application of Cathodoluminescence Imaging to the Study of Sedimentary Rocks. Available at . http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535475 Organic Geochemical Appraisal of Limestones and Shales in part of eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jmg.v40i1.18806. Low-Scale Foreshore Morphodynamic Processes in the Vicinity of a Tropical Estuary at Honnavar, Central West Coast of India. Available at https://doi.org/10.2112/07-0902.1, Geochemistry of heavy minerals. Developments in Sedimentology available at doi:10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58013-1, Depositional Facies and Sequence Stratigraphic Study in Parts of Benin (Dahomey) Basin SW Nigeria: Implications on the Re-Interpretation of Tertiary Sedimentary Successions. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2016.72017, Geochemistry of heavy minerals from Uttara Kannada beach sediments, West Coast of India: an insight into provenance studies, Journal of Sedimentary Environments. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s43217-021-00078-z. Provenance and implications of heavy minerals in the beach sands of india’s central west coast. Available at https://doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-19-00046.1. Heavy mineral provinces of the Palos Verdes margin, southern California, Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00110-8. Holocene sea-level changes in the Indo- Pacific. Available at DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.01.009. Sedimentary Petrology: an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks. 2nd edition, A Publication of Blackwell, 272p. available at https://www.amazon.com/Sedimentary-Petrology-Introduction-Origin-Rocks/dp/0632057351. Distribution and percentage of heavy minerals in coastal geomorphological landforms in Palk Strait, Southeast Coast of India. Middle East Available at ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications. Sedimentological and Geochemical Studies of Rock units in the Eastern Dahomey Basin, South Western Nigeria,” Unpubl Ph.D. thesis, available at University of Ibadan. Mineralogical maturity in dune fields of North America, Africa and Australia.. Geomorphology, available at DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.020. Stability of detrital heavy minerals during burial diagenesis. Developments in Sedimentology. Available at DOI: 10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58007-6. Sediment Provenance: Influences on Compositional Change from Source to Sink: Elsevier Science. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328576421. Processes controlling the composition of heavy minerals assemblages in sandstones. Sedimentary Geology, 124, 3–29. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00118-3. Identifying provenance-specific features of detrital Heavy mineral assemblages in sandstones. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)90041-8. Global Basin Classification System. Available at OSTI ID:6721615. Granulometric analysis and heavy mineral studies of the sandstone facies exposed near Igbile, southwestern Nigeria. Available at http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJGM. Heavy mineral analysis For assessing the provenance of sandy sediment in the San Francisco Bay Coastal System. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.012 References Adegoke O. S. (1980) . Relevant Geosciences. Discussion, Nigeria Academy of Science. 31-33. Adekeye O. A. (2004 ) . Aspect of sedimentology, geochemistry and hydrocarbon potentials of Cretaceous-Tertiary sediments in Dahomey Basin, South-western Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Ilorin, 202p. Adekeye, O. A., Akande, S. O., Erdtman, B. D., Samuel, O. J. & Hetenyi, M. (2006) . Hydrocarbon potential assessment of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary sequence in the Dahomey Basin Southwestern Nigeria. NAPE Bulletin. 19(1), 50-60. Agagu A. A. (1985) . A geological scale guide to bituminous sediments in southwestern Nigeria. Updrept. Dept of Geology, University of Ibadan. Ahmed, S. S . & Islam, M. B. (2001 ). Economic minerals in the beach sands of the southeastern Bangladesh. Handbook of placer mineral deposits, pp. 280-294. Ako, B. D., Adegoke O. S. & Petters, S. W. (1980) . Stratigraphy of the Oshosun Formation In South western Nigeria, Journal. Min. Geol. 17, 97-106. Awosika L. & Folorunsho R. (2010) . The Ocean Data and Information Network of Africa.Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, pp. 128 – 132. Bassey C. E. (1996) .Grain size analysis and heavy mineral composition of Beach Sand in Victoria Island area of Lagos S.W. Nigeria, AJST Series B, 8 (1), 11-14 D.H.N. Basu, A. (2003) . "Provenance”, Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, G. V. Middleton, M. J. Church, M. Coniglio, L. A. Hardie and F. J. Longstaffe, eds., Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 885-896. Basu, A. (2016) . Evolution of siliciclastic provenance inquiries: a critical appraisal. In: Sediment Provenance (ed. R. Mazumder), Elsevier Amsterdam, Netherlands. pp. 5–23. Billman, H.G. (1976) . Offshore Statigraphy and paleontology of the Dahomey embayment. Proc. 7 th Afr. Micropal. coll. Ile-Ife Nig. Ola. FUTA J. Res. Sci., 13 (2), 371 – 383. Billman, H. G. (1992) . Offshore Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Dahomey Embayment, West Africa: Nigerian Association of Petroleum Explorationists Bulletin, 72, 121-130. Bisw as , M. A. B. (1999) . Development of beach mineral exploitation and geological Characteristics of beach mineral deposits of Bangladesh; Proceedings of the Seminar on the Upgradation of the Beach Sand Mineral Exploitation Centre, Cox's Bazar , 10-11 February, 1999; Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, pp. 25-40. Boboy e Olugbenga, A. & Nwosu Okezie, R. (2014) . Petrography and geochemical indices of the Lagos Lagoon coastal sediments, Dahomey Basin (southwestern Nigeria): Sea level change implications. Quaternary international 33(8), 24 – 37. Boggs S. J. (2006) . Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy.4thedition, Prentice- Hall 634. Boggs, S. J. (2009) . Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 600p. Boggs, S. J. (2013) . Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy: Pearson New International Edition: Pearson Education Limited. Boggs, S. Jr. & Krinsley, D. (2006 ). Application of Cathodoluminescence Imaging to the Study Of Sedimentary Rocks: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 250p. Brownfield, M. E. & Charpentier, R. R. (2006). Geology and Total Petroleum Systems of the Gulf of Guinea Province of West Africa U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2207-C.32p https://doi.org/10.3133/b2207C Burke K. C, Dessauvagie T. F. J. & Whiteman A. J. (1971) .The opening of the gulf of Guinea and Geological History of Benue Depression and Niger Delta, NAPE Bull, 7(2), 121-130. Chandrasekar, N. (1992) .Placer Mineral Exploration along the Central Tamilnadu Coast. Madurai, India: Madurai Kamaraj University, Ph.D. thesis, 293p. Cheepurupalli, N., Rao Radha, B., Anu Reddy, K. S. N., Dhanamjayarao, E. N. & Dayal, M. (2012) .Heavy Mineral distribution studies in different microenvironments of Bhimunipatnam coast, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2(5), 2250-3153, ISSN. Coker, D (2002). The Dahomey Basin extensive sedimentary basin on the continental margin of the Gulf of Guinea, International journal of solids and structures 39(25): 6135-6157. Cordier, S., Frechen, M., Harmand, D. & Beiner, M. (2005) . Middle and Upper Pleistocene Fluvial evolution of the Meurthe and Moselle valleys in the Paris basin and the Rhenish Massif. Quaternaire, 16, 201-215. Deer W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman J. (1996). An introduction to the rock forming Minerals, 2 nd Edition. Prentice Hall. Elueze, A. A. & Nton, M. E. (2004) . Organic Geochemical Appraisal of Limestones and Shales in part of eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology, 40, 29-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jmg.v40i1.18806. Fakolade, O. R. & Bassey, C. E. (2017) .Heavy Minerals and Mineralogical Composition of Subsurface Coastal Plain Clastic Deposits of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS). 3(4), 1 - 6 April- 2017, ISSN: 2458-925X. Florence L. Wong, Donald L. Woodrow & Mary McGann, U. S. (2013) .Heavy mineral analysis For assessing the provenance of sandy sediment in the San Francisco Bay Coastal System Marine Geology 345, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.012 Folk, R. L. (1974) .Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks: Austin, Texas, Hemphill Publishing Co,182p. Force, E. R. (1991) .Placer deposits, In: Force, E.R.; Eidel, J. J. and Maynard, J.B., (eds.), Sedimentary and Diagenetic Mineral deposits: A Basin Analysis Approach to Exploration: Reviews in Economic Geology, Society of Economic Geologists, 5: 131-140. Force, E. & Garner Jr., T. E. (1985). High-angle aeolian cross bedding at Trail Ridge, Florida, Industrial Minerals, 215, 55-59. Garzanti, E. (2016) .From static to dynamic provenance analysis Sedimentary petrology upgraded. Sediment. Geol. 336, 3–13.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.07.010 Garzanti, E. & Andò, S. (2007) .Plate tectonics and heavy-mineral suites of modern sands. In Heavy Minerals in Use; Mange, M.A., and Wright, D.T., Eds.; Developments in Sedimentology Series; Elsevier: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 58, 741–763. ISSN: 0070-4571/doi:10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58029-5 Garzanti, E. & Andò, S. (2019) . Review, Heavy Minerals for Junior Woodchucks in MPDI Pub.1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9030148 Garzanti, E., Andò, S., Limonta, M., Fielding, L. & Najman, Y. (2018) .Diagenetic control on mineralogical suites in sand, silt, and mud (Cenozoic Nile Delta): Implications for provenance reconstructions. Earth-Science Reviews, 185, 122-139. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.05.010 Grzebyk J. & Leszczyñski S. (2006) .New data on heavy minerals from the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene flysch of the Beskid OEl¹ski Mts. (Polish Carpathians). Geol. Quart., 50(2), 265–280. Warszawa. Hedge, V. S., Shalini, G. & Kanchanagouri, D. G. (2006) . Provenance of heavy minerals with special reference to ilmenite of the Honnavar beach, central west coast of India, Current science, 91(5), 644 – 648. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208 Hegde V. S., Shalini, G., Nayak S. R., Rajawat A. S., & Suryarayana A. (2009) . .Low-Scale Foreshore Morphodynamic Processes in the Vicinity of a Tropical Estuary at Honnavar, Central West Coast of India, Journal of Coastal Research, 25(2), 305 – 314, https://doi.org/10.2112/07-0902.1 Hubert, J.F. (1962) . A zircon–tourmaline–rutile maturity index and the interdependence of the composition of heavy minerals assemblages with the gross composition and texture of sandstones. J. Sediment. Petrol., 32, 440–450. DOI: 10.2445/agp.2023.148025 Ikhane, P. R., Akintola, A. I., Bankole, S. I., Oyebolu, O. O. & Ogunlana, E. O. (2013) . Granulometric analysis and heavy mineral studies of the sandstone facies exposed near Igbile, southwestern Nigeria. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining (IRJGM) (2276-6618); 3(4), 158-178. http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJGM Jones, H. A. & Hockey, R. D. (1964) . The Geology of Part of Southwestern Nigeria Geol. Surv. Nigeria, Bull, 31, 101p. Kingston, D. R., Dishroon, C. P. & Williams, P. A. (1983) . Global Basin Classification System. AAPG. Bull. (67), 2175-2193. OSTI ID:6721615 Mange, M. A. & Maurer, H. F. W. (1992) . Heavy Minerals in Colour, Heavy mineral descriptions and colour plates. A Publication of Springer-Verlag, 147p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2308-2 Mange, M. A., & Morton, A. C. ( 2007 ) . Geochemistry of heavy minerals. Developments in Sedimentology, 58, 345– 391. doi:10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58013-1 Mange, M. A. & Otvos, E. G. (2005) . Gulf coastal plain evolution in West Louisiana: Heavy Mineral provenance and Pleistocene alluvial chronology. Sedimentary Geology, 182(1). 29-57. Mazumder, R. (2016) . Sediment Provenance: Influences on Compositional Change from Source to Sink: Elsevier Science. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328576421 Morton A. C & Hallsworth C. (1994) . Identifying provenance-specific features of detrital Heavy mineral assemblages in sandstones. J. Sed. Geol. 90, 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)90041-8 Morton, A. C. & Hallsworth, C. R. (1999). Processes controlling the composition of heavy minerals assemblages in sandstones. Sedimentary Geology, 124, 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00118-3 Morton, A.C. & Hallsworth, C. (2007) . Stability of detrital heavy minerals during burial diagenesis. Developments in Sedimentology, 58, 215-245. DOI: 10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58007-6 Mpanda, S. (1997) . Geological Development of East Africa coastal basin of Tanzania: acta Universities Stockhomiensis, 45, 121p. Muhs, D. R. (2004) .Mineralogical maturity in dune fields of North America, Africa and Australia.. Geomorphology, 59, 247–269. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.020 Nton, M. E. (2001) . Sedimentology and Geochemical studies of rock units in the Geological Society Special Publication, 101, 225-251. Okosun, E. A. (1990) . A review of the cretaceous stratigraphy of the Dahomey Embayment, West Africa. Cretaceous research, 11, 17-27. Olabode, S. O. & Mohammed, M. Z. (2016) . Depositional Facies and Sequence Stratigraphic Study in Parts of Benin (Dahomey) Basin SW Nigeria: Implications on the Re-Interpretation of Tertiary Sedimentary Successions. International Journal of Geosciences, 7, 210-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2016.72017. Omatsola, M. E. & Adegoke, O. S. (1981) . Tectonic evolution and cretaceous stratigraphy of the Dahomey basin Nigeria Journal mining and Geology, 18(01), 130-137. Paltekar, M., Hegde, V. S., Hulaji, S., Pratihari, A. & Korkoppa, M. M. ( 2021) . Geochemistry of heavy minerals from Uttara Kannada beach sediments, West Coast of India: an insight into provenance studies, Journal of Sedimentary Environments. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43217-021-00078-z. Pettijohn, F. J., Potter, P. E. & Siever, R. (1987) . Sand and Sandstone. 2 nd ed. A Publication of Springer -Verlag, New York, 518p. Rahaman, M. A. (1988) . Recent advances in the study of the basement complex of Nigeria. In: Oluyide, P.O., Mbonu, W.C., Ogezi, A.E., Egbuniwe, I.G., Ajibade, A.C., Umeji, A.C. (Eds.), Precambrian Geology of Nigeria. Geological Survey of Nigeria Spec. Pub, pp. 11 – 41. Ramasamy, P. & Karikalan, R. (2010) . Distribution and percentage of heavy minerals in coastal geomorphological landforms in Palk Strait, Southeast Coast of India. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 5(1), 49-53. ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2010 Rao, R. G., Sahoo, P. & Panda, N. K. (2001) .Heavy mineral sand deposit of Orissa.Exploration and Research for Atomic Minerals. 13, 23-52. https://indiansedimentologists.com/Vol%2028%20number%201%20JAN- JUNE%202009.pdf Reyment, R. A. (1965). Aspects of the geology of Nigeria. The Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic Deposits. Ibadan University Press, 133p. Shalini, G., Hedge, V. S., Soumya, M. & Korkoppa M. M. (2020) . Provenance and implications of heavy minerals in the beach sands of india’s central west coast. Journal of coastal research, 36(2), 353 – 361. https://doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-19-00046.1. Sengupta, S. M. (2017). Introduction to Sedimentology, first ed. Routledge. 322p Sengupta Debashish & Ghosal Shayantani (2017) .Environmental Implications of Mining of Beach Placers for Heavy Minerals. Fisheries and Oceanography Open Access Journal. 2(3), 1 – 3. Storey, B. C. (1995 ). The role of mantle plumes in continental break-up: case history from Gondwana land, Nature. 377, 301-308. Tucker, M. E. (1990) . Techniques in sedimentology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 63-86. Tucker, M. E. (1994) .Sedimentary Petrology: an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks. 2nd edition, A Publication of Blackwell, 272p. https://www.amazon.com/dp/0632057351 Whiteman, A. J. (1982). Nigeria. Its Petroleum Geology, Resources and Potential. Graham and Trotman, London, 399p. Wong, F. L. (2002) . Heavy mineral provinces of the Palos Verdes margin, southern California, Continental Shelf Research, 22 (6-7), 899-910. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00110-8 Woodroffe, S. & Benjamin, H . (2005). Holocene sea-level changes in the Indo- Pacific. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 25, 29-43. 10.1016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.01.009 Tables Table 1: Heavy Minerals Distribution and classification relative to their Stabilities Sample name Identified minerals % Sample LOCATION ULTRA STABLE UNSTABLE Opaques minerals No Latitude Longitude ELV Tur Zrn Rt Cpx Opx Hb1 Actn Tr Lim Opq R-1 6.38 4.81 9 15.12 0.71 0 4.45 0.89 0 0 13.88 0 64.95 R-3 6.88 4.27 11 2.41 0.96 0 15.1 12.1 0 0 0 0 69.5 R-10 6.27 4.69 9 5.76 0.58 0.58 28.8 23 3.45 0 2.88 0.43 34.53 R-13 6.38 4.79 8.5 8 0.89 0 13.3 44 0 0 2.67 0 31.11 R-17 6.26 4.77 7.6 17.06 1.02 0 8.53 18.8 0 0 5.12 0 49.41 R-20 6.29 4.65 2.5 0 1.33 0 5.56 34.5 40.6 0 0 1.33 16.69 R-27 6.3 4.59 10.5 0 2.56 0 7.47 41.1 21.35 1.47 4.27 0 21.78 R-28 6.31 4.55 8.5 0 1.98 0 3.96 44.6 29.7 0 1.49 0 14.85 R-29 6.24 4.57 3.5 0.56 2.23 0 4.47 43.6 20.11 0 1.68 5.51 21.79 R-32 6.37 4.6 3.2 0.58 0.47 0 5.44 37.8 14.55 0 0 0 41.33 R-37 6.38 4.76 15 0.33 0.27 0 3.32 46.5 4.86 0 0 0 14.74 R-38 6.29 4.61 5.5 0.5 0.4 0 3.99 50.4 37.39 0 0 1.99 5.38 R-45 6.45 4.55 8 0 0.44 0 2.72 35.4 45.16 0 0 6.33 9.79 R-48 6.2 4.8 2.5 0 0.84 0 39.8 2.09 29.29 0 2.09 2.09 23.85 R-50 6.2 4.85 3 0 0 0 43.5 2.51 14.21 0 1.67 0 38.13 R-53 6.32 4.75 6.5 0.61 0 0.61 2.15 27 53 0 1.84 0.92 13.82 R-56 6.27 4.65 8.5 0.99 0.49 0.25 2.47 30.1 11.85 0 1.48 2.96 44.38 R-60 6.31 4.78 17 0.45 0.23 0.45 2.27 28.6 29.93 0 1.81 2.72 33.56 R-64 6.45 4.73 5.5 0 0.39 0 2.95 40.3 16.23 0 4.92 0.98 34.19 R-69 6.37 4.82 6.5 0 0 0 3.19 47.9 22.97 0 3.19 0.64 22.17 R-71 6.3 4.77 8 12.68 0 0 14.1 36.6 0 0 0 0 36.15 R-75 6.33 4.62 7.5 0 0.67 0.45 4.46 46.4 32.59 0 4.02 5.36 6.03 R-78 6.42 4.76 9 4.35 0.81 0 2.9 45.2 0 0 0 0 46.77 R-83 6.4 4.82 19.1 3.98 1.45 0 7.96 25.2 0 0 0 0 61.38 R-85 6.4 4.87 10 8.65 1.56 0 5.19 21.4 0 0 0.87 0 62.31 R-87 6.26 4.66 8.5 0.44 0.26 0.17 2.91 53 21.24 0 0.79 0.58 20.67 R-91 6.32 4.52 7 0 0.31 0 3.08 44.7 26.94 0 1.92 2.57 20.53 R-95 6.33 4.73 11 1.24 0.83 0 3.44 49.6 18.6 0 1.24 9.37 15.7 R-100 6.38 4.76 10 0 0.76 0 2.28 46.5 8.38 0 1.52 0 40.61 Mean value 4.63 0.83 0.58 8.09 33.4 23.92 1.47 2.28 2.91 27 Table 2: Statistical application using bar chart to study the variation in the maturity, stability and mineral assemblages of the sediments based on heavy mineral indices of the siliciclastic sediment from the study S/N RZi TZi HTi ZTR R-1 0.0 95.5 0.0 45.2 R-3 0.0 71.5 0.0 11.0 R-10 50.0 90.9 37.5 10.6 R-13 0.0 90.0 0.0 12.9 R-17 0.0 94.4 0.0 35.8 R-20 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.6 R-27 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.3 R-28 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.4 R-29 0.0 20.1 97.3 3.6 R-32 0.0 55.2 96.2 1.8 R-37 0.0 55.0 93.6 1.0 R-38 0.0 55.6 98.7 1.0 R-45 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.5 R-48 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.1 R-50 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 R-53 0.0 0.0 98.9 0.7 R-56 34.0 66.9 92.3 2.9 R-60 66.0 66.2 98.5 1.0 R-64 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.6 R-69 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 R-71 0.0 100.0 0.0 20.0 R-75 40.0 0.0 100.0 1.2 R-78 0.0 84.3 0.0 9.7 R-83 0.0 73.3 0.0 14.1 R-85 0.0 84.7 0.0 27.1 R-87 40.0 62.9 98.0 0.9 R-91 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.4 R-95 0.0 59.9 93.8 2.5 R-100 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.3 Mz 41.1 8 4.8 83.8 7.7 Range 0.0 -66.0 0.0-100 0.0-100 0.0- 45.2 NB: RZi- Rutile Zircon index, TZi – Tourmaline Zircon index, HTi – Hornblende Tourmaline index, ZTR = Zircon Tourmaline Rutile index Table 3: The pair(s) of variables with positive correlation coefficients where P values below 0.050 tend to increase together, whereas the pairs with negative correlation coefficients and P values below 0.050 tends to decrease together. Cpx Opx HbL Tr Tur Actn Zr Ti Li Opq Cpx 1 Opx -0.64 1 HbL -0.222 0.193 1 Tr -0.106 -0.32 -0.266 1 Tur 0.322 -0.538 -0.544 0.719 1 Actn -0.327 0.442 0.42 -0.17 -0.127 1 Zr 0.0399 -0.044 0.0709 -0.05 0.158 0.579 1 Ti 0.0806 0.298 0.0591 -0.12 -0.476 0.577 -0.318 1 Li -0.248 0.355 0.311 -0.25 -0.379 0.896 0.194 0.16 1 Opq 0.141 -0.583 -0.714 0.275 0.528 -0.443 0.0709 -0.404 -0.479 1 Table 4: Stability series of common Heavy minerals present in the samples under study (Modified after Pettijohn et al., 1987). Stability Mineral Series Ultrastable Zircon, Rutile and Tourmaline Moderately Stable Limonite and Opaque minerals Unstable Hornblende, Actinolite and Pyroxene groups Plate Plate 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files image9.png Plate 1: photomicrographs of various heavy minerals identified from the siliciclastic sediments under study Sample ID：R-1, R-3, R-10, R-13, R-17, and R-20. Major minerals present are Zircon, Tourmaline. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 05 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 29 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 28 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Jan, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Jan, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 14 Jan, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 13 Jan, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Dec, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5694357","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":401922807,"identity":"36292b3c-bc45-4040-bdbe-cb7b08e1a96d","order_by":0,"name":"Richard Omotoso Fakolade","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"The Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Richard","middleName":"Omotoso","lastName":"Fakolade","suffix":""},{"id":401922808,"identity":"fd842dda-d25f-4488-82a2-24a9ad521a78","order_by":1,"name":"Phillips Reuben Ikhane","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Phillips","middleName":"Reuben","lastName":"Ikhane","suffix":""},{"id":401922809,"identity":"c3cb866c-f731-405d-af05-40c11037e0eb","order_by":2,"name":"Qingzhen Hao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qingzhen","middleName":"","lastName":"Hao","suffix":""},{"id":401922810,"identity":"1ea72896-959b-4b70-9015-168f1ea777fb","order_by":3,"name":"Zhengtang Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhengtang","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":401922811,"identity":"a44b183b-532c-478e-bbd0-fbda3e8e5315","order_by":4,"name":"Xinbo Gao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xinbo","middleName":"","lastName":"Gao","suffix":""},{"id":401922812,"identity":"7b2d81e9-4718-4d9a-8c8b-4fc138932732","order_by":5,"name":"Isaac Ayodele Rotimi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Isaac","middleName":"Ayodele","lastName":"Rotimi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-22 14:53:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5694357/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5694357/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73825893,"identity":"017ddee8-1fbf-47c2-a869-4b58cb2c63e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 05:26:38","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3330930,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRegional geology of eastern Dahomey Basin ( After Olabode, 2016)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5694357/v1/82e7844754029a8fd743cc8d.png"},{"id":73825859,"identity":"b6c8b836-d707-4bcb-bbf8-007c71d47a8c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 05:26:37","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24527,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStructural and Tectonic Settings of Dahomey Basin with the occurrence of the three progressive stages in course of the pull apart of the South America continent from Africa continent: A- Rifting activities, B- Graben and Horst formation and C- Continuous deposition of sediments in the garben (Omatsola and Adegoke, 1981).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5694357/v1/5236bd1e6103cb0dd05beb48.png"},{"id":73825880,"identity":"996dd8b8-3467-41e4-b612-557d7ccde5ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 05:26:38","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3116790,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStratigraphy of the study section of the eastern Dahomey basin (modified after Olabode, 2016)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5694357/v1/329e2a07d1db94daa19d8069.png"},{"id":73825902,"identity":"9d16990e-6392-40f7-8675-1698c8748305","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 05:26:38","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2015290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the Study area showing Heavy mineral locations\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5694357/v1/8291ab0cff9d6ecae54187e0.png"},{"id":73825908,"identity":"89e680c7-8be9-4e9e-9390-74ad9ef87000","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 05:26:38","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4005386,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRidges slope representing the lithology of the samples under study.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5694357/v1/51f30020608de486fabe7de2.png"},{"id":73825861,"identity":"8a39dca3-8e48-452c-bd9d-00ba3619d07e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 05:26:38","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":540494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea\u0026amp;b: Plots of heavy minerals indices and ZTR index presenting the maturity and stability status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(After Pettijohn, et al. 1987)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5694357/v1/2faea8885aecab17c302eaf5.png"},{"id":73825894,"identity":"b039df48-92f0-4d5d-a7de-a031bc32b69e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 05:26:38","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":503500,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Bar chart (b) Pie chart representations of heavy minerals concentration from the study area.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5694357/v1/bd3a89cd8950ed46df3e34e9.png"},{"id":73826598,"identity":"9726ab9e-ba4c-4364-ad51-f3adb59f779b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 05:34:39","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":709896,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea\u0026amp;b: Heavy mineral assemblages of the (a) Acidic igneous rocks (b) Basic igneous and reworked sedimentary rocks as the source rocks present within the study area (Modified after Sengupta, 2017)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5694357/v1/e8bf99c569116f46bd893520.png"},{"id":73828888,"identity":"a25b387e-530c-4144-8a69-954aabc63f07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 05:58:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":15376425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5694357/v1/a8edc3c4-224c-426a-b1df-3d20d961f565.pdf"},{"id":73825882,"identity":"f4f7cc3d-5f03-488a-8a75-345b52d6fbeb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 05:26:38","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1149473,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlate 1: photomicrographs of various heavy minerals identified from the siliciclastic sediments under study Sample ID：R-1, R-3, R-10, R-13, R-17, and R-20. Major minerals present are Zircon, Tourmaline.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5694357/v1/044ea7f130a31d7d5f367429.png"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Heavy Mineral Assemblages of Quaternary Alluvial Deposits in Coastal Environment: Their Implication for Depositional environment and Provenance Assessment in Eastern Dahomey Basin Southwestern Nigeria","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eComprehending the provenance of the siliciclastic sediments, their transportation mechanisms and the depositional environment within the coastal environment of eastern Dahomey Basin has been a challenging task. Many research works had been conducted within this environment to unravel the provenance and depositional environment of this deposit, but conscientious has not been arrived at due to variation in their outcomes (Boboye and Nwosu, 2014). Series of methods have been adopted by various researchers to determine their provenance, this includes: ZTR index distribution, detrital composition observation, geochemical analysis, fission-track and identification of pollen types (Fakolade and Bassey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Hegde, et al., 2006, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Shalini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR122\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; Paltekar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In all these methods, heavy mineral characterisation and ZTR index distribution of siliciclastic sediments have been extensively used to trace both the provenance and acquire the source rock compositions in sedimentary rocks (Ikhane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Hegde, et al. (2006), heavy minerals are minor accessory minerals of the sediments mostly with a higher than average specific gravity and the remnants of the minerals that survived from various factors that destroyed the parent rock. Various non-opaque heavy mineral species (above fifty in number) have been documented in sandstones with specific parageneses that enable a direct match between sediments and source rocks (Morton \u0026amp; Hallsworth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e). Heavy mineral assemblage is controlled by series of factors which include; the nature of the parent rocks, the climatic conditions during weathering of the parent rocks, relative solubility and stability of the various detrital minerals, their mineralogy, abrasion, their density, size, sorting and past depositional changes experienced by the sediments. In their research work, Florence et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) stated that the heavy minerals represent an insignificant part of the sediment volume compared with common minerals quartz, feldspar, and micas. He went further that the complementary light fractions consist of a variety of minerals and other components, this can point to sediment sources ranging from general to specific locations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe siliciclastic deposits of the Dahomey basin extend from Ghana towards the eastern end of Nigeria and terminated at the Okitipupa fringe (\u003cb\u003eNton, 2000;\u003c/b\u003e Agagu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). This forms a large coastal deposits of the Quaternary Epoch. Series of research works have been conducted on these deposits within this region (Ikhane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), in parts of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Nigeria. Despite this, not much studies has been conducted on their heavy mineral assemblages. Heavy minerals bears crucial information on petrogenetic (Mange \u0026amp; Otvos, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) and provenance of rocks (Ramasamy \u0026amp; Karikalan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Also, some peculiar heavy minerals have been accepted for provenance indicators (Fakolade \u0026amp; Bassey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).They have been used to carry out siliciclastic sediments provenance studies relative to either their mineral assemblages to indicate the original sources (Boggs \u0026amp; Krinsley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Boggs, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) or as provenance indicators (Mazumder, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) over the years. Heavy minerals have been adopted to trace sediment transport paths (Pettijohn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e) and to map the paths so as to determine the provenance. Sandstone provenance interpretation using heavy mineral data need to be critically studied, because of the likelihood the sediment might have suffered burial digenesis (Morton \u0026amp; Hallsworth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), which may possibly result in elimination of some heavy mineral species through dissolution. The sources of heavy minerals could be either from the crystalline basement complexes, which disintegrate due to weathering, further transported by the rivers and streams, ultimately reaching the coastal environment or reworked sediments from pre-existing sedimentary rocks (Morton \u0026amp; Hallsworth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Wong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR135\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Siliciclastic sediment transportation is mostly related with erosion (Mazumder, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), sandbar formation, gullying, bed form migration and generation of primary sedimentary structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeavy minerals concentration can be subjected to hydrodynamic conditions (Rao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR117\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) such as sediment influx from the hinterland, wave energy and its velocity, long shore current and wind speed. These could serve as regulator for littoral transport, sorting and deposition of heavy minerals in suitable environment. Marine actions and shape of the coastal geomorphology have played important role in the concentration of heavy minerals within the alluvial deposits (Cheepurupalli, et al., 2012). This has been extensively used for alluvial (Cordier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), continental, beach, dune, shallow marine and deep marine (Grzebyk \u0026amp; Leszczy\u0026ntilde;ski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) arenaceous deposits respectively. The particle size distribution and the assemblages of heavy minerals in the sediments contribute effectively to trace and adopt the vital minerals to predict their dispersal pattern when they re-enter the natural environment (Basu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). This research aimed at identifying the heavy minerals present in this study, in order to reconstruct the provenance of the rocks, their transportation processes and depositional environments. This will attempt to characterize the minerals relative to their quality, quantity and spatial distribution, thereby assist to discriminate this modern beach sediment from their ancient sediment counterparts thereby filling a missing gap in the eastern Dahomey Basin. This will also assist to assess various economic viability and implications relative to the international market standards.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Regional Geology of the study area","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Dahomey Basin is situated on the coast of West Africa (Whiteman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR133\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e) with coordinate ranging from longitude 6\u0026ordm; 10'N to 6\u0026ordm; 25'N and latitude 4\u0026ordm; 30'E to 4\u0026ordm; 50' E respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). It is a combination of inland, coastal, offshore settings that extends from southeastern \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGhana\u003c/span\u003e through Togo and the Republic of Benin to southwestern Nigeria, trending along the east-west direction and thins out at the Okitipupa ridge/ Benin hinge (Agagu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e; Okosun, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Ikhane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Olabode and Mohammed, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). This has been described as a rift basin, marginal pull-apart, marginal sag basin and West African pre-cratonic basins respectively (Burke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e; Adegoke, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Whiteman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR133\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Kingston et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e). The basin was formed consequently on the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean (Storey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR127\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). This resulted in the occurrence of three stages of structural development during the pull apart of the South America continent from Africa continent (Mpanda, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). These include: Rifting activities- A, followed by Horst formation - B or consequential block faulting called horsts and grabens, fragmentation and subsidence and continuous deposition of sediments in the graben - C or sedimentation of the basin after different episodic block faulting an unconformities as expressed by Omatsola \u0026amp; Adegoke (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e) and Rahaman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e) as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe geologic, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and organic geochemical studies of different parts of the alluvial deposits in Dahomey Basin have been reported in the literatures (Ako et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Okosun, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Billman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Nton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Elueze \u0026amp; Nton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Adekeye, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; Adekeye et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Ikhane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) among others.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Stratigraphy Setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe stratigraphy of the Nigerian sector of the Dahomey Basin situated in the southwestern Nigeria covers both the onshore and offshore parts. The areas includes the Cretaceous Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rocks respectively (Jones and Hockey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e; Coker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Brownfield, and Charpentier, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The Cretaceous stratigraphy consists Abeokuta Group with three sub-division; Ise, Afowo, and Araromi (Omatsola and Adegoke, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e). Ise Formation unconformably overlies the basement complex and contains coarse conglomeratic sediments. Afowo Formation is made of transitional sediments (marine sands and sandstone with variable but thick interbedded shales and siltstone) and Araromi is located at the uppermost Formation, composed a total of siltstone and shales with sands and limestone interbeds. Ewekoro Formation is composed of fossiliferous well-bedded limestone, with glauconitic and phosphatic bands that defined the boundary between Ewekoro and Akinbo Formations. Akinbo and Oshosun Formations composed of flaggy gray and black shales beds respectively, while Ilaro, and Benin (coastal plain sand) Formations are predominantly coarse sandy estuarine, deltaic and continental beds, all of which belong to Tertiary deposits. Lying unconformably on the Benin formation is the alluvium deposit. This is made of massive unconsolidated sediment, whitish to greyish in colour, it is texturally dominated with medium grained sand constituting about 80% while it is over 90% dominated with quartz mineral.. It occurs as a ridge coupled with channels otherwise referred to as abandoned ridge channel (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study area is located in the eastern part of the Dahomey Basin, in the area or vicinity of Ilaje community in the coastal environment in the state. The study area is a barrier lagoon coastal complex, stretching from around Agerige community where the coastline starts a southward variation (Woodroffe \u0026amp; Horton, 2005; Awosika \u0026amp; Folorunsho \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The texture of the alluvial deposits varies from medium to fine grained, well sorted to moderately well sorted sands with colour variation from whithish, greyish to reddish brown respectively. The higher-level terraces are rarely exposed, although, few sections could be seen around Ofada and Moloki on the Ogun river bank. Quaternary deposits consist of only recent alluvium sediments (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), underlain by siltstone/ mudstone (Jones and Hockey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e; Omatsola and Adegoke, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e and Agagu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). This consists of beach ridges adjoined with a foreshore of more than 50 m above the sea level similar to that of modern coast as revealed by Adekeye et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) research work.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Beach crest altitude varies from 3 to 4 m above the average sea level, while relief ranges from sea level towards the coast rising gently from 2 m to about 50 m above the mean sea level with the aid of tidal flat (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). This barrier lagoon bar experiences tides, currents, waves, mostly the long shore currents generated by south-westerly breaking waves at various degrees. The dominant coastal vegetation around the beach are the red mangrove (\u003cem\u003eRhizophora racemosa)\u003c/em\u003e, white mangrove (\u003cem\u003eAvicennia spp)\u003c/em\u003e, the hardy grass \u003cem\u003ePaspalum vaginatum\u003c/em\u003e, the \u003cem\u003efern Acrositichum anreum\u003c/em\u003e, the palm \u003cem\u003ePhoenix reclinata\u003c/em\u003e and various climbers (\u003cem\u003eIpomea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eVigna\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAmaranthus)\u003c/em\u003e and shrubs (Awosika \u0026amp; Folorunsho, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThirty (30) selected samples were collected from the Ilaje community and its environs, within the eastern Dahomey Basin using sand scooper, geographical positioning system. The samples were properly packed, well labeled and were subjected to heavy mineral analysis in Keys Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environments in China. The very fine sand fraction \u0026lt; 63 \u0026micro;m was chosen for the separation of heavy minerals using bromoform (CHBr\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e; 2.89 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e). All the samples were subjected to heavy mineral quantification following the \u0026ldquo;ribbon counting\u0026rdquo; method (Mange and Maurer, 1992). \u0026nbsp;The analysis was conducted at Langfang, Yuneng Rock and Mineral Separation Technology Service Company Limited, China. Heavy mineral indices based on pairs of minerals were determined with a range; minimum of 100 and a maximum of 200 grains per minerals. The heavy mineral indices) were used to determine the transportation patterns of the sediment, and to further determine the sediment sources and the influence of weathering in the study area. The heavy minerals were then classified by sensitivity to transport, source and age (post-depositional dissolution). The chemical maturity of the siliciclastic sediments from the study area was assessed through the study of Tourmaline and hornblende (THi) to determine source area variation \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eForce \u0026amp; Garner Jr., 1985\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. The result shows the similarity observed in some of their physical properties (density and shape). Tourmaline and zircon (TZi) was also studied to determine the transportation mechanism of the siliciclastic sediments from the study area, this was due to their chemical stabilities and their distinct hydraulic equivalences. Statistical application using bar and pie charts were applied to study the samples in order to see their variability. The minerals composing rutile and zircon (RuZi) were selected to determine source area variation, due to their similarity in physical and chemical behaviors, but different source rocks (Mange \u0026amp; Morton, 2007). There is a preferential association of rutile with high-grade metamorphic rocks. The ZTR index was also calculated to assess the maturity of the sediments. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. 1 Procedures to Calculate THi, TZi, RuZi and ZTR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"701\" height=\"286\" style=\"width: 701px;\"\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eNon-opaque and opaque heavy minerals were investigated by viewing under the petrographic microscope, the siliciclastic sediments from the study area. The suites of non-opaque heavy minerals identified are as shown in Table 1 and Plate 1 respectively. These include: orthopyroxene (Opx), clinopyroxene (Cpx) hornblende (Hbl), tremolite (Tr), actinolite (Actn), zircon (Zrn), tourmaline (Tur) and rutile (Rt), respectively. Among the opaque minerals present in the samples, limonite (L), was identified. The quantity of heavy minerals in the samples ranges from 0.3 to 2.8 wt %. Opaque minerals, pyroxene groups, and hornblende were observed mostly in all the samples, while tourmaline, zircon, tremolite, limonite appear in some of the samples. Some heavy minerals such as rutile appeared slightly to nil in the study area (Table 1). The heavy minerals are grouped into ultra-stable, unstable and opaque minerals respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeavy Mineral Assemblage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUltrastable Minerals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the ultrastable heavy minerals present within the eastern Dahomey Basin include: zircon, tourmaline and rutile.Zircon mineral concentration varies from 0.0 to 2.56 % with an average value of 0.83 %. The colour of the zircon mineral varies from colourless, pale yellow, to slightly pinkish (Force, 1991). It shows high relief, dark boundaries, strong birefringence, positive elongation and parallel extinction. This mineral is thought to have its source from the granites and possibly syenites and metamorphic rocks of the southwestern basement complex at the northern section of this study area (Folk, 1974). The resistance to destruction of this mineral during erosion and deposition could indicate multiple cycles of deposition (Pettijohn et al., 1987). Zircon minerals are important indicator in study siliciclastic sediment source area (Deeret al., 1996). This can possibly be found both in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks that has undergone reworked (Bassey, 1996; Fakolade and Bassey, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlso revealed in this study is tourmalinemineral present in the siliciclastic sediments. These range from 0.0 to 17.06 percent with an average of 4.62 per cent. They are subangular, sub-rounded to round, with the colour varying from light brown, yellowish brown, deep brown to greenish respectively. The nature of the tourmaline is suspected to be from felsic igneous rocks (Tucker, 1994) especially granite and metamorphic rocks mostly of stable granitic pegmatites (Petijohn et al., 1987).The rutile mineral observed in the study is very small,it varies from 0.0 to 0.61 per cent with an average of 0.58 percent. It displays high relief, reddish color to deep yellow coupled with sub-rounded shape. This is suggested to be from the felsic igneous and metamorphic rock suite of the adjoined basement complex or reworked sediment from the ocean (Tucker, 1994; Boggs, 2013). The ultra-stable heavy minerals present (zircon, tourmaline and rutile) display sub rounded to rounded shape in this study area suggest the possibility that they had survived numerous periods of recycling and re-deposition from the southern Atlantic Ocean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2 Unstable Minerals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence of Pyroxene group (Ortho-pyroxene and Clino-pyroxene minerals) was observed in this study (Table 1, Plates1). Clino-pyroxene mineral ranges from 2.15 to 43.48 percent with an average of 8.09 percent. Their colours vary from yellowish green to colorless. The ortho-pyroxene mineral observed ranges from 2.09 to 52.95% with an average value of 33.36% respectively. The amphibole group consists of the hornblende, actinolite and tremolite heavy minerals respectively. Hornblende concentration varies from 2.89-8.33 percent with the mean value 5.28 percent. It is light-green to greenish brown colour, rectangular in shape. The hornblende is moderately stable (Pettijohn et al., 1987) and common in igneous, some medium grade metamorphic rocks.Actinolite, an unstable mineral, occurs only in a sample (R27) with value 1.47 per cent. \u003cstrong\u003eBoggs (2009)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein his study, revealed that actinolite occurs in contact metamorphic, schist and gneisses might possible come from the basement complex rocks of the southwestern Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTremolite belongs to the Amphibole group of minerals. It are ranges from 0 to 13.88 percent with average of 2.28 percent at the study area. It displays subangular shape and colorless.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpaque minerals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis constitute the highest percentage of the heavy minerals present in the studies conducted on the \u0026lt; 63 \u0026micro;m fractions of the sediments within the eastern Dahomey Basin. It ranges from 5.38 to 64.95 per cent and the mean value is 40.60 per cent. The colour varies from black to brownish in colour and are mostly oxides of iron minerals. Folk (1974) in his research work, stated that the high percentage of opaque minerals has to do with the iron content. Identified among the opaque minerals is limonite. It varies from 0.0 to 9.37 percent with an average 2.91 percent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2 Discussion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2.1 Heavy Mineral Indices Characterisation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeavy mineral indices were estimated to emphasis further on the stabilities of mineral assemblages and maturity of the heavy mineral suites in this study area. The Hornblende/Tourmaline index (HTi) was determined to assess the provenance of the samples under study. This showed that, only 21 out of the 30 samples randomly analysed have their values range from 0.0 to 100.0 percent, with an average value 83.8 percent respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Tourmaline, Zircon index (TZi) values range from 0.0 to 100.0% with a mean value of 84.4 per cent. This only occur in 18 out of 30 samples analysed. The presence of the tourmaline, zircon (TZi) index indicate that the sediments had not travelled a very long distance and probably undergone a cycle, this might possibly reflected from their chemical stabilities and their distinct hydraulic equivalences. The rutile and zircon index (RZi) varies from 0.0 to 66.0 percent with an average of 41.1 per cent. The result indicates that the minerals have preferential association with high-grade metamorphic and reworked sedimentary rocks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe zircon, tourmaline and rutile index (ZTR) index developed by Hubert (1962) has been widely used to evaluate the stability of the heavy mineral assemblage to determine the effects of both pre-depositional weathering and post-depositional dissolution accumulated through series of sedimentary cycles (Table 2). \u003cstrong\u003eHubert (1962)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003estated further that ZTR\u0026lt;75 per cent are mineralogical immature to Sub-mature and ZTR\u0026gt;75 per cent are mineralogically mature. In this study, the zircon-Tourmaline and rutile index ranges from 0.0 to 45 percent with an average of 7.7 percent. This implies that the samples were mineralogically immature and was supported with a graphical representation of the ZTR index (Figure 6a\u0026amp;b). Interestingly, the areas with high ZTR index falls within the same environment of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2.2 Pyroxene Suites, Hornblende, Tremolite, Limonite and Actinolite.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe hornblende/tourmaline index has been a good indicator to determine basic status of igneous and metamorphic source rocks. Their absence in some other samples indicate either an intense weathering and erosion effect or depletion from source. Also, depletion of the hornblende, coupled with some ferromagnesian minerals, may be vulnerable to their decomposition mostly when exposed to oxidising waters during depositional processes of the samples from the study area (\u003cstrong\u003eGarzanti, et al., 2018)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe bar chart (Figure 7) adopted in this study reveals the variability of the heavy mineral indices in relation to the siliciclastic sediments from the study area in terms of the maturity, stability and mineral assemblages of the sediments. This supported the assertion that the sediments are mineralogically immature to mature and chemically unstable to stable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. 2.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImplication of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeavy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eineral\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efor Sediment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProvenance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVarious attempts have been employed on heavy minerals abundance to determine their transportation mode, depositional environment and parent rocks source area, these include: defining the stabilities of the minerals coupled with their mineral assemblages within the study. The heavy minerals in the studied area were classified into three different groups ranging from ultra-stable, moderately stable to unstable (Table 3),based on the chemical and physical resistance to erosion and weathering of the pre-existing rocks within the southwestern Basement Complex (Sengupta, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeavy minerals such as pyroxene groups, hornblende, tremolite and actinolite belong to the unstable mineral assemblages of mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks coupled with high-grade metamorphic source rock areas capable of undergoing weathering circumstances. (Tucker, 1990; \u003cstrong\u003eGarzanti, et al., 2018)\u003c/strong\u003e. This minerals maintain their shapes and are well formed, they have low mechanical and chemical stability, this indicate the minerals in the sample under study had been transported for a short distance, due to rapid erosion from the source area. This explains further that they have their sources within a few kilometers from the adjourning acidic and basic igneous and metamorphic (regional and contact metamorphism) rocks of the southwestern Basement complex of Nigeria due to their mineralogical similarity (Deer et al; 1996; Mange and Morton, 2007; Fakolade and Bassey, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the presence of zircon, tourmaline and rutile in this study area suggested the extent of their resistance, an indication the sediments had experienced more than cycles of deposition. It was observed that the percentage of unstable minerals were higher than the ultra-stable ones, indicating that the materials are of various depositional mechanisms and sources. The ultra-stable heavy minerals present as observed for their sub rounded shape, indicate that they have not survived multiple periods of recycling and re-deposition (Garzanti, 2016). The high concentration of opaque minerals present in this sediment samples also suggest the source to be from the adjourning acidic and basic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the southwestern Basement complex of Nigeria coupled with the adjoining creeks. This could be corroborated based on various rivers, streams and tributaries that supported the oceans to supply sediments to the study area. This also confirms the work of Pettijohn et al. (1987\u003cstrong\u003e)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ethat the siliciclastic sediments are assigned to a mixed provenance possibly igneous and metamorphic origin and through sediment reworked processes (Fakolade \u0026amp; Bassey, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGraphical representation was used in this study (Figure 8a \u0026amp; b) to differentiate between acidic and basic igneous rocks and their heavy mineral suites to understand their behaviour (Sengupta, 2017). It was observed that tourmaline mineral was present in all the samples, while other minerals such as zircon and rutile appear very few in some of the locations. Also, the graphic plot of pyroxene groups show that they are present mostly in all the samples from the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn increased concentration of this opaque minerals could be linked with their density, particle size and shape assisted by the gentle slope / relief of the study area that has allowed their concentration. These heavy mineral particles are redistributed through various processes which includes; wave action, tidal and river currents and longshore currents within the beach environment. Further to this study, figure 4 shows the heavy minerals are spatial distributed mostly from the northeastern section, and trends towards the southern end of the area under study. The spatial distribution of minerals in this study area are dependent on factors such as weathering of the southwestern basement complex, flooding of rivers draining across this area, coupled with wind load and tides from the sea.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient conducted on the heavy minerals present in the siliciclastic sediments from the study area (Table 4) showed that some of the heavy minerals are weakly correlate (orthopyroxene is weakly correlated with actinolite, limonite and hornblende) as related to mineral assemblages in both basic igneous and metamorphic origin respectively (Muhs, 2004). Others heavy minerals that are positively correlated include: clinopyroxene and tourmaline/zircon /rutile, this confirms the source to be of acidic igneous rock and reworked sediment nature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis suggests that the siliciclastic sediments under study are from mixed acidic and basic igneous rocks, granites, pegmatite and metamorphic related rocks of the adjoined basement complexes of southwestern Nigeria and reworked sedimentary sediments from southern Atlantic Ocean. Similarly, the few tourmaline, rutile, zircon present may belong to the ancient sediments which might have undergone reworking activities. The observed assemblages of non-opaque heavy minerals (pyroxene, amphibole, tourmaline, tremolite, and zircon) suggest their sources from a mixed provenance including igneous rocks, high grade metamorphic rocks (the Precambrian gneissic), granitic and basic rocks (\u003cstrong\u003eForce, 1991; C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ehandrasekar, 1992;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCheepurupalli et al., 2012)\u003c/strong\u003eas seen inTable 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe further explains that the p\u003cem\u003eresence of some\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eunstable heavy minerals such as amphibole and pyroxene groups\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;in this study area indicate the sediment undergone first cycle depositional episode.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoggs (2006)\u003c/strong\u003e in his work, corroborated by the research works of \u003cstrong\u003eGarzanti and And`o (2007)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eSengupta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ghosal, 2017\u003c/strong\u003e) opined that unstable heavy minerals such as amphibole and pyroxene groups are commonly found in modern sand of quartzose sedimentary environment common in quaternary Epoch. . The Tremolite mineral occurrence in the sediment under study might have resulted from contact metamorphism of calcium and magnesium rich siliceous and carbonate sedimentary rocks and in green schist facies metamorphic rocks derived from ultramafic rocks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe discoveries indicate that the siliciclastic sediments within the study area is related to \u003cem\u003evarious rock suites\u003c/em\u003e within the basement complexes of the Southwestern Nigeria, this ranges from the high grade to low grade metamorphic rocks, acidic and basic igneous rocks and reworked sediments from the South Atlantic Ocean respectively. Also, some other sediments had contributed to the mineral assemblage in this study area. This had resulted to \u003cem\u003etheir varied resistance to weathering erosion and deposition, as corroborated with \u003cstrong\u003ePettijohn et al., (1987)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eand Garzanti\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and And\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026ograve;, (2019).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;The more stable minerals are found in older sediments, while the unstable ones are depleted. Otherwise, the more mature a sediment is, the less susceptible to weathering effects, and the more the stable heavy minerals that will be present in them (\u003c/em\u003eTable 3)\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effect of wave from the coastline had assisted to deposits siliciclastic sediments on the beach. This had allowed the heavy minerals to be more concentration towards the southern section of the study area, while backwash carried some of the lighter minerals back into the sea.The common occurrence of stable minerals mostly zircon and rutile have signified the provenance to be from the granitoid and intrusive acid igneous rocks source area in the Southwestern Basement complex and the reworked sediments from the South Atlantic Ocean (\u003cstrong\u003eBiswas, 1999;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAhmed \u0026amp; Islam, 2001; Hegde et al., 2006; Shalini et al., 2020; Paltekar et al., 2021)\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was observed that the heavy minerals identified in this study if properly harnessed due to their economic importance could contribute to the economic benefit of the nation. It is hereby recommended that more research works be carried out including detailed geochemical and geophysical tactical surveys to identify areas prone to deposits of economic values.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research work identifies the presence of opaque and non-opaque minerals, these were classified into three groups namely: unstable, moderately stable and ultra-stable heavy minerals. The opaque heavy minerals of mafic igneous source rocks represent the major component in all the studied area samples, followed by the non-opaque minerals. These include: pyroxene and hornblende groups and actinolite. These are found to belong to the unstable mineral assemblages. Whereas the ultra-stable minerals such as tourmaline, zircon and rutile are present in this study but in reduced quantity. The presence of unstable minerals in the samples under study have resulted from short transportation and rapid erosion from the adjourning suites of acidic and basic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Basement complexes of southwestern Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese ultrastable minerals in the sediments had undergone more than one sedimentary cycles during deposition signifying a mixed provenance field. The minerals assemblages provide evidence that the sediments were deposited in a shallow marine environment during the decreasing sea-level activities in the late-Holocene. The presence and common occurrence of stable minerals, mainly zircon and rutile in this sediment under study has proved beyond doubt that the siliciclastic sediments is from a granitoid and acid igneous rocks source area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFakolade O. R - Conceptualized the ideas of the research, participated in data gathering and data analysis and writing of the initial draftIkhane P.R - Developed and design the methods, participated in data collection and contributed in research leadershipHao Q. - Participated in the sample analysis, validation of the laboratory results, data curation and revised the manuscriptGuo Z. - Participated in laboratory results validation and discussion of resultsGao X - Participated in methods design, maps and graphics generationRotimi I. A - contributed to geology of the study area, manuscript initial write up\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe author appreciates Professors Zhengtang Guo and Qingzhen Hao of Keys laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and environment, Institute of Geology and geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences and their graduate students for their support during the sample analysis. I acknowledge every contributors both directly or indirectly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENTData publicly available in a repository: Heavy mineral provinces of the Palos Verdes margin, southern California, available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00110-8 Heavy Minerals and Mineralogical Composition of Subsurface Coastal Plain Clastic Deposits of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies is acailable at ISSN: 2458-925X. Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and diagenesis of the Ewekoro Formation in the eastern Dahomey Basin, southwestern Nigeria. Available at DOI:10. 4314/jmg.v41i1.18832, Nigeria: Its Petroleum Geology, Resources and Potential. I and II. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7361-9, Sand and Sandstones, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9974-6. Application of Cathodoluminescence Imaging to the Study of Sedimentary Rocks. Available at . http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535475 Organic Geochemical Appraisal of Limestones and Shales in part of eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jmg.v40i1.18806. Low-Scale Foreshore Morphodynamic Processes in the Vicinity of a Tropical Estuary at Honnavar, Central West Coast of India. Available at https://doi.org/10.2112/07-0902.1, Geochemistry of heavy minerals. Developments in Sedimentology available at doi:10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58013-1, Depositional Facies and Sequence Stratigraphic Study in Parts of Benin (Dahomey) Basin SW Nigeria: Implications on the Re-Interpretation of Tertiary Sedimentary Successions. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2016.72017, Geochemistry of heavy minerals from Uttara Kannada beach sediments, West Coast of India: an insight into provenance studies, Journal of Sedimentary Environments. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s43217-021-00078-z. Provenance and implications of heavy minerals in the beach sands of india\u0026rsquo;s central west coast. Available at https://doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-19-00046.1. Heavy mineral provinces of the Palos Verdes margin, southern California, Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00110-8. Holocene sea-level changes in the Indo- Pacific. Available at DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.01.009. Sedimentary Petrology: an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks. 2nd edition, A Publication of Blackwell, 272p. available at https://www.amazon.com/Sedimentary-Petrology-Introduction-Origin-Rocks/dp/0632057351. Distribution and percentage of heavy minerals in coastal geomorphological landforms in Palk Strait, Southeast Coast of India. Middle East Available at ISSN 1990-9233 \u0026copy; IDOSI Publications. Sedimentological and Geochemical Studies of Rock units in the Eastern Dahomey Basin, South Western Nigeria,\u0026rdquo; Unpubl Ph.D. thesis, available at University of Ibadan. Mineralogical maturity in dune fields of North America, Africa and Australia.. Geomorphology, available at DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.020. Stability of detrital heavy minerals during burial diagenesis. Developments in Sedimentology. Available at DOI: 10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58007-6. Sediment Provenance: Influences on Compositional Change from Source to Sink: Elsevier Science. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328576421. Processes controlling the composition of heavy minerals assemblages in sandstones. Sedimentary Geology, 124, 3\u0026ndash;29. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00118-3. Identifying provenance-specific features of detrital Heavy mineral assemblages in sandstones. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)90041-8. Global Basin Classification System. Available at OSTI ID:6721615. Granulometric analysis and heavy mineral studies of the sandstone facies exposed near Igbile, southwestern Nigeria. Available at http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJGM. Heavy mineral analysis For assessing the provenance of sandy sediment in the San Francisco Bay Coastal System. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.012\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdegoke O. S. (1980)\u003c/strong\u003e. Relevant Geosciences. Discussion, Nigeria Academy of Science. 31-33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdekeye O. A. (2004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. Aspect of sedimentology, geochemistry and hydrocarbon potentials of Cretaceous-Tertiary sediments in Dahomey Basin, South-western Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Ilorin, 202p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdekeye, O. A., Akande, S. O., Erdtman, B. D., Samuel, O. J. \u0026amp; Hetenyi, M. (2006)\u003c/strong\u003e. Hydrocarbon potential assessment of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary sequence in the Dahomey Basin Southwestern Nigeria. NAPE Bulletin. 19(1), 50-60.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgagu A. A. (1985)\u003c/strong\u003e. A geological scale guide to bituminous sediments in southwestern Nigeria. Updrept. Dept of Geology, University of Ibadan.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAhmed, S. S\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp; Islam, M. B. (2001\u003c/strong\u003e). Economic minerals in the beach sands of the southeastern Bangladesh. Handbook of placer mineral deposits, pp. 280-294.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAko, B. D., Adegoke O. S. \u0026amp; Petters, S. W. (1980)\u003c/strong\u003e. Stratigraphy of the Oshosun Formation In South western Nigeria, Journal. Min. Geol. 17, 97-106.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAwosika L. \u0026amp; Folorunsho R. (2010)\u003c/strong\u003e. The Ocean Data and Information Network of Africa.Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, pp. 128 \u0026ndash; 132.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBassey C. E. (1996)\u003c/strong\u003e.Grain size analysis and heavy mineral composition of Beach Sand in Victoria Island area of Lagos S.W. Nigeria, AJST Series B, 8 (1), 11-14 D.H.N.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasu, A. (2003)\u003c/strong\u003e. \u0026quot;Provenance\u0026rdquo;, Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, G. V. Middleton, M. J. Church, M. Coniglio, L. A. Hardie and F. J. Longstaffe, eds., Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 885-896. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasu, A. (2016)\u003c/strong\u003e. Evolution of siliciclastic provenance inquiries: a critical appraisal. In: Sediment Provenance (ed. R. Mazumder), Elsevier Amsterdam, Netherlands. pp. 5\u0026ndash;23. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBillman, H.G. (1976)\u003c/strong\u003e. Offshore Statigraphy and paleontology of the Dahomey embayment. Proc. 7\u003csup\u003eth \u003c/sup\u003eAfr. Micropal. coll. Ile-Ife Nig. Ola. FUTA J. Res. Sci., 13 (2), 371 \u0026ndash; 383.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBillman, H. G. (1992)\u003c/strong\u003e. Offshore Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Dahomey Embayment, West Africa: Nigerian Association of Petroleum Explorationists Bulletin, 72, 121-130. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBisw\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eas\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, M. A. B. (1999)\u003c/strong\u003e. Development of beach mineral exploitation and geological Characteristics of beach mineral deposits of Bangladesh; Proceedings of the Seminar on the Upgradation of the Beach Sand Mineral Exploitation Centre, Cox\u0026apos;s Bazar\u003cem\u003e, \u003c/em\u003e10-11 February, 1999; Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, pp. 25-40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoboy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Olugbenga, A. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp; Nwosu Okezie, R. (2014)\u003c/strong\u003e. Petrography and geochemical indices of the Lagos Lagoon coastal sediments, Dahomey Basin (southwestern Nigeria): Sea level change implications. Quaternary international 33(8), 24 \u0026ndash; 37.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoggs S. J. (2006)\u003c/strong\u003e. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy.4thedition, Prentice- Hall 634.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoggs, S. J. (2009)\u003c/strong\u003e. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 600p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoggs, S. J. (2013)\u003c/strong\u003e. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy: Pearson New International Edition: Pearson Education Limited.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoggs, S. Jr. \u0026amp; Krinsley, D. (2006\u003c/strong\u003e). Application of Cathodoluminescence Imaging to the Study Of Sedimentary Rocks: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 250p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBrownfield, M. E. \u0026amp; Charpentier, R. R. (2006).\u003c/strong\u003e Geology and Total Petroleum Systems of the Gulf of Guinea Province of \u003cem\u003eWest Africa U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin \u003c/em\u003e2207-C.32p https://doi.org/10.3133/b2207C\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBurke K. C, Dessauvagie T. F. J. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp; Whiteman A. J. (1971)\u003c/strong\u003e.The opening of the gulf of Guinea and Geological History of Benue Depression and Niger Delta, NAPE Bull, 7(2), 121-130.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChandrasekar, N. (1992)\u003c/strong\u003e.Placer Mineral Exploration along the Central Tamilnadu Coast. Madurai, India: Madurai Kamaraj University, Ph.D. thesis, 293p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCheepurupalli, N., Rao Radha, B., Anu Reddy, K. S. N., Dhanamjayarao, E. N. \u0026amp; Dayal, \u003cstrong\u003eM. (2012)\u003c/strong\u003e.Heavy Mineral distribution studies in different microenvironments of Bhimunipatnam coast, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2(5), 2250-3153, ISSN.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoker, D (2002).\u003c/strong\u003e The Dahomey Basin extensive sedimentary basin on the continental margin of the Gulf of Guinea, International journal of solids and structures 39(25): 6135-6157.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCordier, S., Frechen, M., Harmand, D. \u0026amp; Beiner, M. (2005)\u003c/strong\u003e. Middle and Upper Pleistocene Fluvial evolution of the Meurthe and Moselle valleys in the Paris basin and the Rhenish Massif. Quaternaire, 16, 201-215.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeer W.A., Howie, R.A., \u0026amp; Zussman J. (1996). \u003c/strong\u003eAn introduction to the rock forming Minerals, 2\u003csup\u003end \u003c/sup\u003eEdition. Prentice Hall.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElueze, A. A. \u0026amp; Nton, M. E. (2004)\u003c/strong\u003e. Organic Geochemical Appraisal of Limestones and Shales in part of eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology, 40, 29-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jmg.v40i1.18806.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFakolade, O. R. \u0026amp; Bassey, C. E. (2017)\u003c/strong\u003e.Heavy Minerals and Mineralogical Composition of Subsurface Coastal Plain Clastic Deposits of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS). 3(4), 1 - 6 April- 2017, ISSN: 2458-925X. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlorence L. Wong, Donald L. Woodrow \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp; Mary McGann, U. S. (2013)\u003c/strong\u003e.Heavy mineral analysis For assessing the provenance of sandy sediment in the San Francisco Bay Coastal System Marine Geology 345, 170\u0026ndash;180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.012 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFolk, R. L. (1974)\u003c/strong\u003e.Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks: Austin, Texas, Hemphill Publishing Co,182p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForce, E. R. (1991)\u003c/strong\u003e.Placer deposits, In: Force, E.R.; Eidel, J. J. and Maynard, J.B., (eds.), Sedimentary and Diagenetic Mineral deposits: A Basin Analysis Approach to Exploration: Reviews in Economic Geology, Society of Economic Geologists, 5: 131-140.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForce, E. \u0026amp; Garner Jr., T. E. (1985).\u003c/strong\u003e High-angle aeolian cross bedding at Trail Ridge, Florida, Industrial Minerals, 215, 55-59. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGarzanti, E. (2016)\u003c/strong\u003e.From static to dynamic provenance analysis Sedimentary petrology upgraded. Sediment. Geol. 336, 3\u0026ndash;13.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.07.010\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGarzanti, E. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e And\u0026ograve;, S. (2007)\u003c/strong\u003e.Plate tectonics and heavy-mineral suites of modern sands. In Heavy Minerals in Use; Mange, M.A., and Wright, D.T., Eds.; Developments in Sedimentology Series; Elsevier: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 58, 741\u0026ndash;763. ISSN: 0070-4571/doi:10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58029-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGarzanti, E. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e And\u0026ograve;, S. (2019)\u003c/strong\u003e. Review, Heavy Minerals for Junior Woodchucks in MPDI Pub.1-25. \u003cstrong\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/min9030148\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGarzanti, E., And\u0026ograve;, S., Limonta, M., Fielding, L. \u0026amp; Najman, Y. (2018)\u003c/strong\u003e.Diagenetic control on mineralogical suites in sand, silt, and mud (Cenozoic Nile Delta): Implications for provenance reconstructions. Earth-Science Reviews, 185, 122-139. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.05.010\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrzebyk J. \u0026amp; Leszczy\u0026ntilde;ski S. (2006)\u003c/strong\u003e.New data on heavy minerals from the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene flysch of the Beskid OEl\u0026sup1;ski Mts. (Polish Carpathians). Geol. Quart., 50(2), 265\u0026ndash;280. Warszawa.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHedge, V. S., Shalini, G. \u0026amp; Kanchanagouri, D. G. (2006)\u003c/strong\u003e. Provenance of heavy minerals with special reference to ilmenite of the Honnavar beach, central west coast of India, Current science, 91(5), 644 \u0026ndash; 648. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHegde V. S., Shalini, G., Nayak S. R., Rajawat A. S., \u0026amp; Suryarayana A. (2009)\u003c/strong\u003e. .Low-Scale Foreshore Morphodynamic Processes in the Vicinity of a Tropical Estuary at Honnavar, Central West Coast of India, Journal of Coastal Research, 25(2), 305 \u0026ndash; 314, https://doi.org/10.2112/07-0902.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHubert, J.F. (1962)\u003c/strong\u003e. A zircon\u0026ndash;tourmaline\u0026ndash;rutile maturity index and the interdependence of the composition of heavy minerals assemblages with the gross composition and texture of sandstones. J. Sediment. Petrol., 32, 440\u0026ndash;450. DOI: 10.2445/agp.2023.148025\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIkhane, P. R., Akintola, A. I., Bankole, S. I., Oyebolu, O. O. \u0026amp; Ogunlana, E. O. (2013)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e Granulometric analysis and heavy mineral studies of the sandstone facies exposed near Igbile, southwestern Nigeria. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining (IRJGM) (2276-6618); 3(4), 158-178. http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJGM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJones, H. A. \u0026amp; Hockey, R. D. (1964)\u003c/strong\u003e. The Geology of Part of Southwestern Nigeria Geol. Surv. Nigeria, Bull, 31, 101p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKingston, D. R., Dishroon, C. P. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Williams, P. A. (1983)\u003c/strong\u003e. Global Basin Classification System. AAPG. Bull. (67), 2175-2193. OSTI ID:6721615\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMange, M. A. \u0026amp; Maurer, H. F. W. (1992)\u003c/strong\u003e. Heavy Minerals in Colour, Heavy mineral descriptions and colour plates. A Publication of Springer-Verlag, 147p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2308-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMange, M. A., \u0026amp; Morton, A. C. (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2007\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. Geochemistry of heavy minerals. Developments in Sedimentology, 58, 345\u0026ndash; 391. doi:10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58013-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMange, M. A. \u0026amp; Otvos, E. G. (2005)\u003c/strong\u003e. Gulf coastal plain evolution in West Louisiana: Heavy Mineral provenance and Pleistocene alluvial chronology. Sedimentary Geology,\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e182(1). 29-57.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMazumder, R. (2016)\u003c/strong\u003e. Sediment Provenance: Influences on Compositional Change from Source to Sink: Elsevier Science. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328576421\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorton A. C \u0026amp; Hallsworth C. (1994)\u003c/strong\u003e. Identifying provenance-specific features of detrital Heavy mineral assemblages in sandstones. J. Sed. Geol. 90, 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)90041-8 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorton, A. C. \u0026amp; Hallsworth, C. R. (1999). \u003c/strong\u003eProcesses controlling the composition of heavy minerals assemblages in sandstones. Sedimentary Geology, 124, 3\u0026ndash;29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00118-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorton, A.C. \u0026amp; Hallsworth, C. (2007)\u003c/strong\u003e. Stability of detrital heavy minerals during burial diagenesis. Developments in Sedimentology, 58, 215-245. DOI: 10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58007-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMpanda, S. (1997)\u003c/strong\u003e. Geological Development of East Africa coastal basin of Tanzania: acta Universities Stockhomiensis, 45, 121p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMuhs, D. R. (2004)\u003c/strong\u003e.Mineralogical maturity in dune fields of North America, Africa and Australia.. Geomorphology, 59, 247\u0026ndash;269. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.020\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNton, M. E. (2001)\u003c/strong\u003e. Sedimentology and Geochemical studies of rock units in the Geological Society Special Publication, 101, 225-251.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOkosun, E. A. (1990)\u003c/strong\u003e. A review of the cretaceous stratigraphy of the Dahomey Embayment, West Africa. Cretaceous research, 11, 17-27.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOlabode, S. O. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Mohammed, M. Z. (2016)\u003c/strong\u003e. Depositional Facies and Sequence Stratigraphic Study in Parts of Benin (Dahomey) Basin SW Nigeria: Implications on the Re-Interpretation of Tertiary Sedimentary Successions. International Journal of Geosciences, 7, 210-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2016.72017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOmatsola, M. E. \u0026amp; Adegoke, O. S. (1981)\u003c/strong\u003e. Tectonic evolution and cretaceous stratigraphy of the Dahomey basin Nigeria Journal mining and Geology, 18(01), 130-137.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePaltekar, M., Hegde, V. S., Hulaji, S., Pratihari, A. \u0026amp; Korkoppa, M. M. (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2021)\u003c/strong\u003e. Geochemistry of heavy minerals from Uttara Kannada beach sediments, West Coast of India: an insight into provenance studies, Journal of Sedimentary Environments. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43217-021-00078-z.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePettijohn, F. J., Potter, P. E. \u0026amp; Siever, R. (1987)\u003c/strong\u003e. Sand and Sandstone. 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e ed. A Publication of Springer -Verlag, New York, 518p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRahaman, M. A. (1988)\u003c/strong\u003e. Recent advances in the study of the basement complex of Nigeria. In: Oluyide, P.O., Mbonu, W.C., Ogezi, A.E., Egbuniwe, I.G., Ajibade, A.C., Umeji, A.C. (Eds.), Precambrian Geology of Nigeria. Geological Survey of Nigeria Spec. Pub, pp. 11 \u0026ndash; 41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRamasamy, P. \u0026amp; Karikalan, R. (2010)\u003c/strong\u003e. Distribution and percentage of heavy minerals in coastal geomorphological landforms in Palk Strait, Southeast Coast of India. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research,\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e5(1), 49-53. ISSN 1990-9233 \u0026copy; IDOSI Publications, 2010\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRao, R. G., Sahoo, P. \u0026amp; Panda, N. K. (2001)\u003c/strong\u003e.Heavy mineral sand deposit of Orissa.Exploration and Research for Atomic Minerals. 13, 23-52.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ehttps://indiansedimentologists.com/Vol%2028%20number%201%20JAN-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e JUNE%202009.pdf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReyment, R. A. (1965).\u003c/strong\u003e Aspects of the geology of Nigeria. The Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic Deposits. Ibadan University Press, 133p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShalini, G., Hedge, V. S., Soumya, M. \u0026amp; Korkoppa M. M. (2020)\u003c/strong\u003e. Provenance and implications of heavy minerals in the beach sands of india\u0026rsquo;s central west coast. Journal of coastal research, 36(2), 353 \u0026ndash; 361. https://doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-19-00046.1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSengupta, S. M. (2017).\u003c/strong\u003e Introduction to Sedimentology, first ed. Routledge. 322p\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSengupta Debashish \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Ghosal Shayantani (2017)\u003c/strong\u003e.Environmental Implications of Mining of Beach Placers for Heavy Minerals. Fisheries and Oceanography Open Access Journal. 2(3), 1 \u0026ndash; 3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorey, B. C. (1995\u003c/strong\u003e). The role of mantle plumes in continental break-up: case history from Gondwana land, Nature. 377, 301-308. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTucker, M. E. (1990)\u003c/strong\u003e. Techniques in sedimentology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 63-86. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTucker, M. E. (1994)\u003c/strong\u003e.Sedimentary Petrology: an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks. 2nd edition, A Publication of Blackwell, 272p. https://www.amazon.com/dp/0632057351\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhiteman, A. J. (1982).\u003c/strong\u003e Nigeria. Its Petroleum Geology, Resources and Potential. Graham and Trotman, London, 399p. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWong, F. L. (2002)\u003c/strong\u003e. Heavy mineral provinces of the Palos Verdes margin, southern California, Continental Shelf Research, 22 (6-7), 899-910. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00110-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWoodroffe, S. \u0026amp; Benjamin, H\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e (2005).\u003c/strong\u003e Holocene sea-level changes in the Indo- Pacific. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 25, 29-43. 10.1016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.01.009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Heavy Minerals Distribution and classification relative to their Stabilities\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"619\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" style=\"width: 558px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Identified minerals %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLOCATION\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eULTRA STABLE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;UNSTABLE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpaques minerals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLatitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLongitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eELV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZrn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCpx\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpx\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHb1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpq\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Statistical application using bar chart to study the variation in the maturity, stability and mineral assemblages of the sediments based on heavy mineral indices of the siliciclastic sediment from the study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"475\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRZi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTZi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHTi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 \u0026nbsp; 4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0 -66.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0-100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0.0-100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0- 45.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNB: RZi- Rutile Zircon index, TZi \u0026ndash; Tourmaline Zircon index, HTi \u0026ndash; Hornblende Tourmaline index,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZTR = Zircon Tourmaline Rutile index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: The pair(s) of variables with positive correlation coefficients where P values below 0.050 tend to increase together, whereas the pairs with negative correlation coefficients and P values below 0.050 tends to decrease together.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"571\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCpx\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpx\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHbL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTur\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpq\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCpx\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpx\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.64\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHbL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.222\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.193\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.106\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.266\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTur\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.322\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.538\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.544\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.719\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.327\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.442\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.42\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.127\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0399\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.044\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0709\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.158\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.579\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0806\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.298\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0591\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.476\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.577\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.318\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.248\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.355\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.311\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.379\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.896\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.194\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpq\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.141\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.583\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.714\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.275\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.528\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.443\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0709\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.404\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.479\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Stability series of common Heavy minerals present in the samples under study (Modified after Pettijohn et al., 1987).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 417px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Stability Mineral Series\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUltrastable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 271px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZircon, Rutile and Tourmaline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately Stable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 271px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLimonite and Opaque minerals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnstable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 271px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHornblende, Actinolite and Pyroxene groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Plate","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlate 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"words: Heavy minerals, Provenance, Quaternary, Eastern Dahomey Basin","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5694357/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5694357/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe rock provenance of eastern Dahomey Basin has not been studied much, leading to insufficient information about the alluvium deposits around the coastal environment of the basin. This has prompted this research to examine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of heavy minerals in the sediments, with the aim at inferring their provenance, tectonic settings and their economic implications. Thirty (30) sediment samples were collected and subjected to heavy mineral analyses and quantified by viewing under the microscope. The result of heavy mineral analysed under the microscope shows that the heavy mineral assemblages in this study area are dominated by opaque minerals among which is limonite, followed by non-opaque minerals, namely the pyroxene groups (orthpyroxene and clinopyroxene), amphibole group (hornblende, tremolite and actinolite), tourmaline, zircon and rutile. In conclusion, the heavy mineral studies revealed a range of basic and acidic igneous, metamorphic and intermediate rocks coupled with reworked sedimentary deposits in source areas, where there is a mixed depositional environment and varied intensity of weathering. More research work with large amount of samples is recommended to determine the specific source area for the sediments in Eastern Dahomey Basin.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Heavy Mineral Assemblages of Quaternary Alluvial Deposits in Coastal Environment: Their Implication for Depositional environment and Provenance Assessment in Eastern Dahomey Basin Southwestern Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-15 05:26:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5694357/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-02-05T05:13:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-02-04T06:48:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"259045288717271754993734003035881046179","date":"2025-01-31T17:06:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"12478303859507123420562435778690085559","date":"2025-01-31T08:45:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"258023734167500356871411999269554981503","date":"2025-01-31T05:03:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"266735205493348501423519963597632356590","date":"2025-01-30T00:43:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-01-29T19:54:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"101102431280160641400995243329182822775","date":"2025-01-29T08:32:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-01-28T15:01:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"61341516451541211641947206030911424983","date":"2025-01-24T14:59:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"95381807228220353134124858985676135475","date":"2025-01-22T09:53:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-01-21T07:54:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-01-14T09:21:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-01-13T13:23:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Geoscience","date":"2024-12-22T14:44:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-geoscience","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Geoscience](https://www.springer.com/journal/44288)","snPcode":"44288","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44288","title":"Discover Geoscience","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f7f13f41-f867-4584-9b4a-1e82ec5bfc50","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-26T13:23:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-15 05:26:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5694357","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5694357","identity":"rs-5694357","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}