Mechanistic Link Between Glyoxalase 1 Expression and Methylglyoxal-Induced Oncogenic Stress in Prostate Cancer

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in American men, with African American/Black (AA/B) men experiencing higher incidence and mortality than European American (EA) men. Obesity, which disproportionately affects AA/B men, is linked to increased PCa mortality, potentially through metabolic dysregulation. We hypothesize that methylglyoxal (MG), a reactive byproduct of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism that is elevated in obesity, contributes to PCa progression. MG forms covalent adducts on DNA, RNA, and protein. We found that MG-adducts are elevated in AA/B men with PCa compared to EA men with PCa, as well as men without PCa. AA/B men with PCa had a higher frequency of SNP rs1049346 in glyoxalase 1 (GLO1), the primary MG detoxification enzyme. PCa cell lines from EA (C4-2) and AA/B (MDA-PCa-2b) men showed differential rs1049346 status, with C4-2 cells heterozygous and MDA-PCa-2b cells homozygous for the variant. This was associated with altered GLO1 expression and activity, with MDA-PCa-2b cells exhibiting reduced GLO1 function and increased MG-adducts compared to C4-2 cells. MG altered DNA repair and RNA processing pathways and induced distinct metabolic shifts in MDA-PCa-2b compared to C4-2 cells, including increased glycolysis and reduced oxidative phosphorylation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed unique MG-induced stress responses including a tenfold higher induction of TXNIP in MDA-PCa-2b vs. C4-2 cells, a gene inversely linked to GLO1 expression and activity. These findings suggest that MG stress may contribute to PCa progression in AA/B men through metabolic reprogramming and impaired detoxification, offering insight into potential precision medicine applications. Statement of Significance Patients with obesity and diabetes have an elevated risk of cancer mortality. Defining how metabolic alterations contribute to this link is critical to understanding disease progression and identifying strategies to improve outcomes. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.