Determination of optical properties of carbon nanotubes doped with aluminum oxide nanomaterial's in different molars using Ultraviolet- visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Infrared techniques

Determination of optical properties of carbon nanotubes doped with aluminum oxide nanomaterial's in different molars using Ultraviolet- visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Infrared techniques | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Determination of optical properties of carbon nanotubes doped with aluminum oxide nanomaterial's in different molars using Ultraviolet- visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Infrared techniques Hasabalrasoul . G . Ismail Hamza, Ghassan Adnan Naeem, N. M. Abd-Alghafour, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6160445/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The aim for this study is the determination of the optical properties of carbon nanotubes doped with aluminum oxide nanomaterial in different molars (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9, used for these optical properties: ultraviolet, X-ray diffraction, and infrared techniques. The following were the study's findings: the optical properties of the ultraviolet technique of carbon doped by aluminum oxide samples, the quick rise of the absorption by wavelengths of 235 nm corresponding the photon-energy of 5.277 eV by doped increases, also show that absorbance value increase by doped increase. The samples of carbon doped with aluminum oxide have an absorption coefficient of 0.9 molar, which is equivalent to 4.99×10 4 cm − 1 in the UV region (235 nm), but for the 0.1 molar sample, it equals 2.41×10 4 cm − 1 at the same wavelength, increasing while doped increased. For refractive index spectra of prepared samples by carbon doped by aluminum oxide, the maximum value is (2.134) for the 0.9 molar at wavelength 300 nm, but for the 0.1 molar samples, it equals 1.031 at the same wavelength. The amplitude of the energy gap was reduced among 3.505–3.376 eV of carbon doped with Aluminum oxide. As a result of X-ray diffraction, the crystallites with carbon doped by aluminum oxide are (hexagonal-primitive), showing that increasing the density of the sample by increasing the molar of aluminum oxide samples by a rate (0.8572 mg.cm − 3 /mole). Finally, it describes the relation between the rates of aluminum oxide concentration and d-spacing of carbon-doped aluminum oxide samples, the rate of decreasing the spacing between dots of the carbon doped Aluminum oxide by increasing molar concentration is 0.28085×10 10 m/molar. Results of FT-IR the spectra of all the ferrites have been used to locate the places of the bands. The current investigation, the peak absorption of bands ν1, ν2, ν3, ν4, and ν5 are around 460 cm − 1 , 750 cm − 1 ,852 cm − 1 ,3626 cm − 1 , and 3900 cm − 1 , accordingly for each composition. Nanotube Carbon Nanotube Aluminum oxide Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) X-ray diffraction (XRD) Fourier transport infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Introduction The optical properties of materials describe their interactions with electromagnetic radiation. This spectrum includes XRD diffraction, Ultraviolet (UV) system, visible-light, infrared waves, and radio-waves. Key optical properties include energy gap, absorption coefficient, reflection, transmission, and absorbance [ 1 , 2 ]. It is possible for the photons to transfer their energy to the substance through absorption. However, the substance instantly emits photons with the same energy (reflection); photons can either not interfere with the transmission of the material structure or they can change velocity (refraction) while being transmitted. The overall intensity of incident light hitting a surface at any given time of the light interface by a material is the same as the total of intensities of light that is absorbed, emitted, and transmitted [ 3 ]. The study, construction, and creation of novel materials with intriguing properties at the nonmetric scale, which the impacts of quantum physics are apparent, are known as nanotechnology. These nanomaterials can take the form of nanoparticles, nanotubes, or nan-surfaces and have at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nm. [ 4 ]. Carbon nanotube (CNT) discovered by SumioIijima in 1991, in the soot of an arc discharge apparatus. Because of the remarkable mechanical and electrical properties of CNT, research on its growth, characterization, and applications has blossomed since its discovery. Because CNT can be either metallic or semiconducting, it offers the possibility of producing semiconductor to metal and semiconductor to semiconductor junctions, which are advantageous in electronic devices [ 5 ]. Aluminum oxide on the physical attributes of cementitious mortar [ 6 ]. The corundum form of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles (NPs) contains several phases, including γ, β, θ, and δ. The most stable and distinct thermodynamic phase is often the alumina phase (Al₂O₃), which has unique features such as high stability, high hardness, high insulation, and transparency [ 7 ]. The absorption of UV-visible radiation occurs through the excitation of electrons within the molecular structure to a higher energy state [ 8 ]. Spectroscopy in Ultraviolet, Visible light, and since electrons are transferred across low energy to high energy atomic orbitals when a material is uncovered to light, the near-infrared (NIR) portions of electromagnetic spectrum are frequently mentioned to as electronic spectroscopy [ 9 ]. Materials and Method Potassium chlorate (KClO₃), nitric acid (HNO₃), and sulfuric acids (H₂SO₄) were utilized in this investigation to create CNT from graphite. Initial, 5.0 g of graphite 99.995% purity, 45 mL, Aldrich was gently additional to a combination of fuming nitric acid 25 mL and sulfuric acid 50 ml. We kept the blend until 30 minutes. In an ice-bath, the liquid was chilled to 5°C. Additionally, the solution was stirred for 30 minutes while 25 g of potassium chlorate was regularly added. Special attention must be taken during this phase to spread out temperature effects because adding potassium chlorate to the mixture generated a lot of heat. After being heated to 70°C for 24 h, the solution was left in the air for three days. While some reactive carbons were floating, the majority of the graphite was precipitated on the bottom. One liter of DI water was added to the floating carbon compounds. The solution was promptly filtered and sample was dried after an hour of stirring. Aluminum oxide was added to the generated CNT at molar concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9. To obtain the powdered nanoparticles, the annealed sample was then pulverized. All samples' crystal structures were examined at ambient temperature with a Philips PW1700 X-ray diffractometer (run at 40 kV and 30 mA of current). The band locations, which are provided for each sample, were found using infrared spectra of a synthetic Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) in the range of 400–4000 cm − 1 . At room temperature, min 1240 UV spectroscopy was used to analyze each sample's optical characteristics. Determine all optical characteristics (absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, optical energy gap, refractive index, real dielectric constant, and imaginary dielectric constant) from the optical spectra of synthetic materials. Characterization techniques The materials characterization Lab offers a broad range of the characterization methods in the fields of min 1240 UV spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry), and X-ray diffractometric, which aid in raising the various degrees of understanding why different materials show different properties and behaviors. To investigate the optical properties of CNT (Carbon Nano Tube) doped by aluminum oxide, we read (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar nanoparticles, and several exacting methods have been employed in our research. The next characteristics have been possibly performed for the analysis of the synthesized samples. Fourier transport infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) Infrared spectroscopy system is a one photon phenomenon which a molecule vibrates as a result of photon absorption. Atomic vibrations in chemical bonding inside the molecular structure are the source of infrared spectra. A light beam including infrared spectrum reacts with a sample [ 11 ]. The broad process of breaking down any fluctuating signal into its individual frequency components is known as Fourier spectroscopy; a dependable technique for the infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) supplies a number of the analytical opportunities in forensic, analytical, and academic labs. The absorption, reflection, radiation, or photoacoustic spectrum that is produced via the Fourier transform of an optical interference program is referred to as FT-IR spectroscopy [ 12 ]. The near, mid, and far-IR are the three divisions of the electromagnetic spectrum's infrared (10-14000 cm –1 ) area. Since all molecules have distinctive absorbance frequencies and primary molecular vibrations in the mid-IR (400–4000 cm –1 ) range, this is the greatest often employed region of the investigation. Studying how infrared light interacts with samples is the foundation of the methods. Certain wavelengths of infrared radiation are absorbed by a sample, resulting in vibrations of the material's chemical bonds that cause stretching, contracting, and bending. Spectra peaks are produced by the absorption of bond vibrational energy fluctuations in infrared region and functional groups in molecules have a tendency to absorb infrared radiation in the same wavenumber range regardless of other structures in the molecule. As a result, the chemical structures of molecules and their IR band locations are correlated. IR spectra can give quantitative information, such the amount of bacteria present in a growing media, in addition to qualitative information about functional groups. An infrared spectrum is determined by measuring the intensity of the infrared radiation both before and after it passes through a sample. The spectrum is then plotted using wave number units on the X-axis and absorbance or transmittance units on the Y-axis. It is required to plot the spectrum in absorbance units for quantitative purposes. Beer's law, which links concentration to absorbance as seen in Eq. (1), is followed by FT-IR absorbance spectra: $$\:A\lambda\:\:=\:L\:\epsilon\:\lambda\:C\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(1\right)$$ Eq. (2) defines transmittance, which is not directly proportional to concentration, where A λ = absorbance, L = path length, ε λ = absorptivity, and C = concentration. $$\:T\%=\frac{IS}{IR}\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(2\right)$$ where T is the transmittance, IS is the intensity of the infrared beam after it has passed through the sample, and IR is the intensity of the infrared beam before it passes through the sample. Sample Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained using KBr pellets shown in Fig. 1 and (Mattson, Model 960m0016) spectra with transmission from 4000 to 400 cm⁻¹. Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) The absorption spectroscopy that utilizes electromagnetic radiations from 190 nm to 800 nm is identified as ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy. It is separated into two regions: visible (400–800 nm) and ultraviolet (190–400 nm). It is similarly frequently referred to as electronic spectroscopy since a molecule's absorption of the visible or ultraviolet light causes changes in the electronic energy levels of the molecule. Reflection, scattering, absorbance, fluorescence-phosphorescence, and photochemical reaction are some of reactions that can happen when radiation interacts with materials. Generally speaking, we want just absorption to happen when monitoring UV-Visible spectra. Subsequently light is an energy form, when matter absorbs light, the energy content of the molecules (or atoms) increases. The sum of a molecule's electronic, vibrational, and rotational energies is typically utilized to describe its total potential energy [ 13 ]. A Shimadzu spectrophotometer (UV micro 1240) was utilized to examine the formed nanoparticles' absorption spectra in the 190–800 nm range; see Fig. 2 . X-ray Diffraction (XRD) An x-ray tube, sample holder, and x-ray detector are the three fundamental components of x-ray diffractometer. A cathode ray tube produces x-rays by burning a filament to produce electrons, providing a voltage to accelerate the electrons toward a target, and then hitting the target material with electrons. Characteristic x-ray spectra are created when electrons possess enough energy to disrupt the target material's inner shell electrons. Kα and Kβ are the most prevalent components among the several components that make up these spectra. Kα1 and Kα2 make up a portion of Kα. Kα1 is twice as intense as Kα2 and has a slightly shorter wavelength. The specific wavelengths are characteristic of the target material (Cu, Fe, Mo, and Cr). Filtering, by foils or crystal mono-chromatics, is required to produce monochromatic X-rays needed for diffraction. Kα1 and Kα2 are sufficiently close in wavelength such that a weighted average of the two is used. With Cu Kα radiation = 1.5418 Å, copper is the most often used target material for single-crystal diffraction. The sample is exposed to these collimated x-rays. The intensity of reflected x-rays is measured while the sample and detector spin. Constructive interference and an intensity peak occur when the incident x-rays' geometry satisfies the Bragg equation and strikes the sample. This x-ray radiation is captured, processed, and changed to a count rate via a detector before being sent to a printer or computer monitor, among other devices. The x-ray detector is mounted on an arm to collect the diffracted x-rays and rotates at an angle of 2θ. The geometry of an x-ray diffractometer is such that the sample rotates in the path of the collimated x-ray beam at an angle θ. A goniometer is the device that rotates the sample and maintains the angle. Data is gathered at 2θ from around 5° to 70°, which are predefined angles in the x-ray scan, for common particle patterns. Results and Discussion Optical outcomes and discussion of carbon doping by Aluminum Oxide samples Utilizing the UV-Vis min 1240 spectrophotometer, we examined five samples of carbon doping by aluminum oxide (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar. The absorbance and curve behavior were identical. In Fig. 4 , it illustrates association among wavelengths and absorbance using five different forms of the aluminum oxide-doped carbon. The quick increase of absorption at wavelengths of 235 nm corresponds to photon energy of 5.277 eV. By doping, the increase also shows that the absorbance value increases when the molar of aluminum oxide increases. The transition we discovered was a component of the performance of the curves is exactly the same using five different forms of the carbon doping via Aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar that are shown in Fig. 5 . The relationship between wavelengths and transmission for five samples of carbon doping by aluminum oxide is depicted in Fig. 5 ; the effect of doping on the transition was that higher doping reduced the transition. Figure 6 displays the reflection of five carbon doping samples by aluminum oxide samples with molar ratings of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9. In Fig. 6 , it indicates that maximum reflection across five samples of the carbon doping via aluminum oxide was occurred between 290–350 nm; in this range, the samples turn into mirrors. The effect of the doping on reflection was an increase in doping; the reflection was a blue shift. The absorption coefficient (α) of the five prepared samples by carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar samples was found from the following relationship \(\:\:\alpha\:=\frac{2.303\times\:A}{t}\) , where (t) is samples' optical length and (A) is their absorbance. Figure 7 shows the curve of (α) against wavelength (λ) for five samples that were doped with aluminum oxide for carbon, which found that the 0.9 molar sample's value of α = 4.99×10 4 cm-1 in the UV region (235 nm) was identical to 2.41×10 4 cm − 1 for the 0.1 molar sample at the same wavelength. Since they are in charge of electrical conduction, the characteristics of this state are crucial, and this implies that the transition must match a direct-electronic transition. Additionally, Fig. 7 demonstrates that as the amount of aluminum oxide doping in the five samples of carbon grows, so does the value of (α). The associated formula, K = αλ/4π, was used to compute the extinction coefficient (K). Figure 8 displays the difference at the (K) values as a function of (λ). The spectrum shape of (K) is found to be the same shape as (α) for five samples of carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples graded (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar. The five samples' coefficients of extinction (K) of the carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples in Fig. 8 achieved the rate of K at 235 nm wavelength, which depended on the samples usage technique, wherever the value of K at 235 nm of 0.9 molar was equivalent to 9.44×10 − 4 , while for the other sample, 0.1 molar at the same wavelength, it was equal to 4.55×10 − 4 . The effects of iodine doping on carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples were increased; the aluminum oxide molar doping increased the extinction coefficient (K). The relative speed of the light in a vacuum compared to its speed in a substance that does not absorb it is known as the refractive index (n). The quantity of n was determined from the equation \(\:\:n=\left[\right(\frac{\left(1+R\right)}{\left(1-R\right)}{)}^{2}-\left(1+{k}^{2}\right){]}^{\frac{1}{2}}+\frac{(1+R)}{(1-R)}\) where (R) is the reflectivity. Figure 9 illustrates how the carbon doping of aluminum oxide samples graded as (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar samples affected the difference of (n) vs. (λ) for five samples. In this show that the association of five equipped samples via carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples refraction index (n) spectrum. This demonstrates that for the 0.9 molar samples at a wavelength of 300 nm, the highest value of (n) is (2.134), but for the 0.1 molar samples, it is equal to 1.031 at the same wavelength; the change in refractive index was in agreement with the increase for aluminum oxide-doping. Additionally, we can demonstrate that the value of (n) starts to drop inside the region spectrum before 281 nm and after 340 nm. The optical energy gap (E g ) has been calculated by the relation (αhυ) 2 = C (hυ – Eg), where (C) is constant. By plotting (αhυ) 2 vs photon energy (hυ) as shown in Fig. 10 for the five prepared by carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar. Additionally, the energy axis can be intercepted by extrapolating the straight, thin part of the curve; the energy gap's value has been determined. In Fig. 10 , the value of the E g carbon doping doing via aluminum oxide 0.9 m molar achieved was 3.376 eV, whereas for the last sample, carbon doping via aluminum oxide 0.1 molar achieved was 3.505 eV. The energy gap value was reduced from 3.505 eV to 3.376 eV. The rise in aluminum oxide molar on the samples is associated with the decrease of E g . It was found that the explanation for the band gap alterations was validated by the various aluminum oxide molar for carbon. XRD of carbon doping by aluminum oxide At ambient temperature, a Philips PW1700 x-ray diffractometer (running at 40 kV and 30 mA) was used to describe the structure of crystallization of every sample as well as samples were scanned using Cu Kα radiation with λ = 1.5418 Å between 10° and 80° at a scanning speed of 0.06°C/s. Figure 11 displays the representative XRD charts of the five aluminum oxide-based carbon-doping samples with ratings of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 molar. Miller indices are supplied in the Fig. 12 , and all peaks find the transformation of five carbon-doping aluminum oxide rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar sample crystallites by a (hexagonal-primitive) rutile-crystal structure. Five carbon-doped aluminum oxide samples with XRD values rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar at different crystallographic orientations are displayed in Table 1 . Table 1 Calculate lattice constants from peak locations and miller indices [hexagonal-primitive] of carbon doping by Aluminium oxide (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar sample Molar sample 2ϴ d ( nm ) h k l Xs( nm ) 0.1 20.856 4.2558 1 1 1 103.7 26.641 3.3432 1 0 4 83.6 0.3 20.856 4.1153 1 1 1 88.4 26.641 3.1032 1 0 4 81.8 0.5 20.856 4.1358 1 1 1 83.7 26.641 3.2232 1 0 4 71.6 0.7 20.856 4.1458 1 1 1 78.5 26.641 3.2332 1 0 4 67.6 0.9 20.856 4.2558 1 1 1 73.7 26.641 3.3432 1 0 4 63.6 The relationship among the density of all samples and the estimated molar of carbon and aluminum oxide concentration is depicted in Fig. 12 , which also demonstrates that increasing the molar of aluminum oxide samples by rat (0.8572 mg.cm − 3 /molars) raises the density of the sample. For carbon-doped aluminum oxide samples evaluated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar nanoparticles, the concentration of dislocations (δ) and number of unit cells (n) are computed and reported in Table 2 . Vacancies in crystallites expand and reduce as the number of unit cells rises and the dislocation density falls. The relationship among the size of crystallite and the estimated aluminum oxide concentration is depicted in Fig. 13 . On the opposite present, it is shown that the crystal size reduces at 31.025 molar/nm and the amount of aluminum oxide concentration molar rises. Lastly, Fig. 14 illustrates the relationship among the concentration of rated aluminum oxide and the reluctance of aluminum oxide samples with molar nanoparticle ratings of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 to dope with carbon, and remarked that the valued of reducing the d-spacing of carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar with increases the aluminum oxide concentration molar rated 0.28085×10 − 10 m/molar. Table 2 Some crystallite lattice parameter (c-form, a,b,c, β,α, γ, density ,Xs( nm ) and dspacing) of five carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1 ,0.3 ,0.5 ,0.7 and 0.9) molar. Sample (Carbon doping by aluminium Oxide) Density (mg.cm − 3 ) Xs(nm) d-spacing (10 10 m) 0.9 M 6.8301 68.65 6.60925 0.7 M 6.7344 73.05 6.6795 0.5 M 6.5432 77.65 6.7344 0.3 M 6.4326 85.1 6.7995 0.1 M 6.1238 93.65 6.8301 Results of FT-IR The Mattson Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer recorded the infrared spectra of synthetic C Al 2 O 5 (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar nano-ferrite powders in the 407–3960 cm − 1 range, as illustrated in Fig. 15 . The band locations, which are listed in Table 3 , were found using the spectra of every ferrite. The absorption bands v1, ν2, ν3, ν4, and ν5 are found to be around 460 cm⁻¹, 750 cm⁻¹, 852 cm⁻¹, 3626 cm⁻¹, and 3900 cm⁻¹ for all compositions in the current investigation. The (ν1) band around 460 cm⁻¹ is produced via C-H alkene. The (ν2) spectrum 750 cm − 1 is generated via the metal oxygen oscillation in the tetrahedral surfaces. The octahedral and tetrahedral sites' varying metal ion distance values are the cause of this discrepancy in spectral locations. The spectrum (ν3) 852 cm − 1 is caused to C-H germinal substituted alkenes. The spectrum (ν4) about 3626 cm⁻¹ is related with the C = O bending vibration of alcohol (phenol). The last spectrum (ν5) about 3900 cm⁻¹ is caused to the stretching mode of O-H bending oscillation of free or absorbed alcohol or water, which indicates that the hydroxyl groups are reserved in samples. Additionally, the Mattson Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer recorded the infrared spectra of the produced C FeO 3 (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar micro ferrite powders in the range of 380 to 3890 cm⁻¹, as depicted in Fig. 16 . The band locations, which are listed in Table 4 , were found using the spectra of every ferrite. The absorption bands v1, ν2, ν3, ν4, and ν5 are found to be around 430 cm⁻¹, 720 cm⁻¹, 830 cm⁻¹, 3600 cm⁻¹, and 3871 cm⁻¹ for all compositions in the current investigation. The C-H alkene is the cause of the (v1) band at 430 cm − 1 . The tetrahedral sides' metal-oxygen vibration is what causes the (ν2) band at about 720 cm⁻¹. The octahedral and tetrahedral sites' varying metal ion distance values are the cause of this discrepancy in spectral locations. The spectrum (ν3) 830 cm − 1 is caused to C-H germinal substituted alkenes. The spectrum (ν4) about 3600 cm⁻¹ is related with the C = O bending vibration of alcohol (phenol). The latest spectrum (ν5) about 3871 cm⁻¹ is caused to the stretching mode of O-H bending oscillation of free or absorbed alcohol or water, which denotes that the hydroxyl groups are retained in samples. Table 3 Parameters of C Al 2 O 5 samples No. Sample ν1 ν2 ν3 ν4 ν5 1 C Fe O 3 0.1 molar 430 720 830 3600 3871 2 C Fe O 3 0.3 molar 430 720 830 3600 3871 3 C Fe O 3 0.5 molar 430 720 830 3600 3871 4 C Fe O 3 0.7 molar 430 720 830 3600 3871 5 C Fe O 3 0.9 molar 430 720 830 3600 3871 Table 4 Parameters of C FeO 3 samples FTIR wavenumber No. Sample ν1 ν2 ν3 ν4 ν5 1 C Al 2 O 5 0.1 molar 460 750 852 3626 3900 2 C Al 2 O 5 0.3 molar 460 750 852 3626 3900 3 C Al 2 O 5 0.5 molar 460 750 852 3626 3900 4 C Al 2 O 5 0.7 molar 460 750 852 3626 3900 5 C Al 2 O 5 0.9 molar 460 750 852 3626 3900 Conclusions For carbon doping by doped aluminum oxide samples, the sharp rise of the absorption at 235 nm wavelengths corresponds to energy gap of 5.277 eV by doped increase; it also shows that absorbance value increases by doped increase. For the absorption coefficient, the value of the samples of carbon doped by aluminum oxide 0.9 molar equals 4.99×10 4 cm − 1 in the UV region (235 nm), however, at the equivalent wavelength, it yields 2.41×104 cm-1 for the 0.1 molar sample, increasing while doped increases. For refractive index spectra of prepared samples by carbon doped by aluminum oxide, the maximum value is (2.134) for the 0.9 molar sample at a wavelength of 300 nm, but for the 0.1 molar sample, it is equivalent to 1.031 at the same wavelength. For carbon doped with aluminum oxide, the energy-gap value dropped from 3.505 eV to 3.376 eV. X-ray diffraction with carbon doped by aluminum oxide are hexagonal-primitive, demonstrating that raising the molar of aluminum oxide samples by 0.8572 mg.cm − 3 /mole increases the sample's density. Finally, it describes the relation between the rate of the Aluminum oxide concentration and d-spacing of the carbon doping via Aluminum oxide samples; the amount of reducing the d-spacing of the carbon doping via Aluminum oxide by increasing concentration molar rate is 0.28085×10 10 m/mol. The band locations have been determined using FT-IR spectra of all ferrites; for all compositions in the current investigation, the absorption bands v1, ν2, ν3, ν4, and ν5 are around 460 cm⁻¹, 750 cm − 1 , 852 cm − 1 , 3626 cm − 1 , and 3900 cm − 1 , respectively. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge Faculty of Education-AL-Hasaheisa, Gezira University, Sudan. Author contributions Hasabalrasoul.G.Ismail Hamza: Writing-original draft, Methodology. N.M. Abd-Alghafour: Writing-review & editing. Ghassan Adnan Naeem and Mubarak Dirar.Abdullh: Supervision, Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing-original draft, Writing-review & editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Funding Open access funding provided by University of Gezira. None. Data availability The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval Not applicable. Research Involving Human and Animals Participant Not applicable. References Ahmed H. A. Elsammani and Hasabalrasoul G. I. Hamza. Determination of the Optical Properties of Cobalt Oxide Using Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy, Bima Journal of Science and Technology. 8 , 2536-6041 (2024) Jayalakshmi, S., Kailas, S.V. and Seshan, S. Properties of squeeze cast Mg-10Al-Mn alloy and its alumina short fibre composites. Journal of materials science. 38 , 1383-1389 (2003) Kulkarni, S.S. and Shirsat, M.D. Optical and structural properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles. 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Abdallhand Hasabalrasoul .G .Ismail Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes Doped by Iron Oxide in Different Molarity, Al-Butana Journal of Applied Science (BJAS) Issue (11) June 2021- ISSN: 6616, p60 (2021) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6160445","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":428992366,"identity":"90c1298a-06e4-4bed-bcca-7fec58ee3c4d","order_by":0,"name":"Hasabalrasoul . G . Ismail Hamza","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gezira University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hasabalrasoul","middleName":". G . Ismail","lastName":"Hamza","suffix":""},{"id":428992367,"identity":"7524c526-5ebe-4172-a1ff-9077d2302422","order_by":1,"name":"Ghassan Adnan Naeem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Anbar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ghassan","middleName":"Adnan","lastName":"Naeem","suffix":""},{"id":428992368,"identity":"8a29c9bc-6e90-472a-bbb0-22a7d049f327","order_by":2,"name":"N. M. Abd-Alghafour","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHiAuAGL2BhDvAFhMAozwajEA0QdI1iKRgKIFNzBnP3vwwQcDhmj+mW8MH/zccUfevIH54G0eBgvZBhxaLHvykg1nGDDkzridY2zYe+aZ4ZwDbMnWPAwSxri0GBzIMZPmAWppuJ1jJsHbdphxBgMPUIRBIhGnlvNvzH//AWqZf/OMmeTftsP2Mxj4v+HXciPHjBno/dwNN4CGA21JBNrCRkDLu2TJHgOJ3I1n0oqNZdueJc9gZjO2nGOAxy/ncw9++FFhkzvv+OGND9+23bGdwd788MabijqcIQYFyBHBDDaKgZGAFiyADC2jYBSMglEwTAEAjxBVk3bg0a8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Iraqi Ministry of Education, University of Anbar","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"N.","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Abd-Alghafour","suffix":""},{"id":428992369,"identity":"db608c57-de4f-449f-803e-f9aa409a4228","order_by":3,"name":"Mubarak Dirar. Abdullh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Anbar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mubarak","middleName":"Dirar.","lastName":"Abdullh","suffix":""},{"id":428992370,"identity":"433932f0-bf96-48a4-8053-5708a46b509f","order_by":4,"name":"Mohammed Najeeb Jasim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Anbar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"Najeeb","lastName":"Jasim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-05 08:23:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6160445/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6160445/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78665298,"identity":"d248256b-8713-4c17-b4a6-f8ac9e1f49a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 11:07:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91125,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR (Mattson, model 960m 0016) spectroscopy\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/b15eb2ac09737648a9540b17.png"},{"id":78665066,"identity":"348ea45e-0ff8-462f-89fa-ca01530bc74a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":78632,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUV mini 1240 spectrometer Shimadzu\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/16d0c2e9c8c2684d4c48fd1f.png"},{"id":78665067,"identity":"aa91b49c-9f5e-4539-8b07-9bd3b52e2169","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:07","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69457,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eX-ray diffract meter: XRD (wavelength 1.54 A°)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/fff09ab35d02818fdda530ac.png"},{"id":78665104,"identity":"2a0e471e-6e5f-45d0-bf3a-2c16adca1187","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:08","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":109994,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelation between absorbance and wavelengths of five carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) molar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/e75026fea0376e343d458c07.png"},{"id":78665299,"identity":"eb51601e-aed0-4a32-8ea5-a9d6bb711f2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 11:07:07","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":102355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelation between transmission and wavelengths of five carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) molar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/8e3134e7845b5ffef4b61fb4.png"},{"id":78666031,"identity":"bf495e63-5cf1-4df4-bea3-112de4b49397","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 11:15:07","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":93599,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelation between reflection and wavelengths of five carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) molar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/44a77df7e6be982678917e81.png"},{"id":78665069,"identity":"1b89bc7f-a925-45ec-a861-a17425cae1ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:07","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":116083,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelation between absorption coefficient and wavelengths of five carbon doping by Aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) molar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/c57d58cc763d8f2a1b8d5c23.png"},{"id":78666648,"identity":"531ec1e3-72d2-4f12-8c47-d14c54167c77","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 11:23:07","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101304,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelation between extinction coefficient and wavelengths of five carbon doping by Aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) molar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/6737991973ff8828f2e2d35c.png"},{"id":78665072,"identity":"2734c168-cfe9-45f2-bb1a-fc80ca5d9c0b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:07","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":113308,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelation between refractive index and wavelengths of carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) molar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/7b93bf8de09cebbd229d423b.png"},{"id":78665080,"identity":"14290261-6ecc-4fde-9462-838d50b40e37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:07","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115196,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOptical energy band gap of five carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1 ,0.3 ,0.5 ,0.7 and 0.9) molar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/bef7cfbc56e25e82f1d150f7.png"},{"id":78665082,"identity":"c1903e73-ea76-4c2c-b5d1-f4c00461c759","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:07","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91782,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD spectrum of five carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) molar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/bcd9c509557588d200807a5d.png"},{"id":78665081,"identity":"055dde3b-0109-4698-b2fa-91a9785621b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:07","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55201,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationship between Aluminum oxide concentration and density of five Carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) molar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/ce6409c8e08c3448ded9a390.png"},{"id":78666035,"identity":"860802e8-6cc5-4e20-a22c-3842ce10c885","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 11:15:07","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58881,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationship between Aluminum oxide concentration and crystal size of five carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1 ,0.3 ,0.5 ,0.7 and 0.9) molar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/891887d6b6f64297e47a5411.png"},{"id":78665088,"identity":"da6ca1b6-a8f6-4808-a10f-779b9a0d6820","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:08","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52427,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelationship between Aluminum oxide concentration and d-spacing of five Carbon doping by Aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1 ,0.3 ,0.5 ,0.7 and 0.9) molar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/4ddcbd950d619c91a96ba042.png"},{"id":78665098,"identity":"ae08d092-1d38-4a45-9f33-30e4542a259c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:08","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":126297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectrum of C Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5 \u003c/sub\u003esamples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/89cbcb75a4ccf6c41f43e682.png"},{"id":78665108,"identity":"9259e70c-39a2-41f2-b0f4-5b7f13911b01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:08","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":125691,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectrum of C FeO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/2fb347f9e2d2fec0fded593c.png"},{"id":78665122,"identity":"5bda1b13-bd6c-487a-bf06-221d5f3dcca4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 10:59:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1875342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6160445/v1/cf1f1950-9f7d-4498-aba9-c3fa977b8d45.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Determination of optical properties of carbon nanotubes doped with aluminum oxide nanomaterial's in different molars using Ultraviolet- visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Infrared techniques","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe optical properties of materials describe their interactions with electromagnetic radiation. This spectrum includes XRD diffraction, Ultraviolet (UV) system, visible-light, infrared waves, and radio-waves. Key optical properties include energy gap, absorption coefficient, reflection, transmission, and absorbance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. It is possible for the photons to transfer their energy to the substance through absorption. However, the substance instantly emits photons with the same energy (reflection); photons can either not interfere with the transmission of the material structure or they can change velocity (refraction) while being transmitted. The overall intensity of incident light hitting a surface at any given time of the light interface by a material is the same as the total of intensities of light that is absorbed, emitted, and transmitted [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The study, construction, and creation of novel materials with intriguing properties at the nonmetric scale, which the impacts of quantum physics are apparent, are known as nanotechnology. These nanomaterials can take the form of nanoparticles, nanotubes, or nan-surfaces and have at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nm. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Carbon nanotube (CNT) discovered by SumioIijima in 1991, in the soot of an arc discharge apparatus. Because of the remarkable mechanical and electrical properties of CNT, research on its growth, characterization, and applications has blossomed since its discovery. Because CNT can be either metallic or semiconducting, it offers the possibility of producing semiconductor to metal and semiconductor to semiconductor junctions, which are advantageous in electronic devices [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Aluminum oxide on the physical attributes of cementitious mortar [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The corundum form of Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles (NPs) contains several phases, including γ, β, θ, and δ. The most stable and distinct thermodynamic phase is often the alumina phase (Al₂O₃), which has unique features such as high stability, high hardness, high insulation, and transparency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The absorption of UV-visible radiation occurs through the excitation of electrons within the molecular structure to a higher energy state [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Spectroscopy in Ultraviolet, Visible light, and since electrons are transferred across low energy to high energy atomic orbitals when a material is uncovered to light, the near-infrared (NIR) portions of electromagnetic spectrum are frequently mentioned to as electronic spectroscopy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Method","content":"\u003cp\u003ePotassium chlorate (KClO₃), nitric acid (HNO₃), and sulfuric acids (H₂SO₄) were utilized in this investigation to create CNT from graphite. Initial, 5.0 g of graphite 99.995% purity, 45 mL, Aldrich was gently additional to a combination of fuming nitric acid 25 mL and sulfuric acid 50 ml. We kept the blend until 30 minutes. In an ice-bath, the liquid was chilled to 5\u0026deg;C. Additionally, the solution was stirred for 30 minutes while 25 g of potassium chlorate was regularly added. Special attention must be taken during this phase to spread out temperature effects because adding potassium chlorate to the mixture generated a lot of heat. After being heated to 70\u0026deg;C for 24 h, the solution was left in the air for three days. While some reactive carbons were floating, the majority of the graphite was precipitated on the bottom. One liter of DI water was added to the floating carbon compounds. The solution was promptly filtered and sample was dried after an hour of stirring. Aluminum oxide was added to the generated CNT at molar concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9. To obtain the powdered nanoparticles, the annealed sample was then pulverized. All samples' crystal structures were examined at ambient temperature with a Philips PW1700 X-ray diffractometer (run at 40 kV and 30 mA of current). The band locations, which are provided for each sample, were found using infrared spectra of a synthetic Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) in the range of 400\u0026ndash;4000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. At room temperature, min 1240 UV spectroscopy was used to analyze each sample's optical characteristics. Determine all optical characteristics (absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, optical energy gap, refractive index, real dielectric constant, and imaginary dielectric constant) from the optical spectra of synthetic materials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCharacterization techniques\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe materials characterization Lab offers a broad range of the characterization methods in the fields of min 1240 UV spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry), and X-ray diffractometric, which aid in raising the various degrees of understanding why different materials show different properties and behaviors. To investigate the optical properties of CNT (Carbon Nano Tube) doped by aluminum oxide, we read (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar nanoparticles, and several exacting methods have been employed in our research. The next characteristics have been possibly performed for the analysis of the synthesized samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFourier transport infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInfrared spectroscopy system is a one photon phenomenon which a molecule vibrates as a result of photon absorption. Atomic vibrations in chemical bonding inside the molecular structure are the source of infrared spectra. A light beam including infrared spectrum reacts with a sample [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The broad process of breaking down any fluctuating signal into its individual frequency components is known as Fourier spectroscopy; a dependable technique for the infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) supplies a number of the analytical opportunities in forensic, analytical, and academic labs. The absorption, reflection, radiation, or photoacoustic spectrum that is produced via the Fourier transform of an optical interference program is referred to as FT-IR spectroscopy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe near, mid, and far-IR are the three divisions of the electromagnetic spectrum's infrared (10-14000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e) area. Since all molecules have distinctive absorbance frequencies and primary molecular vibrations in the mid-IR (400\u0026ndash;4000 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e) range, this is the greatest often employed region of the investigation. Studying how infrared light interacts with samples is the foundation of the methods. Certain wavelengths of infrared radiation are absorbed by a sample, resulting in vibrations of the material's chemical bonds that cause stretching, contracting, and bending. Spectra peaks are produced by the absorption of bond vibrational energy fluctuations in infrared region and functional groups in molecules have a tendency to absorb infrared radiation in the same wavenumber range regardless of other structures in the molecule. As a result, the chemical structures of molecules and their IR band locations are correlated. IR spectra can give quantitative information, such the amount of bacteria present in a growing media, in addition to qualitative information about functional groups. An infrared spectrum is determined by measuring the intensity of the infrared radiation both before and after it passes through a sample. The spectrum is then plotted using wave number units on the X-axis and absorbance or transmittance units on the Y-axis. It is required to plot the spectrum in absorbance units for quantitative purposes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeer's law, which links concentration to absorbance as seen in Eq.\u0026nbsp;(1), is followed by FT-IR absorbance spectra:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:A\\lambda\\:\\:=\\:L\\:\\epsilon\\:\\lambda\\:C\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\left(1\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEq.\u0026nbsp;(2) defines transmittance, which is not directly proportional to concentration, where A λ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;absorbance, L\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;path length, ε λ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;absorptivity, and C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;concentration.\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:T\\%=\\frac{IS}{IR}\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\left(2\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere T is the transmittance, IS is the intensity of the infrared beam after it has passed through the sample, and IR is the intensity of the infrared beam before it passes through the sample. Sample Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained using KBr pellets shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and (Mattson, Model 960m0016) spectra with transmission from 4000 to 400 cm⁻\u0026sup1;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUltraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe absorption spectroscopy that utilizes electromagnetic radiations from 190 nm to 800 nm is identified as ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy. It is separated into two regions: visible (400\u0026ndash;800 nm) and ultraviolet (190\u0026ndash;400 nm). It is similarly frequently referred to as electronic spectroscopy since a molecule's absorption of the visible or ultraviolet light causes changes in the electronic energy levels of the molecule. Reflection, scattering, absorbance, fluorescence-phosphorescence, and photochemical reaction are some of reactions that can happen when radiation interacts with materials. Generally speaking, we want just absorption to happen when monitoring UV-Visible spectra. Subsequently light is an energy form, when matter absorbs light, the energy content of the molecules (or atoms) increases. The sum of a molecule's electronic, vibrational, and rotational energies is typically utilized to describe its total potential energy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. A Shimadzu spectrophotometer (UV micro 1240) was utilized to examine the formed nanoparticles' absorption spectra in the 190\u0026ndash;800 nm range; see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eX-ray Diffraction (XRD)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn x-ray tube, sample holder, and x-ray detector are the three fundamental components of x-ray diffractometer. A cathode ray tube produces x-rays by burning a filament to produce electrons, providing a voltage to accelerate the electrons toward a target, and then hitting the target material with electrons. Characteristic x-ray spectra are created when electrons possess enough energy to disrupt the target material's inner shell electrons. Kα and Kβ are the most prevalent components among the several components that make up these spectra. Kα1 and Kα2 make up a portion of Kα. Kα1 is twice as intense as Kα2 and has a slightly shorter wavelength. The specific wavelengths are characteristic of the target material (Cu, Fe, Mo, and Cr). Filtering, by foils or crystal mono-chromatics, is required to produce monochromatic X-rays needed for diffraction. Kα1 and Kα2 are sufficiently close in wavelength such that a weighted average of the two is used. With Cu Kα radiation\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5418 \u0026Aring;, copper is the most often used target material for single-crystal diffraction. The sample is exposed to these collimated x-rays.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe intensity of reflected x-rays is measured while the sample and detector spin. Constructive interference and an intensity peak occur when the incident x-rays' geometry satisfies the Bragg equation and strikes the sample. This x-ray radiation is captured, processed, and changed to a count rate via a detector before being sent to a printer or computer monitor, among other devices. The x-ray detector is mounted on an arm to collect the diffracted x-rays and rotates at an angle of 2θ. The geometry of an x-ray diffractometer is such that the sample rotates in the path of the collimated x-ray beam at an angle θ. A goniometer is the device that rotates the sample and maintains the angle. Data is gathered at 2θ from around 5\u0026deg; to 70\u0026deg;, which are predefined angles in the x-ray scan, for common particle patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOptical outcomes and discussion of carbon doping by Aluminum Oxide samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUtilizing the UV-Vis min 1240 spectrophotometer, we examined five samples of carbon doping by aluminum oxide (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar. The absorbance and curve behavior were identical. In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, it illustrates association among wavelengths and absorbance using five different forms of the aluminum oxide-doped carbon. The quick increase of absorption at wavelengths of 235 nm corresponds to photon energy of 5.277 eV. By doping, the increase also shows that the absorbance value increases when the molar of aluminum oxide increases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe transition we discovered was a component of the performance of the curves is exactly the same using five different forms of the carbon doping via Aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar that are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The relationship between wavelengths and transmission for five samples of carbon doping by aluminum oxide is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e; the effect of doping on the transition was that higher doping reduced the transition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e displays the reflection of five carbon doping samples by aluminum oxide samples with molar ratings of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9. In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, it indicates that maximum reflection across five samples of the carbon doping via aluminum oxide was occurred between 290\u0026ndash;350 nm; in this range, the samples turn into mirrors. The effect of the doping on reflection was an increase in doping; the reflection was a blue shift.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absorption coefficient (α) of the five prepared samples by carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar samples was found from the following relationship\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\:\\alpha\\:=\\frac{2.303\\times\\:A}{t}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, where (t) is samples' optical length and (A) is their absorbance. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the curve of (α) against wavelength (λ) for five samples that were doped with aluminum oxide for carbon, which found that the 0.9 molar sample's value of α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.99\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e cm-1 in the UV region (235 nm) was identical to 2.41\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for the 0.1 molar sample at the same wavelength. Since they are in charge of electrical conduction, the characteristics of this state are crucial, and this implies that the transition must match a direct-electronic transition. Additionally, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates that as the amount of aluminum oxide doping in the five samples of carbon grows, so does the value of (α).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe associated formula, K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;αλ/4π, was used to compute the extinction coefficient (K). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e displays the difference at the (K) values as a function of (λ). The spectrum shape of (K) is found to be the same shape as (α) for five samples of carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples graded (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar. The five samples' coefficients of extinction (K) of the carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e achieved the rate of K at 235 nm wavelength, which depended on the samples usage technique, wherever the value of K at 235 nm of 0.9 molar was equivalent to 9.44\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e, while for the other sample, 0.1 molar at the same wavelength, it was equal to 4.55\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e. The effects of iodine doping on carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples were increased; the aluminum oxide molar doping increased the extinction coefficient (K).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relative speed of the light in a vacuum compared to its speed in a substance that does not absorb it is known as the refractive index (n). The quantity of n was determined from the equation\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\:n=\\left[\\right(\\frac{\\left(1+R\\right)}{\\left(1-R\\right)}{)}^{2}-\\left(1+{k}^{2}\\right){]}^{\\frac{1}{2}}+\\frac{(1+R)}{(1-R)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e where (R) is the reflectivity. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e illustrates how the carbon doping of aluminum oxide samples graded as (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar samples affected the difference of (n) vs. (λ) for five samples. In this show that the association of five equipped samples via carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples refraction index (n) spectrum. This demonstrates that for the 0.9 molar samples at a wavelength of 300 nm, the highest value of (n) is (2.134), but for the 0.1 molar samples, it is equal to 1.031 at the same wavelength; the change in refractive index was in agreement with the increase for aluminum oxide-doping. Additionally, we can demonstrate that the value of (n) starts to drop inside the region spectrum before 281 nm and after 340 nm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe optical energy gap (E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e) has been calculated by the relation (αhυ) \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = C (hυ \u0026ndash; Eg), where (C) is constant. By plotting (αhυ)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e vs photon energy (hυ) as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e for the five prepared by carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar. Additionally, the energy axis can be intercepted by extrapolating the straight, thin part of the curve; the energy gap's value has been determined. In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, the value of the E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e carbon doping doing via aluminum oxide 0.9 m molar achieved was 3.376 eV, whereas for the last sample, carbon doping via aluminum oxide 0.1 molar achieved was 3.505 eV. The energy gap value was reduced from 3.505 eV to 3.376 eV. The rise in aluminum oxide molar on the samples is associated with the decrease of E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e. It was found that the explanation for the band gap alterations was validated by the various aluminum oxide molar for carbon.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eXRD of carbon doping by aluminum oxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt ambient temperature, a Philips PW1700 x-ray diffractometer (running at 40 kV and 30 mA) was used to describe the structure of crystallization of every sample as well as samples were scanned using Cu Kα radiation with λ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5418 \u0026Aring; between 10\u0026deg; and 80\u0026deg; at a scanning speed of 0.06\u0026deg;C/s. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e displays the representative XRD charts of the five aluminum oxide-based carbon-doping samples with ratings of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 molar. Miller indices are supplied in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, and all peaks find the transformation of five carbon-doping aluminum oxide rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar sample crystallites by a (hexagonal-primitive) rutile-crystal structure. Five carbon-doped aluminum oxide samples with XRD values rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar at different crystallographic orientations are displayed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculate lattice constants from peak locations and miller indices [hexagonal-primitive] of carbon doping by Aluminium oxide (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolar sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2ϴ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed ( nm )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh k l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXs( nm )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.856\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 1 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 0 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.856\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 1 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 0 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.856\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 1 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 0 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.856\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1458\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 1 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 0 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.856\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 1 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 0 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship among the density of all samples and the estimated molar of carbon and aluminum oxide concentration is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, which also demonstrates that increasing the molar of aluminum oxide samples by rat (0.8572 mg.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e/molars) raises the density of the sample. For carbon-doped aluminum oxide samples evaluated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar nanoparticles, the concentration of dislocations (δ) and number of unit cells (n) are computed and reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Vacancies in crystallites expand and reduce as the number of unit cells rises and the dislocation density falls. The relationship among the size of crystallite and the estimated aluminum oxide concentration is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e. On the opposite present, it is shown that the crystal size reduces at 31.025 molar/nm and the amount of aluminum oxide concentration molar rises. Lastly, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the relationship among the concentration of rated aluminum oxide and the reluctance of aluminum oxide samples with molar nanoparticle ratings of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 to dope with carbon, and remarked that the valued of reducing the d-spacing of carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar with increases the aluminum oxide concentration molar rated 0.28085\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/sup\u003em/molar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome crystallite lattice parameter (c-form, a,b,c, β,α, γ, density ,Xs( nm ) and dspacing) of five carbon doping by aluminum oxide samples rated (0.1 ,0.3 ,0.5 ,0.7 and 0.9) molar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Carbon doping by aluminium Oxide)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity (mg.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXs(nm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed-spacing (10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003em)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9 M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.60925\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7 M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6795\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7995\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1 M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResults of FT-IR\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Mattson Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer recorded the infrared spectra of synthetic C Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar nano-ferrite powders in the 407\u0026ndash;3960 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e range, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e. The band locations, which are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, were found using the spectra of every ferrite. The absorption bands v1, ν2, ν3, ν4, and ν5 are found to be around 460 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, 750 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, 852 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, 3626 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, and 3900 cm⁻\u0026sup1; for all compositions in the current investigation. The (ν1) band around 460 cm⁻\u0026sup1; is produced via C-H alkene. The (ν2) spectrum 750 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is generated via the metal oxygen oscillation in the tetrahedral surfaces. The octahedral and tetrahedral sites' varying metal ion distance values are the cause of this discrepancy in spectral locations. The spectrum (ν3) 852 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is caused to C-H germinal substituted alkenes. The spectrum (ν4) about 3626 cm⁻\u0026sup1; is related with the C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O bending vibration of alcohol (phenol). The last spectrum (ν5) about 3900 cm⁻\u0026sup1; is caused to the stretching mode of O-H bending oscillation of free or absorbed alcohol or water, which indicates that the hydroxyl groups are reserved in samples. Additionally, the Mattson Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer recorded the infrared spectra of the produced C FeO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) molar micro ferrite powders in the range of 380 to 3890 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e. The band locations, which are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, were found using the spectra of every ferrite. The absorption bands v1, ν2, ν3, ν4, and ν5 are found to be around 430 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, 720 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, 830 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, 3600 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, and 3871 cm⁻\u0026sup1; for all compositions in the current investigation. The C-H alkene is the cause of the (v1) band at 430 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tetrahedral sides' metal-oxygen vibration is what causes the (ν2) band at about 720 cm⁻\u0026sup1;. The octahedral and tetrahedral sites' varying metal ion distance values are the cause of this discrepancy in spectral locations. The spectrum (ν3) 830 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e is caused to C-H germinal substituted alkenes. The spectrum (ν4) about 3600 cm⁻\u0026sup1; is related with the C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O bending vibration of alcohol (phenol). The latest spectrum (ν5) about 3871 cm⁻\u0026sup1; is caused to the stretching mode of O-H bending oscillation of free or absorbed alcohol or water, which denotes that the hydroxyl groups are retained in samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters of C Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eν1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eν2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eν3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eν4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eν5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Fe O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 0.1 molar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Fe O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 0.3 molar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Fe O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 0.5 molar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Fe O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 0.7 molar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Fe O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 0.9 molar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters of C FeO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e samples FTIR wavenumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eν1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eν2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eν3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eν4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eν5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e O\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e 0.1 molar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e O\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e 0.3 molar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e O\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e 0.5 molar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e O\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e 0.7 molar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e O\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e 0.9 molar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eFor carbon doping by doped aluminum oxide samples, the sharp rise of the absorption at 235 nm wavelengths corresponds to energy gap of 5.277 eV by doped increase; it also shows that absorbance value increases by doped increase. For the absorption coefficient, the value of the samples of carbon doped by aluminum oxide 0.9 molar equals 4.99\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the UV region (235 nm), however, at the equivalent wavelength, it yields 2.41\u0026times;104 cm-1 for the 0.1 molar sample, increasing while doped increases. For refractive index spectra of prepared samples by carbon doped by aluminum oxide, the maximum value is (2.134) for the 0.9 molar sample at a wavelength of 300 nm, but for the 0.1 molar sample, it is equivalent to 1.031 at the same wavelength. For carbon doped with aluminum oxide, the energy-gap value dropped from 3.505 eV to 3.376 eV. X-ray diffraction with carbon doped by aluminum oxide are hexagonal-primitive, demonstrating that raising the molar of aluminum oxide samples by 0.8572 mg.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e/mole increases the sample's density. Finally, it describes the relation between the rate of the Aluminum oxide concentration and d-spacing of the carbon doping via Aluminum oxide samples; the amount of reducing the d-spacing of the carbon doping via Aluminum oxide by increasing concentration molar rate is 0.28085\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e m/mol. The band locations have been determined using FT-IR spectra of all ferrites; for all compositions in the current investigation, the absorption bands v1, ν2, ν3, ν4, and ν5 are around 460 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, 750 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 852 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 3626 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 3900 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e The authors acknowledge Faculty of Education-AL-Hasaheisa, Gezira University, Sudan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHasabalrasoul.G.Ismail Hamza: Writing-original draft, Methodology. N.M. Abd-Alghafour: Writing-review \u0026amp; editing. Ghassan Adnan Naeem and Mubarak Dirar.Abdullh: Supervision, Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing-original draft, Writing-review \u0026amp; editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eOpen access funding provided by University of Gezira. None. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Involving Human and Animals Participant\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmed H. A. Elsammani and Hasabalrasoul G. I. Hamza. Determination of the Optical Properties of Cobalt Oxide Using Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy, Bima Journal of Science and Technology. \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e, 2536-6041 (2024)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJayalakshmi, S., Kailas, S.V. and Seshan, S. Properties of squeeze cast Mg-10Al-Mn alloy and its alumina short fibre composites. Journal of materials science. \u003cstrong\u003e38\u003c/strong\u003e, 1383-1389 (2003) \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKulkarni, S.S. and Shirsat, M.D. Optical and structural properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles. International Journal of Advanced Research in Physical Science. \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e, 14-18 (2015)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhsan, M.A., Jabbari, V., Imam, M.A., Castro, E., Kim, H., Curry, M.L., Valles-Rosales, D.J. and Noveron, J.C. Nanoscale nickel metal organic framework decorated over graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes for water remediation. Science of the Total Environment. \u003cstrong\u003e698\u003c/strong\u003e, 134214-134247 (2020)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaifuddin, N., Raziah, A.Z. and Junizah, A.R. Carbon nanotubes: a review on structure and their interaction with proteins. Journal of Chemistry. \u003cstrong\u003e2013\u003c/strong\u003e, 676815-676833 (2013)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDavid G. Watson (2017) Pharmacetical Analysis, Fourth Edition, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved, ISBN: 978-0-7020-6989-5, ISBN: 978-0-7020-7029-7, p88 (2017)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoghaddam, H.H., Maleki, A. and Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A. Durability and mechanical properties of self-compacting concretes with combined use of aluminium oxide nanoparticles and glass fiber. International Journal of Engineering. \u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e, 26-38 (2021)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaghdadi, A.M., Saddiq, A.A., Aissa, A., Algamal, Y. and Khalil, N.M. Structural refinement and antimicrobial activity of aluminum oxide nanoparticles. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, \u003cstrong\u003e130\u003c/strong\u003e, 257-263 (2022)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeckhuysen, Bert M., Pascal Voort, and Gabriela Catana, eds. Spectroscopy of transition metal ions on surfaces. Leuven University Press, (2000)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePleger, T.C. A brief introduction to the old copper complex of the Western Great Lakes: 4000-1000 BC. In Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Forest History Association of Wisconsin, Oconto. \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e, 10-18 (2002)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoates, J. Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. \u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e, 10815-10837 (2000)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStokes, Debbie. Principles and practice of variable pressure/environmental scanning electron microscopy (VP-ESEM). John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, (2008)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMozdalifa .M. Abd Elrahim. Mubarak. D. Abdallhand Hasabalrasoul .G .Ismail Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes Doped by Iron Oxide in Different Molarity, Al-Butana Journal of Applied Science (BJAS) Issue (11) June 2021- ISSN: 6616, p60 (2021)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nanotube, Carbon Nanotube, Aluminum oxide, Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transport infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6160445/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6160445/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim for this study is the determination of the optical properties of carbon nanotubes doped with aluminum oxide nanomaterial in different molars (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9, used for these optical properties: ultraviolet, X-ray diffraction, and infrared techniques. The following were the study's findings: the optical properties of the ultraviolet technique of carbon doped by aluminum oxide samples, the quick rise of the absorption by wavelengths of 235 nm corresponding the photon-energy of 5.277 eV by doped increases, also show that absorbance value increase by doped increase. The samples of carbon doped with aluminum oxide have an absorption coefficient of 0.9 molar, which is equivalent to 4.99\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the UV region (235 nm), but for the 0.1 molar sample, it equals 2.41\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at the same wavelength, increasing while doped increased. For refractive index spectra of prepared samples by carbon doped by aluminum oxide, the maximum value is (2.134) for the 0.9 molar at wavelength 300 nm, but for the 0.1 molar samples, it equals 1.031 at the same wavelength. The amplitude of the energy gap was reduced among 3.505\u0026ndash;3.376 eV of carbon doped with Aluminum oxide. As a result of X-ray diffraction, the crystallites with carbon doped by aluminum oxide are (hexagonal-primitive), showing that increasing the density of the sample by increasing the molar of aluminum oxide samples by a rate (0.8572 mg.cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e/mole). Finally, it describes the relation between the rates of aluminum oxide concentration and d-spacing of carbon-doped aluminum oxide samples, the rate of decreasing the spacing between dots of the carbon doped Aluminum oxide by increasing molar concentration is 0.28085\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e m/molar. Results of FT-IR the spectra of all the ferrites have been used to locate the places of the bands. The current investigation, the peak absorption of bands ν1, ν2, ν3, ν4, and ν5 are around 460 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 750 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e,852 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e ,3626 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 3900 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, accordingly for each composition.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Determination of optical properties of carbon nanotubes doped with aluminum oxide nanomaterial's in different molars using Ultraviolet- visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Infrared techniques","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-17 10:59:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6160445/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"095cbff7-af3a-4bc1-97e6-68c8e27a066c","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-17T10:59:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-17 10:59:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6160445","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6160445","identity":"rs-6160445","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}