Acceptability and Use of Donor Human Milk Banking and Associated Factors Among Postnatal Mothers at Jimma Medical Centre, Southwest Ethiopia: An Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Acceptability and Use of Donor Human Milk Banking and Associated Factors Among Postnatal Mothers at Jimma Medical Centre, Southwest Ethiopia: An Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Acceptability and Use of Donor Human Milk Banking and Associated Factors Among Postnatal Mothers at Jimma Medical Centre, Southwest Ethiopia: An Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study Gali Nega, Aziza A/Biya, Misra Abdulahi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8532322/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction : Donor human milk is the biological standard for infant nutrition. However, there is limited knowledge about donor human milk, and few studies have examined the acceptability of donor breast milk banking and infant feeding in Ethiopia. Methods : An institution-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with 358 randomly selected postnatal mothers. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with the acceptability of breast milk banking. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated to assess the strength of the associations, with statical significance set at a p-value ≤ 0.05. Result : A total of 358 postnatal women participated in the study, with response rate of 97.5%. The findings indicated that 43.6% participants were willing to donate breast milk for banking, while 141 mothers (39.4%) were willing to use donated breast milk to feed infants. Factors significantly associated with acceptance of breast milk banking a government employee (AOR: 3.072; 95% CI:1.161–8.128), having visited a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (AOR: 5.940; 95% CI: 2.383–14.805), and possessing a positive attitude toward breast milk banking (AOR: 5.907; 95% CI: 3.153–11.064). Conclusion and Recommendation : The study found that 43.6% of participants were willing to donate breast milk to a milk bank, and 39.4% were open to using banked breast milk for infant feeding. It is recommended to implement awareness campaigns and educational programs to increase knowledge about breast milk banking among postnatal women and the broader community. Acceptability Breast Milk Banking Postnatal Mothers Jimma Medical Center Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background Breast milk is widely recognized as the gold standard for infant nutrition, providing essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components crucial for newborns' optimal growth and development in newborns ( 1 ). According to the recommendations from World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), when a mother's milk is unavailable, human donor milk serve as the best alternative for infants. It is considered the biological standard for infant nutrition and is acknowledge as the ideal food source to maximize infant health ( 2 ). However, when mothers are unable to provide their own breast milk due to medical, social, or logistical reasons, the availability and acceptance of donor breast milk through milk banking programs have saved increasing interest in the realm of infant feeding and neonatal care ( 3 ). Donor milk can reduce morbidity and mortality in vulnerable infants, and consequently, lower health care cost by shortening hospital stays. Beyond, reducing healthcare costs by limiting the time infants spend in the hospital. In addition to reducing morbidity and mortality, additional economic benefits are attributed to eliminating expenses associated with purchasing formula milk ( 4 , 5 ). Globally, neonatal mortality remains is a significant challenge in many countries. According to the 2021global report, 2.3 million babies died within their first month of life 2021, in which equates to approximately 6,400 neonatal death each day ( 4 ). Low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately affected due limited access to affordable, acceptable, and high quality maternal and newborn care ( 6 ). Sub-Saharan Africa holds the unfortunate distinction of having the highest neonatal mortality rate globally, with 27 deaths occurring per 1,000 live births, accounting for 43% of newborn deaths worldwide. This region is closely followed by Central and Southern Asia, where 23 deaths per 1,000 live births represents 36% of global newborn deaths. These statistics highlight the urgent and need for targeted and comprehensive interventions to address the complex factors influencing newborn survival in these areas, including access to quality healthcare, nutrition, and maternal health services ( 7 ). The neonatal mortality rate in Ethiopia remains a significant concern, accounting for a large proportion of the country's under-5 mortality. Reports from the World Bank and the WHO highlight the ongoing challenge of reducing the number of deaths within the first month of life. It is important to note that milk serves as a safe, nourishing, and easily digestible food source for these vulnerable infants, providing essential nutrients for their healthy growth and development ( 8 , 9 ). The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) launched Every Newborn Action Plan (ENAP) in 2014 to achieve the global Sustainable Development Goal of reducing the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-five mortality rate to at least 12 and 25 deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively, by 2030. ENAP serves as a global roadmap with strategic actions aimed at ending preventable newborn mortality ( 10 ). In 2018, WHO and UNICEF updated the implementation guidance for the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, stating that infants who cannot be fed their mother’s milk or require supplementation -specially low birth weight infants (LBW) infants, including those with very low birth weight (VLBW) and other vulnerable infants-should be fed donated human breast milk (DHM) ( 11 ). The Global Strategy urges governments to provide skilled breastfeeding support and counseling to improve breastfeeding practices. It also aims to offer evidence based emendations on breastfeeding counseling as a public health intervention, including the use of donor human milk (DHM)( 12 ). Due to the growing interest in establishing and sustaining human milk banks worldwide to meet the demand for DHM, milk banks have now been established in over 66 countries, with small but, increasing operating in low- and middle-income countries ( 13 ). Currently, there is a growing global trend of establishing human milk banks are being established to newborn health by providing donor human milk (DHM). Data from 2020 indicated a significance increase, with approximately 756 milk banks operating in 66 different countries (24). In Ethiopia, although the National Nutrition Programme II includes plans for a national breast milk bank as a potential pilot study, the establishment of an actual breast milk bank has not yet been established. This contrasts with the growing global recognition of the importance of breast milk banks in promoting infant health and nutrition, highlighting a significant gap in the country's healthcare infrastructure ( 14 ). Furthermore, a recent systematic review has specifically identified religious concerns as a significant factor inhibiting breast milk donation in this context. These religious concerns have been recognized as a potential barrier to the effective operation of a breast milk banks. Theis acknowledgment of these barriers underscores the necessity of acknowledging and addressing the multifaceted considerations that influence the establishment and operation of a breast milk banks in the Ethiopian context ( 15 ). Amid the increasing recognition of the benefits of human milk, the establishment of donor breast milk banks has become a viable source of nutrition for infants needing alternative feeding options ( 16 ). The use of donor breast milk has attracted attention for its potential to provide life-saving nutrition to vulnerable infants. This prompts important questions regarding about its acceptability, utilization, and the factors influencing its use among postnatal mothers. Therefore, the study aims to explore the multifaceted aspects surrounding the acceptability of donor breast milk banking and its utilization for infant feeding. It will focus particularly on the perspectives and experiences of postnatal mothers. Methods Study Context The study was conducted at the Jimma Medical Centre, a prominent healthcare institution located in Jimma town, approximately 356 km Southwest of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. As one of the largest university hospitals in the country, Jimma Medical Centre (JMC) provides extensive inpatient and outpatient services to the local community. These services encompass a wide range of medical specialties, including medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics, gynecology, surgery, psychiatry, and ophthalmology, as well as emergency and outpatient Care. Notably, JMC serves a large catchment area, catering to an estimated 15 to 20 million people in the Southwestern, Ethiopia. The study was conducted over one month, from June 1 to June 30, 2024. Study design An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Population The source population for this study included all postnatal mothers who were receiving service care at Jimma University Medical Centre during the study period. The study population comprised consisted of randomly selected postnatal mothers who were present and met the specified inclusion criteria within the designated study timeframe. Sample Size Determination and Sampling Procedure Sample Size : The formula for a single population proportion was used based d on the following assumptions: n represents the required sample size, P is the estimated Proportion, assumed to be 16.7% (0.167) based on a previous study in eastern Ethiopia where mothers were willing to donate breast milk for banking ( 15 ), Z is the value for a 95% confidence interval (Z = 1.96); d is the margin of error (0.04), and a 10% non-response rate was include. The final sample size was calculated to be 367 respondents. Systematic sampling was employed to elect and interview the mothers. Postnatal mothers were selected using systematic sampling, with the sample size allocated proportionally to the average expected number of reports within one month in each department at JMC (PNC ward, NICU, Immunization, Pediatrics, OPD), based on the annual records from the 2022 fiscal year. The sampling interval (K) was determined by dividing the average expected service volume within one month in each department by the sample size, resulting in a K value of 3 for each department. Study participants were then systematically selected after the first mother was chosen using a lottery method. Sampling Design Data Collection Method and Tool Data were collected using structured questionnaires consisting of 36 items. The questionnaires covered socio-demographic characteristics, healthcare service-related factors, awareness, attitudes, and acceptability of breast milk donation. In-depth interviews were conducted using a specific guideline. Two supervisors and six data collectors underwent a two-day training on the data collection process. The aim was to ensure valid, reliable, and comprehensive data collection. Data collection tools were pretested on 5% of the sample size outside the study setting before the actual data collection began. The Kobo Toolbox was used during data collection, and the collected data were daily sent to the principal investigator. The principal investigator thoroughly reviewed and checked the collected data to ensure completeness, accuracy, and to address any potential errors. Study Variable Dependent Variable Acceptance of Human Milk Donation for Banking Acceptance of Using Donated Human Milk Use for Feeding Infants Independent variable Socio-Demographic Characteristics Individual-Related Factors Healthcare Service-Related Factors Maternal and Child-Related Factors Operational Definitions Acceptance of breast milk donation refers to a mother's willingness to donate her breast milk for banking. Acceptance of the use of donated breast milk for feeding infants refers to a mother’s willingness to feed her with donated breast milk. Acceptance of donor milk banking refers to whether the mother is willing to donate breast milk for banking and /or willing to use donor breast milk to feed her infant. Data Analysis We imported the quantitative data into SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 26 for analysis. Descriptive statics, including frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, and means and standard deviations for continuous variables, were used to summarize the data. Bivariate analysis was conducted to explore relationships between dependent and independent variables. Variables with a p-value of 0.25 or less in from the bivariate analysis were selected for inclusion in the final multivariate logistic regression model. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the strength of associations, using a significance level of p < 0.05. The model's goodness of fit was evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Findings were presented in textual, graphical, or chart formats. Result Socio-demographic/economic characteristics Over 358 participants were interviewed, resulting in a response rate of 97.5%. The mean age of respondents was 26.3 years (SD ± 4.74). The majority of the participants (69%) belongs to the Oromo ethnic group. Regarding educational status, 56 participants (15.6%) had a diploma or higher. More than half of the respondents (58.6%) were Muslims, and 239 (66.8%) were housewives. Concerning the respondents' partners, 68 (19%) were illiterate, and 58 (16.2%) were merchants. Table 1 below shows the socio-demographic characteristic of study participants (see Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristic of Study participants at Jimma medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024 (N = 358) Variables Category Frequency Percent Age 18–34 years 333 93.0 ≥ 35 years 25 7.0 Residency Urban 247 69.0 Rural 111 31.0 Respondents' educational status No formal education 69 19.3 Read and write 55 15.4 Primary education 68 19.0 Secondary education 110 30.7 Higher (diploma and above) 56 15.6 Respondents’ ethnicity Oromo 247 69.0 Amhara 49 13.7 Yem 22 6.1 Others 40 11.17 Marital status Married 345 96.4 Other* 13 3.7 Respondents’ religion Muslim 209 58.4 Orthodox 108 30.2 Protestant 30 8.4 Catholic 11 3.1 Respondents’ occupation House wife 239 66.8 Merchants 54 15.1 Government employed 49 13.7 Private employed 16 4.5 Partner educational status No formal education 68 19.0 Read and write 39 10.9 Primacy education 40 11.2 Secondary education 101 28.2 Higher (diploma and above) 110 30.7 Partner occupation Merchants 58 16.2 Government employees 107 29.9 Private employees 86 24.0 Farmers 59 16.5 Others 48 13.4 Monthly income of household ≤ 1500 85 23.7 1501–3000 134 37.4 > 3001 139 38.8 *Single, divorced, widowed Table 2 Health Service-Related Characteristic of Study Participants at Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024 (N = 358) Variables Category Frequency Percent Number of gravidas 1 to 3 296 82.7 ≥ 4 62 17.3 Number of Para 1 to 3 298 83.2 ≥ 4 60 16.8 Number of ANC visit (n = 336) 1–4 83 28.0 5–8 213 72.0 Received counseling on breastfeeding during ANC visit n = 336) No 274 81.5 Yes 62 18.5 Place of birth last birth Home 5 1.4 Health center 66 18.4 Hospital 287 80.2 Mode of Delivery Spontaneous vaginal delivery 216 60.3 Caesarean section 142 39.7 Ever have history of delivering preterm infant No 299 83.5 Yes 59 16.5 Do you ever have history of low birth weight infant No 290 81.2 Yes 67 18.8 Postpartum child hospitalization NO 251 70.1 Yes 107 29.9 Ever visited postnatal after the last pregnancy NO 67 18.7 Yes 291 81.3 Have you ever received counseling on BF at postnatal visits n = 291) No 44 15.1 Yes 247 84.9 Ever received health education by health care professionals? No 84 23.5 Yes 274 76.3 Have you ever visited NICU NO 322 89.9 Yes 36 10.1 Dou ever experienced difficulty of BF No 272 76.0 Yes 86 24.0 Characteristic of Participants and Health Service-Related Factors The majority of participants 298 (82.7%) had family sizes ranging from one to three live births. Regarding antenatal care visits, more than ninety percent (93.9%) of the respondents had at least one ANC visit during in their most recent pregnancy. Over half of the respondents (60.3%) had spontaneous vaginal delivery as their most recent delivery mode, while 59 participants (16.5%) had a history of preterm infants, and nearly one-fourth (18.8%) had a history of low-birth-weight infants. The following table presents health service-related characteristic of study Participants (see Tabel2). Awareness Among Mothers About Donating Human Breast Milk for Banking The study participants demonstrated low awareness of breast milk banking, as evidenced by the fact that only 75 (20%) of the respondents had heard of wet nursing, 57 (15.9%) were familiar with had heard of breast milk donation, and 26 (7.3%) had heard of human breast milk banking. Awareness among mothers about donating human breast milk banking are shown in Fig. 1 (See Fig. 1). Attitude Towards Donating Breast Milk and Its Use The survey results indicate that 52.5% of the participants have a positive view of donating breast milk, while 47.5% hold a negative view. Additionally, the findings suggest that religious leaders support this practice. Figure 2 shows attitudes toward breast milk donation and the use of donated milk for infant feeding (See Fig. 2). Acceptance of Donor Breast Milk for Banking and Its Use Infant Feeding Among the surveyed participants, 156 individuals (43.6%) express their willing ness to donate breast milk for storage in a milk bank, while 141 mothers (39.4%) indicated their readiness to feed their babies with donated breast milk. Additionally, over one-fourth (30.2%) reported being approved as donors for human breast milk banking. The most commonly cited reasons for donating breast milk included helping infants in need of breast milk due to excess supply, preventing disease through human milk, and providing the best nutrition for infants. Acceptance of donor breast milk for banking and its use infant feeding are shown in Fig. 3 (see Fig. 3). Reasons for Unwilling to Donor Human Breast Milk for Banking The reasons for reluctance to donate human breast milk for banking include fear of disease transmission (51.9%), concern about unhygienic milk (30.1%), and a preference for infant formula (25.7%). Additionally, some participants, particularly Muslim followers, view donating and using breast milk as a violation of their religious beliefs. This perspective based on the idea that when an infant feeds from another mother's breast, they become milk siblings and are considered. Factors Associated with the Acceptability of Donor Breast Milk for Banking: Among the thirteen variables analyzed in the bivariate logistic regression, only four variables were found to be significantly associated in the final multivariable logistic regression model. Belonging to the Islamic religion was associated with an 80% lower likelihood of accepting the concept of human milk banking compared to other religious groups (AOR: 0.166, 95% CI: 0.033–0.829). Mothers employed by the government were three times more likely to accept human milk banking than housewives (AOR: 3.072, 95% CI: 1.161–8.128). Mothers who had ever visited the NICU were six times more likely to accept human milk banking than those who had not visited the NICU (AOR: 6.038, 95% CI: 2.291–15.915). The odds of accepting breast milk for banking among mothers with a positive attitude were 9.5 times higher compared to those with a negative attitude (AOR: 9.518, 95% CI: 4.540-19.954). Table 3 shows the result of bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis identify factors associated with acceptance of donor breast milk banking among postnatal mothers. (see Table 3 ). Table 3 Bivariate and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis Identify Factors Associated with Acceptance of Donor Breast Milk Banking Among Postnatal Mothers at Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024 Variables Category Acceptability of donation breast milk COR (95%CI) Adjusted OR (95%CI) P-value Yes n = 156 (43.6%) No n = 202 (56.4%) Age 18–34 138(41.4) 195(58.6) 1 1 >=35 18(72.0) 7(28.0) 3.634(1.478–8.936) 2.349(.746-7.398) Religion Muslim 70(33.5) 139(66.5) .420(.124-1.423) . 166(.033-.829) .001* Orthodox 62(57.4) 46(42.6) 1.123(.323-3.907) .658(.124-3.497) Protestant 18(60.0) 12(40.0) 1.250(.310-5.037) .357(.050-2.532) Catholic 6(54.5) 5(45.5) 1 1 Respondent educational status No formal education 18(26.1) 51(73.8) 1 1 . Read and write 9(34.6) 17(65.4) 1.500(.568-3.958) .291(.063-1.343) Primary education 32(47.1) 36(52.9) 2.519(1.228–5.164) .3180(.094-1.074) Secondary education 55(50.5) 54(49.5) 2.886(1.498–5.559) .375(.128-1.099) Higher (diploma & above) 42(48.8) 44(51.2) 2.705(1.365–5.358) .102(.022-.474) Respondent Occupation status House wife 89(37.2) 150(62.8) 1 1 .024 Merchants 32(59.3) 22(48.7) 2.451(1.342–4.480) 1.450(.602-3.488) Government employees 27(55.1) 22(44.9) 2.068(1.112–3.849) 3.072(1.161–8.128) * Private employees 8(50.0) 8(50.0) 1.685(.611-4.648) .371(.108-1.281) Partner educational status No formal education 19(27.9) 49(72.1) 1 Read &write 8(20.5) 31(79.5) .666(.260-1.705) 1.463(.282-7.577) Primary education 21(52.5) 19(47.5) 2.850(1.261–6.445) 2.183(.541-8.808) Secondary education 48(47.5) 53(52.5) 2.336(1.209–4.510) 2.237(.639 − 7.82) Higher (diploma & above) 60(54.5) 50(45.5) 3.095(1.617–5.923) 1.028(.260-4.053) Mode of delivery Spontaneous 103(47.7) 113(52.3) 1 1 C/S 53(37.3) 89(62.7) .653(.424-1.007) .830(.421-1.637) Postpartum child hospitalization No 102(40.6) 149(59.4) 1 1 Yes 54(50.5) 53(49.5) 1.488(.944-2.346) 1.146(.550-2.385) Counseling on BF at PNC No 30(68.2) 14(31.8) 1 Yes 104(40.9) 150(59.1) .324 (.164-.640) .410(.159-1.055) Ever visited NICU No 135(41.9) 187(58.1) 1 1 .000* Yes 21(58.3) 15(41.7) 1.939(.964 − 3.900) 6.038 (2.291–15.915) Experienced difficulty of BF No 102(37.5) 170(62.5) 1 1 Yes 54(62.8) 32(37.2) 2.812(1.703–4.644) 1.299(.628-2.686) Ever heard about wet-nursing No 117(41.3) 166(58.7) 1 1 Yes 39(52) 36(48) 1.537(.922-2.562) 1.160(.564-2.385) Attitude status Negative attitude 48(25.5) 140(74.5) 1 1 .000* Positive attitude 108(63.5) 62(36.5) 5.081(3.231–7.990) 9.518(4.540-19.954) * Shows variable who have p value < 0.05, statistically significant association Factors Influencing with the Acceptability of Using Donated Breast Milk for Infant Feeding. The analysis identified several factors were associated with the acceptability of using donated breast milk for infant feeding. These factors included the partner's educational status, history of breastfeeding difficulties, history of NICU visits, and attitude toward donation. Specifically, women whose partners had completed secondary education or higher were 5.7 times more likely to use donated breast milk for feeding their infants compared to those whose partners illiterate (AOR: 5.714; 95% CI: 2.143–15.238). Regarding breast feeding difficulties, the likelihood of using donated breast milk for feeding infants was 2.7 times among women with such a history compared to their counterparts (OR = 2.727; 95% CI: 1.410–5.273). The odds of using donated breast milk were also 2.7 times higher among postnatal mothers who had visited NCU compared to those who had not (AOR = 2.708; 95% CI: 1.0397–7.059). Additionally, postnatal mother with a positive attitude towards milk donation had 2.5 times higher odds of using donated breast milk than those with a negative attitude (AOR = 2.467; 95% CI: 1.294–4.704) (See Table 4 ). Table 4 Bivariate and Multivariable Logistic Regression Results of Factors Associated with the Acceptability of Using Breast Milk for Feeding Infants Among Postnatal Mothers at Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024. Variables Category Acceptability of use donated breast milk for feeding infant COR (95%CI) Adjusted OR (95%CI P-value Yes (n = 141) (39.4%) No (n = 217) (60.6%) Age 18–34 126(37.8) 207(62.2) 1 1 >=35 15(60.0) 10(40.0) 2.464(1.074–5.653) 1.923(.725-5.098) Residence Urban 103(41.7) 144(58.3) 1.374(.862-2.191) 1 Rural 38(34.2) 73(65.8) 1 .483(.202-1.154) Partner educational status No Read And Write 16(23.5) 52(76.5) 1 1 .000 Read and write 13(33.3) 26(66.7) 1.625(.681-3.879) 1.971(.748-5.195) Primary education 18(45.0) 22(55.0) 2.659(1.150–6.146) 2.038(.657-6.316) Secondary education 56(55.4) 45(44.6) 4.044(2.041–8.016) 5.714(2.143–15.238)* Higher (diploma& above) 38(34.5) 72(65.5) 1.715(.865-3.401) 1.684(.630-4.503) Number of ANC visited 1–4 38(45.8) 45(54.2) 1 1 5–8 79(37.1) 134(62.9) .698(.418-1.167) .706(.376-1.328) Mode of delivery Spontaneous 76(35.2) 140(64.8) 1 1 C/S 65(45.8) 77(54.2) 1.5551(1.009–2.396) 1.551(.870-2.763) History of delivering Premature baby No 106(35.5) 193(64.5) 1 1 Yes 35(59.3) 24(40.7) 2.655(1.500–4.700) 1.36(0.620–2.984) Postpartum child hospitalization No 88 (35.1) 163 (64.9) 1 1 Yes 53 (49.5) 54 (50.5) 1.818(1.149–2.877) 1.234(.644-2.366) Ever visited NICU No 118(36.6) 204(63.4) 1 1 .042 Yes 23(63.9) 13(36.1) 3.059(1.493–6.264) 2.708(1.039–7.059) Experienced difficulty of BF No 89(32.7) 183(67.3) 1 1 .003 Yes 52(60.5) 34(39.5) 3.145(1.905–5.190) 2.727(1.410–5.273) Ever heard about wet-nursing No 103(36.4) 180(63.6) 1 1 Yes 38(50.7) 37(49.3) 1.795- (1.795–1.795) 2.331(.870-6.246) Attitude status Positive attitude 57(30.3) 131(69.7) 1 1 .005 Negative attitude 84(49.4) 86(50.6) 2.245(1.457–3.460) 2.467(1.294–4.704) * Shows variable who have p value < 0.05, statistically significant association. Discussion The research aimed to evaluate the willingness of postnatal mothers were to donate breast milk for banking and to use it for feeding infants. The findings revealed that 43.6% of the participants were open to donating breast milk for banking, which is lower than the 73.4% reported in a similar study conducted in Southeast China ( 17 ). This difference may be attributed to the fact that participants in Southeast China had access to information about human milk banking through media promotion, which could explain the observed discrepancy. The level of awareness and education about the benefits and safety of donor breast milk can significantly influence acceptance rates. This percentage is higher than that found in study conducted in Nigeria, where 39.9% of the study participants accepted breast milk donation ( 18 ). The discrepancy may be due to cultural differences and practices related to breastfeeding and milk donation. In some cultures, there is a stronger tradition or acceptance of sharing breast milk, while in others, it is less common. In our study, only 30.2% of respondents accepted donor human breast milk for feeding. This indicates level low of awareness or understanding regarding about the benefits and safety of donor human breast milk. In fact, only 20% of respondents had heard of wet nursing, and 15.9% were aware of breast milk donation. These finding highlights the need for targeted educational campaigns to inform individuals about the importance of breast milk donation and the rigorous screening processes that ensures its safety. This acceptance rate is lower than those reported in studies conducted in Turkey and Uganda, where acceptance rates were 71.3% and 77.6%, respectively ( 19 , 20 ). The difference may be attributed to the availability of human breast milk banks in Turkey and Uganda, which likely increase mother’s awareness. The higher acceptability rates in these countries suggest a more positive perception and understanding of the benefits of breast milk donation and its potential impact on infant health. The research also revealed that participants expressed reluctance to donate breast milk for infants or to have it stored in a milk bank. The most frequently cited reasons for this reluctance included concerns about the potential transmission of diseases, insufficient breast milk supply, religious beliefs opposing that do not condone such donations, fears of unhygienic milk, and a preference for infant formula. These findings align with similar studies conducted in Namibia, South Africa, and Nigeria ( 18 , 20 ). Additionally, they are consistent with a study in eastern Ethiopia, which identified fear of disease transmission, concerns about unhygienic milk collection, and religious issues as the primary reason for unwillingness to donate or use donated breast milk ( 15 ). The study found that some individuals reluctant to use donor breast milk for infant feeding due to concerns about disease transmission and religious beliefs, particularly among Muslim communities. According to the study, women whose partners had completed secondary education or higher were nearly six times more likely to use donated breast milk for infant feeding compared to those whose partners had lower levels of education. The finding suggests that access to education may plays a significant role in the decision to use donated breast milk. Women whose partners have higher educational attainment are more likely to have access to information about the benefits of donated breast milk and may be more inclined to use it. The results of the current study indicate that individuals identifying as Muslim religion are more likely to accept breast milk banking compared to Christians. However, this finding his finding contrast with study conducted in Nairobi, Kenya, which observed that a lower percentage of Muslim mothers were willing to permit the use of donor human milk compared to Christian mothers ( 21 ). The difference in the acceptance of breast milk banking between Christian and Muslim mothers may be influenced by Sharia law, which restricts the feeding of another mother's breast milk within in Muslim communities. The odds of accepting breast milk banking among mothers employed in the government sector were three time higher than those of housewives. This finding is supported by a study conducted in the Bulen ( 22 ), which found that employed mothers were more willing to donate human milk than housewives. Employed mothers may have greater access to resource and support networks that help them make informed decisions about donating breast milk. In contract un employed mothers, might lack access to these resources and networks. Consequently, employed mother mat experience greater financial security and be more aware of the health benefits of breast milk donation. Mothers who have visited the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are six times more likely to accept human milk banking compared to those who have not had this experience. This finding suggests that their time in the NICU increases awareness and openness to considering human milk banking as a viable option for their infants. It underscores the critical role of providing education and support to mothers in the NICU, as it can significantly impact their decisions regarding infant feeding. Furthermore, the likelihood of accepting donated breast milk for breast milk banks was significantly higher among mothers with a positive attitude compared to those with a negative attitude. This underscores the importance of addressing and improving maternal attitudes toward human milk banking through comprehensive education, counseling, and support. Healthcare, providers working with mothers in the NICU setting should prioritize promoting positive attitudes toward human milk banking in order to enhance acceptance and utilization of this valuable resource for preterm infants. This finding is supported by a study conducted in central China ( 23 ). Mothers with positive attitudes toward breast milk banking may have better knowledge about its benefits, higher levels of trust and confidence in the process, and may be more willing to invest their time and resources compared to mothers with negative attitudes. These factors could also contribute to the differences in outcomes observed between mothers with positive and negative attitudes toward breast milk banking. Our findings also indicate that women who previously experienced breastfeeding difficulties were more likely to use donated breast milk to feed their infants. This suggests that a need for enhanced support and resources for women struggling with breastfeeding, as well as increased awareness and availability of donated breast milk as a viable infant feeding option. The difference between the two groups may be attributed to the psychological and physical challenges these women face. They may have found it difficult to establish a successful breastfeeding relationship with their babies, prompting them to seek alternative sources of nutrition for their infants. Conclusion A total of 358 postnatal mothers were interviewed, resulting in a 97.5% response rate. According to the survey, 43.6% of participants expressed willingness to donate breast milk for banking, while 39.4% of the group were willing to use banked breast milk to feed their infants. The study found that visiting a NICU, working for the government, and having a positive attitude toward breast milk banking were all significantly associated with acceptance. However, it also showed that many participants felt that donating and using breast milk violated their religious belief, particularly among Muslim participants. Strengths and Limitations of the Study The high response rate (97.5%) among postnatal women strengthens reliability and credibility of the research findings. However, the study was conducted in institutional setting, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations or community-based settings. Additionally, the study relied on self-reported data from postnatal mothers, which may be subjected to recall bias and social desirability bias. The flowing recommendation are provided drown from the study finding. Encouraging Knowledge and Inquiry: Develop awareness campaign and educational program to enhance the community’s and postpartum women’s understanding of the breast milk banking. This initiative should dispel myth, inform people about the benefit and safety of breast milk donation, and emphases the importance of high-quality breast milk for new, especially for vulnerable or ill. Integrating Breast Milk Banking with healthcare Settings: Expand the use of breast milk banking in medical setting, particularly in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Promote collaboration among medical professional, lactation consultants, and postpartum teams to enhance, knowledge, provide breastfeeding, emphasize the role of donated breast milking in improving the health vulnerable infants. Declarations Ethics Approval and Informed Consent Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at Jimma University's Institute of Health in Jimma, Ethiopia, on 18/05/2024, with reference number JUIH/IRB/445/24. A formal letter from the Faculty of Public Health was submitted to the CEO's office at Jimma Medical Center. Before the interviews, all participants were asked to provide voluntary informed consent, for their participation and oral consent was obtained. To maintain confidentiality, the questionnaire and all study documentation did not include the names of the participant’s name. Furthermore, the data collected from the participants were securely stored, either in a password-protected database or a locked filing cabinet. Data Availability The data sets are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ Contributions GN drafted the manuscript article and supervised the data collection process. MA contributed to the research and developed the study design. AB provided oversaw for the data collection and coding, and conducted the data analysis. All authors approved final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgments We would like to express our sincere thanks to the Institutional Ethical Review Committee at Jimma University, Faculty of Public Health, and the CEO of Jimma Medical for their cooperation. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the study participants for their willingness to take part in this research and for generously contributing their time during the data collection process. Funding: T his study did not receive any funding. Consent to Publication : not applicable References Кісельова М, Моштук О, Григоренко Л, Шлемкевич О. Breastfeeding is the- Gold Standard old experience and new scientifically proven benefits. Неонатологія, хірургія та перинатальна медицина. 2022;12(2 (44)):53–8. Fang MT, Grummer-Strawn L, Maryuningsih Y, Biller-Andorno N. Human milk banks: a need for further evidence and guidance. Lancet Global Health. 2021;9(2):e104–5. Fang MT, Chatzixiros E, Grummer-Strawn L, Engmann C, Israel-Ballard K, Mansen K, et al. Developing global guidance on human milk banking. Bull World Health Organ. 2021;99(12):892. Cassidy TM. Mothers, milk and money: Maternal corporeal generosity, social psychological trust, and value in human milk exchange. Journal of the Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement; 2012. Binns C, Lee M, Low WY. The long-term public health benefits of breastfeeding. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2016;28(1):7–14. Bright T, Felix L, Kuper H, Polack S. A systematic review of strategies to increase access to health services among children in low and middle income countries. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:1–19. Ahmed I, Ali SM, Amenga-Etego S, Ariff S, Bahl R, Baqui AH, et al. Population-based rates, timing, and causes of maternal deaths, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country prospective cohort study. Lancet Global Health. 2018;6(12):e1297–308. Reimers P, Shenker N, Weaver G, Coutsoudis A. Using donor human milk to feed vulnerable term infants: A case series in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Int Breastfeed J. 2018;13:1–8. Engidaye G, Aynalem M, Adane T, Gelaw Y, Yalew A, Enawgaw B. Undernutrition and its associated factors among children aged 6 to 59 months in Menz Gera Midir district, Northeast Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(12):e0278756. Ahun MN, Aboud F, Wamboldt C, Yousafzai AK. Implementation of UNICEF and WHO's care for child development package: Lessons from a global review and key informant interviews. Front public health. 2023;11:1140843. Organization WH. Implementation guidance: protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services: the revised baby-friendly hospital initiative. 2018. Gray H, Zakarija-Grković I, Cattaneo A, Vassallo C, Borg Buontempo M, Harutyunyan S, et al. Infant feeding policies and monitoring systems: A qualitative study of European Countries. Matern Child Nutr. 2022;18(4):e13425. Hsu H-T, Fong T-V, Hassan NM, Wong H-L, Rai JK, Khalid Z. Human milk donation is an alternative to human milk bank. Breastfeed Med. 2012;7(2):118–22. Woldeyohannes M, Girma M, Petros A, Hussen A, Samuel A, Dinssa DA, et al. Ethiopia National Food and Nutrition Survey to inform the Ethiopian National Food and Nutrition Strategy: a study protocol. BMJ open. 2023;13(4):e067641. Gelano TF, Bacha YD, Assefa N, Motumma A, Roba AA, Ayele Y, et al. Acceptability of donor breast milk banking, its use for feeding infants, and associated factors among mothers in eastern Ethiopia. Int Breastfeed J. 2018;13:1–10. Ellsworth L, Sturza J, Stanley K. An alternative to mother’s own milk: maternal awareness of donor human milk and milk banks. J Hum Lactation. 2021;37(1):62–70. Tu H, Li P, Zhu L, Quan X, Fan S, Wang Z. Postpartum women’s views on human milk banking in a city in Southeast China: a cross-sectional survey. Int Breastfeed J. 2022;17:1–12. Abhulimhen-Iyoha B, Okonkwo I, Ideh R, Okolo A. Mothers’ perception of the use of banked human milk for feeding of the infants. Nigerian J paediatrics. 2015;42(3):223–7. Ozdemir R, Ak M, Karatas M, Ozer A, Dogan D, Karadag A. Human milk banking and milk kinship: perspectives of religious officers in a Muslim country. J Perinatol. 2015;35(2):137–41. Ahmed MA, Namisi CP, Kirabira NV, Lwetabe MW, Rujumba J. Acceptability to donate human breast milk among post-natal mothers at St Francis hospital Nsambya Uganda: A mixed method study. 2022. Kimani-Murage EW, Wanjohi MN, Kamande EW, Macharia TN, Mwaniki E, Zerfu T, et al. Perceptions on donated human milk and human milk banking in Nairobi, Kenya. Matern Child Nutr. 2019;15(4):e12842. Erciyas ŞK, Özsavran M, Ayyıldız T. Views of postnatal mothers regarding human milk banking. Batı Karadeniz Tıp Dergisi. 2021;5(3):435–43. Zhang N, Li J-Y, Liu X-W, Jiang Y-L, Redding SR, Ouyang Y-Q. Factors associated with postpartum women's knowledge, attitude and practice regarding human milk banks and milk donation: a cross-sectional survey. Midwifery. 2020;91:102837. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 05 Feb, 2026 Editor invited by journal 13 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 12 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 06 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8532322","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":587429389,"identity":"50c1ffd6-88fd-40bc-ac4e-561267354b09","order_by":0,"name":"Gali Nega","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5oYDIIqfmfnwgw9ABhs7QS2MEC2S7W1phjNAWpiJ0AKmDM6cMZDmAVtLQIO8+8HGwwUVtfIMNxIMjG1+bZPnY2Zg/PAxB7cWwzOJDYdnnDlu2DgjIeFxbt9twzZmBmbJmdvwaGkAauFtO8bYLJFwwDi35zYjUAsbMy8+Lf0PgVr+HbNvk0hskLbsuW1PUIu8BMiWhprEHp7DDNIMP24nEtRiIAG0hefYgeQZ7G1shr0Nt5PbmBmb8fpFvj/58Geemjrb/Yf5Pz/48ee27fz25oMfPuKz5QCYOgzhMbaByQbc6kG2QKTroNw/eBWPglEwCkbBCAUAqbRZfJQPxJ0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Jimma University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gali","middleName":"","lastName":"Nega","suffix":""},{"id":587429391,"identity":"2a7f4d96-dc7a-4957-ad92-f9050f245e10","order_by":1,"name":"Aziza A/Biya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jimma University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aziza","middleName":"","lastName":"A/Biya","suffix":""},{"id":587429393,"identity":"351edc8b-62fd-4893-9e9c-c2849ddc4473","order_by":2,"name":"Misra Abdulahi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jimma University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Misra","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdulahi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-06 14:23:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8532322/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8532322/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102244874,"identity":"39e39feb-5f04-4ad2-8dc6-304c600ea697","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-09 17:41:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110167,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8532322/v1/96dd743500ee3d1a084b747c.png"},{"id":102244870,"identity":"e4a3cb13-2b11-4cf4-b959-5c576ad43abc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-09 17:41:02","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":131534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8532322/v1/4b794dba4eb7f5e6d6c4da3d.png"},{"id":102244883,"identity":"48d08fe6-a00f-4486-80e9-93beec24d0e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-09 17:41:12","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":182296,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8532322/v1/51ea6a5b573e36b707cc2e94.png"},{"id":102244919,"identity":"3f9a8331-bd7d-4c65-912c-c9292276686e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-09 17:41:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1860929,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8532322/v1/59c0ed1a-d5f3-4bb5-b50f-e1e3ccc85be9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Acceptability and Use of Donor Human Milk Banking and Associated Factors Among Postnatal Mothers at Jimma Medical Centre, Southwest Ethiopia: An Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study ","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eBreast milk is widely recognized as the gold standard for infant nutrition, providing essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components crucial for newborns' optimal growth and development in newborns (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). According to the recommendations from World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), when a mother's milk is unavailable, human donor milk serve as the best alternative for infants. It is considered the biological standard for infant nutrition and is acknowledge as the ideal food source to maximize infant health (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). However, when mothers are unable to provide their own breast milk due to medical, social, or logistical reasons, the availability and acceptance of donor breast milk through milk banking programs have saved increasing interest in the realm of infant feeding and neonatal care (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDonor milk can reduce morbidity and mortality in vulnerable infants, and consequently, lower health care cost by shortening hospital stays. Beyond, reducing healthcare costs by limiting the time infants spend in the hospital. In addition to reducing morbidity and mortality, additional economic benefits are attributed to eliminating expenses associated with purchasing formula milk (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally, neonatal mortality remains is a significant challenge in many countries. According to the 2021global report, 2.3\u0026nbsp;million babies died within their first month of life 2021, in which equates to approximately 6,400 neonatal death each day (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately affected due limited access to affordable, acceptable, and high quality maternal and newborn care (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Sub-Saharan Africa holds the unfortunate distinction of having the highest neonatal mortality rate globally, with 27 deaths occurring per 1,000 live births, accounting for 43% of newborn deaths worldwide. This region is closely followed by Central and Southern Asia, where 23 deaths per 1,000 live births represents 36% of global newborn deaths. These statistics highlight the urgent and need for targeted and comprehensive interventions to address the complex factors influencing newborn survival in these areas, including access to quality healthcare, nutrition, and maternal health services (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe neonatal mortality rate in Ethiopia remains a significant concern, accounting for a large proportion of the country's under-5 mortality. Reports from the World Bank and the WHO highlight the ongoing challenge of reducing the number of deaths within the first month of life. It is important to note that milk serves as a safe, nourishing, and easily digestible food source for these vulnerable infants, providing essential nutrients for their healthy growth and development (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) launched Every Newborn Action Plan (ENAP) in 2014 to achieve the global Sustainable Development Goal of reducing the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-five mortality rate to at least 12 and 25 deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively, by 2030. ENAP serves as a global roadmap with strategic actions aimed at ending preventable newborn mortality (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). In 2018, WHO and UNICEF updated the implementation guidance for the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, stating that infants who cannot be fed their mother\u0026rsquo;s milk or require supplementation -specially low birth weight infants (LBW) infants, including those with very low birth weight (VLBW) and other vulnerable infants-should be fed donated human breast milk (DHM) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Global Strategy urges governments to provide skilled breastfeeding support and counseling to improve breastfeeding practices. It also aims to offer evidence based emendations on breastfeeding counseling as a public health intervention, including the use of donor human milk (DHM)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Due to the growing interest in establishing and sustaining human milk banks worldwide to meet the demand for DHM, milk banks have now been established in over 66 countries, with small but, increasing operating in low- and middle-income countries (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, there is a growing global trend of establishing human milk banks are being established to newborn health by providing donor human milk (DHM). Data from 2020 indicated a significance increase, with approximately 756 milk banks operating in 66 different countries (24).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Ethiopia, although the National Nutrition Programme II includes plans for a national breast milk bank as a potential pilot study, the establishment of an actual breast milk bank has not yet been established. This contrasts with the growing global recognition of the importance of breast milk banks in promoting infant health and nutrition, highlighting a significant gap in the country's healthcare infrastructure (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, a recent systematic review has specifically identified religious concerns as a significant factor inhibiting breast milk donation in this context. These religious concerns have been recognized as a potential barrier to the effective operation of a breast milk banks. Theis acknowledgment of these barriers underscores the necessity of acknowledging and addressing the multifaceted considerations that influence the establishment and operation of a breast milk banks in the Ethiopian context (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmid the increasing recognition of the benefits of human milk, the establishment of donor breast milk banks has become a viable source of nutrition for infants needing alternative feeding options (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). The use of donor breast milk has attracted attention for its potential to provide life-saving nutrition to vulnerable infants. This prompts important questions regarding about its acceptability, utilization, and the factors influencing its use among postnatal mothers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the study aims to explore the multifaceted aspects surrounding the acceptability of donor breast milk banking and its utilization for infant feeding. It will focus particularly on the perspectives and experiences of postnatal mothers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy Context\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at the Jimma Medical Centre, a prominent healthcare institution located in Jimma town, approximately 356 km Southwest of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. As one of the largest university hospitals in the country, Jimma Medical Centre (JMC) provides extensive inpatient and outpatient services to the local community. These services encompass a wide range of medical specialties, including medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics, gynecology, surgery, psychiatry, and ophthalmology, as well as emergency and outpatient Care. Notably, JMC serves a large catchment area, catering to an estimated 15 to 20\u0026nbsp;million people in the Southwestern, Ethiopia. The study was conducted over one month, from June 1 to June 30, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePopulation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe source population for this study included all postnatal mothers who were receiving service care at Jimma University Medical Centre during the study period. The study population comprised consisted of randomly selected postnatal mothers who were present and met the specified inclusion criteria within the designated study timeframe.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size Determination and Sampling Procedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSample Size\u003c/b\u003e: The formula for a single population proportion was used based d on the following assumptions: n represents the required sample size, P is the estimated Proportion, assumed to be 16.7% (0.167) based on a previous study in eastern Ethiopia where mothers were willing to donate breast milk for banking (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e), Z is the value for a 95% confidence interval (Z = 1.96); d is the margin of error (0.04), and a 10% non-response rate was include. The final sample size was calculated to be 367 respondents. Systematic sampling was employed to elect and interview the mothers. Postnatal mothers were selected using systematic sampling, with the sample size allocated proportionally to the average expected number of reports within one month in each department at JMC (PNC ward, NICU, Immunization, Pediatrics, OPD), based on the annual records from the 2022 fiscal year. The sampling interval (K) was determined by dividing the average expected service volume within one month in each department by the sample size, resulting in a K value of 3 for each department. Study participants were then systematically selected after the first mother was chosen using a lottery method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling Design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData Collection Method and Tool\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were collected using structured questionnaires consisting of 36 items. The questionnaires covered socio-demographic characteristics, healthcare service-related factors, awareness, attitudes, and acceptability of breast milk donation. In-depth interviews were conducted using a specific guideline. Two supervisors and six data collectors underwent a two-day training on the data collection process. The aim was to ensure valid, reliable, and comprehensive data collection. Data collection tools were pretested on 5% of the sample size outside the study setting before the actual data collection began. The Kobo Toolbox was used during data collection, and the collected data were daily sent to the principal investigator. The principal investigator thoroughly reviewed and checked the collected data to ensure completeness, accuracy, and to address any potential errors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Variable\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptance of Human Milk Donation for Banking\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptance of Using Donated Human Milk Use for Feeding Infants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIndependent variable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual-Related Factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare Service-Related Factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal and Child-Related Factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOperational Definitions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcceptance of breast milk donation refers to a mother's willingness to donate her breast milk for banking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptance of the use of donated breast milk for feeding infants refers to a mother’s willingness to feed her with donated breast milk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptance of donor milk banking refers to whether the mother is willing to donate breast milk for banking and /or willing to use donor breast milk to feed her infant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe imported the quantitative data into SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 26 for analysis. Descriptive statics, including frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, and means and standard deviations for continuous variables, were used to summarize the data. Bivariate analysis was conducted to explore relationships between dependent and independent variables. Variables with a p-value of 0.25 or less in from the bivariate analysis were selected for inclusion in the final multivariate logistic regression model. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the strength of associations, using a significance level of p \u0026lt; 0.05. The model's goodness of fit was evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Findings were presented in textual, graphical, or chart formats.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic/economic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Over 358 participants were interviewed, resulting in a response rate of 97.5%. The mean age of respondents was 26.3 years (SD ± 4.74). The majority of the participants (69%) belongs to the Oromo ethnic group. Regarding educational status, 56 participants (15.6%) had a diploma or higher. More than half of the respondents (58.6%) were Muslims, and 239 (66.8%) were housewives. Concerning the respondents' partners, 68 (19%) were illiterate, and 58 (16.2%) were merchants. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below shows the socio-demographic characteristic of study participants (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristic of Study participants at Jimma medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024 (N = 358)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18–34 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e≥ 35 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents' educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRead and write\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher (diploma and above)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents’ ethnicity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOromo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmhara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents’ religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents’ occupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouse wife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMerchants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartner educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRead and write\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimacy education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher (diploma and above)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartner occupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMerchants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment employees\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate employees\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly income of household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e≤ 1500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1501–3000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 3001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e*Single, divorced, widowed\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHealth Service-Related Characteristic of Study Participants at Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024 (N = 358)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of gravidas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 to 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e≥\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Para\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 to 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e≥ 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of ANC visit (n = 336)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1–4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5–8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReceived counseling on breastfeeding during ANC visit n = 336)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlace of birth last birth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMode of Delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpontaneous vaginal delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaesarean section\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver have history of delivering preterm infant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you ever have history of low birth weight infant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostpartum child hospitalization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver visited postnatal after the last pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you ever received counseling on BF at postnatal visits n = 291)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver received health education by health care professionals?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHave you ever visited NICU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDou ever experienced difficulty of BF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCharacteristic of Participants and Health Service-Related Factors\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe majority of participants 298 (82.7%) had family sizes ranging from one to three live births. Regarding antenatal care visits, more than ninety percent (93.9%) of the respondents had at least one ANC visit during in their most recent pregnancy. Over half of the respondents (60.3%) had spontaneous vaginal delivery as their most recent delivery mode, while 59 participants (16.5%) had a history of preterm infants, and nearly one-fourth (18.8%) had a history of low-birth-weight infants. The following table presents health service-related characteristic of study Participants (see Tabel2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAwareness Among Mothers About Donating Human Breast Milk for Banking\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study participants demonstrated low awareness of breast milk banking, as evidenced by the fact that only 75 (20%) of the respondents had heard of wet nursing, 57 (15.9%) were familiar with had heard of breast milk donation, and 26 (7.3%) had heard of human breast milk banking. Awareness among mothers about donating human breast milk banking are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1 (See Fig.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAttitude Towards Donating Breast Milk and Its Use\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe survey results indicate that 52.5% of the participants have a positive view of donating breast milk, while 47.5% hold a negative view. Additionally, the findings suggest that religious leaders support this practice. Figure\u0026nbsp;2 shows attitudes toward breast milk donation and the use of donated milk for infant feeding (See Fig.\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcceptance of Donor Breast Milk for Banking and Its Use Infant Feeding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the surveyed participants, 156 individuals (43.6%) express their willing ness to donate breast milk for storage in a milk bank, while 141 mothers (39.4%) indicated their readiness to feed their babies with donated breast milk. Additionally, over one-fourth (30.2%) reported being approved as donors for human breast milk banking. The most commonly cited reasons for donating breast milk included helping infants in need of breast milk due to excess supply, preventing disease through human milk, and providing the best nutrition for infants. Acceptance of donor breast milk for banking and its use infant feeding are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3 (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eReasons for Unwilling to Donor Human Breast Milk for Banking\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe reasons for reluctance to donate human breast milk for banking include fear of disease transmission (51.9%), concern about unhygienic milk (30.1%), and a preference for infant formula (25.7%). Additionally, some participants, particularly Muslim followers, view donating and using breast milk as a violation of their religious beliefs. This perspective based on the idea that when an infant feeds from another mother's breast, they become milk siblings and are considered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFactors Associated with the Acceptability of Donor Breast Milk for Banking:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the thirteen variables analyzed in the bivariate logistic regression, only four variables were found to be significantly associated in the final multivariable logistic regression model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelonging to the Islamic religion was associated with an 80% lower likelihood of accepting the concept of human milk banking compared to other religious groups (AOR: 0.166, 95% CI: 0.033–0.829). Mothers employed by the government were three times more likely to accept human milk banking than housewives (AOR: 3.072, 95% CI: 1.161–8.128). Mothers who had ever visited the NICU were six times more likely to accept human milk banking than those who had not visited the NICU (AOR: 6.038, 95% CI: 2.291–15.915). The odds of accepting breast milk for banking among mothers with a positive attitude were 9.5 times higher compared to those with a negative attitude (AOR: 9.518, 95% CI: 4.540-19.954). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the result of bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis identify factors associated with acceptance of donor breast milk banking among postnatal mothers. (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis Identify Factors Associated with Acceptance of Donor Breast Milk Banking Among Postnatal Mothers at Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptability of donation breast milk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes n = 156 (43.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo n = 202 (56.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18–34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138(41.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195(58.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(72.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(28.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.634(1.478–8.936)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.349(.746-7.398)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70(33.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139(66.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.420(.124-1.423)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e166(.033-.829)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(57.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(42.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.123(.323-3.907)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.658(.124-3.497)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.250(.310-5.037)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.357(.050-2.532)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatholic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(45.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondent educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(26.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(73.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRead and write\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(34.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(65.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.500(.568-3.958)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.291(.063-1.343)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(47.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(52.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.519(1.228–5.164)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.3180(.094-1.074)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55(50.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(49.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.886(1.498–5.559)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.375(.128-1.099)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher (diploma \u0026amp; above)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(48.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(51.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.705(1.365–5.358)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.102(.022-.474)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondent\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouse wife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(37.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150(62.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMerchants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(59.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(48.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.451(1.342–4.480)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.450(.602-3.488)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment employees\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(55.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(44.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.068(1.112–3.849)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.072(1.161–8.128) *\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate employees\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.685(.611-4.648)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.371(.108-1.281)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartner educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(27.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(72.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRead \u0026amp;write\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(20.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(79.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.666(.260-1.705)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.463(.282-7.577)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(52.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.850(1.261–6.445)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.183(.541-8.808)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53(52.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.336(1.209–4.510)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.237(.639 − 7.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher (diploma \u0026amp; above)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50(45.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.095(1.617–5.923)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.028(.260-4.053)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMode of delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpontaneous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103(47.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113(52.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53(37.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(62.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.653(.424-1.007)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.830(.421-1.637)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostpartum child hospitalization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102(40.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149(59.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(50.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53(49.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.488(.944-2.346)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.146(.550-2.385)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCounseling on BF at PNC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(68.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(31.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104(40.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150(59.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.324 (.164-.640)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.410(.159-1.055)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver visited NICU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135(41.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187(58.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(58.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(41.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.939(.964 − 3.900)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.038 (2.291–15.915)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperienced difficulty of BF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170(62.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54(62.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(37.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.812(1.703–4.644)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.299(.628-2.686)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver heard about wet-nursing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117(41.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166(58.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.537(.922-2.562)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.160(.564-2.385)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative attitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(25.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140(74.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive attitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108(63.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(36.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.081(3.231–7.990)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.518(4.540-19.954)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e* Shows variable who have p value \u0026lt; 0.05, statistically significant association\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFactors Influencing with the Acceptability of Using Donated Breast Milk for Infant Feeding.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis identified several factors were associated with the acceptability of using donated breast milk for infant feeding. These factors included the partner's educational status, history of breastfeeding difficulties, history of NICU visits, and attitude toward donation. Specifically, women whose partners had completed secondary education or higher were 5.7 times more likely to use donated breast milk for feeding their infants compared to those whose partners illiterate (AOR: 5.714; 95% CI: 2.143–15.238). Regarding breast feeding difficulties, the likelihood of using donated breast milk for feeding infants was 2.7 times among women with such a history compared to their counterparts (OR = 2.727; 95% CI: 1.410–5.273). The odds of using donated breast milk were also 2.7 times higher among postnatal mothers who had visited NCU compared to those who had not (AOR = 2.708; 95% CI: 1.0397–7.059). Additionally, postnatal mother with a positive attitude towards milk donation had 2.5 times higher odds of using donated breast milk than those with a negative attitude (AOR = 2.467; 95% CI: 1.294–4.704) (See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBivariate\u003c/b\u003e and Multivariable Logistic Regression Results of Factors Associated with the Acceptability of Using Breast Milk for Feeding Infants Among Postnatal Mothers at Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptability of use donated breast milk for feeding infant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted OR (95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (n = 141) (39.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (n = 217) (60.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18–34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126(37.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207(62.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.464(1.074–5.653)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.923(.725-5.098)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103(41.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144(58.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.374(.862-2.191)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38(34.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73(65.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.483(.202-1.154)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartner educational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Read And Write\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(23.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(76.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRead and write\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.625(.681-3.879)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.971(.748-5.195)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(45.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(55.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.659(1.150–6.146)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.038(.657-6.316)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(55.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(44.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.044(2.041–8.016)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.714(2.143–15.238)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher (diploma\u0026amp; above)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38(34.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72(65.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.715(.865-3.401)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.684(.630-4.503)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of ANC visited\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1–4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38(45.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(54.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5–8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79(37.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134(62.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.698(.418-1.167)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.706(.376-1.328)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMode of delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpontaneous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(35.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140(64.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(45.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77(54.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5551(1.009–2.396)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.551(.870-2.763)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of delivering Premature baby\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106(35.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193(64.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35(59.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(40.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.655(1.500–4.700)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36(0.620–2.984)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostpartum child hospitalization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (35.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163 (64.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (49.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.818(1.149–2.877)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.234(.644-2.366)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver visited NICU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118(36.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204(63.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(63.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(36.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.059(1.493–6.264)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.708(1.039–7.059)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperienced difficulty of BF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(32.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183(67.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(60.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34(39.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.145(1.905–5.190)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.727(1.410–5.273)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver heard about wet-nursing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103(36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180(63.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38(50.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(49.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.795- (1.795–1.795)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.331(.870-6.246)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive attitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(30.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131(69.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative attitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84(49.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86(50.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.245(1.457–3.460)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.467(1.294–4.704)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* \u003cb\u003eShows variable who have p value \u0026lt; 0.05, statistically significant association.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research aimed to evaluate the willingness of postnatal mothers were to donate breast milk for banking and to use it for feeding infants. The findings revealed that 43.6% of the participants were open to donating breast milk for banking, which is lower than the 73.4% reported in a similar study conducted in Southeast China (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). This difference may be attributed to the fact that participants in Southeast China had access to information about human milk banking through media promotion, which could explain the observed discrepancy. The level of awareness and education about the benefits and safety of donor breast milk can significantly influence acceptance rates. This percentage is higher than that found in study conducted in Nigeria, where 39.9% of the study participants accepted breast milk donation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). The discrepancy may be due to cultural differences and practices related to breastfeeding and milk donation. In some cultures, there is a stronger tradition or acceptance of sharing breast milk, while in others, it is less common.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, only 30.2% of respondents accepted donor human breast milk for feeding. This indicates level low of awareness or understanding regarding about the benefits and safety of donor human breast milk. In fact, only 20% of respondents had heard of wet nursing, and 15.9% were aware of breast milk donation. These finding highlights the need for targeted educational campaigns to inform individuals about the importance of breast milk donation and the rigorous screening processes that ensures its safety. This acceptance rate is lower than those reported in studies conducted in Turkey and Uganda, where acceptance rates were 71.3% and 77.6%, respectively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). The difference may be attributed to the availability of human breast milk banks in Turkey and Uganda, which likely increase mother\u0026rsquo;s awareness. The higher acceptability rates in these countries suggest a more positive perception and understanding of the benefits of breast milk donation and its potential impact on infant health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research also revealed that participants expressed reluctance to donate breast milk for infants or to have it stored in a milk bank. The most frequently cited reasons for this reluctance included concerns about the potential transmission of diseases, insufficient breast milk supply, religious beliefs opposing that do not condone such donations, fears of unhygienic milk, and a preference for infant formula. These findings align with similar studies conducted in Namibia, South Africa, and Nigeria (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, they are consistent with a study in eastern Ethiopia, which identified fear of disease transmission, concerns about unhygienic milk collection, and religious issues as the primary reason for unwillingness to donate or use donated breast milk (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study found that some individuals reluctant to use donor breast milk for infant feeding due to concerns about disease transmission and religious beliefs, particularly among Muslim communities. According to the study, women whose partners had completed secondary education or higher were nearly six times more likely to use donated breast milk for infant feeding compared to those whose partners had lower levels of education. The finding suggests that access to education may plays a significant role in the decision to use donated breast milk. Women whose partners have higher educational attainment are more likely to have access to information about the benefits of donated breast milk and may be more inclined to use it.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the current study indicate that individuals identifying as Muslim religion are more likely to accept breast milk banking compared to Christians. However, this finding his finding contrast with study conducted in Nairobi, Kenya, which observed that a lower percentage of Muslim mothers were willing to permit the use of donor human milk compared to Christian mothers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). The difference in the acceptance of breast milk banking between Christian and Muslim mothers may be influenced by Sharia law, which restricts the feeding of another mother's breast milk within in Muslim communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe odds of accepting breast milk banking among mothers employed in the government sector were three time higher than those of housewives. This finding is supported by a study conducted in the Bulen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e), which found that employed mothers were more willing to donate human milk than housewives. Employed mothers may have greater access to resource and support networks that help them make informed decisions about donating breast milk. In contract un employed mothers, might lack access to these resources and networks. Consequently, employed mother mat experience greater financial security and be more aware of the health benefits of breast milk donation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers who have visited the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are six times more likely to accept human milk banking compared to those who have not had this experience. This finding suggests that their time in the NICU increases awareness and openness to considering human milk banking as a viable option for their infants. It underscores the critical role of providing education and support to mothers in the NICU, as it can significantly impact their decisions regarding infant feeding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the likelihood of accepting donated breast milk for breast milk banks was significantly higher among mothers with a positive attitude compared to those with a negative attitude. This underscores the importance of addressing and improving maternal attitudes toward human milk banking through comprehensive education, counseling, and support. Healthcare, providers working with mothers in the NICU setting should prioritize promoting positive attitudes toward human milk banking in order to enhance acceptance and utilization of this valuable resource for preterm infants. This finding is supported by a study conducted in central China (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). Mothers with positive attitudes toward breast milk banking may have better knowledge about its benefits, higher levels of trust and confidence in the process, and may be more willing to invest their time and resources compared to mothers with negative attitudes. These factors could also contribute to the differences in outcomes observed between mothers with positive and negative attitudes toward breast milk banking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings also indicate that women who previously experienced breastfeeding difficulties were more likely to use donated breast milk to feed their infants. This suggests that a need for enhanced support and resources for women struggling with breastfeeding, as well as increased awareness and availability of donated breast milk as a viable infant feeding option. The difference between the two groups may be attributed to the psychological and physical challenges these women face. They may have found it difficult to establish a successful breastfeeding relationship with their babies, prompting them to seek alternative sources of nutrition for their infants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 358 postnatal mothers were interviewed, resulting in a 97.5% response rate. According to the survey, 43.6% of participants expressed willingness to donate breast milk for banking, while 39.4% of the group were willing to use banked breast milk to feed their infants. The study found that visiting a NICU, working for the government, and having a positive attitude toward breast milk banking were all significantly associated with acceptance. However, it also showed that many participants felt that donating and using breast milk violated their religious belief, particularly among Muslim participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrengths and Limitations of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high response rate (97.5%) among postnatal women strengthens reliability and credibility of the research findings. However, the study was conducted in institutional setting, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations or community-based settings. Additionally, the study relied on self-reported data from postnatal mothers, which may be subjected to recall bias and social desirability bias.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe flowing recommendation are provided drown from the study finding.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncouraging Knowledge and Inquiry: Develop awareness campaign and educational program to enhance the community\u0026rsquo;s and postpartum women\u0026rsquo;s understanding of the breast milk banking. This initiative should dispel myth, inform people about the benefit and safety of breast milk donation, and emphases the importance of high-quality breast milk for new, especially for vulnerable or ill.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrating Breast Milk Banking with healthcare Settings: Expand the use of breast milk banking in medical setting, particularly in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Promote collaboration among medical professional, lactation consultants, and postpartum teams to enhance, knowledge, provide breastfeeding, emphasize the role of donated breast milking in improving the health vulnerable infants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval and Informed Consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at Jimma University\u0026apos;s Institute of Health in Jimma, Ethiopia, on 18/05/2024, with reference number JUIH/IRB/445/24. A formal letter from the Faculty of Public Health was submitted to the CEO\u0026apos;s office at Jimma Medical Center. Before the interviews, all participants were asked to provide voluntary informed consent, for their participation and oral consent was obtained. To maintain confidentiality, the questionnaire and all study documentation did not include the names of the participant\u0026rsquo;s name. Furthermore, the data collected from the participants were securely stored, either in a password-protected database or a locked filing cabinet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data sets are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGN drafted the manuscript article and supervised the data collection process. MA contributed to the research and developed the study design. AB provided oversaw for the data collection and coding, and conducted the data analysis. All authors approved final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to express our sincere thanks to the Institutional Ethical Review Committee at Jimma University, Faculty of Public Health, and the CEO of Jimma Medical for their cooperation. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the study participants for their willingness to take part in this research and for generously contributing their time during the data collection process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding: T\u003c/strong\u003ehis study did not receive any funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publication\u003c/strong\u003e: not applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References ","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eКісельова М, Моштук О, Григоренко Л, Шлемкевич О. Breastfeeding is the- Gold Standard old experience and new scientifically proven benefits. Неонатологія, хірургія та перинатальна медицина. 2022;12(2 (44)):53\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFang MT, Grummer-Strawn L, Maryuningsih Y, Biller-Andorno N. Human milk banks: a need for further evidence and guidance. 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J Hum Lactation. 2021;37(1):62\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTu H, Li P, Zhu L, Quan X, Fan S, Wang Z. Postpartum women\u0026rsquo;s views on human milk banking in a city in Southeast China: a cross-sectional survey. Int Breastfeed J. 2022;17:1\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbhulimhen-Iyoha B, Okonkwo I, Ideh R, Okolo A. Mothers\u0026rsquo; perception of the use of banked human milk for feeding of the infants. Nigerian J paediatrics. 2015;42(3):223\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOzdemir R, Ak M, Karatas M, Ozer A, Dogan D, Karadag A. Human milk banking and milk kinship: perspectives of religious officers in a Muslim country. J Perinatol. 2015;35(2):137\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmed MA, Namisi CP, Kirabira NV, Lwetabe MW, Rujumba J. Acceptability to donate human breast milk among post-natal mothers at St Francis hospital Nsambya Uganda: A mixed method study. 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKimani-Murage EW, Wanjohi MN, Kamande EW, Macharia TN, Mwaniki E, Zerfu T, et al. Perceptions on donated human milk and human milk banking in Nairobi, Kenya. Matern Child Nutr. 2019;15(4):e12842.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eErciyas ŞK, \u0026Ouml;zsavran M, Ayyıldız T. Views of postnatal mothers regarding human milk banking. Batı Karadeniz Tıp Dergisi. 2021;5(3):435\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang N, Li J-Y, Liu X-W, Jiang Y-L, Redding SR, Ouyang Y-Q. Factors associated with postpartum women's knowledge, attitude and practice regarding human milk banks and milk donation: a cross-sectional survey. Midwifery. 2020;91:102837.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pregnancy-and-childbirth","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"prch","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth](http://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/prch/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Acceptability, Breast Milk Banking, Postnatal Mothers, Jimma Medical Center, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8532322/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8532322/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIntroduction\u003c/b\u003e: Donor human milk is the biological standard for infant nutrition. However, there is limited knowledge about donor human milk, and few studies have examined the acceptability of donor breast milk banking and infant feeding in Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e: An institution-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with 358 randomly selected postnatal mothers. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with the acceptability of breast milk banking. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated to assess the strength of the associations, with statical significance set at a p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eResult\u003c/b\u003e: A total of 358 postnatal women participated in the study, with response rate of 97.5%. The findings indicated that 43.6% participants were willing to donate breast milk for banking, while 141 mothers (39.4%) were willing to use donated breast milk to feed infants. Factors significantly associated with acceptance of breast milk banking a government employee (AOR: 3.072; 95% CI:1.161\u0026ndash;8.128), having visited a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (AOR: 5.940; 95% CI: 2.383\u0026ndash;14.805), and possessing a positive attitude toward breast milk banking (AOR: 5.907; 95% CI: 3.153\u0026ndash;11.064).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eConclusion and Recommendation\u003c/b\u003e: The study found that 43.6% of participants were willing to donate breast milk to a milk bank, and 39.4% were open to using banked breast milk for infant feeding. It is recommended to implement awareness campaigns and educational programs to increase knowledge about breast milk banking among postnatal women and the broader community.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Acceptability and Use of Donor Human Milk Banking and Associated Factors Among Postnatal Mothers at Jimma Medical Centre, Southwest Ethiopia: An Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-09 17:40:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8532322/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T11:47:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-13T15:04:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-12T10:22:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-12T10:20:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","date":"2026-01-06T13:59:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pregnancy-and-childbirth","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"prch","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth](http://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/prch/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5490bfde-f768-400d-8443-759cd0669137","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 9th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-09T17:40:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-09 17:40:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8532322","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8532322","identity":"rs-8532322","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}