The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment

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Awareness surrounding the built environment’s impact on occupants’ well-being has increased after the pandemic. As a result, a substantial increase in the demand for a design that prioritizes humans, such as Biophilic Design, has been observed. Biophilic Design can enhance the quality of interior workspaces, where employees can work, collaborate, socialize, and restore. Methods This paper explores the implementation of biophilic design strategies in workplace interiors and presents the findings in a proposed matrix to record the presence of biophilic patterns. The matrix is designed according to Browning’s list of fifteen biophilic design patterns under the categories of “Nature in Space”, “Natural Analogues,” and “Nature of Space”. The workplace zones of two international examples and two local case studies were examined through photographic methodology. Results The matrix results illustrated the presence of biophilic patterns across the 52 studied zones. The total percentages of biophilic patterns availability recorded in the analysed workplaces were 71%, 66%, 63%, and 58%, respectively. The patterns under the “Natural Analogues” category recorded the highest average presence by 75%, followed by the “Nature in Space” category, achieving 69%, and the “Nature of Space” category recording 52%. The patterns records ranged from 2 to 13 for each zone, emphasizing the various biophilic design implementations within the four studied examples. The patterns that tend to be integrated the most in the analysed workplaces were dynamic and diffused light, connection to natural systems, complexity and order, and prospect patterns. Conclusions In the end, several design strategies were recommended for enhancing biophilic design integration in the local case studies. The paper encourages designers and architects to create biophilic workplaces with the purpose of positively affecting employees’ well-being and performance. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166583.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Case Study The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] Heba Karam https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1913-7678 1 , Nermine Hany https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4816-3127 1 , Gihan Mosaad 1 Heba Karam https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1913-7678 1 , Nermine Hany https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4816-3127 1 , Gihan Mosaad 1 PUBLISHED 12 Sep 2025 Author details Author details 1 Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design Department, Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport College of Engineering and Technology, Alexandria, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt Heba Karam Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Nermine Hany Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision Gihan Mosaad Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background Over the years, the dynamics of workplace design have changed in varying ways, with the pandemic being a notable change. Awareness surrounding the built environment’s impact on occupants’ well-being has increased after the pandemic. As a result, a substantial increase in the demand for a design that prioritizes humans, such as Biophilic Design, has been observed. Biophilic Design can enhance the quality of interior workspaces, where employees can work, collaborate, socialize, and restore. Methods This paper explores the implementation of biophilic design strategies in workplace interiors and presents the findings in a proposed matrix to record the presence of biophilic patterns. The matrix is designed according to Browning’s list of fifteen biophilic design patterns under the categories of “Nature in Space”, “Natural Analogues,” and “Nature of Space”. The workplace zones of two international examples and two local case studies were examined through photographic methodology. Results The matrix results illustrated the presence of biophilic patterns across the 52 studied zones. The total percentages of biophilic patterns availability recorded in the analysed workplaces were 71%, 66%, 63%, and 58%, respectively. The patterns under the “Natural Analogues” category recorded the highest average presence by 75%, followed by the “Nature in Space” category, achieving 69%, and the “Nature of Space” category recording 52%. The patterns records ranged from 2 to 13 for each zone, emphasizing the various biophilic design implementations within the four studied examples. The patterns that tend to be integrated the most in the analysed workplaces were dynamic and diffused light, connection to natural systems, complexity and order, and prospect patterns. Conclusions In the end, several design strategies were recommended for enhancing biophilic design integration in the local case studies. The paper encourages designers and architects to create biophilic workplaces with the purpose of positively affecting employees’ well-being and performance. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Biophilia, Biophilic Design, Workplace Interiors, Employee Well-being, Photographic Methodology, Biophilic Integration Matrix. Corresponding Author(s) Heba Karam ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Heba Karam Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Karam H et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Karam H, Hany N and Mosaad G. The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166583.1 ) First published: 12 Sep 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166583.1 ) Latest published: 12 Sep 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166583.1 ) Introduction According to the Savanna Principle, human beings have always been connected with nature because they evolved as Homo sapiens. Research has been conducted on how the physical environment affects human well-being, and it has been established that the built environment affects not only health but also emotions and performance. 1 Humans turned to nature for the need to restore their cognitive, psychological, and physiological functions that were affected by the global pandemic during the lockdown period of COVID-19. It was observed that by the end of the pandemic, people had developed a huge appreciation for nature. 2 After the COVID-19 pandemic, a huge focus has been placed on creating healthy work environments to enhance the quality of employee life. The biophilic design has become a solution to improve our well-being by supporting mental health as well as physical health. Biophilic design has been developed from biophilia and is used by architects and designers to optimize health outcomes through the integration of the natural environment. 2 It has been established that specialists in the field of environmental design have recently shown a growing interest in biophilic design. Research also shows that the incorporation of biophilic design in the workplace has a positive impact on the health and productivity of employees. 1 , 3 Biophilic design patterns can be integrated into workplaces to enhance the relationship between interior design and nature, thus improving the well-being of employees, especially in post-pandemic workplace design. This paper is based on fifteen biophilic design patterns grouped into three categories: “Nature in Space”, “Natural Analogues,” and “Nature of Space”. 4 , 6 The following are the objectives of this paper: • To identify the common features of biophilic design patterns. • To present the advantages of the presence of biophilia in the workplace. • To analyse the various biophilic design patterns in the selected examples and case studies. • To analyse the applications of biophilic patterns in the selected workplaces and their percentage of presence. • To propose multiple strategies to improve the implementation of biophilic design patterns in the case study. The paper approach is described as follows: Section 1 in the paper defines biophilia and biophilic design, then summarizes the concepts, elements, and benefits of biophilic design. In Section 2, the paper identifies the basic workplace elements and explains how the qualitative and quantitative methods are conducted. The paper analyses two international examples and two local case studies based on the existence of biophilic patterns and then formulates a scoring matrix for each in Section 3. The matrix results are explained in Section 4 to demonstrate a comparative analysis between the four workplaces according to the quantitative analysis. Finally, a list of recommendations is proposed, and the paper is concluded in Section 5. Literature review The biophilia hypothesis The concept of biophilia shows the natural human tendency to link with nature’s systems and processes. 3 The connection with natural systems appears to provide benefits for human health in physical, social, and mental aspects. 4 The study of human evolution through research started in the 1960s as scientists explored the concept of Biophilia, as shown in Figure 1 . During the 1980s, Edward O. Wilson developed the biophilia concept when he explained that humans naturally feel the need to connect with nature along with other living systems. 5 Stephen R. Kellert and Wilson together reinterpreted biophilia in 1993 as the natural emotional connection humans have with living things. 6 , 7 At present, designers are still exploring how to integrate biophilia into workplace interiors thirty years after defining the concept. Figure 1. Timeline showing the word “Biophilia” interventions in research. (Generated by Researcher from 6 , 11 ). Defining biophilic design Since the Industrial Revolution, the development of the built environment has accelerated and has cut humans off from nature. The contemporary (modern) detachment from nature has led to the development of biophilic design as a solution that fulfils humans’ natural need to be surrounded by nature. 4 , 7 Biophilic design refers to any design based on the theory of ‘biophilia’. It incorporates nature into the architectural and interior built environments. The integration of natural elements helps occupants develop beneficial connections with their environment. 6 The design incorporates natural elements through features such as green walls, green roofs, indoor gardens, water bodies, and other similar features. Biophilic design establishes a sustainable method for human beings to connect with the natural environment through its integration principles. 8 Concept and patterns of biophilic design The Terrapin Bright Green (TBG) was established by Bill Browning and Cook&Fox Architects and proposed a list of 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. The framework was developed to categorize biophilic design features into three levels in order to stengthen the beneficial characteristics of integerating nature in interior environments. 9 As per Browning’s Framework, the correlation of humans with nature can be seen in their biological response and psychological and physiological health and well-being, performance, and cognition. 9 – 11 This approach offers a basis for the development of the assessment matrix that will aid in analyzing the studied examples in this paper. As mentioned in “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design”, Biophilic Design consists of three categories – “Nature in space”, “Natural Analogues”, and “Nature of Space” – as shown in Figure 2 . Under these three categories lie the fourteen biophilic patterns proposed by Browning. The patterns are analysed in order to cover the scientific basis of each pattern and explore their application strategies and considerations. 9 , 10 The approach was further improved by applying additional enhancements to integrate more patterns. As a result, Pattern ‘Awe’ (P15) was added under the “Nature of space” category. The research showed that biophilic design patterns have positive impacts on occupants’ stress levels and cognition, perception, ambiance, and preference for the interior space. Biophilic design patterns can reduce employees’ stress levels and enhance employees’ attention to work tasks. 12 In Table 1 , Browning recorded the impacts of the fifteen biophilic design patterns on users’ well-being. Figure 2. Tree Map diagram illustrating the 15 Patterns of Biophilic Design (Generated by Researcher from 9 – 10 ). Table 1. Benefits and the relationships between the 15 patterns of biophilic design (Generated by researcher, adapted from 4 , 9 , 10 ). No. Pattern Patterns relationship Benefits to employees wellbeing Stress reduction Cognitive abilities Sensory perception, ambiance, and personal preference (P1) Visual Connection with Nature Overlaps with: P2, P3, P5, P8, P11 Reduced blood pressure and heart rate; enhanced circulatory activation Enhanced cognitive focus and concentration Enhanced attitude and general satisfaction; Diminished future disconnection (P2) Non-Visual Connection with Nature Overlaps with: P1, P3, P4, P5, P9, P13 Decreased systolic blood pressure and levels of stress-related hormones; Enhanced immune system functionality Enhanced cognitive functioning and increased creativity Apparent enhancements in mental and psychological well-being (P3) Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Overlaps with: P1, P4, P5, P10, P13 Significantly influenced heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and autonomic nervous system activity in a positive manner Noted and measured behavioural indicators of focus and exploration Maximize the duration of time spent and improve the observed behavioral indicators of focus and exploration (P4) Thermal and Airflow Variability Overlaps with: P6, P7, P3, P5, P13 Positively impacted comfort, well-being, and productivity; Fewer SBS cases Positively impacted concentration; Improved task performance Improved perception of temporal and spatial pleasure (alliesthesia) (P5) Presence of Water Overlaps with: P1, P2, P7, P11, P14 Reduced stress, increased feeling of tranquillity, lower heart rate and blood pressure Improved concentration and memory restoration; Positively impact cognitive performance and creativity; Enhanced perception and responsiveness Observed preferences and positive emotional responses (P6) Dynamic and Diffuse Light Overlaps with: P1, P3, P4, P13, P5, P7, P8 Positively impacted circadian system functioning; Increased visual comfort Improvements to cognitive and behavioral performance Positively impacted attitude and overall happiness (P7) Connection with Natural Systems Overlaps with: P1, P2, P3, P5, P4, P6, P13 Enhanced positive health responses. shifted perception of environment Enhanced positive health responses. shifted perception of environment (P8) Biomorphic Forms and Patterns Overlaps with: P10, P11 Improved stress recovery Improved learning outcomes Observed view preference (P9) Material Connection with Nature Overlaps with: P1, P2, P8, P10 Improved comfort; Self-reported calming effect Decreased diastolic blood pressure improved creative performance Observed material preference (P10) Complexity and Order Overlaps with: P1, P2, P8, P9 Positively impacted perceptual and physiological stress responses Improved environmental navigation; Improved learning outcomes; relaxation Subjective mood and preference response; observed view preference (P11) Prospect Overlaps with: P1, P5, P12, P13, P14 Reduced stress; Improved comfort and perceived safety Reduced boredom, irritation, fatigue Improved comfort and safety; Visual interest and sustained attention (P12) Refuge Overlaps with: P4, P6, P11, P13 Improved perception of safety Improved concentration, attention Comfort; Observed visual preference (P13) Mystery Overlaps with: P1, P2, P3, P6, P7, P10, P11, P12 Observed visual preference; Induced strong pleasure response (P14) Risk/Peril Overlaps with: P1, P5, P11 Resulted in strong dopamine or Pleasure responses (P15) Awe Overlaps with: P1, P5, P8, P11, P13 Reduced stress related symptoms Increased Pro-social behavior attitude; Positive impacted attitude and overall happiness The impact of implementing Biophilic Design in workplace design Biophilic design offers various benefits, including opportunities to enhance physical health, as well as mental health and cognition. 13 Workplaces with biophilic design experience improvements in creativity, productivity, and well-being. According to the “Human Space Report,” evidence indicates that features found in nature, including lighting, views to the outdoors, materials from nature, and indoor greenery, boost employees’ well-being by up to 15%. Alongside this, employees have become 6% more productive and 15% more creative as well. 14 A 2018 study on healthy workplaces by CBRE highlights the positive impacts of incorporating indoor greenery in workplace design on employees’ well-being. The study states that energy levels have increased by 78%, user satisfaction by 78%, and health by 65% due to the incorporation of such features. 4 , 15 Basic elements in the workplace interior environment Employers in the post-pandemic era focus on developing optimal workplace design approaches that will attract employees back to their workplaces. The main purpose of the workplace has changed due to the “Working from Home” phenomenon. The workplace has shifted from being a space for work completion only to becoming a space for interaction and collaboration. The employees’ return to the office is driven by their need to access particular zones and work materials that exist only at their workplace, as a means to enhance their performance, and to facilitate social connections with co-workers. The shift requires architects and designers to create workspaces that serve as destinations for employees rather than an obstacle. The post-pandemic workplaces need to provide twice the experiences that were available before the pandemic. 22 The configuration of a creative workplace should consider the diverse needs of its employees throughout the day. A successful workplace should strategically incorporate interior zones in which employees can work, collaborate, rest, and restore. 1 , 22 , 25 Thus, the interior layout must incorporate three essential zones: individual workspaces, group workspaces, and spaces for restoration, as explained in Figure 3 . 23 – 25 A proper biophilic presence will enhance these essential zones to support employees in their work. 9 Figure 3. Characteristics of the three basic elements in workplace interiors: (a) Individual work desks, 18 (b) Phone booth, 19 (c) Focus pod, 20 (d) Focus desk, 21 (e) Meeting space 18 (f ) Closed meeting room 18 (g) Collaborative desk, 18 (h) Meeting pod, 20 (i) Informal meeting area, 19 (j) Work Cafe, 18 (k) Zen room, 19 (l) Aerobics room 19 (Generated by Researcher text from 22 – 24 and 25 and all explanatory images used in the illustration are from 18 – 21 ). The relevance level of biophilic design in rating systems Recently, there has been a rise in the use of green building rating systems such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), BREEAM, the WELL Building Standard, and the Living Building Challenge (LBC). These systems seek to offer a positive impact on the built environment through the acknowledgment of biophilic elements. 10 , 11 , 17 In the recent version of LEED V4, Biophilic design was directly addressed in the innovation (ID) section of the LEED rating system. Biophilic design strategies are included in several Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) and Materials Resources (MR) credits. 10 , 11 The WELL Standard utilizes biophilic design that is mostly included in the Mind element of the standard. 10 The “Mind 02: Access to Nature” feature requires for indoor environments to incorporate a direct connection to nature (P1, P7) through views or indoor greenery, an indirect connection to nature (P2, P8, P9) through natural materials or images, and spatial configurations (P11, P12, P13, P14, P15) that enhance experience. Another biophilic design pattern that corresponds to WELL’s Circadian lighting design is the dynamic/diffuse light pattern (P6). The Olfactory comfort and thermal comfort, along with flexible spaces, help to enhance non-rhythmic sensory inputs (P3, P4). 10 , 17 The enhancement of the current rating systems will align the goals of these rating systems with the principles of biophilic design. 10 , 11 Additionally, it will also increase public knowledge of mental health. The paper will analyse examples that either received green building certifications or were designed with the aim of attaining certifications. Materials and methods The paper will analyse two examples of workplaces built after the pandemic period. The research methodology for this paper focuses on analysing how Browning’s 15 patterns of biophilic design were integrated within the selected examples and examining photographs of their interior spaces to evaluate this integration. The paper will also follow the same methodology to evaluate two local case studies. The analysis of the featured examples and case studies will include both qualitative and quantitative methods. All the analysed examples and case studies, as shown in Table 2 , were selected in this paper due to their strategic integration of biophilic design elements and their focus on promoting employees’ performance and well-being. Table 2. Basic information about the four analysed workplaces (Generated by researcher from, 28 , 32 – 34 Images used in the Table are from 28 , 32 – 34 ). Parameter International EX-1: JLL London International EX-2: AstraZeneca Local Case Study-1: Workplace A Local Case Study-2: Workplace B Photo City London, UK Expo Village, Milan, Italy Cairo, Egypt Cairo, Egypt Architects Tetris Design x Build Tetris Design x Build Studio Teal Studio Teal Area [sqm] 3530 m2 2600 m2 720 m2 830 m2 Stories N/A 2 stories 1 story 2 stories Year of Built 2022 2021 2023 2023 Certification Type and Level or Awards SKA Gold. BREEAM Excellent. Still Targeting: WELL Platinum. LEED Interior Gold 2022 BIGSEE Design Awards Grand Prix Award - Featured in “Office Snapshots” and “Love That Design” Online Magazines Office Type Real Estate Services Healthcare Cyber Security Services Financial/Investments Technology The qualitative method will evaluate the existence of a biophilic design pattern by examining the photographs of spaces and locating the present biophilic strategies in each photo. Meanwhile, the quantitative method will develop a scoring matrix to evaluate each based on the presence or absence of the identified biophilic patterns. The matrix will display the workplace zones as rows on the left side and assign the biophilic patterns as columns on the top side of the Table. The presence of a pattern will be marked (x) and will be left blank when absent. Subsequently, the signs will receive numerical values for evaluation, where (x) equates to 5 points and blank equates to 0 points. The maximum score available for biophilic patterns in the matrix was 15 points. The patterns will receive two combined sub-scores: one for patterns and another for zones, to determine biophilic integration levels in the analysed workplaces. The calculated score will then be divided by 15 to create a sub-score, which determines the biophilic design average achievement rate in each workplace. International Example 1: JLL The new JLL offices in London were designed by Tetris Design x Build to create a flexible workspace that promotes collaboration. This includes spaces with innovation that mainly focus on improving employee well-being with minimal impact on the environment. 26 Elements such as adequate natural light and biophilic design concepts are integrated into the office design. The workplace aim is to obtain WELL Platinum, SKA Gold, and BREEAM Excellent buildings certifications. 26 , 27 The office space consists of two zones associated with individual work, five zones for group work, and six zones associated with different types of restoration along with the reception area, 28 as shown in Figure 4 . Figure 4. Analyzed floor plan of JLL (Modified by Researcher from 26 , 28 ). Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for individual work Throughout the open work area, big operable facades with louvers diffuse daylight (P6) and connect employees with natural systems (P7). 9 , 16 The use of planter boxes on the storage cabinets enhances the visual connection with nature as well as the non-visual connection (P1, P2). Further, it contributes to thermal and airflow variability (P4). 11 Warm, earthy colours also enhance the visual connection (P1). Pods that are partially covered with symbols enhance the Biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). The strategic configuration of individual workspaces along hallways contributes to the complexity and order (P10) by presenting directional clarity, 9 as noted in Figure 5a . The open work areas are located next to windows, thus stimulating curiosity and providing an outdoor view as well. This strategy enhances the sense of mystery (P13) and Peril (P14). The refuge (P12) is emphasized in the individual focus pods. The pods provide a hiding spot from open areas while being accessible, 9 , 11 as shown in Figure 5b . Figure 5. (a) The Open Work Area, (b) The Individual Focus Pods (Modified by Researcher from 26 , 28 ). Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for group work All spaces designated for Group work have floor-to-ceiling windows that allow natural light into the space (P1) and connect to the outside environment (P7). 4 The Garden Lounge contains pots of plants to connect the zone with nature visually (P1) and offer improved air quality (P4). 16 Earth tones in the Tables and flooring create a warm feel that enhances visual connection with nature (P1). 11 The formal meeting rooms indirectly use warm and ambient lighting, 9 which improves the dynamic and diffusive lighting pattern (P6). Furthermore, hanging curtains in the creative workshop space creates an illusion of light and shadow (P6) and introduces a sensory non-rhythm (P3) effect, as shown in Figure 6 (a) and (b) . Figure 6. (a) The Creative Workshop, (b) The Garden Lounge, and (c) The Meeting Rooms (Modified by Researcher from 26 , 28 ). There are no biomorphic forms (P8) at the creative workshop due to the geometric ceiling. Figure 6b shows that the garden lounge carpets mimic natural shifts that represent varying seasons and thereby enhance both (P7 and P8) patterns. Designing the flooring and furniture in wooden grain patterns 11 will improve the material connection with nature (P9). In the group spaces, the ventilation and lighting systems are visible in order to enhance complexity and order (P10). 12 Both the workshop and garden lounge create a visually appealing space with the use of curtains. The curtains increase the sense of refugee (P12). Additionally, the garden lounge is placed in an ideal location to enhance the potential views from the inside (P11). The location reinforces refuge (P12) while enhancing mystery (P13) to promote exploration. 9 The agora, seen in Figure 7a , is secluded from the entrance via natural materials, allowing glimpses of the interior and exterior spaces. 9 These strategies reinforce curiosity (P13), prospect (P11), and refuge (P12) patterns. Figure 7. (a) The Agora and (b) The Huddle Room (Modified by Researcher from 26 , 28 ). Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for restoration Almost all the restoration spaces have floor-to-ceiling windows that maximize the employees’ intake of natural daylight 4 , 11 and potted plants that help them visually connect with nature (P1) and natural systems (P7). The furniture and walls with natural pastel shades and earth tones strengthen the visual connection pattern (P1), as in Figures 8a and 8b . The colourful carpets and earth-toned tiles in the breakout area mimic the seasonal changes. This mixture boosts the patterns (P2) and (P7). The use of circular pendant lights, light spots, and natural light in most of the zones imitates and enhances the dynamic and diffused lighting design pattern (P6). The huddle room is the only zone that stands out visually due to its warm and intense indirect lighting. The limited positioning of the room restricts the entry of natural light and obstructs the views, thereby reducing the impact of patterns (P1, P6, P7). Figure 8. (a) Breakout area, (b) Work café, and (c) Lounge at JLL (Modified by Researcher from 28 ). In the tea point zone, the curved partitions enhance the use of biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). 8 , 9 Wallpaper patterns in quiet zones imitate nature patterns (P7). Similarly, the carpet pattern used for the quiet and breakout zones floors has organic patterns (P8) that one finds in nature, as in Figures 8a and 9b . Also, the finishing materials used on the floors, walls, and ceilings represent natural materials and colours (P9). The finishings create a welcoming and warm spatial environment in designed spaces for restoration. 8 The exposed ventilation and lighting systems, 12 , 16 in all restorative spaces, enhanced the complexity and order (P10). These restorative spaces are located in monitoring positions oriented to the nearby interior space to establish prospect (P11). The presence of hidden spots within an open space that is easily reachable will also improve the refuge (P12) pattern. 8 , 9 The lounge’s position makes it hard to be observed from outside and helps improve refuge (P12) and mystery (P13), as shown in Figure 8c . The quiet zone is created to provide protective barriers to improve the effectiveness of patterns (P12) and (P13). Figure 9. (a) Tea Point and (b) The Quiet Zone at JLL (Modified by Researcher from 28 ). The zones with the most identified biophilic patterns were the garden lounge, followed by creative workshop in group workspaces, along with tea points and lounge zones in spaces for restoration. The biophilic patterns were least identified in the quiet room. The “Natural Analogues” and “Nature of Space” categories achieved the highest overall presence percentage by 75%. The category “Nature of Space” had the lowest percentage of presence by 63%. As shown in Table 3 , the dynamic and diffused light (P6) pattern appears to be the most common in most zones. In addition, non-visual connection with nature (P2), visual connection with nature (P1), and connection with natural systems (P7) patterns were strong as well. The zones achieved moderate presence for all “Natural Analogues” patterns. Hence, the Biomorphic forms and patterns (P8) pattern rating was the highest among them. On the contrary, Mystery (P13) had the highest presence of biophilic patterns within the category “Nature of Space”, followed by prospect and refuge patterns (P11 and P12). The Awe (P15) recorded the lowest presence score. Table 3. Detailed recording of JLL’s biophilic patterns presence in the analysed zones through the matrix (By Researcher). JLL Biophilic design guidelines attainment matrix Biophilic design patterns Patterns Sub score Nature in space Natural analogues Nature of space Visual connection with nature (P1) Non-visual connection with nature (P2) Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli (P3) Thermal and airflow variability (P4) Presence of water (P5) Dynamic and Diffuse Light (P6) Connection with Natural Systems (P7) Biomorphic Forms and Patterns (P8) Material connection with nature (P9) Complexity and order (P10) Prospect (P11) Refuge (P12) Mystery (P13) Risk/Peril (P14) Awe (P15) Studied spatial zones Entry Arrival Point/Reception Area × × × × × × × × × × 10 Individual Open Work Area × × × × × × × × × × 10 Individual Focus Pod × × × × × × × × × × × 11 Group Creative Workshop Room × × × × × × × × × × × × 12 Garden Lounge - Collaborative × × × × × × × × × × × × × 13 Formal Meeting Rooms × × × × × × × × × 9 Auditorium \ Agora × × × × × × × × × × 10 Huddle Room × × × × × × × × × 9 Restoration Breakout Area × × × × × × × × × × × 11 Work Café × × × × × × × × × × × 11 Tea Point/Rest Area × × × × × × × × × × × × 12 Lounge × × × × × × × × × × × × 12 Quiet Room × × × × × × × × 8 Zones Sub score 11 12 10 11 0 13 11 11 8 10 9 9 10 8 5 138 Average Sub score 9.2 Total Pattern Availability 55 60 50 55 0 65 55 55 40 50 45 45 50 40 25 % of Pattern Availability 85 92 77 85 0 100 85 85 62 77 69 69 77 62 38 Total % of Biophilic Design Attainment 70.8% International Example 2: AstraZeneca AstraZeneca provides an inclusive post-pandemic environment that supports employee well-being, productivity, as well as creativity. 29 The new workplace obtained the LEED Gold Interior certificate, won in the BIGSEE 2022 design awards, while becoming a finalist for the Grand Prix award in the workplace category. 30 The project concept was developed from Biophilia, which connects the outdoor with indoor spaces to create balanced interior spaces. The design incorporates multiple sensory elements through various textures together with finishing materials, furniture, and color schemes. 32 The workplace consists of three zones for individual work, five zones associated with group work, and four zones associated with two types of restoration. The workplace also includes a reception area, circulation routes, and vertical cores, as shown in Figure 10 . All the social restoration spaces in the lower floor serve as the main features of the workplace, while the upper floor consists of the majority of the workspaces that employees can use according to their work tasks. 31 Figure 10. Analysed floor plan of AstraZeneca (Modified by Researcher from 32 ). Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for individual work The open-plan work area is located beside large windows which boost the visual connection with nature (P1) and employees’ connection to natural systems (P7). The use of glass walls and doors in focus rooms allows the observation of the whole space in order to connect the user with the exterior natural systems (P7) and allow access to daylight (P6). 16 Vibrant colors used in focus rooms and pods, as shown in Figure 11c , evoke nature, add vitality, and contrast with the neutral flooring in the space. 11 , 30 Plant boxes placed on the support lockers, as observed in Figure 11a , visually connect users with nature (P1), add a natural olfactory comfort (P2) through the scents of plants, and enhance the thermal air flow (P4). 16 Task lighting provided in the focus rooms improves users’ control as well as the dynamic and diffused light (P6) pattern. In the focus rooms, walls are covered with curved lines that represent water waves in order to emphasize biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). The wooden beam, shown in Figure 11b , is non-raw to enhance the material connection to nature (P9). 11 , 16 The beam also promotes a sense of direction and hierarchy (P10). 4 , 31 The work area layout provides views of both the internal and external surroundings to enhance the sense of prospect. The focus rooms give users a sense of prospect (P11) but still sustain a hidden view of the whole space. Within the focus rooms, refuge (P12) is fully attained. Finally, the individual area enhances the sense of awe (P15) by using patterns and colours that mimic nature and engage employees’ senses as shown in Figure 11a . Figure 11. (a) Open Work Area and Phone Booth, (b) Open Work Area and Phone Booth, and (c) Focus Pods at AstraZeneca (Modified by researcher from 32 ). Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for group work The reconfigurable area includes large openings that provide daylight and views in order to establish a visual connection with nature (P1) and a connection to natural systems (P7). 9 , 12 Suspended plants and potted plants, as seen in Figures 12c and 13b , also enhance the visual connection of nature (P1), provide olfactory comfort (P2), and the thermal airflow (P4) at the same time. 9 , 16 The blue marine colour in the meeting pod together with the accent colours used in the Informal meeting areas and the green colour in curtains and furniture strengthen the visual connection pattern (P1). 11 Non-Rhythmic sensory pattern (P3) is emphasized by using movable curtains that separate zones from adjacent spaces, as shown in Figures 12b and 13a . The reconfigurable area, as well as the mini collaborative area, can benefit from sun-lit daylight coming in from the façades to enhance the dynamic and diffused light pattern (P6). 6 , 9 Also, the interplay between light and shadows creates a dynamic diffused light pattern (P6) in small spaces, 4 as shown in Figures 12b and 12c . Figure 12. (a) The reconfigurable area, (b) mini collaborative, and (c) Informal Meeting pods (Modified by Researcher from 29 , 32 ). Figure 13. (a) The Collaborative Space, (b) and (c) Blue Meeting Pods at AstraZeneca (Modified by Researcher from 29 ). As seen in Figure 13b , the curved outer shell of the meeting pods, the pattern representing water ripples on the pod glass, and the organic-shaped sofas used in Figure 12a amplify the biomorphic forms and pattern (P8). 9 , 12 The collaborative space uses large non-raw wooden meeting tabletops, which provide a strong material connection with nature (P9). The strategic placement of Informal meeting areas and meeting pods allows employees to receive various sensory information from neighbouring zones (P10), 8 , 12 as seen in Figures 12c and 13b . Throughout most zones, users feel safe and protected, which improves the sense of Refuge (P12). Elements such as pods placement and utilizing high-backed furniture units 9 , 16 further enhance the refuge pattern. The movable curtains and folded wall partitions act as a visual barrier to emphasize the mystery (P13) when the meeting spaces are in use, 11 , 12 as seen in Figures 12a , 12b , and 13a . Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for restoration A large window is located behind the kitchenette and faces the counter in order to enhance the visual connection to nature (P1) and connection to natural systems (P7) patterns. The window allows nature to also be encountered through employees’ senses (P2), and varying shadows are formed throughout the day (P3). The combination of accent yellow, blue, and orange colours, as illustrated in Figures 14a and 14b , enhances the visual connection with nature (P1). The Work Café benefits from the façade light, which positively impacts the circadian system (P6). The lighting beams hanging in the work café and the seating area with a spiral form, the curved curtain runner that creates the relax area, and the patterns in the quiet pod walls enhance the biomorphic form and patterns (P8). Natural materials used in structure elements, such as wooden beams, enhance the material connection with nature (P9) in terms of texture and colour. 11 The hanging plants support the beam to look like a representation of a walk through a natural forest (P10). Views from the elevated planes at the kitchenette and café counters enhance the prospect pattern (P11), as shown in Figure 14a . Sense of prospect (P11) and refuge (P12) are strong in the Quiet pod (seen in Figure 15 ) since employees can view the whole space while being in a safe space. 9 , 11 The alcove seats, seen in Figure 14b , enable the withdrawal from the main circulation through refuge (P12). Apart from that, the curtains in the relax area emphasize the Mystery pattern (P13) as the zone is hidden from the open space. 16 Figure 14. (a) Work Cafe, (b) Multi-Functional Seating Area, and (c) Relax Area at AstraZeneca (Modified by researcher from 32 ). Figure 15. Quiet Pod (Modified by Researcher from 29 ). According to Table 4 , the identified biophilic patterns indicated that zones such as open workspaces designated for individual work, along with collaborative spaces and the reconfigurable area in spaces dedicated for group work, represented the zones with the most identified patterns. Users in these zones experience biophilic design the most in the workplace. The arrival area achieved a high presence of biophilic patterns. In all the analyzed zones, the highest presence of biophilic patterns was achieved in the “Natural Analogues” category, followed by “Nature of Space” with a 3% slight difference between them. Meanwhile, the “Nature of Space” category achieved the lowest presence by 52%. Table 4. Detailed recording of AstraZeneca’s biophilic patterns presence in the analysed zones through the matrix (By Researcher). AstraZenca biophilic design guidelines attainment matrix Biophilic design patterns Patterns Sub score Nature in space Natural analogues Nature of space Visual connection with nature (P1) Non-visual connection with nature (P2) Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli (P3) Thermal and airflow variability(P4) Presence of water(P5) Dynamic and Diffuse Light(P6) Connection with Natural Systems(P7) Biomorphic Forms and Patterns (P8) Material connection with nature (P9) Complexity and order (P10) Prospect (P11) Refuge (P12) Mystery (P13) Risk/Peril (P14) Awe (P15) Studied Spatial Zones Entry Arrival Point/Reception Area × × × × × × × × × × × × × 13 Individual Open Workstations Area × × × × × × × × × × × × 12 Focus Rooms and Focus Pods × × × × × × × × × × × 11 Phone Booth × × × × × × × 7 Group Reconfigurable Celebration Area × × × × × × × × × × × × 12 Collaborative Space × × × × × × × × × × × × 12 Mini - Collaborative Area × × × × × × × × × × 10 Informal Meetings Area × × × × × × × × × × 10 Blue Meeting Pods × × × × × × × × × 9 Restoration Cafeteria and Work Cafe × × × × × × × × × × 10 Multi-Functional Seating Area × × × × × × × 7 Quiet Rest Pod × × × × × × × × × 9 Relax Area × × × × × × 6 Zones Sub score 12 10 9 11 0 12 11 11 9 9 10 8 7 4 5 128 Average Sub score 8.5 Total Pattern Availability 60 50 45 55 0 60 55 55 45 45 50 40 35 20 25 % of Pattern Availability 92 77 69 85 0 92 85 85 69 69 77 62 54 31 38 Total % of Biophilic Design Attainment 65.6% AstraZeneca had a strong presence of biophilic patterns in the “Nature in space” category, such as Visual connection with nature (P1) and Dynamic and diffused light (P6), followed by Connections with natural systems (P7) and Thermal and airflow variability (P4) patterns. On the other hand, the most frequent pattern with the highest score in the “Natural Analogues” category is Biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). Half the patterns that associate with the “Nature of Space” category achieved a moderate presence, with the prospect (P11) as the highest. At the same time, the scores of the Risk/Peril (P14) pattern was recorded as the lowest on the presence scale, as shown in the matrix in Table 4 . Local case study: Workplace A Workplace A selected Studio Teal as the main architect in order to design a space that provides emotional, mental, and physical well-being and enhances the productivity of its users. The design is broadly flexible and adaptable to accommodate a wide diversity of needs. 33 The plan analysis consists of 13 different zones, as seen in Figure 16 . The space design consists of seven zones designed for individual work, four zones specified for group work, as well as two zones designed for different types of restoration. Figure 16. Zoning diagram for Workplace A (By Researcher). Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for individual work Open work area B and the manager’s office are located along large still windows, providing natural light (P1) and enhancing both thermal and airflow variability (P4), and the connection to natural systems patterns (P7). 12 The visual connection (P1) is further emphasized through the balance between using earth tones and blue accent colours in flooring and structural elements. 9 , 11 The coworking Table zones feature air movement that creates cooling effects and humidity levels changes, 11 enhancing thermal and airflow variability (P4). Potted plants were only present in the manager’s office in order to emphasize the visual connection (P1) and airflow variability (P4). 16 The still windows allow diffused natural light (P6) to enter all workstations and closed offices. Circular lighting units suspended from ceilings in spaces intended for individual work incorporate biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). The workstation areas, shown in Figures 17a and 17b , receive sensory information from the surroundings and have visible ventilation systems integrated. 8 Thus, the complexity and order (P10) pattern is improved in all workstation areas. The use of natural materials in the finishing of furniture creates a warm atmosphere that embraces material connection with nature (P9). Circulation routes that connect workstation areas C and D, the manager’s office, and closed offices amplify the prospect pattern (P11). The refuge pattern (P12) is present in some spaces, as the employees can observe the neighbouring exterior spaces while being inside their zones. The work areas A and B, shown in Figure 17b , aren’t accessible visually from the surrounding space. This strategy impacts the Mystery pattern (P13). Since Workstation A is located next to a window that faces a wide view of the outdoors, there is a strong presence of Peril (P14). Figure 17. (a) Open Work Area C, (b) Open Work Area B, and (c) Manager’s Office at Workplace A (Modified by researcher from 33 ). Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for group work The huddle room and meeting rooms are featured with large windows that allow daylight into the interior in order to highlight the visual connection with nature pattern (P1) and connect users with outdoor systems (P7). These spaces have a natural airflow (P4), and users can experience shades and air breeze (P4). The huddle and small meeting rooms feature some potted green plants, as shown in Figures 18b and 18c , to create a natural air filtration system (P4). Accent colours are incorporated in the floor tiles, wall finish, and door frame, which intensify the visual connection (P1) pattern. 11 Strategies are implemented to maintain a controlled lighting quality in the huddle room in addition to the light and shadow play through large windows in meeting rooms for an ideal dynamic and diffused light (P6) pattern. 11 , 12 The use of curves and natural shapes that are used in furniture and lighting units, and also incorporated as patterns on walls, 9 , 12 as shown in Figure 18c , contributes to the biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). Using finishing materials, such as the rattan lighting unit in the huddle room, leather couch finishing, and wooden Tabletops, which express natural form and pattern, creates a deeper material connection with nature (P9). All group spaces are designed with exposed ceilings and ventilation systems 12 to enhance the complexity and order (P10). Prospect (P11) and Refuge (P12) patterns are well attained in the Huddle room in which users can view the whole space while being in a quite enclosed space. 8 , 9 The meeting rooms’ placement in the layout promotes a strong sense of Mystery (P13) with fair Refuge (P12). Also, Risk/Peril (P14) is maximized as most zones are located next to large windows. Figure 18. (a) Large Meeting Room, (b) Small Meeting Room, and (c) Huddle Room at Workplace A (Modified by Researcher from 33 ). Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for restoration The placement of green plants in pots along the breakout area windowsills is observed to enhance visual connection with nature pattern (P1), fill up the space with olfactory comfort (P3), and contribute to a natural air filtration system, linking back to the thermal and airflow variability pattern (P4). 9 , 16 The large windows allow for natural light to flow to enhance the visual and non-visual connection to nature patterns (P1, P2). 12 The design of the Breakout area, Work Cafe, and Relax pods zones utilizes bright and muted colours inspired by nature to strengthen the visual connection with nature (P1) pattern. Applying strategies such as varying intensities of light and shadow to create natural conditions and the play of light and shadow from the large window at the break area accentuate the dynamic and diffused light pattern (P6). 6 , 8 The layout features a large glass window, as shown in Figure 19b , that opens up to the rest of the workplace. This design maintains a natural flow of light through the space to maximize the dynamic and diffused light (P6) effect and connect the users to the outdoor systems (P7). 9 , 12 Wall patterns are designed with natural forms incorporating curves and natural shapes to enhance biomorphic forms and patterns (P8), as shown in Figure 19c . The furniture at the work cafe is made out of leather, marble Tabletops are used at the counter, and marble look-alike cladding is used at the breakout area, embracing material connection to nature (P9). 11 The visible columns and circular light beams at the breakout area enhance the order complexity pattern (P10). 12 The prospect feeling (P11) is enhanced by allowing the visual connection between spaces, 9 for example, allowing the break area to view the huddle room on the right and the closed office on the left, as seen in Figure 19c . The location of the breakout area next to the window highlights the presence of risk/peril (P14). Moreover, the materials used and ceiling design increase the sense of Awe (P15) in the breakout area and work café. Figure 19. (a) The Meeting booth, (b) Breakout Area A, and (c) Work Cafe at Workplace A (Modified by Researcher from 33 ). Figure 20. Zone Diagram for (a) Ground floor and (b) Upper floor of Workplace B (By Researcher). The matrix in Table 5 indicated that all the restoration spaces achieved a high presence of biophilic patterns in Workplace A along with the “huddle room” in group workspaces. The analysis of biophilic patterns revealed that the zones with the most identified patterns were the open work area B designed for individual work, and the manager’s office. In group spaces, the large meeting room was the most biophilic as well. “Natural Analogues” category achieved the highest presence by 74% compared to both “Nature in Space” and “Nature of Space,” which scored lower percentages of 63% and 43%, respectively. Workplace A has strong biophilic patterns under the “Nature in Space”, which include Connection with Natural Systems (P7), Dynamic and Diffused light (P6), and Thermal and airflow (P4), as noted in Table 5 . The above average presence is achieved by all “Natural Analogues” patterns, with the highest being complexity and order pattern (P10). In the “Nature of Space” category, the prospect pattern (P11) had the highest presence of biophilic patterns, especially in individual and restoration spaces, whereas the refuge (P12) pattern had the highest presence in group workspaces. Awe (P15) recorded the lowest presence score. Table 5. Detailed recording of Workplace A’s biophilic patterns presence in the analysed zones through the matrix (By Researcher). Workplace A biophilic design guidelines attainment matrix Biophilic design patterns Patterns Sub score Nature in space Natural analogues Nature of space Visual connection with nature (P1) Non-visual connection (P2) Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli (P3) Thermal and airflow variability(P4) Presence of water(P5) Dynamic and Diffuse Light(P6) Connection with Natural Systems(P7) Biomorphic Forms and Patterns (P8) Material connection with nature (P9) Complexity and order (P10) Prospect (P11) Refuge (P12) Mystery (P13) Risk/Peril (P14) Awe (P15) Entrny Arrival Point/Reception 0 Individual Open Work Area A × × × × × × × × × × 10 Open Work Area B × × × × × × × × × × × 11 Open Work Area C × × × × × × 6 Open Work Area D × × × × × × × × 8 Private Office × × × × × × × 7 Manager Office × × × × × × × × × × × 11 Group Large Meeting Room × × × × × × × × × × × 11 Small Meeting Room × × × × × × × × × × 10 Meeting Pods × × × × 4 Huddle Room × × × × × × × × × × × × 12 Restoration Breakout Area A × × × × × × × × × × × × 12 Work Cafe × × × × × × × × × × × × 12 Zones Sub score 8 9 7 11 0 11 11 8 10 11 9 6 5 5 3 114 Average Sub score 7.6 Total Pattern Availability 40 45 35 55 0 55 55 40 50 55 45 30 25 25 15 % of Pattern Availability 62 69 54 85 0 85 85 62 77 85 69 46 38 38 23 Total % of Biophilic Design Attainment 58% Local case study 2: Workplace B Studio Teal created a dynamic and creative work environment for Workplace B office in Cairo. Workplace B, which is classified under the financial technology workplace category, has developed a massive technical investment platform in the Middle East. 34 The design embodies the company’s values of adaptability, responsiveness, and sustainability through its 830 m2 flexible workspace that supports collaboration and innovation. To create a space that supports employees’ wellbeing while minimizing the environmental impact, the design combined natural design elements such as raw wooden textures and yellow tones. 35 The design incorporates repurposed materials such as furniture from their previous workspace. Additionally, the design elements create references to their historical background and dedication toward sustainability. The workplace received widespread recognition from popular online design magazines such as Office Snapshots and Design Lovin ( Figure 20 ). 36 Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for individual work The balancing between the yellow accent colour and earth tones maintains the visual connection with nature (P1) throughout the individual workspaces. 11 , 15 All open work areas, as shown in Figures 21 and 22 , are flooded with the natural light that penetrates the zones through large window openings on the lower and upper levels. 9 The openings distribution introduced several patterns such as experiencing nature through senses (P2), providing feelings of varying shadows (P3), and underlining the dynamic and diffused light (P6). 9 , 12 Additionally, the majority of employees can view the outside nature from their work seats (P1, P7). Figure 21. Open Workstation A (Modified by Researcher from 35 ). Figure 22. (a) Open Workstation B, (b) Upper-Level Workstation A, and (c) Open Workstation C (Modified by Researcher from 35 ). Curves and natural shapes are incorporated in elements ranging from furniture to window frames to accentuate biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). 6 , 9 The use of wooden Tables and partitions in Workstations A and B strengthens the material connection with nature (P9). The clear design of pathways and spaces entry points reflect a strong sense of mobility and way-finding attribute, 6 as shown in Figure 22 . All the open work areas receive various sensory information from outdoors and on both lower and higher floors. Some re-used furniture is integrated in all the individual workspaces. 8 , 11 The three strategies mentioned previously contribute to the complexity and order pattern (P10). The layout of Workstation A facilitates observing the views of adjacent spaces such as collaborative areas, the lounge, and the entry area (P11). As shown in Figure 22a , the design of Workstation C aims to achieve a semi-hidden placement in relation to the surrounding routes, along with facilitating movement within the space to improve refuge (P12). 8 , 9 Some workstations are placed alongside the partitions to moderately enhance the refuge feeling (P12). The layout created a concealed area (P12) for the focus pod design. 12 The layout of workstation C can stimulate curiosity by offering views to both indoor and outdoor environments, which leads to enhancing Mystery (P13). Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for group work The floor-to-ceiling windows, in the large collaborative space, allow natural light (P6) to enter the space, which emphasizes the visual connection with nature (P1) and provides views to the outdoors (P7). 4 Spaces such as the large collaborative space and medium meeting room have a natural airflow (P4), and users can experience shades and air breeze (P4). Adding the yellow accent colour to the earth-toned shades further enhanced the visual connection with nature (P1). 11 Nature can also be encountered through employees’ senses (P2), and varying shadows are formed throughout the day (P3) in all the spaces. 9 The meeting pods are designed to have one side with a large glass wall, two solid sides (to maintain privacy), and one side that is moderately open to the pathway, 9 , 12 as shown in Figure 23a . This design provides the pods with maximum natural light (P6) and connects them with the surrounding natural systems (P1, P7). Meanwhile, the small meeting pods (shown in Figure 23 ) allow natural light to enter (P6) but partially connect employees with outdoor systems (P7). Figure 23. (a) Upper Meeting Pods, (b) Large Collaborative Space, and (c) Small Meeting Room (Modified by Researcher from 34 ). Figure 24. Meeting Pods (Modified by Researcher from 34 ). The use of curves integrated into partitions and furniture in spaces intended for group work enhances biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). In addition, the window’s purpose is to reveal the interior, further enhancing biomorphic forms (P8), 9 as shown in Figure 23 . The collaborative space seatings provide employees with the visible appeal of wood as they integrate a noticeable wood grain (P9). 11 All the spaces receive sensory information from the surroundings and are located along hallways to contribute to the complexity and order (P10). 8 , 12 The prospect feeling (P11) is well attained by allowing all the group workspaces to view other surrounding zones. The Refuge pattern (P12) is strongly present as the group spaces are designed to be quiet, enclosed spaces and act as hiding spots. 8 , 9 As shown in Figures 23a and 24 , the interior of the pods and meeting rooms are partially visible from the surrounding spaces. This strategy impacts curiosity and Mystery (P13). The location of meeting pods in the upper level highlights the presence of risk/peril (P14). 9 Moreover, the design and patterns used increase the sense of Awe (P15) in the Upper Meeting Pods, as shown in Figure 23a . Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for restoration All the restoration spaces feature potted plants that help employees visually connect with nature (P1) and offer improved air quality (P4). Plants also provide the spaces with olfactory comfort (P2, P3). 16 Natural accent shades are incorporated in furniture, which strengthens the visual connection pattern (P1), as shown in Figures 25a and 25b . In the lower break area, various shadows are created by elements of interior space such as suspended ceiling, pendant spots, etc., as well as the natural light that flows inside the space (P6). Meanwhile, in the multifunctional seating area, natural and diffused light flows in from neighbouring zones and accentuates the dynamic and diffused pattern (P6). 9 , 12 The connection to outdoor systems is moderately maintained in both zones (P7). The variety of finishing materials and colours used in the furniture and design elements improves the material connection with nature (P9). Also, the ceiling design accentuates the complexity and order (P10) in the break area. The restorative spaces are located in positions that enhance prospect by encouraging users to observe their surrounding interior space (P11). The location of the break area seats supports the retreat from the main flow activity (P12). Moreover, mystery and refugee (P12, P13) are fully attained from the open workstations ‘B’ area side and partially attained from the entrance side. Figure 25. (a) The Multi-Functional Seating Area, and (b) Work Café/Break Area at Workplace B (Modified by Researcher from 34 ). The analysis of biophilic patterns revealed that the zones with the most identified patterns were the ground floor breakout area in restoration spaces and the large collaborative space in group spaces, followed by the open work area A designed for individual work. The category “Natural Analogues” achieved the highest presence of biophilic patterns, 77% validated by the analysis, and “Nature of Space” was in the second place with 65%. “Nature in Space” had the lowest percentage of presence by 51%. As noted in Table 6 , the most common patterns found in the analysed zones were the Dynamic and Diffused Light (P6) and Connection with Natural Systems (P7). In addition to these patterns, Thermal and airflow (P4), and non-visual connection with nature (P1) also exhibited a strong presence under the “Nature in Space”. The above average presence is achieved by “Natural Analogues” patterns, in which material connection with nature (P9) and complexity and order (P10) patterns were the highest. In the “Nature of Space” category, the prospect pattern (P11) had the highest presence of biophilic patterns, whereas Awe (P15) recorded the lowest presence score. Table 6. Detailed recording of Workplace B’s biophilic patterns presence in the analysed zones through the matrix (By Researcher). Workplace B biophilic design guidelines attainment matrix Biophilic design patterns Patterns Sub score Nature in space Natural analogues Nature of space Visual connection with nature (P1) Non-visual connection 1ith nature (P2) Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli (P3) Thermal and airflow variability(P4) Presence of water(P5) Dynamic and Diffuse Light(P6) Connection with Natural Systems(P7) Biomorphic Forms and Patterns (P8) Material connection with nature (P9) Complexity and order (P10) Prospect (P11) Refuge (P12) Mystery (P13) Risk/Peril (P14) Awe (P15) Studied Spatial Zones Entry Arrival Point/Reception Area × × × × × × × × × 9 Individual Double Height Open Workstations A × × × × × × × × × × × 11 Open Workstations Areas B × × × × × × × × × × 10 Open Workstations Areas C × × × × × × × × × × 10 Upper-Level Open Work Area A × × × × × × × × × 9 Upper-Level Individual Wall Desks × × × × × × × 7 Focus Pod × × × × × 5 Group Large Collaborative Space × × × × × × × × × × × × 12 Upper Meeting Pods × × × × × × × × × × × 11 Small Meeting Room × × × × × × × × 8 Lower Meeting Pods × × × × × × × × × × 10 Restora-tion Work Cafe/Break Area × × × × × × × × × × × × 12 Multifunctional Seating Area × × × × × × × × × 9 Zones Sub score 9 10 7 10 0 12 12 9 10 11 11 8 8 4 2 123 Average Sub score 8.2 Total Pattern Availability 45 50 35 50 0 60 60 45 50 55 55 40 40 20 10 % of Pattern Availability 69 77 54 77 0 92 92 69 77 85 85 62 62 31 15 Total % of Biophilic Design Attainment 63% Results and discussion A quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate the Biophilic Design strategies implemented across the analysed workplaces. The scoring within the matrix was based on the existence or non-existence of biophilic patterns, which allows the transformation of qualitative data into quantitative data. JLL achieved the highest average sub-score of 9.2 within 13 assessed interior zones, followed by AstraZeneca of 8.5, Workplace B by an average of 8.2, and Workplace A by an average of 7.6. JLL’s had the highest detected scores with most of the patterns ranging from 5 to 13. The scores represent a diverse level of biophilic integration within each zone. AstraZeneca’s detected scores ranged from 4 to 12, followed by Workplace A‘s scores, which ranged from 3 to 11. Lastly, Workplace B’s detected scores ranged from 2 to 12, as seen in Table 7 . Table 7. The biophilic patterns presence matrix of the four analysed workplaces (Generated by Researcher). Biophilic design patterns Patterns score Average Sub score Nature in space Natural analougues Nature of space (P1) (P2) (P3) (P4) (P5) (P6) (P7) (P8) (P9) (P10) (P11) (P12) (P13) (P14) (P15) JLL 11 12 10 11 0 13 11 11 8 10 9 9 10 8 5 138 9.2 AstraZenca 12 10 9 11 0 12 11 11 9 9 10 8 7 4 5 128 8.5 Workplace A 8 9 7 11 0 11 11 8 10 11 9 6 5 5 3 114 7.6 Workplace B 9 10 7 10 0 12 12 9 10 11 11 8 8 4 2 123 8.2 Total 40 41 33 43 0 48 45 39 37 41 39 31 30 21 15 Pattern Presence Avg. 10 10.2 8.2 10.7 0 12 11 9.7 9.2 10.2 9.7 7.8 7.5 5.3 3.7 According to Figure 26 , dynamic and diffused light (P6) was present in most of the zones and achieved the highest score in the “Nature in space” category. Connection with natural systems pattern (P7) ranked as the second-highest pattern. Other patterns, such as thermal and airflow variability (P4) and non-visual connection with nature (P2), were evident in most of the zones as well. Patterns (P6 and P2) were observed more within JLL zones, followed by patterns (P6 and P1) in AstraZeneca zones. In the local Case studies, patterns (P6 and P7) were more evident. Conversely, the non-rhythmic sensory stimuli (P3) achieved the lowest score in the category across all the analysed spaces. The presence of water (P5) was the only pattern that did not obtain any score within this category, as it was absent in all studied zones. A misunderstanding about the application of pattern (P5) might lead to this case. There is an opportunity to increase the biophilia presence in interior spaces by incorporating (P5) naturally through strategies such as waterwalls, fountains, etc. 9 , 11 Meanwhile, in the “Natural Analogues” category, complexity and order pattern (P10) recorded the highest score. Both Workplaces A and B were more associated with the complexity and order pattern (P10), while JLL and AstraZeneca were more associated with Biomorphic patterns (P8). The pattern that was least observed in the four analysed cases was the material connection with nature pattern (P9). The highest score under the “Nature of Space” category, across most zones, was the Prospect pattern (P11) as shown in Table 7 . The Refuge (P12) and Mystery (P13) patterns were found to be the second most common in the category. JLL ranked the highest in both (P12) and (P13) patterns. In this category, the Awe (P15) pattern received a lower score than all others. Figure 26. The number of zones with available biophilic patterns in all analyzed workplace settings (Generated by Researcher). The “Nature in Space” category was the highest in JLL and AstraZeneca workplaces, followed by the local case studies. The highest-rated zones among this category were the entry/reception areas in both AstraZeneca and Workplace B (86%), as well as the restoration spaces in Workplace A (86%). The category presence was influenced by the strong presence of both dynamic and diffuse light (P6) and connection to natural systems (P7) patterns. In addition, all spaces dedicated for individual and group work in JLL and AstraZeneca achieved a high presence rate within this category. These results highlighted the lack of biophilic strategies in the local case studies in spaces dedicated for work. As shown in Figure 27 , the presence of the “Natural Analogues” category was the highest in Workplace B. The highest record peaks within this category were the entry/reception area in AstraZeneca (100%) and restoration spaces in Workplace A (100%), followed by restoration spaces in JLL (87%). The strong presence of both Complexity and order (P10) and Biomorphic forms (P8) patterns contributed the most to the category presence in these zones. Regarding the presence of the third category “Nature of Space”, the highest ratings was in entry/reception area in AstraZeneca (80%), group workspaces in Workplace B (75%) followed by both individual (70%) and group workplaces (68%) in JLL, as illustrated in Figure 27 . Prospect (P11) was observed as the most contributing pattern. The lowest presence was in the entry zone of Workplace B (20%). Figure 27. Distribution of biophilic categories throughout the interiors of the analyzed workplaces (Generated by Researcher). The highest percentage of biophilic presence was achieved in the AstraZeneca Reception area at 89%. The second-highest presence was observed in Workplace A‘s restoration spaces by 83%, followed by a 73% in JLL. All individual and group workspaces achieved a rather similar biophilic presence, as illustrated in Figure 28 . The lowest biophilic presence was observed in AstraZeneca‘s spaces for restoration, which was 14,5% lower than the average presence percentage within spaces dedicated for restoration. All Workplace A zones, except for the restorative space, recorded an overall lower level of biophilic presence. In accordance with Figure 28 , local case studies focused on creating better restorative spaces. Meanwhile, the international examples focused more on raising the biophilic presence of their workspaces by utilizing various biophilic strategies. Figure 28. Percentage of biophilic Patterns availability across analyzed zone groups (Generated by Researcher). JLL workplace ranked first among the analyzed workplaces with a total Biophilic Patterns availability of 71%. The “Garden collaborative lounge”, shown in Figure 6b , recorded the highest presence of biophilic patterns in the “group workspaces” zone group compared to the four analyzed workplaces. Also, the zone solely integrates all the patterns under the “Nature of Space” category. The”quiet room”, shown in Figure 9b , obtained the lowest presence in the JLL workplace due to the lack of integrating patterns from the “Nature in Space” category. The dynamic and diffused light (P6) was the highest available pattern in JLL due to the placement of the zones strategically either alongside or across floor-to-ceiling windows, 4 , 16 implementing various ambient diffuse lighting 9 , 11 and utilizing personal-controlled lighting. 15 , 17 The second-highest pattern is nonvisual connection with nature (P2) as a result of encountering various perceptions through employees’ senses, such as the sense of smell through plants’ olfactory, the sense of temperature from diffused sunlight, etc. 9 The sense of Awe (P15) recorded the lowest presence. “Nature in Space” patterns are thoroughly incorporated in seven zones across all the zone groups except for pattern (P5). Additionally, “Nature Analouges” patterns are fully incorporated in four zones. The total Biophilic Patterns availability in AstraZeneca was 66%, ranking second compared to other analyzed workplaces. The arrival/reception area, shown in Table 2 , achieved the highest presence of biophilic patterns compared to entry zones across the four analyzed workplaces. The “relax area”, shown in Figure 14c , had the least recorded presence due to the lack of “Nature of Space” patterns implementation. The Open workstations obtained the highest biophilic presence in the individual workspaces. All the zones under Group workspaces had sub-scores above the average. The “Collaborative Space” and the “Reconfigurable Area” both had the highest biophilic presence, and the “Blue meeting pods” had the least presence due to the lower “Nature of Space” patterns strategies applied. Spaces for restoration’s overall biophilic presence indicated the least presence, with the “Relax Area” being the lowest ranking zone. Several patterns recorded high availability percentages, including Connection with Natural Systems (P7) and visual connection with nature (P1) patterns. The flow of natural light within zones (P6) and the incorporation of green elements and accent colours (P1) positively impacted the biophilic pattern availability. 9 , 15 Meanwhile, patterns Risk/Peril (P14) and Awe (P15) recorded the lowest values. Seven zones integrated all the patterns in the “Nature in Space” category, except pattern (P5), while “Natural Analogues” was fully integrated in five zones. In contrast, “Prospect (P11) was the only pattern above average in the “Nature of Space” category. Workplace A’s total level of biophilic availability (58%) recorded the lowest across all the analyzed workplaces. Similar to Workplace B, both zones dedicated for restoration achieved the highest biophilic presence in the entire workplace. Both “Work Café” and “Breakout Area A”, shown in Figures 19b and 19c , are strategically positioned along large operable windows and incorporate greenery, simultaneously increasing the patterns within the “Nature in Space” category. 9 , 16 In addition, the “Natural Analogues” category was fully integrated through these zones by incorporating curves and natural shapes on wall patterns (P8) and utilizing various natural materials in finishings (P9) and visible structure elements (P10). The”meeting pods”, shown in Figure 19a , obtained the lowest presence in Workplace A. Several patterns recorded high availability percentages, such as Connection with Natural Systems (P7), Dynamic and Diffused light (P6), Thermal and Airflow (P4), and Complexity and Order (P10) patterns, while the Awe pattern (P15) recorded the lowest value. “Nature Analouges” patterns are fully incorporated in seven zones. Similarly, “Nature in Space” patterns are incorporated in seven zones, mostly within group and restoration spaces, except for pattern (P5). Workplace B ranked third with a total Biophilic Patterns availability of 63%. The “Work cafe/Break area”, shown in Figure 25b , and the “Large Collaborative Space”, shown in Figure 23b , both obtained the highest biophilic patterns presence among the analyzed zones. Incorporating Biophilic strategies facilitated the high presence attainment such as potted plants (P1, P2, P3, P4), play of light and shadow (P6), variety of finishes and natural colors (P9) and create spaces that allow observing other surrounding spaces while being safe (P11, P12). 4 , 9 Spaces for restoration obtained the highest biophilic presence in Workplace B with an average of 71%. The Lowest biophilic presence was in the individual workspaces, with the lowest presence in the “Focus Pod” due to the lack of “Nature in Space” patterns. Most of the zones under Group workspaces were above the average sub-score. The “small meeting room” had the lowest presence in the group workplace. The sense of Awe (P15) recorded the lowest presence, while patterns (P6) and (P7) recorded the highest, since almost all zones allow employees to be aware of their outdoor environment. 9 , 12 , 15 In Workplace B‘s group workplaces, the “Upper Meeting Pods” zone is the only zone that fully integrates patterns from both “Natural Analogues” and “Nature of Space” categories across the four analyzed zones. Group workspaces recorded the same presence rating (75%) in both “Natural Analogues” and “Nature of Space” categories. Four zones integrated all the patterns of the “Nature in Space” category except pattern (P5), while “Natural Analogues” was fully integrated in six zones. There are various opportunities to make zones in the local case studies more biophilic. As illustrated in Figure 29 , a set of biophilic strategies is proposed to enhance specific biophilic patterns (P1, P2, P3, P4, P8, P12, P13, and P15), which are intended to boost the biophilic presence in the Workplace A case study. This boost is expected to positively impact employee’s well-being and productivity, according to the benefits of integrating biophilic design patterns on users recorded by Browning, 9 , 10 as seen in Table 1 . Meanwhile, incorporating green elements, such as hanging plants, potted plants, wall planters, and storage cabinets with planters will enhance the biophilic availability throughout the Workplace B workplace. 6 , 9 , 12 These implemented strategies will increase the presence patterns (P1, P2, P3, P4, and P15) across all the individual and group workplaces. Providing task lighting in individual workspaces will improve employees’ control as well as the dynamic and diffused light (P6). 9 , 17 The installation of curtains in spaces with interior glass walls, such as the large collaborative space, will enhance non-rhythmic patterns while simultaneously increasing the refuge (P12) and mystery (P13) impact in these spaces. Figure 29. Proposals to improve the biophilic design presence in Workplace A settings (Generated by Researcher, Images from 17 , 28 , 33 , 37 ). Conclusion The research provides essential guidelines regarding workplace design and biophilic design for researchers. The biophilic design integration occurs by implementing different biophilic patterns throughout the workplace zones. The study applied photographic documentation to record the biophilic patterns present in the zones of the analysed workplaces by using the matrix developed in this research. The matrix enabled the researcher to quantify the biophilic design patterns that appeared in the workplace. The researched examples evaluated how biophilic patterns appeared in analysed workplaces and their implemented strategies, using an assessment matrix based on Browning’s fifteen patterns of Biophilic Design. 10 According to the matrix results, JLL recorded a high biophilic implementation through the “Nature in Space” category in comparison with the local case studies, followed by AstraZeneca. Meanwhile, Workplace B recorded a higher availability level through the “Natural Analogues” category when compared with the other workplaces. All the workplaces shared a moderate presence of biophilic patterns within the “Nature of Space” category. Regarding the “Nature in Space” category, the Dynamic and diffused light (P6) was the highest scoring pattern in all the analysed, through strategies such as sunlit daylight, accent lighting, interplay between light and shadows, and diffused light from neighbouring spaces, which were implemented in the majority of the zones. Additionally, the Connection to natural systems (P7) scored second-highest in the category because most of the zones are strategically located to offer views to the surrounding outdoor environment. The complexity and order (P10) pattern was the highest-scoring pattern in the “Natural Analogues” category as a result of implementing strategies such as visible structure elements and designing pathways to reflect a strong sense of mobility, in addition to receiving various sensory information from outdoor and neighbouring interior zones. Furthermore, the Prospect (P11) pattern scored high presence in the “Nature of Space” category through strategies that allow employees to observe their surrounding interior space. The matrix also recorded the level of biophilic pattern availability within all the studied zones of each workplace. The Garden collaborative lounge at JLL and the Entry/reception area at AstraZeneca obtained the highest percentage of biophilic patterns integration. On the other hand, the “Meeting Pod” in Workplace A recorded the lowest biophilic presence across all the 52 studied zones. The research developed multiple strategies to boost the biophilic presence levels in the local case studies. As more employees return to the workplace, implementing biophilic design in the workplace is becoming increasingly important. Designers can create interior spaces that are both welcoming and restorative for employees by achieving a balance between the visual and functional features of biophilic design. Recommendations Future research should explore how particular design solutions can enhance the biophilic presence and benefit future work environments. The research establishes a foundation to study comparable relationships in various types of buildings. The investigation of biophilic strategies’ impact on employees’ well-being should include designers in order to link research with practice. Ethical considerations No human participation was involved in this study. Data availability Underlying data Zenodo: The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15644556 38 This project contains the following underlying data: • CS1 Data Workplace A Matrix Analysis.xlsx . (Excel file for analysing the Matrix generated for Workplace A and presenting the calculations to get Total and Average Biophilic Presence Percentages per Zone). • CS2 Data Workplace B Matrix Analysis.xlsx . (Excel file for analysing the Matrix generated for Workplace B and presenting the calculations to get Total and Average Biophilic Presence Percentages per Zone). • EX1 Data Matrix Analysis.xlsx . (Excel file for analysing the Matrix generated for International Example 1 and presenting the calculations to get Total and Average Biophilic Presence Percentages per Zone). • EX2 Data Matrix Analysis.xlsx . (Excel file for analysing the Matrix generated for International Example 2 and presenting the calculations to get Total and Average Biophilic Presence Percentages per Zone). • Fig 27a EX1 Category Percentage Chart.xlsx . (Excel file for presenting the data to calculate the Biophilic Category Presence Percentages generated from International Example 1 matrix, which is illustrated in Fig. 27 a). • Fig 27b EX2 Category Percentage Chart.xlsx . (Excel file for presenting the data to calculate the Biophilic Category Presence Percentages generated from International Example 2 matrix, which is illustrated in Fig. 27 b). • Fig 27c Workplace A Category Percentage Chart.xlsx . (Excel file for presenting the data to calculate the Biophilic Category Presence Percentages generated from Workplace A matrix, which is illustrated in Fig. 27 c). • Fig 27d Workplace B Category Percentage Chart.xlsx . (Excel file for presenting the data to calculate the Biophilic Category Presence Percentages generated from Workplace B matrix, which is illustrated in Fig. 27 d). Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Studio Teal, the architects of the local case studies. References 1. Clements-Croome D: Creating the productive workplace. Taylor & Francis Group; 2006. Publisher Full Text 2. Buceta-Albillos N, Ayuga-Téllez E: The state of the art in the biophilic construction of healthy spaces for people. Buildings. 2024; 14 (2): 491. Publisher Full Text 3. Lei Q, Lau SSY, Yuan C, et al. : Post-occupancy evaluation of the biophilic design in the workplace for health and wellbeing. Buildings. 2022; 12 (4): 417. Publisher Full Text 4. Ghaziani R, Lemon M, Atmodiwirjo P: Biophilic design patterns for primary schools. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (21): 12207. Publisher Full Text 5. Wilson EO: Biophilia. London, England: Harvard University Press; 2009. Publisher Full Text 6. Kellert SR, Heerwagen J, Mador M: Biophilic design: The Theory in Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. John Wiley & Sons; 2011. 7. Heli O: Enhancing the human-nature connection through biophilic design in the built environment: A branch library on the banks of Lake Union. University of Washington; 2015. [Master Thesis on the Internet]. Reference Source 8. Park SJ, Lee HC: Spatial design of childcare facilities based on biophilic design patterns. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (10): 2851. Publisher Full Text 9. Ryan CO, Browning WD, Clancy JO: 14 Patterns Of Biophilic Design Improving Health & Well-Being In The Built Environment.2014 Sep [cited 2023 Mar 10]. Reference Source 10. Browning WD, Ryan CO: Nature Inside: A biophilic design guide. London, England: Taylor & Francis; 2020. 11. Zhong W, Schröder T, Bekkering J: Biophilic design in architecture and its contributions to health, well-being, and sustainability: A critical review. Front Archit Res. 2022; 11 (1): 114–141. Publisher Full Text 12. Interface: 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.[cited 2023 Apr 5]. Reference Source 13. Ryan CO, Browning WD, Clancy JO, et al. : Biophilic design patterns: Emerging Nature-based parameters for health and well-being in the built environment. ArchNet-IJAR: international journal of architectural research. 2014; 8 (2): 62. Publisher Full Text 14. Browning WD, Kallianpurkar N, Ryan CO, et al. : The Economics of Biophilia: why designing with nature in mind makes financial sense. Terrapin Bright Green, LLC; 2015 [cited 2023 Apr 20]. Reference Source 15. Cooper C, Browning W: HUMAN SPACES: The global impact of biophilic design in the workplace. Human Spaces. 2015 [cited 2023 Mar 30]. Reference Source 16. Heath O, Jackson V, Goode E: Creating positive spaces using biophilic design: an accessible practitioner’s guide. Global Wellness Institute; 2018 [cited 2023 Feb 23]. Reference Source 17. Alaqeel D: Biophilic design contributions to health and wellness in coworking settings. University of Oklahoma; 2019. [Master Thesis on the Internet]. Reference Source 18. Workplace: Energy Industry Company – In Harmony with Nature.2023 [cited 2024 Mar 10]. Reference Source 19. Workplace: LUX MED – Healing Nature (best office design award 2024).2024 [cited 2025 Jan 20]. Reference Source 20. D/DOCK: JetBrains terrace tower Amsterdam.2023 [cited 2025 May 15]. Reference Source 21. Love That Design: IncepTech Office. Budapest: 2021 [cited 2024 Jan 20]. Reference Source 22. Cohen A: How to make your office an experience multiplier. Gensler; 2022 [cited 2024 Apr 10]. Reference Source 23. Herman Miller: The Future of Work: Looking Forward.2021 [cited 2023 Jul 14]. Reference Source 24. World Green Building Council: Health, Wellbeing & Productivity in Offices: The next chapter for green building.2015 [cited 2023 Aug 29]. Reference Source 25. Neuro Inclusive Design: How to Create Neuroinclusive Workspaces?2023 [cited 2025 Jun 14]. Reference Source 26. Tétris-db: Sustainable, inclusive workplace for global real estate firm.2022 [cited 2023 Sep 1]. Reference Source 27. Frovi Design: JLL offices - Tétris.2023 [cited 2023 Oct 17]. Reference Source 28. Office Snapshots: JLL Offices – London.2022 [cited 2023 Sep 5]. Reference Source 29. Tétris-db: Vibrant, well-being-focused and highly sustainable workspaces.2022 [cited 2023 Aug 15]. Reference Source 30. Jones Lang Lasalle: Innovative thinking for AstraZeneca.2022 [cited 2023 Oct 15]. Reference Source 31. WOW Webmagazine: AstraZeneca: fluid harmony, greenery and cradle-to-cradle furnishings.2022 [cited 2023 Oct 26]. Reference Source 32. The Plan: AstraZeneca HQ MIND District Milano, an experiential environment that’s dynamic, flexible and cutting-edge.2022 [cited 2023 Aug 16]. Reference Source 33. Studio Teal: Cybral Office.2023 [cited 2024 Mar 1]. Reference Source 34. Studio Teal: Thndr office (after expanding).2023 [cited 2024 Feb 27]. Reference Source 35. Office Snapshots: Thndr Offices – Cairo.2023 [cited 2024 Feb 25]. Reference Source 36. Love That Design: Thndr Office Renovation – Cairo.[cited 2024 Feb 27]. Reference Source 37. Workplace: Ørsted Sustainable Office I Warsaw.[cited 2023 Dec 12]. Reference Source 38. Karam H: The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment. Zenodo. 2025. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 12 Sep 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design Department, Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport College of Engineering and Technology, Alexandria, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt Heba Karam Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Nermine Hany Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision Gihan Mosaad Roles: Conceptualization, Supervision Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 12 Sep 2025, 14:911 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166583.1 Copyright © 2025 Karam H et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Karam H, Hany N and Mosaad G. The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166583.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 12 Sep 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Loder A. Reviewer Report For: The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r417996 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-911/v1#referee-response-417996 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 19 Dec 2025 Angela Loder , International WELL Building Institute, New York, New York, USA Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r417996 The paper The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment uses Browning et al’s 15 Patterns of biophilic design as a basis upon which to evaluate the biophilic features of three office spaces. The ... Continue reading READ ALL The paper The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment uses Browning et al’s 15 Patterns of biophilic design as a basis upon which to evaluate the biophilic features of three office spaces. The case studies are well presented and interesting, and the authors have given a high-level overview of the biophilic patterns and associated benefits. In order to be indexed, however, the paper needs to be grounded more in the evidence and theory around biophilic design, provide more connections to actual design examples guiding their analysis, and provide more critical reflection on implications and limitations. Some more detailed comments below, in order: General lit review/intro: The introduction and literature review are rife with unsubstantiated generalizations and a sparse understanding of the literature. The first paragraph needs references- e.g. the evolutionary hypothesis, and clarity on what came before covid vs after (people didn’t only start liking nature after 2020), as does the second (any time a claim is made, it needs a reference). (e.g., employees going back to the office). The definition of biophilia is not quite accurate as written. The timeline leaves out Rachel Kaplan who, with Stephen Kaplan, wrote about the Attention Restoration Theory in the 1980’s and onwards, and which is the most-studied theory around the benefits of nature. At a minimum, the authors should outline how both the attention restoration theory and Ulrich’s Theory work, as they underpin almost all research on nature benefits. Ideally the authors would then link this to the biophilia hypothesis. This is important if the authors want to link biophilic design to human benefits. It is unclear on page 5 if this is Browning and Ryan who added Awe (they did), or the authors. This example of loose/unclear language is throughout the paper. The authors claim that LEED/WELL etc are recent but LEED is 20 years old, WELL is 11. Analysis/goals: The paper states that they aim to identify common features of biophilic design patterns as a start. However, they do not present actual examples or design strategies, even though these are present in the original paper. Furthermore, the authors do not justify why they are using Browning et al’s version of biophilic design vs other well documented/known versions, such as Stephen Kellert’s work. They miss McGee et al’s creation of a biophilic design toolkit 2018- I would strongly recommend reviewing it as it is clearer than the present paper. In addition, the authors repeat high-level outcomes of the benefits of biophilic design (though a lot of the literature is actually not based on biophilic design at all, but access to nature, which should be acknowledged), but do not provide references or even examples of what that design/feature may look like. This makes it hard to evaluate the case studies. The tables are mostly repeating what is already published and are less useful than the originals (barring the overlap column). What is the contribution here? If purely application, then this needs to be stated. Case studies: The reason for selection needs to be better justified, especially 2, and 3. Why these case studies? What limitations do they provide? Given the long timeline between design and completion, it is unlikely that the all the case studies were responding to covid. The methods of evaluation seem quite subjective. Usually in cases like this the lead author reviews their evaluation/choices with a few other researchers to avoid bias. There is no discussion of the amount or quality of biophilic design, or much critical evaluation/discussion. This means that offices with almost no natural features or daylight are evaluated the same as office spaces with more or better quality features. This matters and it impacts the potential benefits to those in the space. Having an evaluation matrix that includes a qualitative evaluation of the features would help here (or acknowledge the limitations). Examples include case studies 2 and 3 which the authors claim provide refuge, but this is not apparent from the photos. Lastly, the paper needs to acknowledge limitations and real design strategies to be more useful and evidenced-based, as well as acknowledging that many outcomes of biophilic design cited are ALSO influenced by social/organizational factors. In sum, the application of biophilic design has the potential to be useful and interesting, but this paper needs far more scientific rigour, analysis, and application before it is ready to be indexed, particularly since the authors have missed recent publications which do the same thing but with more rigour. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? No Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Biophilia, human-nature relationship and benefits, healthy buildings and design, healthy communities and design, healthy workplaces, metrics and evaluation. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Loder A. Reviewer Report For: The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r417996 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-911/v1#referee-response-417996 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Katoppo M. Reviewer Report For: The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r428266 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-911/v1#referee-response-428266 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 26 Nov 2025 Martin Katoppo , universitas pelita harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r428266 The article is engaging and provides a thorough analytical study. However, several aspects could be improved: 1. In the Introduction, the author mentions the "Savanna Principle" without providing a reference for it. 2. In the Literature ... Continue reading READ ALL The article is engaging and provides a thorough analytical study. However, several aspects could be improved: 1. In the Introduction, the author mentions the "Savanna Principle" without providing a reference for it. 2. In the Literature Review, the author introduces a 15th pattern but does not explain its origin or rationale. 3. The analysis in the Results and Discussion presents some issues, especially if it is described as a quantitative analysis. Based on the reviewer's observations, it seems to be a numerical and percentage-based analysis derived from the qualitative research conducted by the author. While it offers a comprehensive qualitative-based numerical and percentage analysis, it does not fit the conventional definition of quantitative analysis. It may be more accurate for the author to refer to this as a numerical and percentage-based qualitative analysis or as the quantification of qualitative data. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Design methodology and social innovation design I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Katoppo M. Reviewer Report For: The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r428266 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-911/v1#referee-response-428266 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Al-Dmour Y. Reviewer Report For: The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r428265 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-911/v1#referee-response-428265 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 26 Nov 2025 Youmna Al-Dmour , Mutah UniversityAlkarak, Kerak, Karak Governorate, Jordan; Architecture Engineering, Mutah University College of Engineering (Ringgold ID: 108616), Mu'tah, Karak Governorate, Jordan Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r428265 The manuscript presents a clear analysis and includes strong and well-executed architectural drawings. The authors successfully mapped the selected buildings according to the 15 Patterns of Biophilic Design, which provides a structured framework for evaluating each case. This is a ... Continue reading READ ALL The manuscript presents a clear analysis and includes strong and well-executed architectural drawings. The authors successfully mapped the selected buildings according to the 15 Patterns of Biophilic Design, which provides a structured framework for evaluating each case. This is a solid starting point and adds value to the comparative assessment. However, the current approach is not sufficient to fully support the research claims. The analysis remains largely descriptive, focusing mainly on the presence or absence of each pattern and reporting percentages. This limits the depth of the conclusions. The conclusion section in particular needs to move beyond numerical distribution and offer a more critical interpretation of why certain patterns dominate, how they function spatially, and what implications they have for human well-being. A key limitation is the absence of user experience (UX) considerations. Previous literature—some of which the authors cited—emphasizes that biophilic design cannot be evaluated solely through spatial or visual characteristics; users’ perceptions, comfort, behavioral responses, and emotional outcomes are essential to understanding the real impact of biophilic strategies. Incorporating post-occupancy insights, user feedback, or even a discussion supported by evidence-based design principles would significantly strengthen the argument. Additionally, the reference list is not sufficiently comprehensive. Essential works on biophilic design theory, environmental psychology, and post-occupancy evaluation are missing. Expanding the literature review would help situate the study within a broader scholarly context and clarify the contribution of the paper. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Biophilic architecture design researcher I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Al-Dmour Y. Reviewer Report For: The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r428265 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-911/v1#referee-response-428265 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 12 Sep 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 1 12 Sep 25 read read read Youmna Al-Dmour , Mutah UniversityAlkarak, Kerak, Jordan; Mutah University College of Engineering (Ringgold ID: 108616), Mu'tah, Jordan Martin Katoppo , universitas pelita harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia Angela Loder , International WELL Building Institute, New York, USA Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Loder A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 19 Dec 2025 | for Version 1 Angela Loder , International WELL Building Institute, New York, New York, USA 0 Views copyright © 2025 Loder A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The paper The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment uses Browning et al’s 15 Patterns of biophilic design as a basis upon which to evaluate the biophilic features of three office spaces. The case studies are well presented and interesting, and the authors have given a high-level overview of the biophilic patterns and associated benefits. In order to be indexed, however, the paper needs to be grounded more in the evidence and theory around biophilic design, provide more connections to actual design examples guiding their analysis, and provide more critical reflection on implications and limitations. Some more detailed comments below, in order: General lit review/intro: The introduction and literature review are rife with unsubstantiated generalizations and a sparse understanding of the literature. The first paragraph needs references- e.g. the evolutionary hypothesis, and clarity on what came before covid vs after (people didn’t only start liking nature after 2020), as does the second (any time a claim is made, it needs a reference). (e.g., employees going back to the office). The definition of biophilia is not quite accurate as written. The timeline leaves out Rachel Kaplan who, with Stephen Kaplan, wrote about the Attention Restoration Theory in the 1980’s and onwards, and which is the most-studied theory around the benefits of nature. At a minimum, the authors should outline how both the attention restoration theory and Ulrich’s Theory work, as they underpin almost all research on nature benefits. Ideally the authors would then link this to the biophilia hypothesis. This is important if the authors want to link biophilic design to human benefits. It is unclear on page 5 if this is Browning and Ryan who added Awe (they did), or the authors. This example of loose/unclear language is throughout the paper. The authors claim that LEED/WELL etc are recent but LEED is 20 years old, WELL is 11. Analysis/goals: The paper states that they aim to identify common features of biophilic design patterns as a start. However, they do not present actual examples or design strategies, even though these are present in the original paper. Furthermore, the authors do not justify why they are using Browning et al’s version of biophilic design vs other well documented/known versions, such as Stephen Kellert’s work. They miss McGee et al’s creation of a biophilic design toolkit 2018- I would strongly recommend reviewing it as it is clearer than the present paper. In addition, the authors repeat high-level outcomes of the benefits of biophilic design (though a lot of the literature is actually not based on biophilic design at all, but access to nature, which should be acknowledged), but do not provide references or even examples of what that design/feature may look like. This makes it hard to evaluate the case studies. The tables are mostly repeating what is already published and are less useful than the originals (barring the overlap column). What is the contribution here? If purely application, then this needs to be stated. Case studies: The reason for selection needs to be better justified, especially 2, and 3. Why these case studies? What limitations do they provide? Given the long timeline between design and completion, it is unlikely that the all the case studies were responding to covid. The methods of evaluation seem quite subjective. Usually in cases like this the lead author reviews their evaluation/choices with a few other researchers to avoid bias. There is no discussion of the amount or quality of biophilic design, or much critical evaluation/discussion. This means that offices with almost no natural features or daylight are evaluated the same as office spaces with more or better quality features. This matters and it impacts the potential benefits to those in the space. Having an evaluation matrix that includes a qualitative evaluation of the features would help here (or acknowledge the limitations). Examples include case studies 2 and 3 which the authors claim provide refuge, but this is not apparent from the photos. Lastly, the paper needs to acknowledge limitations and real design strategies to be more useful and evidenced-based, as well as acknowledging that many outcomes of biophilic design cited are ALSO influenced by social/organizational factors. In sum, the application of biophilic design has the potential to be useful and interesting, but this paper needs far more scientific rigour, analysis, and application before it is ready to be indexed, particularly since the authors have missed recent publications which do the same thing but with more rigour. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? No Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Biophilia, human-nature relationship and benefits, healthy buildings and design, healthy communities and design, healthy workplaces, metrics and evaluation. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Loder A. Peer Review Report For: The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r417996) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-911/v1#referee-response-417996 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Katoppo M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 26 Nov 2025 | for Version 1 Martin Katoppo , universitas pelita harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Katoppo M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The article is engaging and provides a thorough analytical study. However, several aspects could be improved: 1. In the Introduction, the author mentions the "Savanna Principle" without providing a reference for it. 2. In the Literature Review, the author introduces a 15th pattern but does not explain its origin or rationale. 3. The analysis in the Results and Discussion presents some issues, especially if it is described as a quantitative analysis. Based on the reviewer's observations, it seems to be a numerical and percentage-based analysis derived from the qualitative research conducted by the author. While it offers a comprehensive qualitative-based numerical and percentage analysis, it does not fit the conventional definition of quantitative analysis. It may be more accurate for the author to refer to this as a numerical and percentage-based qualitative analysis or as the quantification of qualitative data. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Design methodology and social innovation design I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Katoppo M. Peer Review Report For: The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r428266) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-911/v1#referee-response-428266 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Al-Dmour Y. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 26 Nov 2025 | for Version 1 Youmna Al-Dmour , Mutah UniversityAlkarak, Kerak, Karak Governorate, Jordan; Architecture Engineering, Mutah University College of Engineering (Ringgold ID: 108616), Mu'tah, Karak Governorate, Jordan 0 Views copyright © 2025 Al-Dmour Y. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The manuscript presents a clear analysis and includes strong and well-executed architectural drawings. The authors successfully mapped the selected buildings according to the 15 Patterns of Biophilic Design, which provides a structured framework for evaluating each case. This is a solid starting point and adds value to the comparative assessment. However, the current approach is not sufficient to fully support the research claims. The analysis remains largely descriptive, focusing mainly on the presence or absence of each pattern and reporting percentages. This limits the depth of the conclusions. The conclusion section in particular needs to move beyond numerical distribution and offer a more critical interpretation of why certain patterns dominate, how they function spatially, and what implications they have for human well-being. A key limitation is the absence of user experience (UX) considerations. Previous literature—some of which the authors cited—emphasizes that biophilic design cannot be evaluated solely through spatial or visual characteristics; users’ perceptions, comfort, behavioral responses, and emotional outcomes are essential to understanding the real impact of biophilic strategies. Incorporating post-occupancy insights, user feedback, or even a discussion supported by evidence-based design principles would significantly strengthen the argument. Additionally, the reference list is not sufficiently comprehensive. Essential works on biophilic design theory, environmental psychology, and post-occupancy evaluation are missing. Expanding the literature review would help situate the study within a broader scholarly context and clarify the contribution of the paper. Is the background of the case’s history and progression described in sufficient detail? Yes Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Is the case presented with sufficient detail to be useful for teaching or other practitioners? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Biophilic architecture design researcher I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Al-Dmour Y. Peer Review Report For: The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :911 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183594.r428265) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-911/v1#referee-response-428265 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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