Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition

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On the other hand, day by day, rubber waste (RW), from scrap tires, accumulates from discarded or old tires; thus, it also adds important hazards and problems to the surrounding environment. Mixing of these materials generates composite geomaterials with different characteristics for varied geotechnical applications and helps in addressing many challenges related to them. To ensure the advantages outweigh any possible risks, precise testing of the Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste (ASRW) mixtures is essential. Methods The current paper examines the response of ASRW mixtures under lateral restraint conditions. Laboratory specimens were prepared in a dense state with five fractions of rubber ranging from 0% to 100%. The results are analyzed and plotted, considering the effect of rubber content on the compressibility, stiffness, collapsibility, and energy dissipation. Results The finding reveals that the compressibility of ASRW mixtures changes significantly with rubber content, at which the void ratio reaches a minimum value (close to 0.2). With higher RW, the compressibility of specimens increases, while their stiffness lowers. More inclusion allows the re-arrangement of grains and more replacement of the solid skeleton, resulting in the formation of hybrid packing mixtures, causing a slight collapse. The stress—strain response of mixtures at higher rubber inclusion is nonlinear to a significant degree. This behavior evidenced that these mixtures are “rubber—like” in response and show plastic deformation. Furthermore, the RW inclusion causes the mixtures to absorb and dissipate more energy. The WR worked as a mini damper inside the mixtures. This is clear in the loading and unloading loops in the cyclic oedometer tests. Conclusions Finally, further use of the ASRW mixtures is proven, as they exhibit more damping capacity and can be applied in different infrastructures as a vibration-damper. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/15-444", "name": "Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber..." } } ] } Home Browse Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Al-Taie A and Ahmed M. Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173696.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] Abbas Al-Taie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9825-5583 1,2 , Mahmood Ahmed 2 Abbas Al-Taie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9825-5583 1,2 , Mahmood Ahmed 2 PUBLISHED 27 Mar 2026 Author details Author details 1 Civil Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Baghdad, 10070, Iraq 2 University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad, 10070, Iraq Abbas Al-Taie Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mahmood Ahmed Roles: Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Fallujah Multidisciplinary Science and Innovation gateway. Abstract Background Aeolian soil (AS), which is created by wind deposition, has numerous characteristics that present joint environmental and engineering challenges. On the other hand, day by day, rubber waste (RW), from scrap tires, accumulates from discarded or old tires; thus, it also adds important hazards and problems to the surrounding environment. Mixing of these materials generates composite geomaterials with different characteristics for varied geotechnical applications and helps in addressing many challenges related to them. To ensure the advantages outweigh any possible risks, precise testing of the Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste (ASRW) mixtures is essential. Methods The current paper examines the response of ASRW mixtures under lateral restraint conditions. Laboratory specimens were prepared in a dense state with five fractions of rubber ranging from 0% to 100%. The results are analyzed and plotted, considering the effect of rubber content on the compressibility, stiffness, collapsibility, and energy dissipation. Results The finding reveals that the compressibility of ASRW mixtures changes significantly with rubber content, at which the void ratio reaches a minimum value (close to 0.2). With higher RW, the compressibility of specimens increases, while their stiffness lowers. More inclusion allows the re-arrangement of grains and more replacement of the solid skeleton, resulting in the formation of hybrid packing mixtures, causing a slight collapse. The stress—strain response of mixtures at higher rubber inclusion is nonlinear to a significant degree. This behavior evidenced that these mixtures are “rubber—like” in response and show plastic deformation. Furthermore, the RW inclusion causes the mixtures to absorb and dissipate more energy. The WR worked as a mini damper inside the mixtures. This is clear in the loading and unloading loops in the cyclic oedometer tests. Conclusions Finally, further use of the ASRW mixtures is proven, as they exhibit more damping capacity and can be applied in different infrastructures as a vibration-damper. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Aeolian soil, rubber waste, confined compression, stiffness, compressibility, energy dissipation Corresponding Author(s) Abbas Al-Taie ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Abbas Al-Taie Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2026 Al-Taie A and Ahmed M. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Al-Taie A and Ahmed M. Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173696.1 ) First published: 27 Mar 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173696.1 ) Latest published: 27 Mar 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173696.1 ) Introduction Aeolian soils, AS, are widespread in many regions of the world. Climate change has significantly contributed to increased global desertification, thereby increasing the areas covered by AS. This situation has caused numerous environmental problems and damage to many infrastructures. Finding systematic engineering methods to exploit these abundant and freely available granular deposits and paving the way for more engineering applications to use them may help mitigate their harmful effects ( Altameemi et al. 2023 ; Altameemi and Al-Taie, 2024 ). The AS has been proven to be applied as a construction and backfilling geomaterial for retaining structure facilities or filling materials beneath their footing ( Al-Taie and Ahmed, 2024 , 2025 ). On the other hand, every day, rubber waste, (RW), from scrap tires accumulates from discarded or old tires and adds important hazards and problems to the surrounding environment. Numerous studies have been conducted to find practical solutions to the problems of these materials. They used scrap tires in various forms, comprising chips, shreds, and granulated materials. Mixing of these materials with soils produces mixtures of geomaterials with distinct properties. These materials have important applications in several civil engineering projects. Lightweight geomaterials as backfill for earth-retaining walls and fill for highway embankments, thermal inclusion in roads, drainage applications, vibration damping for foundations, and limiting building heat losses are among these applications ( Ahmed and Lovell, 1993 ; Bosscher et al. 1997 ; Lee et al. 1999 ; Heimdahl and Druscher, 1999 ; Feng and Sutter, 2000 ; Garga and O’Shaughnessy, 2000 ; Edincliler et al. 2004 ; Edincliler et al. 2010 ; Abdelaleem et al. 2024 ; Akhtar and Tsang, 2024 ; ElEmbaby et al. 2024 ; Khan et al. 2024 ; Olofinnade and Adeyinka, 2024 ; Ghaleh et al. 2025 ). If the granular material mixtures are engineered, they may exhibit special characteristics. Different scholars have explored the mixtures of sand and rubber materials. Such explorations are necessitated as a result of the increase in discarded tire numbers ( Lin et al. 2025 ; Oh and Choo, 2025 ; Wang et al. 2025 ). It is important to mention that the determination of appropriateness and the applicable characteristics of the soil-waste rubber mixtures are the responsibility of scholars. Such determination can assist in providing specifications to simplify environmental and construction protection and to find further particular applications ( ASTM D6270–20, 2020 ). Fonseca et al. (2019) studied the mechanisms of energy dissipation and the interaction between particles of sand and rubber. They used the oedometer device and X-ray tomography to state the energy dissipation and provide support to the thought that there is an increase in the contribution of the rubber at high applied stresses. Furthermore, they showed the influence of the saturation on the frictional sliding. According to these authors, the energy dissipation can be measured at large strain from the oedometer loading—unloading curves. Conversely, the dynamic behavior of the sand and rubber mixtures at small strain was investigated by Wu et al. (2021) using the resonant column tests. Their investigation supported the idea of the augmentation of mixture damping with increasing rubber. The effect of cyclic axial load on the mixtures of sand and rubber is studied by Ozkan et al. (2023a) . Their experiments adopted the loading tests of the one-dimensional to report the stiffness degradation, damping behavior, and hysteresis loops under cyclic axial load. The change in the energy dissipation with loading cycles, rubber content, and the applied stress is supported by this study. Whereas, the damping of the mixtures of sand with rubber is examined by Tao et al. (2023) by subjecting these mixtures to cyclic loading. Their examination showed that the energy dissipation can be reflected by damping during the dynamic vibrations. Also, the trend of energy dissipation of sand mixed with rubber material has been focused on by Li et al. (2024) . These authors studied the damping behavior and energy dissipation of mixtures under cyclic triaxial loading. They found a significant impact of the quantity of rubber on the dissipated energy; furthermore, they concluded that an augmentation in dissipated energy occurs with more rubber inclusion. The pattern of energy dissipated when the clean sand with silt is subjected to cyclic loading is studied by Polito and Martin (2024) and Polito et al. (2024) . Different tests are adopted in this study, including cyclic simple and cyclic triaxial (both stress and strain controlled). These authors found that the ratio of the dissipated energy depends on the magnitude of this energy and is independent of the time of dissipation. According to the above review, it is clear that there are limited direct experimental studies available in the literature regarding the stiffness and energy dissipation of sand—rubber specimens using the oedometer device. To fill the scarcity, the present experimental investigation was designed to explore in more detail the compressibility, stiffness, collapsibility, and energy dissipation of “Aeolian soil, AS” and its mixtures with rubber, from tire waste, under lateral restraint conditions. Three series of oedometer tests were conducted for pure AS specimens, AS mixed with (15, 30, and 45%) rubber waste (RW) and specimens of pure RW. The tests include, in addition to standard physical tests, the standard oedometer tests, the double oedometer tests, and the cyclic oedometer tests of both dry and saturated conditions. Methods Aeolian soil (AS) from the southern Mesopotamian Plain is adopted in this investigation. The selected soil is a grey colored, fine, well-sorted sand. The properties of the soil are presented in Table 1 , which indicates that it is poorly graded sand according to ASTM D2487, “Unified Soil Classification System.” Also, the rubber waste, RW, is used, which is a granulated rubber from the recycling of tire waste from scrap tires. The scrap tires were shredded into large-sized shreds called tire chips. These chips, in turn, were minced to form a mulch product. After that, the mulch product was granulated to produce the crumb rubber. It is a black-colored material of low solid density, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 1 . Table 1. Main physical properties of the materials. Properties Aeolian soil Rubber waste Color grey black Specific gravity, (ASTM D854) 2.675 1.318 Grain size distribution, (ASTM D422) Gravel size, (%) 0 0 Sand size, (%) 98 100 Fines materials, (%) 2 0 Material classification, (ASTM D2487) Mean Diameter, (mm) 0.33 0.98 Coeffıcient of curvature 0.85 2.50 Coeffıcient of uniformity 1.80 1.01 Unified soil classification system SP Sand-sized material Limiting void ratios, (ASTN D D4253) and (ASTM D4254) Maximum density/minimum density 1.183 1.125 Maximum void ratio/minimum void ratio 0.767 0.784 Figure 1. a) Aeolian Soil; b) Rubber Waste. The Aeolian soil and the rubber waste mixtures were prepared with five different weight fractions (Wr) of rubber. Wr was calculated as in Equation 1 with values ranging from 0% to 100%. Where Wrubber and Wsand represent the dry weight of the rubber waste and Aeolian soil, respectively. The first weight fraction is Wr = 0% which denotes the pure Aeolian soil (without rubber waste) and is designated as (ASRW0), while the latest Wr is 100% where the material is pure rubber waste (100% rubber, ASRW100). The rest of the Wr values are 15%, 30%, and 45% (ASRW15, ASRW30, and ASRW45). (1) Wr = W rubber W rubber + W sand × 100 The limiting unit weights of Aeolian soil, rubber waste, and their mixtures are determined as per ASTM standards (D4253 and D4254). These values were used to determine the limiting void ratios. The relative density for testing specimens in oedometer tests was defined as 70%. Accordingly, the target void ratios of the mixture specimens were specified. In this work, three series of oedometer tests were carried out utilizing the standard front-loading oedometer apparatus. A 50 mm diameter and 20 mm height were the dimensions of the specimens in the oedometer cell. The specimens were prepared by dividing the mixtures into two volumes and placing them inside the fixed, clean, lubricated stainless steel ring of the oedometer cell to mitigate the effect of segregation and boundary friction. Additional accessories include a 5 mm diameter tamper rod of steel, a bowl and spoon made from steel, and a 0.01 g digital scale were used to achieve the target relative density. The required relative density for each mixture was first specified, and the volume of the oedometer cell ring was calculated. Then the mass required to fill this volume was known. This mass was prepared as a dry mix inside the bowl properly and carefully until it reached as homogeneous a form as possible ( Figure 2 ). After that, the produced mixture was divided into two parts, each of which was translated into the oedometer ring with a zero falling distance to avert any possible segregation. The compaction was started using the tamper rod, and it was stopped when the total mass of the mixture fit the whole oedometer ring volume. The oedometer was set up, and the dial gauge of sensitivity 0.002 mm was adjusted to an initial reading, and the seating stress of 5.0 kPa was applied. Figure 2. Aeolian soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures, a) ASRW15, b) ASRW30, c) ASRW45. Three different oedometer series for each mixture were conducted. In the first one, the prepared specimens were tested in two conditions: the as-prepared condition (dry condition) and after soaking in tap water for 24 hrs, and then they were loaded as per ASTM D2435. The purpose of this series is to determine the compression parameters of the investigated mixtures. More purposes of this test are to determine what was termed the “one-dimensional incremented stiffness, Sm,” as illustrated later. On the other hand, the collapse potential capacity was the goal of the tests in the second series. To achieve this goal, two identical specimens were prepared and loaded according to Jennings and Knight’s (1957) procedure to study the response to inundation at various applied stresses. While, the third series test is a non-classic oedometer test. It intends to give an idea about the stiffness and energy dissipation of the dry and saturated Aeolian soil—rubber waste mixtures under different loading—unloading—reloading cycles and then presents an idea regarding the dynamic responses of these materials. It should be stated that the procedure followed in this test series is as per Fonseca et al. 2019 and Ozkan et al. 2023a, 2023b . The initial specimen condition is as in a standard oedometer, but the sequence of the test differs. The specimens were subjected first to a loading stage to a specified stress, then they were un-loaded (in an un-loading stage) to the initial seating stress. After that, the specimens were subjected to loading again, in a reloading stage, with a load sequence similar to the previous stage, but to a maximum stress equal to twice the stress. The mentioned stages (loading, un-loading, and reloading) represent one loop of stress. These stages were repeated by increasing stress increments to produce more loops. Each specimen was subjected to five loops and tested in the dry state, then repeated for the inundated state to explore the cyclic response under saturation. Results and discussion The void ratios corresponding to the maximum and minimum densities of the mixtures with various rubber waste content were calculated, and the values are plotted in Figure 3 . Higher values of the void ratios corresponding to limiting densities (maximum and minimum) were determined for pure rubber waste, 1.053 and 1.310; this indicates the damping characteristics of this material. Including the rubber waste in the mixtures caused a reduction in limiting densities and affected the void ratio values. This, therefore, may have influenced the compressibility response and damping characteristics of the Aeolian soil—rubber waste mixtures as discussed later. Figure 3. Effect of rubber waste on, a) limiting densities, and b) void ratio of Aeolian soil. In the context of these damping characteristics, the results of oedometer tests on Aeolian soil-rubber waste mixtures under conditions of one-dimensional confinement are analysed and plotted, considering the effect of rubber contents on the compressibility, stiffness, collapse potential, and energy dissipation of mixtures of different densities. Rubber waste effects on mixtures compressibility Under conditions of one-dimensional confinement, the compressibility of dry and saturated Aeolian sand—rubber waste mixtures were investigated. The results of oedometer tests are plotted in Figure 4 in the form of void ratio (normal scale) versus the effective normal stress (logarithmic scale). This figure shows the ASRW mixtures’ compressibility curves for the diversity of RW fractions utilized in this work. The compressibility curves become increasingly nonlinear for mixtures with more than 30% RW content and when the applied stresses exceed 400 kPa. On the other hand, at RW content of more than 15%, it can be noted that the response of mixtures reveals distinct rebound curves at higher applied stresses. This is also noted for sandy soil samples tested by other scholars (e.g., Lee et al. 2007 ; Kim and Santamarina, 2008 ; Sheikh et al. 2013 ; Rouhanifar, 2017 ). The recorded RW content in the literature in which the same behavior was noted is more than 20% ( Edil and Bosscher, 1994 ; Muir-Wood and Stiffness, 2009 ; Lee et al. 2014 ; Liu et al. 2018 ; Ozkan et al. 2023b ). Figure 4. Compressibility curves for ASRW mixtures, a) dry state, b) soaked state. The Aeolian soil mixed with rubber waste exhibits low sensitivity to soaking. However, high compressibility and further deformation can be seen at higher RW content, at which the void ratio reaches its minimum value (close to 0.2). Moreover, at the end of un-loading stages, higher remnant deformation values can be observed. This is also noted to increase with the addition of the rubber inclusion, which is a compressible elastic material. The linear portion of loading and un-loading curves shown in Figure 4 is used to calculate the compression parameters (compression index, Cc, and rebound index, Cr) with variation of RW content in both dry and saturated conditions as presented in Figure 5 . Almost, with the increase in RW content, above 15%, the Cc and Cr are increased with a linear trend; however, the trend is nonlinear with lower RW content. Finally, it can be concluded that the strain of ASRW produced under axially confined loading increases as the samples translate from rigid, pure sand grains, to elastic, deformable pure rubber grains. Figure 5. Effect of rubber waste on compression parameters of ASRW mixtures, a) rebound index, b) compression index. Rubber waste effects on mixtures stiffness Studying the stiffness of ASRW mixtures due to changing the rubber content is one of the main goals of the current paper. To achieve it, the results of the oedometer test have been analyzed and replotted in the form of effective normal stresses (kPa) versus the vertical strain, (%), (both in normal scale), as in Figure 6 . It is worth noting that as the RW increased, the non-linearity of the normal stress-axial strain curves increased due to the lower stiffness and elastic deformability of RW grains. The slope of the curves in this figure was adopted in the calculation of the “one-dimensional incremental confined stiffness (SM)” of mixtures using the following equation ( Ozkan et al. 2023b ): (2) S M = Δ σ v Δ ε v Figure 6. Variation of void ratio vs. σv for different RW content, a) dry state, b) soaked state. Where Δσ v and Δε v are the increments in stress and strain for each tested specimen. According to Muir-Wood and Stiffness (2009) , the SM, stiffness stress dependency, and effective normal stresses are related in the form shown in Equation 3 : (3) S M σ a = b ( σ v σ a ) c Where σa, b, and c are the reference stress, modulus number, and parameter of stiffness stress dependency, respectively. The value of 100 kPa is conceded for σa ( Ozkan et al. 2023a, 2023b ). This value was used to normalize the SM and σv, then the relation between the normalized values was generated and plotted as shown in Figure 7 . For both dry and saturated conditions, RW content above 15% has a pronounced effect, with curves in Figure 7 converging near the origin. This behavior indicates that the magnitude and rate of increase in mixture stiffness are at their lowest state. At higher RW content, the mixtures behave more like pure rubber than granular soil. The same trend was observed by scholars such as Madhusudhan et al. (2019) and Ozkan et al. (2023b) on sand mixed with a higher content of shredded tire or rubber material. Figure 7. Normalized S M vs. σv for different RW content, a) dry state, b) soaked state. According to Muir-Wood and Stiffness (2009) , the materials that have a lower value of modulus number are less stiff. Based on the findings of the parameters b and c, an examination of the stiffness properties of the ASRW mixtures was carried out. The variation of the parameters b and c with fractions of RW is plotted in Figure 8 . Two behaviors are recognized in this figure: the first is the sand-like, and the second is the rubber-like ( Kim and Santamarina, 2008 ; Lee et al. 2010 ; Fonseca et al. 2019 ). Mixtures with 15% RW exhibit sand-like behavior, while those with 30% or more RW behave similarly to pure rubber. At a lower RW content, the contacts of rubber particles are less dominant; thus, sand-like behavior is dominant, and the value of the parameter b is less, and vice versa. On the other hand, the parameter of stiffness stress dependency reveals a direct proportionality with rubber content. Its value is close to unity with mixtures ASRW45 and ASRW100. This trend would signify the proportionality between the constrained modulus and the level of stress. However, the mixture stiffness increases with decreasing RW, and the soaking has a little impact on the ASRW mixtures’ stiffness. Figure 8. Parameters b and c vs. RW content for, a) dry and b) soaked states. A final comparison with scholars: the parameters b and c obtained in the current experiments are duplicated on the chart provided by Muir-Wood and Stiffness (2009) for various geomaterials, as in Figure 9 . It is clear that the parameters (modulus number and the stiffness exponent) move downwards and upwards, respectively, as the content of the rubber fraction increases. In other words, the mentioned movement indicates a change in mixture behavior from more stiff and sand-like to softer and rubber-like. Nevertheless, all mixtures are within the limits of defined geomaterials. Figure 9. a) Stiffness exponent, and b) modulus number for ASRW mixtures over those of different geomaterials ( Muir-Wood and Stiffness (2009) ). Rubber waste effects on mixtures collapsibility To understand the collapse behavior of Aeolian soil mixed with rubber waste, the designated mixtures herein were subjected to double oedometer tests. The change in axial strain with effective normal stress was recorded, the calculations were conducted, and the results were plotted in Figure 10a . The effect of replacing the solid AS grains with the compressible soft RW and soaking on their mixtures is obvious in this figure. The dense pure AS exhibits high stress resistance in dry and wet states due to the rigid grains nature. This behavior changes slightly as a low fraction (<30%) of the RW is included. The non-linearity of curves is increased slightly due to the impact of such a soft material inclusion. With further inclusion, this state becomes more pronounced. Meanwhile, in the case of pure RW, even at the low applied stress, large axial strain is produced; this is, however, an indication to the elastic deformability of this material. Figure 10. Collapsibility of ASRW mixtures, a) axial strain vs. effective normal stress, b) collapse potential for different mixtures. On the other hand, the collapse potential (CP) was calculated at different effective stresses, as shown in Figure 10b . Limited collapse potential occurs in pure AS, mixtures with lower RW fractions, and pure RW. While moderate to moderately severe collapse (ASTM D5333) occurs for higher RW mixtures. Limited collapse is noted for wetted AS due to the rigid skeleton, high stiffness, and fewer voids. The CP is increased as the RW inclusion increases, allowing the re-arrangement of grains and causing a slight collapse. Higher rubber content replaces more of the solid skeleton, forming hybrid mixtures with increased collapsibility. The skeleton of these mixtures is weaker, allowing more rearrangements of grains, and as a result, a greater collapse (this is pronounced for mixture ASRW45). On the other hand, the pure RW samples do not seem to experience structural collapse due to the nature of the rubber material, i.e., the hydrophobicity and resistance to water ingress. Cyclic loading response of mixtures In light of the rubber energy dissipation property ( Liu et al. 2020 ; Han et al. 2020 ), the mixtures of ASRW were tested under cycles of loading—unloading-reloading confined compression conditions in both dry and wetted states, as shown in Figure 11 . From a geotechnical perspective, the loops in this figure can provide insights into stiffness and energy dissipation of the dry and saturated Aeolian soil—rubber waste mixtures under the above condition. Regarding the dissipated energy, Fonseca et al. (2019) stated that the energy dissipation can be obtained by measuring the area between the loading curve and the reloading curve for each of the loops of the loading—unloading-reloading test like those in Figure 11 . These authors emphasized that energy dissipation measured from the cyclic oedometer test is applicable to provide comments regarding the nature of energy. Figure 11. Loading—unloading-reloading of ASRW mixtures, a) dry state, b) soaked state. However, to provide a precise measurement of the energy dissipation, each test sample, the curves in a specific loop of loading and unloading in Figure 11 are subjected to nonlinear regression. The fitting using a saturating hyperbolic function ( Equation 4 ) was applied to capture a smooth transition and the curvature of the progressive loading and unloading stages. The values of the constants (a1 and a2) and the statistical coefficients for Equation 4 were determined. (4) e v = s v n 1 + n 2 s v The obtained differentiable hyperbolic function enables the calculation of the closed area of each loop. According to the literature ( Jiang et al. 2019 ; Al-Taie, 2025a ), the analytical integration of the saturated function of fitted stress-strain curves is the energy dissipated (ED). Therefore, the area for each loop in Figure 11 is calculated using the following expressions: (5) ED = ∫ σ 1 σ 2 e v ( σ ) dσ The loading curve represents the absorbed energy, while the unloading curve is the released energy; both can be calculated exactly from Equation 5 . Therefore, the loop area was computed using this equation to represent the dissipated energy. The values calculated herein is applicable to provide comments regarding the nature of energy. Table 2 presents the variation of the ED with different rubber fractions for all loops. It is proven in the previous section that the stiffness of RW is much lower than that of AS; also, its deformation tendency is higher. The RW has a tendency to recover the compressed volume, while the AS may undergo crushing, thus, it has a lower volume recovery. Therefore, it is expected that the behavior of the mixtures of these materials differs from that of the pure materials. Table 2. The variation of the energy dissipation with different rubber fractions. Mixture State Loop of loading and unloading (stress in kPa) 12.5 to 50 12.5 to 100 12.5 to 200 12.5 to 400 12.5 to 800 ASRW0 Dry 0.066 0.364 1.058 1.900 6.200 Soaked 0.057 0.299 0.967 2.100 6.326 ASRW15 Dry 0.182 0.350 1.418 2.700 7.000 Soaked 0.103 0.383 1.268 3.000 7.397 ASRW30 Dry 0.345 1.000 3.380 6.600 16.678 Soaked 0.340 0.950 3.100 6.493 16.500 ASRW45 Dry 0.444 1.322 3.407 13.900 21.500 Soaked 0.440 1.299 3.420 14.000 21.000 ASRW100 Dry 0.695 1.829 5.166 17.083 25.300 Soaked 0.662 1.777 4.920 16.602 25.000 The internal friction and irreversible deformation of the geomaterials under loading cycles are reflected in the form of dissipated energy. In each cycle of loading, the material loses work, and this work is represented by the dissipated energy. The energy is related to the ability of the geomaterials to mitigate the vibrations from dynamic loading (i.e., the damping). These quantities are directly proportional in the mixtures of granular geomaterials and rubber materials. The mechanisms controlling the damping and energy dissipation of such mixtures are related to the interfacial friction, viscoelastic hysteresis, and particle rearrangement of the grains of rubber. A direct assessment of the ED is possible from the loading—unloading curves of the cyclic odometer’s loops. More energy dissipation ability is expected in mixtures with a higher loop area. From Figure 11 and Table 2 , it is clear that the inclusion of RW grains in the mixture of AS augments the energy dissipated. Such inclusion introduces additional viscoelastic resistance and deformability to the produced mixtures. This is, however, dependent on the level of the applied stresses. Both the AS skeleton and the RW particles undergo compression and rearrangement simultaneously when this level is low to moderate (less than 400 kPa). At higher stresses, a strong compression occurs in RW grains, causing enlargement in the area of the loading—unloading loop, thereby increasing the energy dissipation. Also, at very high stresses, the densification of the mixtures is increased, where both AS and RW grains compact considerably; as a result, more energy is dissipated. The effect of saturation on the dispersion of energy of ASRW mixtures is investigated in this work. As shown in Figure 11 , the loading—unloading loops were generated for both dry and soaked mixtures. In general, the soaking impact on the energy dissipation is found to be slight. At a stress level of 50 to 100 kPa, a slight shrinkage in the area of the loading—unloading loops is noted due to soaking. However, the reduction is less pronounced at 100 kPa. Furthermore, a narrow difference in ED, compared to the unsoaked state, was recorded for mixtures loaded to 200 and 400 kPa. Meanwhile, a negligible impact on energy dissipation has been noted in saturated mixtures tested at 800 kPa where the viscoelastic behavior of the RW mostly controls the dissipated energy ( Fonseca et al. 2019 ; Dai et al. 2023, 2024 , Li et al. 2024 ). Conclusions The compressibility, stiffness, and energy dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under confined compression. Condition have been analysed and deduced. Accordingly, conclusions from the results are drawn as shown. The mixtures exhibit high compressibility and further deformation at higher RW content, at which the void ratio reaches a minimum value (close to 0.2). The shape of the compressibility curves seems more non-linear for mixtures with more than 30% RW content and when the applied stresses exceed 400 kPa. Moreover, at the end of the unloading stages, higher remnant deformation values are observed. Almost, with the increase in RW content, the Cc and Cr increase with a linear trend; however, the trend is nonlinear with lower RW content. As the RW increases, the non-linearity of the normal stress-axial strain curves increases due to the lower stiffness and elastic deformability of RW grains. At a lower RW content, the contacts of rubber particles are less dominant; thus, sand-like behavior is dominant, and the value of the stiffness parameter is less. On the other hand, the soaking has little impact on the ASRW mixtures’ stiffness. Limited collapse notes for wetted AS due to the rigid skeleton, high stiffness, and fewer voids. The CP increases as the RW inclusion increases, allowing the re-arrangement of grains and causing a slight collapse. With higher inclusion of soft materials, more replacement of the solid skeleton results in the formation of hybrid packing mixtures. The skeleton of these mixtures is weaker, allowing more rearrangements of grains, and as a result, more collapse. While pure RW samples do not seem to experience structural collapse due to the hydrophobic nature and resistance to water ingress. The RW inclusion causes the mixtures to absorb and dissipate more energy. The RW worked as a mini damper inside the mixtures. This is clear in the loops of loading and unloading in the cyclic oedometer tests. Moreover, with more RW fractions, the loading curves become flatter, indicating a soft response, while the unloading branch becomes more curved. Meanwhile, in pure AS, the loading branch closes to the unloading, producing a narrow enclosed area, i.e., less dissipated energy. This is attributed to the nature of RW particles, which are viscoelastic, and to the increase in the slip of the interface between AS and RW. Finally, these results indicate potential applications of ASRW mixtures, as they exhibit more damping capacity. They can be applied in different infrastructures as a vibration-damping for the foundation and to reduce the seismic thrust on retaining structures. Ethical considerations Review and/or approval by an ethics committee was not needed for this study because it contains no human samples or subjects. Data availability Zenodo. Compressibility data: Raw data from the experimental testing program for the various parameters. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18008056 ( Al-Taie, A., 2025b ). This project contains the following underlying data: • Raw data from the experimental testing program for the various parameters: Unit Weight, Void Ratio, Compressibility, Compression Parameters, Void Ratio and Normal Stress, Stiffness, Stiffness Parameters, Collapsibility, and Strain-Stress in Loading-Unloading-Reloading. Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International . 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Publisher Full Text Wu Q, Ma W, Liu O, et al. : Dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of rubber-sand mixtures with a wide range of rubber content. Mater. Today Commun. 2021; 27 : 102341. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 27 Mar 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Civil Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Baghdad, 10070, Iraq 2 University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad, 10070, Iraq Abbas Al-Taie Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mahmood Ahmed Roles: Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 27 Mar 2026, 15:444 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173696.1 Copyright © 2026 Al-Taie A and Ahmed M. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Al-Taie A and Ahmed M. Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173696.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 27 Mar 2026 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Cherif Taiba A. Reviewer Report For: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r474516 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-444/v1#referee-response-474516 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 14 Apr 2026 Abdellah Cherif Taiba , Civil Engineering, Hassiba Ben Bouali University of Chlef, Chlef, Algeria Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r474516 Manuscript Title: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition Journal: F1000 Research Equation (5) computes ED via analytical integration of the fitted hyperbolic function. How sensitive are the ... Continue reading READ ALL Manuscript Title: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition Journal: F1000 Research Equation (5) computes ED via analytical integration of the fitted hyperbolic function. How sensitive are the ED values in Table 2 to the choice of integration limits (σ₁, σ₂)? Were numerical integration methods (e.g., trapezoidal rule on raw data) used to validate the analytical approach? The manuscript attributes increased damping to "interfacial friction, viscoelastic hysteresis, and particle rearrangement." Can you quantify the relative contribution of each mechanism? For instance, was digital image correlation (DIC) or X-ray micro-CT used to visualize particle-scale kinematics during cyclic loading? At stresses >400 kPa, both rubber compression and sand grain crushing may occur. Were post-test grain size analyses conducted to distinguish between rubber deformation and soil breakage as contributors to irrecoverable strain? In mixtures with RW >30%, the transition to "rubber-like" behavior is noted. Has discrete element method (DEM) modeling been considered to simulate how the force chain architecture evolves with rubber content, particularly regarding load transfer between rigid soil and deformable rubber particles? The oedometer ring was lubricated, but no quantification of residual side friction is provided. Was a correction applied to the measured vertical stress based on ring calibration tests? How might uncorrected friction bias the computed stiffness S_M , especially for low-stiffness, high-RW mixtures? Rubber exhibits rate-dependent behavior. The cyclic tests used quasi-static loading rates. How might the energy dissipation trends change under dynamic loading frequencies (0.1–10 Hz) relevant to earthquake or traffic vibrations? Is there a plan for resonant column or bender element testing to address this gap? Crumb rubber may undergo oxidative aging, UV degradation, or chemical leaching. Were accelerated aging tests performed to assess how ED and stiffness evolve over service life? How might degradation affect the proposed "mini damper" functionality? The conclusion suggests ASRW mixtures for vibration damping and seismic thrust reduction. What performance-based design criteria (e.g., allowable settlement, cyclic strain limits, liquefaction resistance) would govern the selection of optimal RW content? Can you propose a decision framework linking mixture properties to specific infrastructure applications? The authors should be added some published research in the literature review on the mechanical behaviour of soils and its relationship with rubber material, a list of which is provided as follows: Refer to reference no. 1 to 9 Recommandation: Major Revision Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. He J, Guo D, Song D, Liu F, et al.: Discussion of “Experimental Study on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rubberized Cemented Soil” by Jie He, Duanwei Guo, Dexin Song, Fangcheng Liu, Lei Zhang, and Qifeng Wen. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering . 2024; 28 (5): 1787-1789 Publisher Full Text 2. Liu H, Liu H, Ding W, Xie H: Dynamic Characteristics of the Rubber‐Tailings Mixture Based on Dynamic Triaxial Test. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering . 2020; 2020 (1). Publisher Full Text 3. Li W, Kwok C, Sandeep C, Senetakis K: Sand type effect on the behaviour of sand-granulated rubber mixtures: Integrated study from micro- to macro-scales. Powder Technology . 2019; 342 : 907-916 Publisher Full Text 4. Wang P, Gan J, Huang S, Liu B, et al.: Micro-mechanical analysis of sand-rubber mixtures with discrete element method. Acta Geotechnica . 2025; 20 (8): 4289-4309 Publisher Full Text 5. Cherif Taiba A, Mahmoudi Y, Belkhatir M: Discussion: Uniaxial compression test of cement-solidified dredged slurry columns encased with geogrid. Geosynthetics International . 2025; 32 (7): 1047-1049 Publisher Full Text 6. Zhang R, Zhang L, Pan C, Chen Q, et al.: Generating high spectral consistent endurance time excitations by a modified time-domain spectral matching method. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering . 2021; 145 . Publisher Full Text 7. Madhusudhan B, Boominathan A, Banerjee S: Factors Affecting Strength and Stiffness of Dry Sand-Rubber Tire Shred Mixtures. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering . 2019; 37 (4): 2763-2780 Publisher Full Text 8. —: Discussion of “Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Rubber-Coated Ballast and Natural Ballast Mix under Direct Shear Conditions”. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering . —. 9. —: Effects of Crumb Rubber on the Shear Strength of Sand: An Experimental Study. Advances in Technology, pp. 167–182 . —. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Geotechnical engineering field. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Cherif Taiba A. Reviewer Report For: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r474516 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-444/v1#referee-response-474516 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Cabalar AF. Reviewer Report For: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r474510 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-444/v1#referee-response-474510 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 13 Apr 2026 Ali Firat Cabalar , University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r474510 F1000Research Manuscript ID: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition by Al-Taie, Ahmed REFEREE’S COMMENTS For location of comments, see the below. ... Continue reading READ ALL F1000Research Manuscript ID: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition by Al-Taie, Ahmed REFEREE’S COMMENTS For location of comments, see the below. Title: It could be more concise/compact. page 1-2: The authors are recommended to give out basic findings in a quantitative way. Keywords: It was found to be fine. Introduction: The paper lacks a comprehensive background and literature review section in a tabulated form. To enhance the significance of the study, the authors should include an in-depth review of related literature. To enhance the clarity and comprehensiveness of the introduction section, the authors are kindly requested to "include a table" that focuses on the literature review. This table should cite 10-15 relevant studies from the past decade in the available literature. The last paragraph of the introduction holds prime importance. It is essential to ensure that this paragraph clearly outlines the objectives of the research and provides a concise overview of the flow and contents of the paper. What is the research gap in the study and how is it addressed which are commonly deployed by researchers? Please provide the problem statement and specify the research gap from the standpoint of F1000 in the last paragraph of the Introduction section. Literature review should be strengthened. For example; DOI10.3390/app16020697; http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.1.001; https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20130070; DOI10.1007/s11440-026-02977-9; DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2015.00626; https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.21.00008a; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.031; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-010-0430-4; (Ref 1-7) and many others (particularly by Prof Tuncer Edil of U Wisconsin) already available in the literature. "Material and methods" would be better than "Methods" only. A table presenting the testing plan would be very useful for potential readers. Sieve analysis of the materials employed in the tests would be very useful for potential readers. Please describe briefly the two procedure proposed by Jennings and Knight’s (1957). Results and discussion: Figure 1 a does not provide any information about the sand grains. Is it possible to describe the size, shape, Gs, and roughness characteristics of the grains used? Figure 3-a; it is recommended to give out the y-axis (dry unit weight rather than dry density) in kN/m3. It is more common in soil mechanics. "Effects of rubber waste on the compressibility of mixtures" would be better than the "Rubber waste effects on mixtures compressibility". Use similar titles for the others though the manuscript. "Muir-Wood and Stiffness (2009)"=? Go through the references one by one. Stiffness by using oedometer tests (?) Compressibility, consolidation, stiffness, soaked, unsoaked (dry) etc... Please use the terminology with a great care. Cr = recompression OR rebound index (?) How did the authors apply "cyclic loading" to the samples? Is it possible to present any picture of the equipment used? There are many interesting and valuable findings in the submission. The authors are recommended to discuss their findings with more papers already available in the literature. This has not done yet effectively. This section is particularly significant. Conclusions: It was found to be fine. However, add some findings in a quantitative manner. In General: A Table listing abbreviations used through the submission would be very useful for potential readers. Be consistent with the plots through the submission. It would be better to use light-gray-dotted-square-gridlines in the plot areas of the Figures. The plots are not seen clearly. Check out the details of the papers listed in References. Strengthen the literature review substantially. Best regards, Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Xie Z, Liu X, Xiong T, Zhou Y, et al.: Experimental Study on the Shear Mechanical Properties of Loess Modified by Rubber Particles Combined with Cementing Material. Applied Sciences . 2026; 16 (2). Publisher Full Text 2. Karabash Z, Cabalar A: Effect of tire crumb and cement addition on triaxial shear behavior of sandy soils. Geomechanics and Engineering . 2015; 8 (1): 1-15 Publisher Full Text 3. Cabalar A, Karabash Z: California Bearing Ratio of a Sub-Base Material Modified With Tire Buffings and Cement Addition. Journal of Testing and Evaluation . 2015; 43 (6): 1279-1287 Publisher Full Text 4. Dai B, Liu P, Zheng H, Yang J: Observed drained shear performance of rubber–sand mixtures under fixed principal stress orientations. Acta Geotechnica . 2026. Publisher Full Text 5. Edinçliler A, Yildiz O: Effects of processing type on shear modulus and damping ratio of waste tire-sand mixtures. Geosynthetics International . 2022; 29 (4): 389-408 Publisher Full Text 6. Edinçliler A, Baykal G, Saygılı A: Influence of different processing techniques on the mechanical properties of used tires in embankment construction. Waste Management . 2010; 30 (6): 1073-1080 Publisher Full Text 7. Edincliler A, Cabalar A, Cagatay A, Cevik A: Triaxial compression behavior of sand and tire wastes using neural networks. Neural Computing and Applications . 2012; 21 (3): 441-452 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Soil Mechanics, Geotechnical Engineering I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Cabalar AF. Reviewer Report For: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r474510 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-444/v1#referee-response-474510 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Kowalska M. Reviewer Report For: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r471676 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-444/v1#referee-response-471676 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 08 Apr 2026 Magdalena Kowalska , Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r471676 The paper presents results of oedometric tests on sand-rubber mixtures. It requires MAJOR revision. The main shortcoming of the manuscript is the lack of clear indication of the novelty of the paper and comparison of the results ... Continue reading READ ALL The paper presents results of oedometric tests on sand-rubber mixtures. It requires MAJOR revision. The main shortcoming of the manuscript is the lack of clear indication of the novelty of the paper and comparison of the results with other similar studies on uniaxial compression and damping. The explanation of the observed phenomena is rather vague. The language requires improvement. More detailed comments are listed below: ABSTRACT - 'RW', 'RW content', 'inclusion' are not synonyms - please use precise terms. - Please include in the abstract/results the results that form the novelty of the research. The fact that compressibility increases with an increase in rubber content is nothing new. - What do you mean by 'nonlinear to a significant degree'? All soils behave in a nonlinear manner. Actually the soil-rubber mixtures are proved to be more elastic than typical soils, so their 'nonlinearity' is expected to be smaller than in natural soils. - WR or RW? - What do you mean by 'further use of the ASRW mixtures is proven'? Any planned applications in the nearest future? Such a conclusion is not supported by the results. INTRODUCTION - Please support the statement that the climate change has lead to an increase in the size of land covered with aeolian soils with some literature references. - To provide credibility, add references about the use of AS in various applications other than only the ones published by the authors. - What do you mean by 'engineering' a 'granular material'? - The behaviour of sand-rubber mixtures in resonant column tests was studied by many other researchers than only Wu et al (2021), including the ones listed below ([1] to [8]). Their work should also be included in the literature review in relation to damping. - Similarly, there are many other results of cyclic loading tests on sand-rubber mixtures that have not been mentioned, e.g. [4], [6], [7], [9], [10]. - What differes your research from other studies presenting oedometric test results for sand-rubber mixtures? These literature results have not been presented at all. - The literature review needs modification - instead of writing what a particular study concentrated on, you should rather gather their results to show common conclusions and emphasize what is already known and what needs a further study. Which important research gaps are you going to fill? METHODS - Please show the particle size distribution curves of the tested materials. Describe the particle shapes and roughness. - How was the rubber mulch 'GRANULATED'? Was it done by the authors? - Precisely, which ASTM methods were used to determine emin and emax? BY the way, 'ASTM' and not 'ASTN" in Table. - The emin/emax values for the mixtures should be specified together with the ones for sand and rubber granulate to indicate the planned initial void ratios of the mixtures at Dr = 70%. Were the emin/emax values determined experimentally or calculated? This is not clear. - How was the steel rod tamper used? - The description of the procedures applied in the 3 series is unclear. E.g. were two different specimens of one material type prepared and was each one tested at dry OR soaked state; or was one specimen tested dry and then soaked? How was the collapsibility checked?The third type of test (cyclic) is unclear as well: what is the difference between that and the regular load-unload-reload oedometric test; what maximum stresses were applied in each loading stage? RESULTS and DISCUSSION - Explain why damping is responsible for the higher (than sand??) emin/emax in rubber given that the both materials have different grading? NO 'damping characteristics' are given at that point of the text although the authors refere to such (below Fig. 3) - At the stress above 400 kPa all specimens behave non-linearly in the semi-logatithmic void ratio-stress space, not only the mixtures with more than 30% rubber content. - What do you mean by 'the response of mixtures reveals distinct rebound curves at higher applied stresses'? - What stress ranges ('the linear portion') were taken to calculate Cc and Cr? It would be beneficial to indicate them graphically. The influence of soaking needs further discussion. - Please comment on the fact that the achieved emin values for rubber and sand-rubber mixtures are smaller than emin from ASTM tests. - The reference to Muir Wood D (2009) seems incorrect. - What do you mean by: 'This behavior indicates that the magnitude and rate of increase in mixture stiffness are at their lowest state .' - This sentence 'According to Muir-Wood and Stiffness (2009) , the materials that have a lower value of modulus number are less stiff.' is unnecessary, as it is obvious. - The results for dry and soaked conditions could be presented in single graphs to emphasize the differences/similarities. - What makes you divide the behaviour into sand-like and rubber-like at rubber content above 15%? - c = 0.8 is not close to unity - it is 20% lower than 1 - Explain the parameters used in Fig. 9: "stiffness exponent", "specific volume" - There is no comparison with the results of oedometric tests on sand-rubber mixtures published in literature . - The 'collapsibility' and 'double oeodometer tests' have not been defined. The method of determining the collapse potential has not been described in the METHODS chapter. - What is the difference between the results presented in Fig. 10 a and Fig 6? - The methods to calculate the energy disspation should be described in the METHODS chapter. - The parameters in equations (4) and (5) are not defined. Their values are not reported. How is the dissipated energy calculated? It would be beneficial to present results from Table 2 (additionally) in a graphical form. GENERAL REMARKS - Please pay attention to the used tense (is/was/have been) Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Anastasiadis A, Senetakis K, Pitilakis K, Gargala C, et al.: Dynamic Behavior of Sand/Rubber Mixtures. Part I: Effect of Rubber Content and Duration of Confinement on Small-Strain Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio. Journal of ASTM International . 2012; 9 (2): 1-19 Publisher Full Text 2. Banzibaganye G, Vrettos C: Resonant Column Tests on Mixtures of Different Sands with Coarse Tyre Rubber Chips. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering . 2022; 40 (12): 5725-5738 Publisher Full Text 3. Das S, Bhowmik D: Dynamic Behaviour of Sand–Crumbed Rubber Mixture at Low Strain Level. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering . 2020; 38 (6): 6611-6622 Publisher Full Text 4. Ehsani M, Shariatmadari N, Mirhosseini S: Shear modulus and damping ratio of sand-granulated rubber mixtures. Journal of Central South University . 2015; 22 (8): 3159-3167 Publisher Full Text 5. Feng Z, Sutter K: Dynamic Properties of Granulated Rubber/Sand Mixtures. Geotechnical Testing Journal . 2000; 23 (3): 338-344 Publisher Full Text 6. Li B, Huang M, Zeng X: Dynamic Behavior and Liquefaction Analysis of Recycled-Rubber Sand Mixtures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering . 2016; 28 (11). Publisher Full Text 7. Pistolas G, Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis K: Dynamic Behaviour of Granular Soil Materials Mixed with Granulated Rubber: Effect of Rubber Content and Granularity on the Small-Strain Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering . 2017. Publisher Full Text 8. Kowalska M, Vrettos C: Effect of layering and pre-loading on the dynamic properties of sand-rubber specimens in resonant column tests. Acta Geotechnica . 2025; 20 (2): 607-624 Publisher Full Text 9. Rios S, Kowalska M, Viana da Fonseca A: Cyclic and Dynamic Behavior of Sand–Rubber and Clay–Rubber Mixtures. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering . 2021; 39 (5): 3449-3467 Publisher Full Text 10. Nakhaei A, Marandi S, Sani Kermani S, Bagheripour M: Dynamic properties of granular soils mixed with granulated rubber. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering . 2012; 43 : 124-132 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: geotechnics, soil-rubber mixtures I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Kowalska M. Reviewer Report For: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r471676 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-444/v1#referee-response-471676 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 27 Mar 2026 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 1 27 Mar 26 read read read Magdalena Kowalska , Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland Ali Firat Cabalar , University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey Abdellah Cherif Taiba , Hassiba Ben Bouali University of Chlef, Chlef, Algeria Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Cherif Taiba A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 14 Apr 2026 | for Version 1 Abdellah Cherif Taiba , Civil Engineering, Hassiba Ben Bouali University of Chlef, Chlef, Algeria 0 Views copyright © 2026 Cherif Taiba A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Manuscript Title: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition Journal: F1000 Research Equation (5) computes ED via analytical integration of the fitted hyperbolic function. How sensitive are the ED values in Table 2 to the choice of integration limits (σ₁, σ₂)? Were numerical integration methods (e.g., trapezoidal rule on raw data) used to validate the analytical approach? The manuscript attributes increased damping to "interfacial friction, viscoelastic hysteresis, and particle rearrangement." Can you quantify the relative contribution of each mechanism? For instance, was digital image correlation (DIC) or X-ray micro-CT used to visualize particle-scale kinematics during cyclic loading? At stresses >400 kPa, both rubber compression and sand grain crushing may occur. Were post-test grain size analyses conducted to distinguish between rubber deformation and soil breakage as contributors to irrecoverable strain? In mixtures with RW >30%, the transition to "rubber-like" behavior is noted. Has discrete element method (DEM) modeling been considered to simulate how the force chain architecture evolves with rubber content, particularly regarding load transfer between rigid soil and deformable rubber particles? The oedometer ring was lubricated, but no quantification of residual side friction is provided. Was a correction applied to the measured vertical stress based on ring calibration tests? How might uncorrected friction bias the computed stiffness S_M , especially for low-stiffness, high-RW mixtures? Rubber exhibits rate-dependent behavior. The cyclic tests used quasi-static loading rates. How might the energy dissipation trends change under dynamic loading frequencies (0.1–10 Hz) relevant to earthquake or traffic vibrations? Is there a plan for resonant column or bender element testing to address this gap? Crumb rubber may undergo oxidative aging, UV degradation, or chemical leaching. Were accelerated aging tests performed to assess how ED and stiffness evolve over service life? How might degradation affect the proposed "mini damper" functionality? The conclusion suggests ASRW mixtures for vibration damping and seismic thrust reduction. What performance-based design criteria (e.g., allowable settlement, cyclic strain limits, liquefaction resistance) would govern the selection of optimal RW content? Can you propose a decision framework linking mixture properties to specific infrastructure applications? The authors should be added some published research in the literature review on the mechanical behaviour of soils and its relationship with rubber material, a list of which is provided as follows: Refer to reference no. 1 to 9 Recommandation: Major Revision Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. He J, Guo D, Song D, Liu F, et al.: Discussion of “Experimental Study on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rubberized Cemented Soil” by Jie He, Duanwei Guo, Dexin Song, Fangcheng Liu, Lei Zhang, and Qifeng Wen. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering . 2024; 28 (5): 1787-1789 Publisher Full Text 2. Liu H, Liu H, Ding W, Xie H: Dynamic Characteristics of the Rubber‐Tailings Mixture Based on Dynamic Triaxial Test. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering . 2020; 2020 (1). Publisher Full Text 3. Li W, Kwok C, Sandeep C, Senetakis K: Sand type effect on the behaviour of sand-granulated rubber mixtures: Integrated study from micro- to macro-scales. Powder Technology . 2019; 342 : 907-916 Publisher Full Text 4. Wang P, Gan J, Huang S, Liu B, et al.: Micro-mechanical analysis of sand-rubber mixtures with discrete element method. Acta Geotechnica . 2025; 20 (8): 4289-4309 Publisher Full Text 5. Cherif Taiba A, Mahmoudi Y, Belkhatir M: Discussion: Uniaxial compression test of cement-solidified dredged slurry columns encased with geogrid. Geosynthetics International . 2025; 32 (7): 1047-1049 Publisher Full Text 6. Zhang R, Zhang L, Pan C, Chen Q, et al.: Generating high spectral consistent endurance time excitations by a modified time-domain spectral matching method. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering . 2021; 145 . Publisher Full Text 7. Madhusudhan B, Boominathan A, Banerjee S: Factors Affecting Strength and Stiffness of Dry Sand-Rubber Tire Shred Mixtures. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering . 2019; 37 (4): 2763-2780 Publisher Full Text 8. —: Discussion of “Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Rubber-Coated Ballast and Natural Ballast Mix under Direct Shear Conditions”. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering . —. 9. —: Effects of Crumb Rubber on the Shear Strength of Sand: An Experimental Study. Advances in Technology, pp. 167–182 . —. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Geotechnical engineering field. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Cherif Taiba A. Peer Review Report For: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r474516) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-444/v1#referee-response-474516 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Cabalar A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 13 Apr 2026 | for Version 1 Ali Firat Cabalar , University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey 0 Views copyright © 2026 Cabalar A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions F1000Research Manuscript ID: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition by Al-Taie, Ahmed REFEREE’S COMMENTS For location of comments, see the below. Title: It could be more concise/compact. page 1-2: The authors are recommended to give out basic findings in a quantitative way. Keywords: It was found to be fine. Introduction: The paper lacks a comprehensive background and literature review section in a tabulated form. To enhance the significance of the study, the authors should include an in-depth review of related literature. To enhance the clarity and comprehensiveness of the introduction section, the authors are kindly requested to "include a table" that focuses on the literature review. This table should cite 10-15 relevant studies from the past decade in the available literature. The last paragraph of the introduction holds prime importance. It is essential to ensure that this paragraph clearly outlines the objectives of the research and provides a concise overview of the flow and contents of the paper. What is the research gap in the study and how is it addressed which are commonly deployed by researchers? Please provide the problem statement and specify the research gap from the standpoint of F1000 in the last paragraph of the Introduction section. Literature review should be strengthened. For example; DOI10.3390/app16020697; http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.1.001; https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20130070; DOI10.1007/s11440-026-02977-9; DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2015.00626; https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.21.00008a; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.031; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-010-0430-4; (Ref 1-7) and many others (particularly by Prof Tuncer Edil of U Wisconsin) already available in the literature. "Material and methods" would be better than "Methods" only. A table presenting the testing plan would be very useful for potential readers. Sieve analysis of the materials employed in the tests would be very useful for potential readers. Please describe briefly the two procedure proposed by Jennings and Knight’s (1957). Results and discussion: Figure 1 a does not provide any information about the sand grains. Is it possible to describe the size, shape, Gs, and roughness characteristics of the grains used? Figure 3-a; it is recommended to give out the y-axis (dry unit weight rather than dry density) in kN/m3. It is more common in soil mechanics. "Effects of rubber waste on the compressibility of mixtures" would be better than the "Rubber waste effects on mixtures compressibility". Use similar titles for the others though the manuscript. "Muir-Wood and Stiffness (2009)"=? Go through the references one by one. Stiffness by using oedometer tests (?) Compressibility, consolidation, stiffness, soaked, unsoaked (dry) etc... Please use the terminology with a great care. Cr = recompression OR rebound index (?) How did the authors apply "cyclic loading" to the samples? Is it possible to present any picture of the equipment used? There are many interesting and valuable findings in the submission. The authors are recommended to discuss their findings with more papers already available in the literature. This has not done yet effectively. This section is particularly significant. Conclusions: It was found to be fine. However, add some findings in a quantitative manner. In General: A Table listing abbreviations used through the submission would be very useful for potential readers. Be consistent with the plots through the submission. It would be better to use light-gray-dotted-square-gridlines in the plot areas of the Figures. The plots are not seen clearly. Check out the details of the papers listed in References. Strengthen the literature review substantially. Best regards, Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Xie Z, Liu X, Xiong T, Zhou Y, et al.: Experimental Study on the Shear Mechanical Properties of Loess Modified by Rubber Particles Combined with Cementing Material. Applied Sciences . 2026; 16 (2). Publisher Full Text 2. Karabash Z, Cabalar A: Effect of tire crumb and cement addition on triaxial shear behavior of sandy soils. Geomechanics and Engineering . 2015; 8 (1): 1-15 Publisher Full Text 3. Cabalar A, Karabash Z: California Bearing Ratio of a Sub-Base Material Modified With Tire Buffings and Cement Addition. Journal of Testing and Evaluation . 2015; 43 (6): 1279-1287 Publisher Full Text 4. Dai B, Liu P, Zheng H, Yang J: Observed drained shear performance of rubber–sand mixtures under fixed principal stress orientations. Acta Geotechnica . 2026. Publisher Full Text 5. Edinçliler A, Yildiz O: Effects of processing type on shear modulus and damping ratio of waste tire-sand mixtures. Geosynthetics International . 2022; 29 (4): 389-408 Publisher Full Text 6. Edinçliler A, Baykal G, Saygılı A: Influence of different processing techniques on the mechanical properties of used tires in embankment construction. Waste Management . 2010; 30 (6): 1073-1080 Publisher Full Text 7. Edincliler A, Cabalar A, Cagatay A, Cevik A: Triaxial compression behavior of sand and tire wastes using neural networks. Neural Computing and Applications . 2012; 21 (3): 441-452 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Soil Mechanics, Geotechnical Engineering I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Cabalar AF. Peer Review Report For: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r474510) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-444/v1#referee-response-474510 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Kowalska M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 08 Apr 2026 | for Version 1 Magdalena Kowalska , Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland 0 Views copyright © 2026 Kowalska M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The paper presents results of oedometric tests on sand-rubber mixtures. It requires MAJOR revision. The main shortcoming of the manuscript is the lack of clear indication of the novelty of the paper and comparison of the results with other similar studies on uniaxial compression and damping. The explanation of the observed phenomena is rather vague. The language requires improvement. More detailed comments are listed below: ABSTRACT - 'RW', 'RW content', 'inclusion' are not synonyms - please use precise terms. - Please include in the abstract/results the results that form the novelty of the research. The fact that compressibility increases with an increase in rubber content is nothing new. - What do you mean by 'nonlinear to a significant degree'? All soils behave in a nonlinear manner. Actually the soil-rubber mixtures are proved to be more elastic than typical soils, so their 'nonlinearity' is expected to be smaller than in natural soils. - WR or RW? - What do you mean by 'further use of the ASRW mixtures is proven'? Any planned applications in the nearest future? Such a conclusion is not supported by the results. INTRODUCTION - Please support the statement that the climate change has lead to an increase in the size of land covered with aeolian soils with some literature references. - To provide credibility, add references about the use of AS in various applications other than only the ones published by the authors. - What do you mean by 'engineering' a 'granular material'? - The behaviour of sand-rubber mixtures in resonant column tests was studied by many other researchers than only Wu et al (2021), including the ones listed below ([1] to [8]). Their work should also be included in the literature review in relation to damping. - Similarly, there are many other results of cyclic loading tests on sand-rubber mixtures that have not been mentioned, e.g. [4], [6], [7], [9], [10]. - What differes your research from other studies presenting oedometric test results for sand-rubber mixtures? These literature results have not been presented at all. - The literature review needs modification - instead of writing what a particular study concentrated on, you should rather gather their results to show common conclusions and emphasize what is already known and what needs a further study. Which important research gaps are you going to fill? METHODS - Please show the particle size distribution curves of the tested materials. Describe the particle shapes and roughness. - How was the rubber mulch 'GRANULATED'? Was it done by the authors? - Precisely, which ASTM methods were used to determine emin and emax? BY the way, 'ASTM' and not 'ASTN" in Table. - The emin/emax values for the mixtures should be specified together with the ones for sand and rubber granulate to indicate the planned initial void ratios of the mixtures at Dr = 70%. Were the emin/emax values determined experimentally or calculated? This is not clear. - How was the steel rod tamper used? - The description of the procedures applied in the 3 series is unclear. E.g. were two different specimens of one material type prepared and was each one tested at dry OR soaked state; or was one specimen tested dry and then soaked? How was the collapsibility checked?The third type of test (cyclic) is unclear as well: what is the difference between that and the regular load-unload-reload oedometric test; what maximum stresses were applied in each loading stage? RESULTS and DISCUSSION - Explain why damping is responsible for the higher (than sand??) emin/emax in rubber given that the both materials have different grading? NO 'damping characteristics' are given at that point of the text although the authors refere to such (below Fig. 3) - At the stress above 400 kPa all specimens behave non-linearly in the semi-logatithmic void ratio-stress space, not only the mixtures with more than 30% rubber content. - What do you mean by 'the response of mixtures reveals distinct rebound curves at higher applied stresses'? - What stress ranges ('the linear portion') were taken to calculate Cc and Cr? It would be beneficial to indicate them graphically. The influence of soaking needs further discussion. - Please comment on the fact that the achieved emin values for rubber and sand-rubber mixtures are smaller than emin from ASTM tests. - The reference to Muir Wood D (2009) seems incorrect. - What do you mean by: 'This behavior indicates that the magnitude and rate of increase in mixture stiffness are at their lowest state .' - This sentence 'According to Muir-Wood and Stiffness (2009) , the materials that have a lower value of modulus number are less stiff.' is unnecessary, as it is obvious. - The results for dry and soaked conditions could be presented in single graphs to emphasize the differences/similarities. - What makes you divide the behaviour into sand-like and rubber-like at rubber content above 15%? - c = 0.8 is not close to unity - it is 20% lower than 1 - Explain the parameters used in Fig. 9: "stiffness exponent", "specific volume" - There is no comparison with the results of oedometric tests on sand-rubber mixtures published in literature . - The 'collapsibility' and 'double oeodometer tests' have not been defined. The method of determining the collapse potential has not been described in the METHODS chapter. - What is the difference between the results presented in Fig. 10 a and Fig 6? - The methods to calculate the energy disspation should be described in the METHODS chapter. - The parameters in equations (4) and (5) are not defined. Their values are not reported. How is the dissipated energy calculated? It would be beneficial to present results from Table 2 (additionally) in a graphical form. GENERAL REMARKS - Please pay attention to the used tense (is/was/have been) Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Anastasiadis A, Senetakis K, Pitilakis K, Gargala C, et al.: Dynamic Behavior of Sand/Rubber Mixtures. Part I: Effect of Rubber Content and Duration of Confinement on Small-Strain Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio. Journal of ASTM International . 2012; 9 (2): 1-19 Publisher Full Text 2. Banzibaganye G, Vrettos C: Resonant Column Tests on Mixtures of Different Sands with Coarse Tyre Rubber Chips. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering . 2022; 40 (12): 5725-5738 Publisher Full Text 3. Das S, Bhowmik D: Dynamic Behaviour of Sand–Crumbed Rubber Mixture at Low Strain Level. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering . 2020; 38 (6): 6611-6622 Publisher Full Text 4. Ehsani M, Shariatmadari N, Mirhosseini S: Shear modulus and damping ratio of sand-granulated rubber mixtures. Journal of Central South University . 2015; 22 (8): 3159-3167 Publisher Full Text 5. Feng Z, Sutter K: Dynamic Properties of Granulated Rubber/Sand Mixtures. Geotechnical Testing Journal . 2000; 23 (3): 338-344 Publisher Full Text 6. Li B, Huang M, Zeng X: Dynamic Behavior and Liquefaction Analysis of Recycled-Rubber Sand Mixtures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering . 2016; 28 (11). Publisher Full Text 7. Pistolas G, Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis K: Dynamic Behaviour of Granular Soil Materials Mixed with Granulated Rubber: Effect of Rubber Content and Granularity on the Small-Strain Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering . 2017. Publisher Full Text 8. Kowalska M, Vrettos C: Effect of layering and pre-loading on the dynamic properties of sand-rubber specimens in resonant column tests. Acta Geotechnica . 2025; 20 (2): 607-624 Publisher Full Text 9. Rios S, Kowalska M, Viana da Fonseca A: Cyclic and Dynamic Behavior of Sand–Rubber and Clay–Rubber Mixtures. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering . 2021; 39 (5): 3449-3467 Publisher Full Text 10. Nakhaei A, Marandi S, Sani Kermani S, Bagheripour M: Dynamic properties of granular soils mixed with granulated rubber. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering . 2012; 43 : 124-132 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise geotechnics, soil-rubber mixtures I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Kowalska M. Peer Review Report For: Compressibility, Stiffness, and Energy Dissipation of Aeolian Soil-Rubber Waste Mixtures Under Confined Compression Condition [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2026, 15 :444 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191534.r471676) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-444/v1#referee-response-471676 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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