Factors Associated With Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy Among Reproductive Women in West Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region: a Cross-sectional Study

Factors Associated With Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy Among Reproductive Women in West Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region: a Cross-sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Factors Associated With Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy Among Reproductive Women in West Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region: a Cross-sectional Study Eyayu Kasseye Bayu, Getaneh Bizuayehu Demeke This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-850469/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: The aims of this study was to assess knowledge and attitudes of reproductive women (15-49) towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy in West Gojjam of Amhara region. Methods: Community based cross sectional study design was employed. The structured questionnaires were used to assess the knowledge and attitude of alcohol consumption among reproductive women during pregnancy. The sample size was calculated by using a single population proportion formula. Accordingly, the calculated sample size was 380 after adding 10% for non-response rate.Descriptive statistics, binary and multivariable logistic regressions was employed. Adjusted Odds Ratios together with corresponding 95% confidence intervals was used to interpret the findings. Results: The majority of women 308(82.4%) were know the problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy from 374 total study participants. Knowledge of women with regard to problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy were associated literate women (AOR=0.416; 95%CI=0.207-0.836) and risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy low (AOR=9.468; 95% CI=3.466-25.868).Addationally,attitude of women for consumption of alcohol have significant effect on health associated with occupation status a housewife ((AOR=4.620; 95% CI= (1.255-17.012), had own business(AOR=17.344;95% CI=1.821165.148), alcohol consumption for 3-4 days a week(AOR=11.278;95%CI =1.231-103.287),relative encourage diriking alcohol (AOR=0.309;95%=0.110-0.868), Women who had previously health problems (AOR=0.330;95% CI=0.152-0.717), women who perceive the risk of alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is medium(AOR=7.112; 95% CI =3.108-16.270), attitudes of women towards alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is high (AOR= 4.902;95% CI =1.474-16.297),women who agree on the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable(AOR=0.082;95% CI =0.023-0.287). Conclusion: The study revealed that, the knowledge of women on the health effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy high. Their attitude also towards alcohol consumption is low and medium. Interventions focused on creating awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol consumption on pregnancy should implemented. Sexual & Reproductive Medicine Knowledge Attitude Reproductive health Women Amhara region Plain English Summary Maternal alcohol beverages consumption (any amount) during pregnancy can result in major reproductive health and social problems both for the mother and fetus; including miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, and prematurity. We study the reproductive women’s (15–49) knowledge and attitudes of towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The study sitting is West Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region in North Western Ethiopia. A community based cross-sectional study design was employed. The structured questionnaires have been used to attain the objective. The 374 respondents have participated using sample size proportion after adding 10% for non-response rate. Bivariate and multivariable were used to analyses the data. The findings revealed that, the knowledge of women with regard to problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy was associated with literate women and the risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is low. Likewise, the attitude of women towards alcohol consumption have significant effect on health associated with occupation status of being housewife had own business, alcohol consumption for 3–4 days a week relatives encourage drinking alcohol Women who had previously health problems women who perceive the risk of alcohol consumption have a beneficial effect on health is medium attitudes of women towards alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is high and women who agree on alcohol consumption during pregnancy is valuable which is significant toward the attitude of women’s about alcoholic consumption during pregnancy. In conclusion, though majority of respondent have the knew the harmful effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The attitude of women’s regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy is medium during pregnancy. Background Reproductive health is a universal concern and it is importance for women particularly during reproductive years[1]. The key components of reproductive health care includes,safe pregnancy ,delivery services and behaviors’ during pregnancy that are pro-fetal growth [2]. The importance of maternal health and antenatal care in relation to infant growth and health cannot be over emphasized [3].Maternal alcohol beverages consumption (any amount) during pregnancy can result in multiple major health and social problems both mother and fetus; including miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, and prematurity.At regional and national level, alcohol use prevalence data is use full indicator for maternal and child health [4]. Alcohol consumption varies across gender and race/ethnicity. Across the world, men consume more alcohol than women, and women in more developed countries drink more than women in developing countries[5].Alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for breast cancer and cardiovascular disorders, which are among the leading causes of mortality among women in low and middle income countr[6].The consumption of alcohol has been reported among young women in countries such as USA, Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom [7,8]. Alcohol consumption in childbearing women is a public health concern because of adverse health implications for the mother and baby. Most women expressed ambivalence or disagreement about maternal alcohol consumption resulting in lifelong disabilities[9]. Alcohol use is associated with multiple reproductive risks, including having a child with a Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, increased risk of fetal loss, and decreased chance of live birth and increase the risks of alcohol in the context of reproductive health[10].The study also found that, Australian women of childbearing age have poor knowledge of the specific effects of alcohol in pregnancy on the unborn child and one in five women have a neutral or positive attitude towards alcohol consumption in pregnancy. We also found a disjunction between women’s knowledge and attitudes [7]. As the study estimates, the prevalence of alcohol use by women has also been documented in African countries, including Botswana (30%), and Namibia (47%) [11].The characteristics of a poor socio-economic status and poor obstetric history have been reported in several South African studies. Studies in sub-Saharan Africa has shown that alcohol consumption is a risk factor for poor cardiovascular outcomes and it is correlated with increased risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus[12]. As the study findings shows that, alcohol use and misuse among women are increasing. While alcohol misuse by anyone presents serious public health concerns, women who drink have a higher risk of certain alcohol-related problems compared to men[13]. People in Ethiopia, including pregnant women, highly consume both home-made and manufactured alcohol beverages due to lack of awareness about the harmful effect of risky alcohol use, and cultural acceptance of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption and other hazardous patterns of use like binge drinking have tremendous adverse effects on fetus and mothers. This study revealed a higher magnitude of alcohol consumption among pregnant women. The prevalence of binge drinking and the amount and frequency of drinking per week among pregnant women was also higher [14]. The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) involving national representative samples from the age group 15–49 year reported 53% of men and 45 % of women had lifetime history of alcohol consumption, among whom 53% of men and 48 % of women consumed alcohol six or more days in the past month; increasing age and urban residence were associated with high levels of consumption[15]. It is well recognized that the size and body composition of a mother at the beginning of a pregnancy strongly influences fetal growth [16]. It is well recognized that the size and body composition of a mother at the beginning of a pregnancy strongly influences fetal growth as well as maternal malnutrition is widespread among women in Amhara region[17]. Methods And Materials Study site: The study was conducted in West Gojjam zone, Amhara region of North Western Ethiopia.Amhara region is the second most populous region in Ethiopia .From the total population of Amhara [49.9%] were male and 51.1% of them female population.The majority of the population were rural residence (80.6%). Research method: Quantitative research methods was employed inorder to incorporate the complete understanding of the research problems. This research method has been employed to capture quantitative aspects of the study. Quantitative research methods would be required to assess the knowledge and attitudes of reproductive women during pregnancy in Amhara region of North West Ethiopia. Study design and period: Community based cross-sectional study design was employed to identify the knowledge and attitude towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy among reproductive age women. The study was conducted from November 2021 to July 2021. Cross-sectional studies are the best studies to finding out the prevalence of a phenomenon, situation, problem, knowledge, and attitude or issues by taking a cross-section of the population. Data sources and types: Both primary and secondary data was employed in this study. The primary data source was obtained through structured questionnaire. The secondary data source was also obtained from published and un-published documents like books, journal articles, and annual research reports of various institutions that relevant to this study. Population: The source population of this study was all reproductive women (15–49) who live in the study area and the study population was a sampled reproductive women selected from the study area. Sampling Techniques and Sampling Procedures: As you know different researchers use different sampling techniques and procedures based on, the interest of the investigator, the nature of study and the number of study subjects. For this study, probability sampling technique was used to select the study area and study subjects. The investigator was used multistage sampling procedures to identify the study subjects. The first stage, Zones would be selected by using lottery method in Amhara region. This, West Gojjam was selected from a total Zones of Amhara region by using simple random sampling procedures. Systematic sampling technique was employed to identify the required sample after determining the eligible groups in Zone to Woreda reproductive women. They, would be selected by using systematic random sampling from the existing sampling frame of health center and hospital registrar. After selecting the study participants, the reproductive women was selected every n th interval from selected Woreda Kebeles. Then, first selected the reproductive women as reference. Finally, eligible reproductive women were asked to participate in the study and continued by the same procedures. Sample Size Determination : The sample size was determined using single population proportion formula by assuming the following criteria. Level of confidence take 95% with 0.05 α value (which yields Z α/2 = 1.96 on the standard normal distribution curve), a 5% margin of error (d = 0.05) and proportion of alcohol use during pregnancy 34%consumption obtained from the previous study conducted in Bahir Dar town among reproductive women[18], 10 % contingency would be used. The formula stated as below: \(=\frac{\left(\text{Z}{\alpha }/2 \right)² \text{p}\left(1-\text{p}\right)}{\text{d} ² }\) [19]. Where: n = required sample size p = prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy 34%=0.34 d 2 = margin of error = 0.05 Zα/2 = confidence level corresponding to 95% CI = 1.96 (α = 0.05) and contingence 10% =0.5 n= \(\frac{\left(1.96\right)2 0.34(1-0.34)}{\left(0.05\right)2}\) = 345+ (345*0.1) =380. Therefore, based on the above information the final sample size was 380. Data Management, Processing and Analysis: The questionnaire was pretested on reproductive women before the actual study conducted. All the collected data was check for completeness, accuracy, and consistency by the principal research every day. The quantitative data was entered, cleaned and analyzing by using SPSS software version 24 with orderly analytic method beginning with simple descriptive statistical displays and summaries to analyze the quantitative data analysis. The collected data was analyzed using binary logistic regression model. The general form of logistic model is $$\text{ln}\left[\frac{{p}_{i}}{1-{p}_{i}}\right]={B}_{0}+{B}_{1}{X}_{i1}+ {B}_{2}{X}_{i2}+\dots +{B}_{k}{X}_{ik}$$ Where p i is the probability of having experience alcohol utilization during pregnancy for an i th individual; Bi is the parameter coefficient, B 0 is a constant and X is the value of an independent variable. Binary logistic regression is a form of regression, which is used when the dependent variable is dichotomous and the independent variables are of any type. The dependent variable for this study, knowledge and attitude toward alcohol consumption during pregnancy are binary or dichotomous variable (with two outcomes). The value label of the variable is “1” if the respondent ever had knowledge and attitude toward alcohol consumption during pregnancy leads to health problems “0” if the respondent, never had alcohol consumption exposure to health during pregnancy. Binary logistic regression predicts the log of odds of the dependent variable as a linear function of the independent variables. For the dichotomies case, if the log it for a given independent variable is B, then a unit increase in the independent variable is associated with a B change in the log adds of the dependent variable. A relative risk, Exp (B), estimate greater than one signifies an increased likelihood for the outcome, while a value less than one indicates a decreased likelihood for the given outcome. In addition, the sign of B (logistic coefficient) indicate the direction of the change. Based on this information, both bivariate and multivariate analysis techniques was employed. A bivariate test was used to identify individual level of factors that significantly associated with knowledge and attitude on alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the predictors of knowledge and attitude about alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Ethical Considerations: Ethical clearance was obtained from University of Gondar, CSSH research affairs committee. Then, officials at different levels in the target Region, Zones and Districts was communicated through formal letters from UOG and permission was obtained from them. The objective of the study was explained for the target participants in order to get verbal consent. Furthermore, it would be promised to participants that their names are not written the study documents and information’s obtained are anonymous Results This chapter deals with the demographic characteristics, the knowledge and attitudes of women towards alcohol consumption and the factors associated with the knowledge and attitude of reproductive women towards alcohol consumption in Amhara Region of North western Ethiopia. It has been analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and inferential statistics such as binary logistic regression. Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Respondents in the Study Area A total of 380 questionnaires were distributed and 374 of them were appropriately filled with the response rate of 97.4%. The mean age (± SD) of the respondents was 35.22 (± 7.359), with age ranging from 18 to 49 years. As it can be seen from Table 1, the age of the respondents has classified with 3 age categories. The result shows, 6.4 % of the respondents were in age category of 15 up to 24, while 40.1 of them were from 25 up to 34. The significant number of the respondent’s (53.5 %) were in the age category of 35 up to 49. This implies that, majority of the respondents were concentrated in the age category of adult age; the last age of reproductive time. As far as the marital status of the respondent’s concerned, 1.1 %, 2.1 % and 4.3 % of them were single, widowed and divorced women respectively. The significant number of respondent’s (92.5 %) were married women. It can be understood that, majority from marital status category was married. Regarding place of the residence, half of the respondents (50%) were rural and half of them also urban residents. As per the religious affiliation of the respondents, 94.4 %, 4.8 %, and 0.8 % of them were Orthodox, Muslim and Protestant religion followers respectively. Concerning the educational level, 45.5 % of the respondents were an illiterate educational status, while 54.5% of them were literate. The occupational status of the respondents also determines the alcohol utilization during pregnancy. The government employee has obtained 13.1 % and 66.3 % of them are house wife. The 19.3 % of the respondents were engaged in their own business, while 1.3 % of were working as a daily laborer. Last but not least, the result shows that ,69.2 %, 28.9 % and 1.9 % of the respondents have an average monthly income from 500upto 2500, 2501upto5000 and 5001upto 7530 ETB with in the households respectively. Table-1: Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Study Participants in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2021 Variables Options Frequency (N) Percentage (%) Age 15–24 24 6.4 25–34 150 40.1 35–49 200 53.5 Marital statues Single 4 1.1 Married 346 92.5 Divorced 16 4.3 Widowed 8 2.1 Place of residence Rural 187 50 Urban 187 50 Religious affiliation Orthodox 353 94.4 Muslim 18 4.8 Protestant 3 0.8 Educational status Illiterate 170 45.5 Literate 204 54.5 Occupational status Government employee 49 13.1 House wife 248 66.3 Own business 72 19.3 Daily laborer 5 1.3 Average monthly income of households 500–2500 259 69.2 2501–5000 108 28.9 5001–7530 7 1.9 Source: Obtained from survey data, 2021 Knowledge of Reproductive Women with regard to Alcohol consumption during Pregnancy The knowledge of women with regard to problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy in the study Area is measured by asking the consequences of alcohol utilization. The findings demonstrated, majority of the respondents (82.4 %) has known the problems of alcohol use during pregnancy, while 17.6 % of them did not aware about the problem of alcohol utilization during pregnancy. However, the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy have multi-dimensional. Among those, affect the unborn child, low birth weight, mental retardation and delayed development. Principally, the knowledge of women towards the effects of alcohol utilization on the unborn child, 71.7 % of the respondents have an awareness about the effect, while 28.3 % of them are unaware about it. The study revealed that, women’s knowledge on health effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy high. Regarding the problem of low birth weight, about 47.3 % of the respondents have an awareness, while a significant number of the respondents (52.7 %) have no knowledge about this problem that comes from alcoholic utilization. Basically, 45.2 % of women were aware of about mental retardation that comes from alcohol utilization during pregnancy, while majority of them (54.8 %) did not know about it. The effect of alcohol utilization has leads to delayed development, and majority of women (53.2%) have no an awareness about the delayed development problem, while (46.8 %) of them has knowledge about this particular problem. The result illustrates that, there are many effects of heavy alcohol use during pregnancy. These are miscarriage, premature birth, still birth and high blood pressure apart from among others. Concerning the miscarriage problem, 39.6 % of the respondents were an aware of about the heavy alcoholic utilization have effects during pregnancy, while a significant number of respondents (60.4 %) did not have awareness about to this problem. Regarding the problem of premature birth, a small number of respondents (27 %) were awarded, while 73 % of them were unaware of it. The 7.8 % of the respondents were aware of about the effects of alcoholic consumption leads to still birth, while majority of women (92.2%) were unaware about the effects of alcoholic consumption on still birth. A small number of respondents (26.5 %) have an aware about the high blood pressure, while a significant number of the respondents (73.5 %) did not aware. Moreover, a little number of respondents (12.3 %) have an aware about the other effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, while majority of the respondents (87.7%) were doing not aware about effects of alcoholic consumption particularly in times of pregnancy for maternal health and fetus. The source of information about alcohol consumption exposure to miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others condition could be media, observation, family and health workers. The 20.1 % of the respondents were obtained the information from media, while 79.9 % did not obtained. Likewise, a very limited number of respondents (4.3 %) has gotten information from their observation, while majority of them (95.7%) did not gather information from their own observation. Around 20.3 % of women has obtained information from families, while 79.7 % of them did not obtain. A significant number of the respondents (54%) were taken information’s from the health workers, while 46 % of them did not. The source of information from peers, 8.6% of women has taken from it and majority of them (91.4 %) did not obtain their sources of information from peers. Additionally, 10.4 % of the respondents obtained information from neighbors, while majority of the respondents (89.6%) did not obtain the information from neighbors. Table-2: Distribution of the Study Participants by Knowledge with Regard to Consumption of Alcohol During Pregnancy among Reproductive Women in West Gojjam Zone ,North-West Ethiopia, 2021 Do you know the problems of alcohol use during pregnancy Yes 308 82.4 No 66 17.6 The effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy Affect the unborn child Yes 268 71.7 No 106 28.3 Low birth weight Yes 177 47.3 No 197 52.7 Mental retardation Yes 169 45.2 No 205 54.8 Delayed development Yes 175 46.8 No 199 53.2 The effect of heavy alcohol use during pregnancy Miscarriage Yes 148 39.6 No 226 60.4 Premature birth Yes 101 73 No 273 73 Still birth Yes 29 7.8 No 345 92.2 High blood pressure Yes 99 26.5 No 275 73.5 Others Yes 46 12.3 No 328 87.7 The source of information about alcohol consumption exposure to miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others condition. Media Yes 75 20.1 No 299 79.9 Observation Yes 16 4.3 No 358 95.7 Family Yes 76 20.3 No 298 79.7 Health worker Yes 202 54 No 172 46 Peers Yes 32 8.6 No 342 91.4 Neighbors Yes 39 10.4 No 335 89.6 Source: Obtained from survey data, 2021 Factors Associated with Knowledge towards Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy In a bivariate logistic regression, those variables whose p-value was less than 0.25 in bi-variable analysis were; residence, educational status, pregnant currently and risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy were entered into multivariate logistic regression for further analysis. The multivariate analysis revealed that, educational statues such as literate and the risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is low has significantly associated with knowledge towards alcohol consumption at the time of pregnancy in the study area. The study revealed that, educational status of women was significantly associated with the level of knowledge on alcohol consumption during pregnancy. It had a positive relationship with knowledge of alcohol consumption in time of pregnancy. Regarding to the educational status of women those who are literate 0.416 time more likely had knowledge about problems of alcohol consumption in time of pregnancy than illiterate (AOR = 0.416; 95%CI = 0.207–0.836). This study showed that, the risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is low associated with knowledge of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. It has negative relationships with knowledge of alcohol consumption. The analysis indicated that, the risks of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is low 9.468 time less likely had knowledge about the problems of alcohol consumption than the risk alcohol consumption is high (AOR = 9.468; 95% CI = 3.466–25.868). The women’s who said that low, it might not have personal experiences with children affected by alcohol use during pregnancy, it is dangerous to the baby and their health. Table-3: Factors Associated with Knowledge towards Alcohol consumption during Pregnancy in North-Western Ethiopia (N = 374) Variables Do you know the problems of alcohol use during pregnancy Odds Ratio (OR) Yes No B COR (95%CI) AOR (95%CI) Place of residence Rural 143 44 1 1 Urban 165 22 1.061(-0.305) 0.433(0.248–0.758) 0.003 0.737(0.366–1.486) 0.394 Educational status Illiterate 126 44 1 1 Literate 182 22 1.061(-0.877) 2.889(1.650–5.057)0.000 0.416(0.207–0.836) 0.014 Pregnant currently Yes 81 9 -0.815(-0.655) 0.442(0.210–0.934) 0.033 0.519 (0.237–1.137) 0.101 No 227 57 1 1 The risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy Low 51 37 -1.748(2.248) 0.174(0.096–0.317) 0.000 9.468(3.466–25.868)0.000 Medium 190 24 -2.274(0.551) 0.103(0.038–0.280)0.000 1.736(0.635–4.743) 0.282 High 67 5 1 1 Source: Obtained from survey data, 2021 Attitude of Reproductive Women towards consumption of Alcohol during Pregnancy With regard to the existence of health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others health problems] occur within the families, 30.2 % of the respondents were responded that there is exist, while 69.8 of them no existence of these problems. Similarly, 54.3 % of the respondents were said one of the health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others] occur within the community, while 45.7 % of them were responded that not occurred. With a limited number of the respondent’s (10.4%) has an attitude that alcohol have beneficial effect on overall health, while a significant number of the respondent’s (89.6 %) did not believe that alcohol have beneficial effect on reproductive health. Concerning the risks of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, 23.5 %, 57.2 % and 19.3 % of the respondent’s indicated that, the risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is low, medium and high respectively. As far as utilize of alcohol during pregnancy is concerned, 7.5%, 1.9 %, and 57.2% of the respondent’s has said agree, strongly agree and disagree on the utilization of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable respectively. The result has also showed that 7.8% and 25.7 % of the respondents were strongly disagree and neutral about the utilization of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable respectively. Regarding the severe effect of alcohol utilization on maternal and child health especially in times of pregnancy, 40.9%, 10.2 %, 12.6%, 4.8%, and 31.6 % of the respondent’s has agree, strongly agree, disagree, strongly disagree and neutral on severe effect of alcohol consumption on maternal and child health respectively. Table-4: Percentage distribution of the attitudes of Reproductive Women towards alcohol consumption during Pregnancy in Northwest Ethiopia, 2021 Attitudes of Reproductive Women towards alcohol consumption during Pregnancy Options Frequency Percentage One of these health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others] within your family Yes 113 30.2 No 261 69.8 One of the health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others] occur within your community Yes 203 54.3 No 171 45.7 Alcohol has beneficial effect on all health? Yes 39 10.4 No 335 89.6 From experiences, how do you see the risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy? Low 88 23.5 Medium 214 57.2 High 72 19.3 Utilize of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable? Agree 28 7.5 Strongly agree 7 1.9 Disagree 214 57.2 Strongly disagree 29 7.8 Neutral 96 25.7 Do you agree the severe effect of alcohol utilization on maternal and child health especially in times of pregnancy? Agree 153 40.9 Strongly agree 38 10.2 Disagree 47 12.6 Strongly disagree 18 4.8 Neutral 118 31.6 Source : Obtained from survey data, 2021 Factors Associated with Attitude towards Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy In a bivariate logistic regression analysis, educational status, occupational status, length of drink alcohol currently, relative encourage alcohol drink, knowing problems of alcohol use, effect of alcohol consumption unborn child and effect of alcohol use delay development. The effect of heavy alcohol use exposes high blood pressure, health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others] within your family, risk of alcohol consumption, utilize of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable and severe effect of alcohol use on maternal and child health were identified as significant at (p-value < 0.25) and this considered to entered into multivariate logistic regression analysis. After multivariate analysis those variables such as: housewife occupational status and had own business, length of drink alcohol currently 3–4 days a week, relatives encourage drink alcohol during pregnancy, health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others] occur in family, risk of alcohol consumption could medium and high and agree on the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable were significantly associated with attitude towards alcohol consumption in time of pregnancy at (p-value < 0.05). However, the multivariate analysis shows that, housewife occupation status has a significant relationship with an attitude towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy among reproductive women. It had a negative relationship with attitude of alcohol consumption. Hence, the occupation status of women a housewife were 4.6 times less likely had an attitude towards problems of alcohol use during pregnancy than being a government employee (AOR = 4.620; 95% CI= (1.255–17.012). With regard to occupational status, women who had own business is positively associated with attitude on consumption of alcohol. The logistic regression analysis showed that, women who had own business were 17.344 times more likely have a good attitude about the negative effect of alcohol consumption than government employee (AOR = 17.344;95% CI = 1.821165.148). The frequency of alcohol consumption currently for 3–4 days a week is positively related to women attitude on alcohol consumption. The findings of this study stipulate that, alcohol consumption currently for 3–4 days a week were 11.278 time more likely had a good attitude on the beneficial effect of reproductive health than every day (AOR = 11.278;95% CI = 1.231-103.287), which is significant at p < 0.05.Finding of this study also shows that, the respondents relatives encourage to drink alcohol during pregnancy have a negative relationship with attitude of women on consumption of alcohol have beneficial effects on maternal health. Among study participants their relatives encourage drinking alcohol were 0.309 times less likely had attitude towards alcohol use have beneficial effect on maternal health than not encouraged by relatives (AOR = 0.309;95%=0.110–0.868), which is significant at p < 0.05. Women who had previously health problems such as; miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others’ problems existed within their family have negative relations with women’s attitude on consumption of alcohol have beneficial effect on maternal health. The reproductive health problems such as; miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others’ problems occur within their family (yes) were 0.330 times less likely had an attitude on alcohol use have beneficial effect on maternal health than (no) (AOR = 0.330;95% CI = 0.152–0.717). The logistic regression analysis indicated that, those women who perceive the risk of alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is medium can have a good attitude as compared to women’s who perceives the risk of alcohol consumption as low by the odds ratio of (AOR = 7.112; 95% CI = 3.108–16.270). It is also shows that, the attitudes of women towards alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is high can have good attitude probability of alcohol consumption as compared to low perception of alcohol consumption by the odds ratio of (AOR = 4.902;95% CI = 1.474–16.297). The findings also demonstrated that, women who agree on the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable has less likely consumed alcohol as compared to neutral by the odds ratio (AOR = 0.082;95% CI = 0.023–0.287). This implies that, the level of agreement or attitude of women is statistically significant and negative relationship at p- value < 0.05. Table-5: Factors Associated with Attitude towards Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy Variables Attitudes about alcohol use during pregnancy Odds Ratio (OR) Yes No B COR (95%CI) AOR (95%CI) Educational status Illiterate 24 146 1 1 Literate 15 189 0.728(1.002) 2.071(1.049–4.090) 0.036 2.722 (0.928–7.990)0.068 Occupational status Government employee 8 41 1 House wife 28 220 -0.427(1.530) 1.533(0.653-3.600)0.327 4.620(1.255–17.012)0.021 Own business 2 70 1.921(2.853) 6.829(1.383–33.714)0.018 17.344(1.821165.148)0.032 Daily laborer 1 4 0.248(0.789) 0.780(0.077–7.931)0.834 2.201(0.138–35.102) 0.577 How often you drink alcohol currently Everyday 3 3 1 1–2 days a week 11 97 1.484 (1.406) 4.409(0.965–20.154)0.056 4.079(0.701–23.728) 0.118 2–3 days a week 12 80 1.204 (1.389) 3.333(0.734–15.133)0.119 4.0100(.675-23.817)0.127 3–4 days a week 2 38 2.251(2.423) 9.500(1.304–69.191)0.026 11.278(1.231-103.287)0.032 Once a week 3 35 1.764(2.060) 5.833(0.946–35.988)0.057 7.849(0.938–65.682) 0.057 Relative encourage you to drink alcohol during pregnancy Yes 9 28 -1.191(-1.173) 0.304(0.131–0.704) 0.005 0.309(0.110–0.868) 0.026 No 30 307 1 1 Know the problems of alcohol use during pregnancy Yes 24 284 1.247 (0.383) 3.480(1.710–7.084)0.001 1.467(0.419–5.142)0.549 No 15 51 1 1 Effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy affect the unborn child Yes 16 252 1.473(1.108) 4.364(2.201–8.654)0.000 3.028(0.939–9.766) 0.064 No 23 83 1 1 Effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy delay development Yes 12 163 0.757(0.176) 2.132(1.045–4.350)0.037 1.193(0.531–2.676)0.669 No 27 172 1 1 Effect of heavy alcohol use during pregnancy expose to high blood pressure Yes 5 94 0.975(0.708 2.652(1.007–6.986)0.048 2.029(0.718–5.734)0.182 No 34 241 1 Health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others] within your family Yes 18 95 -0.773(-1.109) 0.462(0.236–0.905) 0.024 0.330(0.152–0.717)0.005 No 21 240 1 1 The risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy Low 22 66 1 1 Medium 13 201 1.640(1.962) 5.154(2.459–10.801)0.000 7.112(3.108–16.270)0. 000 High 4 68 1.735(1.590) 5.667(1.853–17.331)0.002 4.902(1.474–16.297)0.010 Utilize alcohol during pregnancy is valuable Agree 15 13 -2.686(-2.502) 0.068(0.023–0.199)0.000 0.082(0.023–0.287)0.000 Strongly agree 1 6 -0.751(-0.466) 0.472(0.050–4.488) 0.513 0.628 (0.056–6.994) 0.705 Disagree 14 200 0.117(0.345) 1.124(0.438–2.879)0.808 1.412(0.435–4.578) 0.565 Strongly disagree 2 27 0.060(-0.129) 1.062(0.208–5.416) 0.942 0.879(0.141–5.492) 0.890 Neutral 7 89 1 1 Do you agree the severe effect of alcohol use on maternal and child health especially in times of pregnancy ? Agree 15 138 -0.275(0.598) 0.760(0.320–1.802) 0.533 0.550(0.184–1.639) 0.283 Strongly agree 1 37 1.117(1.211) 3.055(0.374–24.932) 0.297 3.358(0.350-32.229) 0.294 Disagree 12 35 -1.424(-0.729) 0.241(0.094–0.619)0.003 0.482(0.150–1.552) 0.222 Strongly disagree 2 16 -0.415(-0.744) 0.661(0.131–3.336)0 .616 0.475(0.089–5.492) 0.890 Neutral 9 109 1 1 Source: Obtained from survey data, 2021 Discussions Knowledge refers to the understanding of the alcohol use in time of pregnancy and its effects on women and their fetus and attitude refers to their feelings towards alcohol consumption, and any preconceived ideas that they may have towards it. This study revealed that, (82.4%) and (39%) of respondents were had an adequate knowledge and a positive attitude towards alcohol consumption expose to reproductive health problems. But the study showed in Nepal, the knowledge about alcohol use during pregnancy was inadequate. Only 26.5% had an adequate knowledge and 23.93% had a positive attitude towards alcohol consumption [20].This difference might be due to educational level and their culture that has been experienced in the study area. The findings supplement that, one in five women have a neutral or positive attitude towards alcohol consumption in pregnancy. We also found a disjunction between women’s knowledge and attitudes [7]. However, the findings noted that women had a negative attitude towards maternal alcohol consumption as observing a pregnant woman drink alcohol made them feel concerned (31.5%) or angry (24.1%) [9]. The study revealed that, educational status of women was significantly associated with the level of knowledge on alcohol consumption during pregnancy. This finding is in line with the study done in Australia, which indicates that, knowledge related to education level. Women who had a bachelor degree or higher were more likely than those who had left school before the end of year 12 to know that alcohol consumption in pregnancy can cause one or more of the diagnoses resulting from alcohol exposure in pregnancy and to know that drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to lifelong disabilities in a child [7].It is in line with findings from previous studies [21, 22]. It could be due to non-educated women might not have awareness on the harmful effect of alcohol consumption. However, another study showed that highly educated pregnant women were more likely to consume alcohol [23]. This might be literate women have at least some level of awareness of the harms caused by alcohol use during pregnancy. The findings of the study also show that, the occupation has a significant association between housewife and an attitude of consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. This finding is supported by other studies. The occupation was also significantly associated with alcohol consumption. Being a housewife was shown as risky for alcohol consumption compared to being employed and working own business [24,22]. It might be housewives dependent behavior on their spouse that could create distress and their usual engagement in a routine home activity that includes preparing traditional alcohol beverages.The logistic regression analysis indicated that, those women who perceive the risk of alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is a factor for attitude of women towards alcohol consumption. Similarly, the previous studies also indicated that, the risk of alcohol consumption was associated with consumption alcoholic drinks in the three months preceding the survey [25]. The finding shows that women who agree on the utilization of alcohol during pregnancy is statistically a significant relationship to the attitude of women to alcohol consumption. Similar to this, considering alcohol as a beneficial or valuable was associated with the consumption of alcoholic drinks in the three months preceding the survey [25]. Similar with this finding, women with negative attitudes (said alcohol was not all that important and those who said it was slightly important in increasing chances of health risks for women and babies were more likely to drink [26]. Conclusions The study revealed that, women’s knowledge towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy is high. The knowledge of reproductive women with regard to problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy in the study area was measured by asking the consequences of alcohol utilization and majority of the respondents (82.4 %) has known the problems of alcohol use during pregnancy, while 17.6 % of them did not aware about the problem of alcohol utilization during pregnancy. This might be alcohol has had a long-standing role in culture over time in relation to social connectedness and relaxation. In addition, the attitudes towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy is valuable, the majority of reproductive women expressed as disagree. The analysis showed that, the majority of the women had a neutral and negative attitude towards maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. But it needs to improve their knowledge and attitude towards alcohol consumption and its effects to the improvement of maternal and child health. Recommendations Based on the findings of the study, the following points are forwarded: The regional health bureau has to provide an awareness transference to improve the attitude towards maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy for maternal and child health. The government and civil society organization working on health affairs shall work on intervention to reduce the consequences of alcohol utilization and a long-term impact on women’s sexual and reproductive health. The government offices have to work in collaboration with community association leaders and women’s groups to enhance the knowledge of reproductive women with regard to problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy in the study area. Abbreviations And Acronmyms AOR; Adjusted odds ratio; COR: Crude odds ratio; UOG: University of Gondar; CSSH: College of Social Science and Himanities; DFID: Department for International development; EDHS; The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Declarations Acknowledgments Acknowledgments we would like to express our thanks to University of Gondar College of social sciences and humanities research affairs committee, due to provide ethical clearance to the study manuscript. The special thanks goes to participants for their time and readiness to participate in this study. Ethical Considerations Ethical clearance was obtained from University of Gondar, CSSH research affairs committee. Then, officials at different levels in the target Region, Zones and Districts was communicated through formal letters from UOG and permission was obtained from them. The objective of the study was explained for the target participants in order to get verbal consent. Furthermore, it would be promised to participants that their names are not written the study documents and information’s obtained are anonymous. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials All the necessary data was included and analyzed by SPSS as well as the current study are not publicly available due to ethical restriction and personal data protections but available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding There was no fund. Author contributions Getaneh Bizuayehu Demeke and Eyayu Kasseye Bayu conceived of the study. ‘GBD’ conceptualized the proposal, designed the study, collected and analyzed. ‘EKB’ interpret and analyzed data, wrote the paper, data editing, cleaning and guide the whole activity of the study. All authors read, revised and approved the final content of the manuscript Competing interests The authors declared that, there is no conflict of interests regarding the ownership, concepts and methodological parts of the study. References Y. Yemane, R. Gezahagn, M. Yechale et al., “Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Reproductive Health Service Among Mizan Tepi Universtiy Tepi Campus Students, Sheka Zone, South Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State, South West Ethiopia,” Journal of Hospital and Medical Management, vol. 3, no. 1, 2017. DFID Human Development Group .The HDRC Helpdesk is funded by the DFID Human Development Group. Helpdesk Report: Adolescent Reproductive Health in Ethiopia; Date: 1st August 2011. Budree, S.Stein, D.J. Brittain, K. Goddard, E. Koen, N. Barnett, W. Myer, L.Zar, H.J. Maternal and infant factors had a significant impact on birthweight and longitudinal growth in a South African birth cohort. Acta Paediatr 2017, 106, 1793–1801. Abate Dargie; Yossef Eshetie; wendimeneh shibabaw; kefyalew dagne.2019. Prevalence of Alcohol use during pregnancy and its association with partner alcohol use in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis; bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/687467 . Rehm, J.; Mathers, C.; Popova, S., et al. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet 373(9682):2223–2233, 2009. PMID: 19560604. World Health Organization (WHO). Women and health: today’s evidence tomorrow’s agenda. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2009: 40 – 51. Peadon Elizabeth , Jan Payne, Nadine Henley, Heather D’Antoine, Anne Bartu, Colleen O’Leary, Carol Bower, Elizabeth J Elliott1 Women’s knowledge and attitudes regarding alcohol consumption in pregnancy: a national survey. BMC Public Health 2010 10:510. McDermott R, Campbell S, Ming L, McCulloch B. The health and nutrition of young indigenous women in north Queensland – intergenerational implications of poor food quality, obesity, diabetes, tobacco smoking and alcohol use. Public Health Nutrition 2009; 12 (11): 2143-2149. Georgetta Adeyiga, Emilia A. Udofia and Alfred E. Yawson. Factors Associated with Alcohol Consumption: A Survey of Women Childbearing at a National Referral Hospital in Accra, Ghana; African Journal of Reproductive Health June 2014; 18(2): 152. Van Heertum, K and Rossi.B. Alcohol and fertility: how much is too much? Fertility Research and Practice (2017) 3:10 DOI 10.1186/s40738-017-0037. Martinez P, Ralienis J, Naidoo N, Clausen T. Alcohol abstinence and drinking among African women: data from the World Health Surveys. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 160. BeLue R, Okoror TA, Iwelunmor J, Taylor KD, Degboe AN, Agyemang C, Ogedegbe G. An overview of cardiovascular risk factor burden in sub-Saharan African countries: a socio-cultural perspective. Globalization and Health 2009; 5:10. Erol, A.; and Karpyak, V.Sex and gender-related differences in alcohol use and its consequences: Contemporary knowledge and future research considerations. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 156:1–13, 2015. PMID: 26371405 Bitew MS, Zewde MF, Wubetu M, Alemu AA.Consumption of alcohol and binge drinking among pregnant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Prevalence and determinant factors. PLoS ONE 15(12): e0243784. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0243784. EDHS, 2011 Black et al., Maternal and Child Nutrition. ‘Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Overweight in Low-Income and Middle- Income Countries’, the Lancet, 2013, p. 7. EDHS 2016, p. 278. Kirubel Anteab, Balem Demtsu & Mulualem Megra, (2014). Assessment of prevalence and associated factors of alcohol use during pregnancy among the dwellers of Bahir-Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR). Dougals, A. Lind, William, G. Marchal, Samuel, A &.Wasthen .Basic stastics for business and economics, 5th ed, Mc Graw Hall International Campanies, New York;2006. Gautam R, Koirala P, Shakya DR, Shyangwa PM. Knowledge and attitude of women towards alcohol use and related problems in the Eastern part of Nepal. Psychiatric Association of Nepal, 2015, 4(1). Onwuka CI, Ugwu EO, Dim CC, Menuba IE, Iloghalu EI, Onwuka CI. Prevalence and predictors of alcohol consumption during pregnancy in South-Eastern Nigeria. J Clin diagnostic Res JCDR. 2016; 10(9):QC10. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/21 036.8449 PMID: 27790525. Mohammed MA, Ahmed JH, Bushra AW, Aljadhey HS. Medications use among pregnant women inEthiopia: a cross sectional study. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2013; 3(4):116. Alcohol and Pregnancy: Attitudes around the Globe [Internet]. [Cited 2020 Jun 17]. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/alcohol-pregnancy-attitudes-around-globe/ . Anteab K, Demtsu B, Megra M. Assessment of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Alcohol Use during Pregnancy among the dwellers of Bahir-Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014. Testa M, and Reifman A (1996): Individual differences in perceived riskiness of drinking in pregnancy: antecedents and consequences. J Stud Alcohol 1996, 57:360-367. Apophia Agiresaasi, Goretti Nassanga , Gakenia Wamuyu Maina, Juliet Kiguli, Elizabeth Nabiwemba1 and Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye(2021). Various forms of alcohol use and their predictors among pregnant women in post conflict northern Uganda: a cross sectional study; Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy (2021) 16:3. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-850469","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":49276688,"identity":"7be681a6-5e7c-46e4-b7b5-f1aa3190918a","order_by":0,"name":"Eyayu Kasseye Bayu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCAyCC+cCBD0CKjZ14LWyJB2eAKGbitfAYH+YB20ZAMb9E8uPPPGfs7OXbDxgctvm1TZ6PmYHxw8cc3FokZ6SZSfPcSE7ccCYh4XBu323DNmYGZsmZ23BrMbiRYMbM84E5wYAh4cDh3J7bjEAtbMy8eLTY30j//JnnQ729fP/DhsOWPbftCWoxkMgxADrsMGPDjWSGwww/bicS1CJx5k2Z5JwzxxM33HjGcLC34XZyGzNjM16/8Lenb/7w5lg10GH5nz/8+HPbdn5788EPH/FoYRBIQOIwtoHJBjzqQdYcQOb9wa94FIyCUTAKRiYAALFCWGa5z4lnAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8105-4478","institution":"University of Gondar College of Social Sciences and Humanities","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eyayu","middleName":"Kasseye","lastName":"Bayu","suffix":""},{"id":49276689,"identity":"0c5ec380-1003-4a5b-abd6-b6d907359250","order_by":1,"name":"Getaneh Bizuayehu Demeke","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar College of Social Sciences and Humanities","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Getaneh","middleName":"Bizuayehu","lastName":"Demeke","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-08-27 10:44:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-850469/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-850469/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":26438701,"identity":"89818c1b-e75a-4f32-8bb4-271c285a9f93","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-09-14 07:07:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":813584,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-850469/v1/1bb62f43-25c0-426b-991c-3045904c9687.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eFactors Associated With Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy Among Reproductive Women in West Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region: a Cross-sectional Study\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Plain English Summary","content":"\u003cp\u003eMaternal alcohol beverages consumption (any amount) during pregnancy can result in major reproductive health and social problems both for the mother and fetus; including miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, and prematurity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe study the reproductive women\u0026rsquo;s (15\u0026ndash;49) knowledge and attitudes of towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The study sitting is West Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region in North Western Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA community based cross-sectional study design was employed. The structured questionnaires have been used to attain the objective. The 374 respondents have participated using sample size proportion after adding 10% for non-response rate. Bivariate and multivariable were used to analyses the data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings revealed that, the knowledge of women with regard to problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy was associated with literate women and the risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is low. Likewise, the attitude of women towards alcohol consumption have significant effect on health associated with occupation status of being housewife had own business, alcohol consumption for 3\u0026ndash;4 days a week relatives encourage drinking alcohol Women who had previously health problems women who perceive the risk of alcohol consumption have a beneficial effect on health is medium attitudes of women towards alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is high and women who agree on alcohol consumption during pregnancy is valuable which is significant toward the attitude of women\u0026rsquo;s about alcoholic consumption during pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, though majority of respondent have the knew the harmful effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The attitude of women\u0026rsquo;s regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy is medium during pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eReproductive health is a universal concern and it is importance for women particularly during reproductive years[1]. The key components of reproductive health care includes,safe pregnancy ,delivery services and behaviors\u0026rsquo; during pregnancy that are pro-fetal growth [2]. The importance of maternal health and antenatal care in relation to infant growth and health cannot be over emphasized [3].Maternal alcohol beverages consumption (any amount) during pregnancy can result in multiple major health and social problems both mother and fetus; including miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, and prematurity.At regional and national level, alcohol use prevalence data is use full indicator for maternal and child health [4].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcohol consumption varies across gender and race/ethnicity. Across the world, men consume more alcohol than women, and women in more developed countries drink more than women in developing countries[5].Alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for breast cancer and cardiovascular disorders, which are among the leading causes of mortality among women in low and middle income countr[6].The consumption of alcohol has been reported among young women in countries such as USA, Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom [7,8].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlcohol consumption in childbearing women is a public health concern because of adverse health implications for the mother and baby. Most women expressed ambivalence or disagreement about maternal alcohol consumption resulting in lifelong disabilities[9]. Alcohol use is associated with multiple reproductive risks, including having a child with a Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, increased risk of fetal loss, and decreased chance of live birth and increase the risks of alcohol in the context of reproductive health[10].The study also found that, Australian women of childbearing age have poor knowledge of the specific effects of alcohol in pregnancy on the unborn child and one in five women have a neutral or positive attitude towards alcohol consumption in pregnancy. We also found a disjunction between women\u0026rsquo;s knowledge and attitudes [7].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the study estimates, the prevalence of alcohol use by women has also been documented in African countries, including Botswana (30%), and Namibia (47%) [11].The characteristics of a poor socio-economic status and poor obstetric history have been reported in several South African studies. Studies in sub-Saharan Africa has shown that alcohol consumption is a risk factor for poor cardiovascular outcomes and it is correlated with increased risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus[12]. As the study findings shows that, alcohol use and misuse among women are increasing. While alcohol misuse by anyone presents serious public health concerns, women who drink have a higher risk of certain alcohol-related problems compared to men[13].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeople in Ethiopia, including pregnant women, highly consume both home-made and manufactured alcohol beverages due to lack of awareness about the harmful effect of risky alcohol use, and cultural acceptance of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption and other hazardous patterns of use like binge drinking have tremendous adverse effects on fetus and mothers. This study revealed a higher magnitude of alcohol consumption among pregnant women. The prevalence of binge drinking and the amount and frequency of drinking per week among pregnant women was also higher [14].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) involving national representative samples from the age group 15\u0026ndash;49 year reported 53% of men and 45 % of women had lifetime history of alcohol consumption, among whom 53% of men and 48 % of women consumed alcohol six or more days in the past month; increasing age and urban residence were associated with high levels of consumption[15]. It is well recognized that the size and body composition of a mother at the beginning of a pregnancy strongly influences fetal growth [16]. It is well recognized that the size and body composition of a mother at the beginning of a pregnancy strongly influences fetal growth as well as maternal malnutrition is widespread among women in Amhara region[17].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods And Materials","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy site:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe study was conducted in West Gojjam zone, Amhara region of North Western Ethiopia.Amhara region is the second most populous region in Ethiopia .From the total population of Amhara [49.9%] were male and 51.1% of them female population.The majority of the population were rural residence (80.6%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch method:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eQuantitative research methods was employed inorder to incorporate the complete understanding of the research problems. This research method has been employed to capture quantitative aspects of the study. Quantitative research methods would be required to assess the knowledge and attitudes of reproductive women during pregnancy in Amhara region of North West Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design and period:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCommunity based cross-sectional study design was employed to identify the knowledge and attitude towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy among reproductive age women. The study was conducted from November 2021 to July 2021. Cross-sectional studies are the best studies to finding out the prevalence of a phenomenon, situation, problem, knowledge, and attitude or issues by taking a cross-section of the population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData sources and types:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBoth primary and secondary data was employed in this study. The primary data source was obtained through structured questionnaire. The secondary data source was also obtained from published and un-published documents like books, journal articles, and annual research reports of various institutions that relevant to this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe source population of this study was all reproductive women (15\u0026ndash;49) who live in the study area and the study population was a sampled reproductive women selected from the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling Techniques and Sampling Procedures:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAs you know different researchers use different sampling techniques and procedures based on, the interest of the investigator, the nature of study and the number of study subjects. For this study, probability sampling technique was used to select the study area and study subjects. The investigator was used multistage sampling procedures to identify the study subjects. The first stage, Zones would be selected by using lottery method in Amhara region. This, West Gojjam was selected from a total Zones of Amhara region by using simple random sampling procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystematic sampling technique was employed to identify the required sample after determining the eligible groups in Zone to Woreda reproductive women. They, would be selected by using systematic random sampling from the existing sampling frame of health center and hospital registrar. After selecting the study participants, the reproductive women was selected every n\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e interval from selected Woreda Kebeles. Then, first selected the reproductive women as reference. Finally, eligible reproductive women were asked to participate in the study and continued by the same procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size Determination\u003c/strong\u003e: The sample size was determined using single population proportion formula by assuming the following criteria. Level of confidence take 95% with 0.05 \u0026alpha; value (which yields Z \u0026alpha;/2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 on the standard normal distribution curve), a 5% margin of error (d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05) and proportion of alcohol use during pregnancy 34%consumption obtained from the previous study conducted in Bahir Dar town among reproductive women[18], 10 % contingency would be used. The formula stated as below: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(=\\frac{\\left(\\text{Z}{\\alpha }/2 \\right)\u0026sup2; \\text{p}\\left(1-\\text{p}\\right)}{\\text{d} \u0026sup2; }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e[19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere: n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;required sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy 34%=0.34 d\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;margin of error\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZ\u0026alpha;/2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence level corresponding to 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 (\u0026alpha;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05) and contingence 10% =0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en=\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\left(1.96\\right)2 0.34(1-0.34)}{\\left(0.05\\right)2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e= 345+ (345*0.1) =380.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, based on the above information the final sample size was 380.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Management, Processing and Analysis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe questionnaire was pretested on reproductive women before the actual study conducted. All the collected data was check for completeness, accuracy, and consistency by the principal research every day. The quantitative data was entered, cleaned and analyzing by using SPSS software version 24 with orderly analytic method beginning with simple descriptive statistical displays and summaries to analyze the quantitative data analysis. The collected data was analyzed using binary logistic regression model. The general form of logistic model is\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equa\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\text{ln}\\left[\\frac{{p}_{i}}{1-{p}_{i}}\\right]={B}_{0}+{B}_{1}{X}_{i1}+ {B}_{2}{X}_{i2}+\\dots +{B}_{k}{X}_{ik}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere p\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e is the probability of having experience alcohol utilization during pregnancy for an i\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e individual; Bi is the parameter coefficient, B\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e is a constant and X is the value of an independent variable. Binary logistic regression is a form of regression, which is used when the dependent variable is dichotomous and the independent variables are of any type. The dependent variable for this study, knowledge and attitude toward alcohol consumption during pregnancy are binary or dichotomous variable (with two outcomes). The value label of the variable is \u0026ldquo;1\u0026rdquo; if the respondent ever had knowledge and attitude toward alcohol consumption during pregnancy leads to health problems \u0026ldquo;0\u0026rdquo; if the respondent, never had alcohol consumption exposure to health during pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBinary logistic regression predicts the log of odds of the dependent variable as a linear function of the independent variables. For the dichotomies case, if the log it for a given independent variable is B, then a unit increase in the independent variable is associated with a B change in the log adds of the dependent variable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA relative risk, Exp (B), estimate greater than one signifies an increased likelihood for the outcome, while a value less than one indicates a decreased likelihood for the given outcome. In addition, the sign of B (logistic coefficient) indicate the direction of the change.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on this information, both bivariate and multivariate analysis techniques was employed. A bivariate test was used to identify individual level of factors that significantly associated with knowledge and attitude on alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the predictors of knowledge and attitude about alcohol consumption during pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Considerations:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEthical clearance was obtained from University of Gondar, CSSH research affairs committee. Then, officials at different levels in the target Region, Zones and Districts was communicated through formal letters from UOG and permission was obtained from them. The objective of the study was explained for the target participants in order to get verbal consent. Furthermore, it would be promised to participants that their names are not written the study documents and information\u0026rsquo;s obtained are anonymous\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis chapter deals with the demographic characteristics, the knowledge and attitudes of women towards alcohol consumption and the factors associated with the knowledge and attitude of reproductive women towards alcohol consumption in Amhara Region of North western Ethiopia. It has been analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and inferential statistics such as binary logistic regression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Respondents in the Study Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 380 questionnaires were distributed and 374 of them were appropriately filled with the response rate of 97.4%. The mean age (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD) of the respondents was 35.22 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.359), with age ranging from 18 to 49 years. As it can be seen from Table\u0026nbsp;1, the age of the respondents has classified with 3 age categories. The result shows, 6.4 % of the respondents were in age category of 15 up to 24, while 40.1 of them were from 25 up to 34. The significant number of the respondent\u0026rsquo;s (53.5 %) were in the age category of 35 up to 49. This implies that, majority of the respondents were concentrated in the age category of adult age; the last age of reproductive time. As far as the marital status of the respondent\u0026rsquo;s concerned, 1.1 %, 2.1 % and 4.3 % of them were single, widowed and divorced women respectively. The significant number of respondent\u0026rsquo;s (92.5 %) were married women. It can be understood that, majority from marital status category was married. Regarding place of the residence, half of the respondents (50%) were rural and half of them also urban residents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs per the religious affiliation of the respondents, 94.4 %, 4.8 %, and 0.8 % of them were Orthodox, Muslim and Protestant religion followers respectively. Concerning the educational level, 45.5 % of the respondents were an illiterate educational status, while 54.5% of them were literate. The occupational status of the respondents also determines the alcohol utilization during pregnancy. The government employee has obtained 13.1 % and 66.3 % of them are house wife. The 19.3 % of the respondents were engaged in their own business, while 1.3 % of were working as a daily laborer. Last but not least, the result shows that ,69.2 %, 28.9 % and 1.9 % of the respondents have an average monthly income from 500upto 2500, 2501upto5000 and 5001upto 7530 ETB with in the households respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-1:\u003c/strong\u003e Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Study Participants in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tabb\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOptions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital statues\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligious affiliation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupational status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouse wife\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwn business\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily laborer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage monthly income of households\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u0026ndash;2500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2501\u0026ndash;5000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5001\u0026ndash;7530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eSource: Obtained from survey data, 2021\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of Reproductive Women with regard to Alcohol consumption during Pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe knowledge of women with regard to problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy in the study Area is measured by asking the consequences of alcohol utilization. The findings demonstrated, majority of the respondents (82.4 %) has known the problems of alcohol use during pregnancy, while 17.6 % of them did not aware about the problem of alcohol utilization during pregnancy. However, the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy have multi-dimensional. Among those, affect the unborn child, low birth weight, mental retardation and delayed development. Principally, the knowledge of women towards the effects of alcohol utilization on the unborn child, 71.7 % of the respondents have an awareness about the effect, while 28.3 % of them are unaware about it. The study revealed that, women\u0026rsquo;s knowledge on health effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy high.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the problem of low birth weight, about 47.3 % of the respondents have an awareness, while a significant number of the respondents (52.7 %) have no knowledge about this problem that comes from alcoholic utilization. Basically, 45.2 % of women were aware of about mental retardation that comes from alcohol utilization during pregnancy, while majority of them (54.8 %) did not know about it. The effect of alcohol utilization has leads to delayed development, and majority of women (53.2%) have no an awareness about the delayed development problem, while (46.8 %) of them has knowledge about this particular problem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe result illustrates that, there are many effects of heavy alcohol use during pregnancy. These are miscarriage, premature birth, still birth and high blood pressure apart from among others. Concerning the miscarriage problem, 39.6 % of the respondents were an aware of about the heavy alcoholic utilization have effects during pregnancy, while a significant number of respondents (60.4 %) did not have awareness about to this problem. Regarding the problem of premature birth, a small number of respondents (27 %) were awarded, while 73 % of them were unaware of it. The 7.8 % of the respondents were aware of about the effects of alcoholic consumption leads to still birth, while majority of women (92.2%) were unaware about the effects of alcoholic consumption on still birth. A small number of respondents (26.5 %) have an aware about the high blood pressure, while a significant number of the respondents (73.5 %) did not aware. Moreover, a little number of respondents (12.3 %) have an aware about the other effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, while majority of the respondents (87.7%) were doing not aware about effects of alcoholic consumption particularly in times of pregnancy for maternal health and fetus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe source of information about alcohol consumption exposure to miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others condition could be media, observation, family and health workers. The 20.1 % of the respondents were obtained the information from media, while 79.9 % did not obtained. Likewise, a very limited number of respondents (4.3 %) has gotten information from their observation, while majority of them (95.7%) did not gather information from their own observation. Around 20.3 % of women has obtained information from families, while 79.7 % of them did not obtain. A significant number of the respondents (54%) were taken information\u0026rsquo;s from the health workers, while 46 % of them did not. The source of information from peers, 8.6% of women has taken from it and majority of them (91.4 %) did not obtain their sources of information from peers. Additionally, 10.4 % of the respondents obtained information from neighbors, while majority of the respondents (89.6%) did not obtain the information from neighbors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-2: \u003c/strong\u003eDistribution of the Study Participants by Knowledge with Regard to Consumption of Alcohol During Pregnancy among Reproductive Women in West Gojjam Zone ,North-West Ethiopia, 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tabc\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you know the problems of alcohol use during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e308\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffect the unborn child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow birth weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMental retardation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelayed development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe effect of heavy alcohol use during pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiscarriage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePremature birth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStill birth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh blood pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe source of information about alcohol consumption exposure to miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others condition.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObservation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth worker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeighbors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eSource: Obtained from survey data, 2021\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors Associated with Knowledge towards Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a bivariate logistic regression, those variables whose p-value was less than 0.25 in bi-variable analysis were; residence, educational status, pregnant currently and risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy were entered into multivariate logistic regression for further analysis. The multivariate analysis revealed that, educational statues such as literate and the risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is low has significantly associated with knowledge towards alcohol consumption at the time of pregnancy in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that, educational status of women was significantly associated with the level of knowledge on alcohol consumption during pregnancy. It had a positive relationship with knowledge of alcohol consumption in time of pregnancy. Regarding to the educational status of women those who are literate 0.416 time more likely had knowledge about problems of alcohol consumption in time of pregnancy than illiterate (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.416; 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.207\u0026ndash;0.836). This study showed that, the risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is low associated with knowledge of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. It has negative relationships with knowledge of alcohol consumption. The analysis indicated that, the risks of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is low 9.468 time less likely had knowledge about the problems of alcohol consumption than the risk alcohol consumption is high (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.468; 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.466\u0026ndash;25.868). The women\u0026rsquo;s who said that low, it might not have personal experiences with children affected by alcohol use during pregnancy, it is dangerous to the baby and their health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-3:\u003c/strong\u003e Factors Associated with Knowledge towards Alcohol consumption during Pregnancy in North-Western Ethiopia (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;374)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tabd\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you know the problems of alcohol use during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds Ratio (OR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.061(-0.305)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.433(0.248\u0026ndash;0.758) 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.737(0.366\u0026ndash;1.486) 0.394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.061(-0.877)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.889(1.650\u0026ndash;5.057)0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.416(0.207\u0026ndash;0.836) 0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePregnant currently\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.815(-0.655)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.442(0.210\u0026ndash;0.934) 0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.519 (0.237\u0026ndash;1.137) 0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.748(2.248)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.174(0.096\u0026ndash;0.317) 0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.468(3.466\u0026ndash;25.868)0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.274(0.551)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.103(0.038\u0026ndash;0.280)0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.736(0.635\u0026ndash;4.743) 0.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eSource: Obtained from survey data, 2021\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttitude of Reproductive Women towards consumption of Alcohol during Pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith regard to the existence of health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others health problems] occur within the families, 30.2 % of the respondents were responded that there is exist, while 69.8 of them no existence of these problems. Similarly, 54.3 % of the respondents were said one of the health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others] occur within the community, while 45.7 % of them were responded that not occurred. With a limited number of the respondent\u0026rsquo;s (10.4%) has an attitude that alcohol have beneficial effect on overall health, while a significant number of the respondent\u0026rsquo;s (89.6 %) did not believe that alcohol have beneficial effect on reproductive health. Concerning the risks of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, 23.5 %, 57.2 % and 19.3 % of the respondent\u0026rsquo;s indicated that, the risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is low, medium and high respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs far as utilize of alcohol during pregnancy is concerned, 7.5%, 1.9 %, and 57.2% of the respondent\u0026rsquo;s has said agree, strongly agree and disagree on the utilization of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable respectively. The result has also showed that 7.8% and 25.7 % of the respondents were strongly disagree and neutral about the utilization of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable respectively. Regarding the severe effect of alcohol utilization on maternal and child health especially in times of pregnancy, 40.9%, 10.2 %, 12.6%, 4.8%, and 31.6 % of the respondent\u0026rsquo;s has agree, strongly agree, disagree, strongly disagree and neutral on severe effect of alcohol consumption on maternal and child health respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-4: \u003c/strong\u003ePercentage distribution of the attitudes of Reproductive Women towards alcohol consumption during Pregnancy in Northwest Ethiopia, 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tabe\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttitudes of Reproductive Women towards alcohol consumption during Pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOptions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne of these health problems [miscarriage,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehigh blood pressure, premature birth and others]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewithin your family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne of the health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others] occur within your community\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol has beneficial effect on all health?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom experiences, how do you see the risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUtilize of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you agree the severe effect of alcohol utilization on maternal and child health especially in times of pregnancy?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c/strong\u003e: Obtained from survey data, 2021\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors Associated with Attitude towards Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a bivariate logistic regression analysis, educational status, occupational status, length of drink alcohol currently, relative encourage alcohol drink, knowing problems of alcohol use, effect of alcohol consumption unborn child and effect of alcohol use delay development. The effect of heavy alcohol use exposes high blood pressure, health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others] within your family, risk of alcohol consumption, utilize of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable and severe effect of alcohol use on maternal and child health were identified as significant at (p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25) and this considered to entered into multivariate logistic regression analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter multivariate analysis those variables such as: housewife occupational status and had own business, length of drink alcohol currently 3\u0026ndash;4 days a week, relatives encourage drink alcohol during pregnancy, health problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others] occur in family, risk of alcohol consumption could medium and high and agree on the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable were significantly associated with attitude towards alcohol consumption in time of pregnancy at (p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, the multivariate analysis shows that, housewife occupation status has a significant relationship with an attitude towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy among reproductive women. It had a negative relationship with attitude of alcohol consumption. Hence, the occupation status of women a housewife were 4.6 times less likely had an attitude towards problems of alcohol use during pregnancy than being a government employee (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.620; 95% CI= (1.255\u0026ndash;17.012). With regard to occupational status, women who had own business is positively associated with attitude on consumption of alcohol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe logistic regression analysis showed that, women who had own business were 17.344 times more likely have a good attitude about the negative effect of alcohol consumption than government employee (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.344;95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.821165.148). The frequency of alcohol consumption currently for 3\u0026ndash;4 days a week is positively related to women attitude on alcohol consumption. The findings of this study stipulate that, alcohol consumption currently for 3\u0026ndash;4 days a week were 11.278 time more likely had a good attitude on the beneficial effect of reproductive health than every day (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.278;95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.231-103.287), which is significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.Finding of this study also shows that, the respondents relatives encourage to drink alcohol during pregnancy have a negative relationship with attitude of women on consumption of alcohol have beneficial effects on maternal health. Among study participants their relatives encourage drinking alcohol were 0.309 times less likely had attitude towards alcohol use have beneficial effect on maternal health than not encouraged by relatives (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.309;95%=0.110\u0026ndash;0.868), which is significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWomen who had previously health problems such as; miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others\u0026rsquo; problems existed within their family have negative relations with women\u0026rsquo;s attitude on consumption of alcohol have beneficial effect on maternal health. The reproductive health problems such as; miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others\u0026rsquo; problems occur within their family (yes) were 0.330 times less likely had an attitude on alcohol use have beneficial effect on maternal health than (no) (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.330;95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.152\u0026ndash;0.717).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe logistic regression analysis indicated that, those women who perceive the risk of alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is medium can have a good attitude as compared to women\u0026rsquo;s who perceives the risk of alcohol consumption as low by the odds ratio of (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.112; 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.108\u0026ndash;16.270). It is also shows that, the attitudes of women towards alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is high can have good attitude probability of alcohol consumption as compared to low perception of alcohol consumption by the odds ratio of (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.902;95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.474\u0026ndash;16.297). The findings also demonstrated that, women who agree on the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable has less likely consumed alcohol as compared to neutral by the odds ratio (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.082;95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023\u0026ndash;0.287). This implies that, the level of agreement or attitude of women is statistically significant and negative relationship at p- value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-5:\u003c/strong\u003e Factors Associated with Attitude towards Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tabf\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttitudes about alcohol use during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds Ratio (OR)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.728(1.002)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.071(1.049\u0026ndash;4.090) 0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.722 (0.928\u0026ndash;7.990)0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupational status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouse wife\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.427(1.530)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.533(0.653-3.600)0.327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.620(1.255\u0026ndash;17.012)0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwn business\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.921(2.853)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.829(1.383\u0026ndash;33.714)0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.344(1.821165.148)0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily laborer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.248(0.789)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.780(0.077\u0026ndash;7.931)0.834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.201(0.138\u0026ndash;35.102) 0.577\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow often you drink alcohol currently\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEveryday\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 days a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.484 (1.406)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.409(0.965\u0026ndash;20.154)0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.079(0.701\u0026ndash;23.728) 0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 days a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.204 (1.389)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.333(0.734\u0026ndash;15.133)0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0100(.675-23.817)0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4 days a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.251(2.423)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.500(1.304\u0026ndash;69.191)0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.278(1.231-103.287)0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.764(2.060)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.833(0.946\u0026ndash;35.988)0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.849(0.938\u0026ndash;65.682) 0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelative encourage you to drink alcohol during pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.191(-1.173)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.304(0.131\u0026ndash;0.704) 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309(0.110\u0026ndash;0.868) 0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnow the problems of alcohol use during pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.247 (0.383)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.480(1.710\u0026ndash;7.084)0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.467(0.419\u0026ndash;5.142)0.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy affect the unborn child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.473(1.108)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.364(2.201\u0026ndash;8.654)0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.028(0.939\u0026ndash;9.766) 0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy delay development\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.757(0.176)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.132(1.045\u0026ndash;4.350)0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.193(0.531\u0026ndash;2.676)0.669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of heavy alcohol use during pregnancy expose to high blood pressure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.975(0.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.652(1.007\u0026ndash;6.986)0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.029(0.718\u0026ndash;5.734)0.182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth problems [miscarriage, high blood pressure, premature birth and others] within your family\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.773(-1.109)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.462(0.236\u0026ndash;0.905) 0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.330(0.152\u0026ndash;0.717)0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.640(1.962)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.154(2.459\u0026ndash;10.801)0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.112(3.108\u0026ndash;16.270)0. 000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.735(1.590)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.667(1.853\u0026ndash;17.331)0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.902(1.474\u0026ndash;16.297)0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUtilize alcohol during pregnancy is valuable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.686(-2.502)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.068(0.023\u0026ndash;0.199)0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082(0.023\u0026ndash;0.287)0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.751(-0.466)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.472(0.050\u0026ndash;4.488) 0.513\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.628 (0.056\u0026ndash;6.994) 0.705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117(0.345)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.124(0.438\u0026ndash;2.879)0.808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.412(0.435\u0026ndash;4.578) 0.565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060(-0.129)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.062(0.208\u0026ndash;5.416) 0.942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.879(0.141\u0026ndash;5.492) 0.890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo you agree the severe effect of alcohol use on maternal and child health especially in times of pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.275(0.598)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.760(0.320\u0026ndash;1.802) 0.533\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.550(0.184\u0026ndash;1.639) 0.283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.117(1.211)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.055(0.374\u0026ndash;24.932) 0.297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.358(0.350-32.229) 0.294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.424(-0.729)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.241(0.094\u0026ndash;0.619)0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.482(0.150\u0026ndash;1.552) 0.222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.415(-0.744)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.661(0.131\u0026ndash;3.336)0 .616\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.475(0.089\u0026ndash;5.492) 0.890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eSource: Obtained from survey data, 2021\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eKnowledge refers to the understanding of the alcohol use in time of pregnancy and its effects on women and their fetus and attitude refers to their feelings towards alcohol consumption, and any preconceived ideas that they may have towards it. This study revealed that, (82.4%) and (39%) of respondents were had an adequate knowledge and a positive attitude towards alcohol consumption expose to reproductive health problems. But the study showed in Nepal, the knowledge about alcohol use during pregnancy was inadequate. Only 26.5% had an adequate knowledge and 23.93% had a positive attitude towards alcohol consumption [20].This difference might be due to educational level and their culture that has been experienced in the study area. The findings supplement that, one in five women have a neutral or positive attitude towards alcohol consumption in pregnancy. We also found a disjunction between women\u0026rsquo;s knowledge and attitudes [7]. However, the findings noted that women had a negative attitude towards maternal alcohol consumption as observing a pregnant woman drink alcohol made them feel concerned (31.5%) or angry (24.1%) [9].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that, educational status of women was significantly associated with the level of knowledge on alcohol consumption during pregnancy. This finding is in line with the study done in Australia, which indicates that, knowledge related to education level. Women who had a bachelor degree or higher were more likely than those who had left school before the end of year 12 to know that alcohol consumption in pregnancy can cause one or more of the diagnoses resulting from alcohol exposure in pregnancy and to know that drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to lifelong disabilities in a child [7].It is in line with findings from previous studies [21, 22]. It could be due to non-educated women might not have awareness on the harmful effect of alcohol consumption. However, another study showed that highly educated pregnant women were more likely to consume alcohol [23]. This might be literate women have at least some level of awareness of the harms caused by alcohol use during pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of the study also show that, the occupation has a significant association between housewife and an attitude of consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. This finding is supported by other studies. The occupation was also significantly associated with alcohol consumption. Being a housewife was shown as risky for alcohol consumption compared to being employed and working own business [24,22]. It might be housewives dependent behavior on their spouse that could create distress and their usual engagement in a routine home activity that includes preparing traditional alcohol beverages.The logistic regression analysis indicated that, those women who perceive the risk of alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is a factor for attitude of women towards alcohol consumption. Similarly, the previous studies also indicated that, the risk of alcohol consumption was associated with consumption alcoholic drinks in the three months preceding the survey [25].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe finding shows that women who agree on the utilization of alcohol during pregnancy is statistically a significant relationship to the attitude of women to alcohol consumption. Similar to this, considering alcohol as a beneficial or valuable was associated with the consumption of alcoholic drinks in the three months preceding the survey [25]. Similar with this finding, women with negative attitudes (said alcohol was not all that important and those who said it was slightly important in increasing chances of health risks for women and babies were more likely to drink [26].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that, women\u0026rsquo;s knowledge towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy is high. The knowledge of reproductive women with regard to problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy in the study area was measured by asking the consequences of alcohol utilization and majority of the respondents (82.4 %) has known the problems of alcohol use during pregnancy, while 17.6 % of them did not aware about the problem of alcohol utilization during pregnancy. This might be alcohol has had a long-standing role in culture over time in relation to social connectedness and relaxation. In addition, the attitudes towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy is valuable, the majority of reproductive women expressed as disagree. The analysis showed that, the majority of the women had a neutral and negative attitude towards maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. But it needs to improve their knowledge and attitude towards alcohol consumption and its effects to the improvement of maternal and child health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the findings of the study, the following points are forwarded:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe regional health bureau has to provide an awareness transference to improve the attitude towards maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy for maternal and child health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe government and civil society organization working on health affairs shall work on intervention to reduce the consequences of alcohol utilization and a long-term impact on women\u0026rsquo;s sexual and reproductive health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe government offices have to work in collaboration with community association leaders and women\u0026rsquo;s groups to enhance the knowledge of reproductive women with regard to problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations And Acronmyms","content":"\u003cp\u003eAOR; Adjusted odds ratio; COR: Crude odds ratio; UOG: University of Gondar; CSSH: College of Social Science and Himanities; DFID: Department for International development; EDHS; The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments we would like to express our thanks to University of Gondar College of social sciences and humanities research affairs committee, due to provide ethical clearance to the study manuscript. The special thanks goes to participants for their time and readiness to participate in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance was obtained from University of Gondar, CSSH research affairs committee. Then, officials at different levels in the target Region, Zones and Districts was communicated through formal letters from UOG and permission was obtained from them. The objective of the study was explained for the target participants in order to get verbal consent. Furthermore, it would be promised to participants that their names are not written the study documents and information\u0026rsquo;s obtained are anonymous.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the necessary data was included and analyzed by SPSS as well as the current study are not publicly available due to ethical restriction and personal data protections but available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no fund.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGetaneh Bizuayehu Demeke and Eyayu Kasseye Bayu conceived of the study. \u0026lsquo;GBD\u0026rsquo; conceptualized the proposal, designed the study, collected and analyzed. \u0026lsquo;EKB\u0026rsquo; interpret and analyzed data, wrote the paper, data editing, cleaning and guide the whole activity of the study. All authors read, revised and approved the final content of the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared that, there is no conflict of interests regarding the ownership, concepts and methodological parts of the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eY. Yemane, R. Gezahagn, M. Yechale et al., \u0026ldquo;Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Reproductive Health Service Among Mizan Tepi Universtiy Tepi Campus Students, Sheka Zone, South Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State, South West Ethiopia,\u0026rdquo; Journal of Hospital and Medical Management, vol. 3, no. 1, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDFID Human Development Group .The HDRC Helpdesk is funded by the DFID Human Development Group. Helpdesk Report: Adolescent Reproductive Health in Ethiopia; Date: 1st August 2011.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBudree, S.Stein, D.J. Brittain, K. Goddard, E. Koen, N. Barnett, W. Myer, L.Zar, H.J. Maternal and infant factors had a significant impact on birthweight and longitudinal growth in a South African birth cohort. Acta Paediatr 2017, 106, 1793\u0026ndash;1801.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbate Dargie; Yossef Eshetie; wendimeneh shibabaw; kefyalew dagne.2019. Prevalence of Alcohol use during pregnancy and its association with partner alcohol use in East Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis; bioRxiv preprint doi: \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1101/687467\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1101/687467\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRehm, J.; Mathers, C.; Popova, S., et al. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet 373(9682):2223\u0026ndash;2233, 2009. PMID: 19560604.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO). Women and health: today\u0026rsquo;s evidence tomorrow\u0026rsquo;s agenda. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2009: 40 \u0026ndash; 51.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePeadon Elizabeth , Jan Payne, Nadine Henley, Heather D\u0026rsquo;Antoine, Anne Bartu, Colleen O\u0026rsquo;Leary, Carol Bower, Elizabeth J Elliott1 Women\u0026rsquo;s knowledge and attitudes regarding alcohol consumption in pregnancy: a national survey. BMC Public Health 2010 10:510.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMcDermott R, Campbell S, Ming L, McCulloch B. The health and nutrition of young indigenous women in north Queensland \u0026ndash; intergenerational implications of poor food quality, obesity, diabetes, tobacco smoking and alcohol use. Public Health Nutrition 2009; 12 (11): 2143-2149.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGeorgetta Adeyiga, Emilia A. Udofia and Alfred E. Yawson. Factors Associated with Alcohol Consumption: A Survey of Women Childbearing at a National Referral Hospital in Accra, Ghana; African Journal of Reproductive Health June 2014; 18(2): 152.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVan Heertum, K and Rossi.B. \u0026nbsp;Alcohol and fertility: how much is too much? Fertility Research and Practice (2017) 3:10 DOI 10.1186/s40738-017-0037.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMartinez P, Ralienis J, Naidoo N, Clausen T. Alcohol abstinence and drinking among African women: data from the World Health Surveys. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 160.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBeLue R, Okoror TA, Iwelunmor J, Taylor KD, Degboe AN, Agyemang C, Ogedegbe G. An overview of cardiovascular risk factor burden in sub-Saharan African countries: a socio-cultural perspective. Globalization and Health 2009; 5:10.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eErol, A.; and Karpyak, V.Sex and gender-related differences in alcohol use and its consequences: Contemporary knowledge and future research considerations. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 156:1\u0026ndash;13, 2015. PMID: 26371405\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBitew MS, Zewde MF, Wubetu M, Alemu AA.Consumption of alcohol and binge drinking among pregnant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Prevalence and determinant factors. PLoS ONE 15(12): e0243784. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0243784.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEDHS, 2011\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBlack et al., Maternal and Child Nutrition. \u0026lsquo;Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Overweight in Low-Income and Middle- Income Countries\u0026rsquo;, the Lancet, 2013, p. 7.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEDHS 2016, p. 278.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKirubel Anteab, Balem Demtsu \u0026amp; Mulualem Megra, (2014). Assessment of prevalence and associated factors of alcohol use during pregnancy among the dwellers of Bahir-Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDougals, A. Lind, William, G. Marchal, Samuel, A \u0026amp;.Wasthen .Basic stastics for business and economics, 5th ed, Mc Graw Hall International Campanies, New York;2006.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGautam R, Koirala P, Shakya DR, Shyangwa PM. Knowledge and attitude of women towards alcohol use and related problems in the Eastern part of Nepal. Psychiatric Association of Nepal, 2015, 4(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOnwuka CI, Ugwu EO, Dim CC, Menuba IE, Iloghalu EI, Onwuka CI. Prevalence and predictors of alcohol consumption during pregnancy in South-Eastern Nigeria. J Clin diagnostic Res JCDR. 2016; 10(9):QC10. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/21 036.8449 PMID: 27790525.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohammed MA, Ahmed JH, Bushra AW, Aljadhey HS. Medications use among pregnant women inEthiopia: a cross sectional study. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2013; 3(4):116.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlcohol and Pregnancy: Attitudes around the Globe [Internet]. [Cited 2020 Jun 17].\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/alcohol-pregnancy-attitudes-around-globe/\"\u003ehttps://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/alcohol-pregnancy-attitudes-around-globe/\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnteab K, Demtsu B, Megra M. Assessment of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Alcohol Use during Pregnancy among the dwellers of Bahir-Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTesta M, and Reifman A (1996): Individual differences in perceived riskiness of drinking in pregnancy: antecedents and consequences. J Stud Alcohol 1996, 57:360-367.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eApophia Agiresaasi, Goretti Nassanga , Gakenia Wamuyu Maina, Juliet Kiguli, Elizabeth Nabiwemba1 and Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye(2021). Various forms of alcohol use and their predictors among pregnant women in post conflict northern Uganda: a cross sectional study; Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy (2021) 16:3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Knowledge, Attitude, Reproductive health, Women, Amhara region","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-850469/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-850469/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eThe aims of this study was to assess knowledge and attitudes of reproductive women (15-49) towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy in West Gojjam of Amhara region.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e Community based cross sectional study design was employed. The structured questionnaires were used to assess the knowledge and attitude of alcohol consumption among reproductive women during pregnancy. The sample size was calculated by using a single population proportion formula. Accordingly, the calculated sample size was 380 after adding 10% for non-response rate.Descriptive statistics, binary and multivariable logistic regressions was employed. Adjusted Odds Ratios together with corresponding 95% confidence intervals was used to interpret the findings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e The majority of women 308(82.4%) were know the problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy from 374 total study participants. Knowledge of women with regard to problems of drinking alcohol during pregnancy were associated literate women (AOR=0.416; 95%CI=0.207-0.836) and risk of alcohol consumption during pregnancy low (AOR=9.468; 95% CI=3.466-25.868).Addationally,attitude of women for consumption of alcohol have significant effect on health\u0026nbsp;associated with occupation status a housewife ((AOR=4.620; 95% CI= (1.255-17.012), had own business(AOR=17.344;95% CI=1.821165.148), alcohol consumption for 3-4 days a week(AOR=11.278;95%CI =1.231-103.287),relative encourage diriking alcohol (AOR=0.309;95%=0.110-0.868), Women who had previously health problems (AOR=0.330;95% CI=0.152-0.717), women who perceive the risk of alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is medium(AOR=7.112; 95% CI =3.108-16.270), attitudes of women towards alcohol consumption have beneficial effect on health is high (AOR= 4.902;95% CI =1.474-16.297),women who agree on the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is valuable(AOR=0.082;95% CI =0.023-0.287).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e The study revealed that, the knowledge of women on the health effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy high. Their attitude also\u0026nbsp;towards alcohol consumption is low and medium. Interventions focused on creating awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol consumption on pregnancy should implemented.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Factors Associated With Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy Among Reproductive Women in West Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region: a Cross-sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-09-02 16:53:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-850469/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":1}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"80dfa652-b51b-496e-b42c-dc21e8c441d0","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 2nd, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":6905113,"name":"Sexual \u0026 Reproductive Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-09-14T07:07:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-09-02 16:53:34","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-850469","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-850469","identity":"rs-850469","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"GqpaHPwrfC8PjnIFayRh5","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}