Validation and Optimal Cut-Off Score of the World Health Organization Well- being Index (WHO-5) as a Screening Tool for Depression among Patients with Schizophrenia

Validation and Optimal Cut-Off Score of the World Health Organization Well- being Index (WHO-5) as a Screening Tool for Depression among Patients with Schizophrenia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Validation and Optimal Cut-Off Score of the World Health Organization Well- being Index (WHO-5) as a Screening Tool for Depression among Patients with Schizophrenia Feten Fekih-Romdhane, Fadila Al Mouzakzak, Ghinwa Abilmona, Oussama Dahdouh, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4008303/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The utility of the World Health Organization Wellbeing Index (WHO-5) as rapid screening tool for depression has not yet been researched in the context of schizophrenia. The goal of this study was twofold: (1) examine the validity and reliability of the WHO-5 in schizophrenia; (2) estimate the optimal cut-off point for the WHO-5 to screen depression in this population. Methods Chronic, remitted patients with schizophrenia took part in this study. The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia was included as index of validity. Results The results of CFA supported the originally proposed unidimensional structure of the measure, with good internal consistency reliability (α = .80), concurrent validity, and cross-sex measurement invariance. The WHO-5 showed a sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.70 in the detection of depression with a cut-off point of 9.5. The validity of the WHO-5 as a screening tool for depression was supported by the excellent discrimination AUC value of .838. Based on this WHO-5 cut-off value, 42.6% of the patients were screened as having a depression. Conclusion The study contributes to the field by showing that the WHO-5 is a concise and convenient self-report measure for quickly screening and monitoring depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. WHO-5 Schizophrenia Screening Depression Psychometric properties Arabic Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide [ 1 ]. It is now largely acknowledged that depression is considered to be a separate entity that is commonly encountered in schizophrenia, with an estimated pooled prevalence of 28.6% [ 2 ]. The occurrence of depression in patients with schizophrenia causes substantial family, social, and economic burdens. Depression in schizophrenia negatively affects quality of life [ 3 ], and leads to increased duration of the disease [ 2 ], more frequent psychotic episodes [ 4 ], substance misuse [ 5 ], increased suicide risk [ 6 ], as well as higher utilization of health services and criminal justice systems [ 7 ]. Despite its high prevalence and significant clinical and socioeconomic impacts, it remains under-detected and inadequately treated [ 8 ]. According to a recent meta-analysis [ 9 ], the severity of depressive symptoms remains persistent and shows no more than modest improvement in the course of illness regardless of the follow-up length for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. According to the British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines on the treatment of schizophrenia, the treatment of comorbid depressive symptoms is not receiving the warranted attention given how often they occur [ 10 ]. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines have pointed to the importance of routinely monitoring patients with schizophrenia for a possible coexisting depression [ 11 ]. This suggests that strategies for more effective monitoring, evaluation and management of depression in schizophrenia, especially in resource-limited settings, is needed. Measurement instruments of depression in patients with schizophrenia A systematic review of instruments available to evaluate depression occurring in the context of schizophrenia could identify five clinician-rated (i.e., the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale [ 12 ], the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [ 13 ], the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale—Depression subscale [ 14 ], the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale—Depression subscale [ 15 ], the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia [CDSS] [ 16 ]) and only one self-report (i.e., the Beck Depression Inventory [ 17 ]) measures reliable [ 18 ]. Although strong evidence indicates that the CDSS outperforms other depression tools in terms of validity and reliability in patients with schizophrenia [ 18 , 19 ], it may require a considerable amount of time and interviewers’ training to be completed. For this reason, and despite recommending the use the CDSS as the most reliable and valid for the assessment of depressive symptoms of patients with schizophrenia in both daily clinical practice and in research, Lako et al. [ 18 ] called in their meta-analysis for the development of a novel valid self-report measure that can be more expedient for use in clinical practice. A more adequate and efficient alternative that could be considered for repeated assessments in which time and resources are critical factors is the self-report Five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index (WHO-5) [ 20 ]. The psychometric potential of the WHO-5 in patients with schizophrenia The WHO-5 is a validated global rating measure initially designed to evaluate self-reported well-being in primary health care patients [ 20 ]. This shorter version was created from a longer 28-item original version [ 21 ] which was employed in a WHO multicentre study conducted in eight European countries [ 22 ]. The WHO-5 is composed of five positively phrased items (e.g., “I woke up feeling fresh and rested”) with the aim of measuring positive well-being, and scored on a five-point scale rated from 5 (all of the time) to 0 (none of the time). After its release, the WHO-5 has been translated into over 30 languages and became a widely used instrument in research projects around the globe, with considerable evidence supporting its good psychometric properties an utility [ 23 ]. The use of the WHO-5 has considerably increased in mental health settings, as it has been growingly considered a valuable patient-reported outcome assessment in a large array of medical settings and an important research measurement instrument in clinical studies [ 24 ]. However, the number of research conducted on psychometric properties of the WHO-5 in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders remains very limited, despite the measure having been previously applied in schizophrenia research (e.g., [ 25 , 26 ]). The few psychometric research conducted among this patient population showed that the WHO-5 has good validity, reliability and an invariant unidimensional structure across age, sex, and outpatient/inpatient status [ 27 , 28 ]. Beyond its usefulness in the measurement and monitoring of well-being, the WHO-5 was found to be one of the main measures which has extensively demonstrated sufficient validity to screen for and early detect depression in different clinical and non-clinical populations across several settings, cultures and countries. Indeed, the WHO-5 showed clinical utility in the screening for depressive symptoms in community adults [ 29 – 31 ], university students [ 32 ], healthcare workers during the COVID-19 [ 33 ], older adults residing in nursing homes [ 34 ], as well as in various clinical populations, including patients with diabetes [ 35 – 38 ], people diagnosed with Parkinson's disease [ 39 ], cardiac patients [ 40 ], acne vulgaris patients [ 41 ], child and adolescent patients from pediatric hospitals [ 42 ], and adolescents with major depressive disorder [ 43 ]. A systematic review of the literature by Topp et al. [ 23 ] encompassing 213 studies revealed that the WHO-5 is sensitive and specific screening instrument for depression, and has a very high applicability across research fields. Surprisingly however, the utility of the WHO-5 as rapid screening tool for depression has not yet been researched in the context of schizophrenia. There is evidence to show that cut-off scores for the WHO-5 when used as a screening tool for depression cannot be generalized to different populations and settings [ 23 ]. For this reason, there appears the need to validate and determine the best cut-off score of the WHO-5 that predicts schizophrenia patients at risk for depression. As a brief and simple-to-administer tool in busy clinical services, the WHO-5 can help clinicians prevent an additional burden of depression among patients with schizophrenia by early detecting it. Rationale of the present study Comorbid depression in schizophrenia is found to be more prevalent in middle-income compared to high-income countries [ 2 ]. This can be explained by the fact that risk factors for comorbid depression in schizophrenia, such as trauma, social adversity, and medical conditions [ 44 , 45 ], occur highly frequently in Low-Middle-Income Countries (such as the Arab Middle East and North Africa region [ 46 – 48 ]). At the same time, prevention and research efforts regarding depression in schizophrenia are still poorly developed or inappropriate in this part of the world [ 49 , 50 ]. This considerable early detection and intervention gap may be mainly attributed to a very limited number of mental health professionals and a budget allowed for mental health that is “far below the range to promote mental health services” [ 51 ]. Providing evidence for the validity (sensitivity and specificity) and cultural appropriateness of an Arabic-language, user-friendly tool such as the WHO-5 in predicting depression in Arab patients with schizophrenia could aid in the planning and implementation of assessments, prevention and interventions throughout the disease course. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the WHO-5 in a sample of Arabic-speaking patients with schizophrenia from Lebanon, with particular emphasis on the following key objectives: (1) examine the factor structure, reliability, validity, and sex invariance of the Arabic version of the WHO-5 in schizophrenia; (2) estimate the optimal cut-off point for the WHO-5 to screen depression in this population. To achieve the second objective, the clinician-rated schizophrenia-specific outcome measure “Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia” (CDSS, [ 16 ]) is included as index of validity. Methods Sample and procedure This cross-sectional study has been conducted during August and October 2023. The target sample was set as inpatients of the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib (suburbs of the capital Beirut), Lebanon, with the following inclusion criteria: (1) age of 18 years and over, (2) with a schizophrenia or a schizoaffective disorder diagnosis following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria [ 35 ]; (3) at chronic stage of the disease, defined as with more than 1 year of illness duration [ 52 ]; and institutionalized in the above-mentioned long-stay hospital for more than one year (The detailed description of the study population can be found elsewhere [ 47 , 53 ]); (4) experiencing either partial or total recovery, this choice has been made as personal recovery represents a longitudinal process occurring in stages [ 54 , 55 ]; and (5) able to give their free and informed consent to participate after study objectives and general instructions were thoroughly explained to them (in case of inability to consent a family member did). The Ethics and Research Committee of the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross approved this study protocol. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Minimal sample size calculation A sample between 15 and 100 participants was needed for the confirmatory factor analysis based on a previous study that suggested a minimum sample ranging from 3 to 20 times the number of the scale’s variables [ 56 ]. Measures Demographic and clinical characteristics Data were gathered during a face-to-face interview of around 30–45 minutes with all participants. The questionnaire consisted of a first section containing demographic and clinical information, including age, sex, education level, marital status, duration of illness, and duration of hospitalization. In addition, four measures were either self- or interviewer-administered to all participants, including the Arabic validated version of the WHO [ 57 ]. The other three measures are the following: The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) This is a clinician-administered measure containing a total of 9 items with descriptive anchor points [ 58 ]. It specifically assesses depression among patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses. Its validity is well-known in strongly correlating with other measurement instruments of depression [ 59 ]. The CDSS has also proven to accurately distinguish between depressive symptoms and extrapyramidal side effects and negative symptoms. The Arabic validated version of the CDSS was used [ 60 ] (ω = .82 / α = .81). The 10-item Staden Schizophrenia Anxiety Rating Scale (S-SARS) This is a clinician-rated measure composed of ten items, five items measure general anxiety and five other items measure specific anxiety [ 61 ]. Each item has six narrative anchor points scored on a scale from 0 to 5, and indicating anxiety severity over the past week and is accompanied by guided questions for use during the interview as to inform the ratings. The Arabic validated version of the S-SARS was used [ 62 ] (ω = .90 / α = .89). The Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) This measure evaluates social functioning [ 63 ]. A number between 0 and 100 is assigned to each patient, summarizing the rater' s view of the current degree of impairment in terms of educational, occupational, and/or psychosocial function. Data Analysis We performed a CFA on the total sample using the original structure of the scale. The method of estimation used was Maximum Likelihood. To check if the model was adequate, several fit indices were calculated: the normed model chi-square (χ²/df), the Steiger-Lind root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) and the comparative fit index (CFI). Values ≤ 5 for χ²/df, and ≤ .08 for RMSEA, and .95 for CFI and TLI indicate good fit of the model to the data [ 64 ]. Multivariate normality was not verified (Bollen-Stine bootstrap p = .002), therefore Bootstrap analysis was conducted. Sex invariance . To examine sex invariance of the WHO-5 scores, we conducted multi-group CFA [ 65 ] using the total sample. Measurement invariance was assessed at the configural, metric, and scalar levels [ 66 ]. We accepted ΔCFI ≤ .010 and ΔRMSEA ≤ .015 or ΔSRMR ≤ .010 as evidence of invariance [ 67 ]. Further analysis. We used Cronbach’s α coefficient and McDonald’s ω and Cronbach’s α coefficients to examine reliability, with values greater than .70 reflecting adequate composite reliability. Missing values were replaced by the mean of the item. The WHO-5 scores were considered normally distributed according to their skewness and kurtosis values varying between ± 1 [ 68 ]. Consequently, the Student t test was used to compare two means. Pearson test was used to correlate those scores with other scores. Screening accuracy for depression. To assess the discriminatory validity of the Arabic version of the WHO-5 as a screening tool for depression, we conducted a Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, taking the WHO-5 reversed score against the dichotomized CDSS score 6 [ 58 ]. Results One hundred seventeen patients filled the survey, with a mean age of 57.86 ± 10.88 years and 63.3% males. Other characteristics of the sample can be found in Table 1 . Table 1 Sociodemographic and other characteristics of the patients. Gender Males 112 (63.3%) Females 65 (36.7%) Education level Primary 51 (30.4%) Complementary 51 (30.4%) Secondary 47 (28.0%) University 19 (11.3%) Marital status Single 156 (88.1%) Married 5 (2.8%) Divorced 13 (7.3%) Widowed 2 (1.1%) Age (years) 57.86 ± 10.88 Duration of illness (years) 35.22 ± 37.34 Duration of hospitalization (years) 13.25 ± 10.92 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of the WHO-5 scale The unidimensional model was tested via a CFA in the total sample; results indicated that the fit of the scale was excellent: χ 2 /df = 40.49/5 = 8.10, RMSEA = .220 (90% CI .160, .285), SRMR = 0.082, CFI = .856, TLI = .712 (Fig. 1 ). We noticed a high modification index between items 3 and 4; when adding a correlation between those residuals, fit indices became excellent as follows: χ 2 /df = 2.75/4 = .69, RMSEA = .001 (90% CI < .001, .105), SRMR = 0.020, CFI = 1.000, TLI = 1.013. The reliability was excellent as shown via the alpha (= .80) and the omega (= .80) coefficients. Sex Invariance of the WHO-5 scale We were able to show partial invariance across gender at the configural, metric, and scalar levels (Table 2 ). No statistically significant difference between males and females was found in terms of WHO-5 scores (M = 16.78, SD = 7.28 vs M = 15.24, SD = 6.85, t (146) = 1.24, p = .218). Table 2 Measurement Invariance of the Five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index (WHO-5) across sex in the total sample. Model CFI RMSEA SRMR Model Comparison ΔCFI ΔRMSEA ΔSRMR Males 1.000 < .001 .016 Females .903 .245 .097 Configural .967 .089 .016 Metric .905 .123 .062 Configural vs metric .062 .034 .046 Scalar .864 .127 .073 Metric vs scalar .041 .004 .011 Note. CFI = Comparative fit index; RMSEA = Steiger-Lind root mean square error of approximation; SRMR = Standardised root mean square residual. Concurrent validity Higher anxiety ( r = − .50; p < .001) and depression ( r = − .66; p < .001) were significantly associated with lower WHO-5 scores, whereas higher levels of functioning ( r = .55; p < .001) were significantly associated with greater WHO-5 scores. ROC Analysis of the WHO-5 Tested against the CDSS The ROC curve illustrating depression prediction using the WHO-5 scale is depicted in Fig. 2 . It exhibited a substantial area under the curve of .838 [95% CI .773; .903]. Notably, one significant cut-off point was discerned at 9.5, which yielded a sensitivity of 81.1% and a specificity of 70.3%. Using a WHO-5 cut-off score of 9.5, 42.6% of the patients were screened as having a depression. DISCUSSION The WHO-5 is one of the main measures which has extensively demonstrated sufficient validity to screen for and early detect depression in different clinical and non-clinical populations across several settings, cultures and countries around the globe. Our study offers two new insights. First, it examines psychometric properties of the WHO-5 for the first time in schizophrenia patients from a non-Western developing country and an Arab culture. Second, this is the first research to investigate the potential of the WHO-5 as a screening tool for depression in this clinical population. Our findings demonstrated that the WHO-5 measure in its Arabic version meets the required validity and reliability criteria. In addition, the WHO-5 showed a sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.70 in the detection of depression with a cut-off point of 9.5. The validity of the WHO-5 as a screening tool for depression was supported by the excellent discrimination AUC value of .838. Psychometric properties of the WHO-5 in patients with schizophrenia First, the goodness of fit for the one-factor model of the Arabic WHO-5 was examined using CFA. The results of these analyses were in agreement with those obtained by a recently published validation study among Danish patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders [ 27 ], supporting the originally proposed unidimensional structure of the measure and good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha was .80 in our Arabic-speaking Lebanese sample versus 0.826 in the Danish sample). Second, and consistent with the same study, measurement invariance of the WHO-5 was established between male and female patients, implying that no differential item functioning exists for sex [ 27 ]. Third, the concurrent validity findings revealed that WHO-5 scores were positively correlated with levels of functioning, and inversely correlated with anxiety and depression symptoms’ severity, thereby confirming the findings of earlier research studies [ 69 – 71 ]. Altogether, our psychometric findings were in line with the limited existing literature. A study performed among a sample of Spanish outpatients drawn from specialised community mental health centres (among them, 11.5% were diagnosed with schizophrenia) found that the WHO-5 was feasible to administer, yielded a good fit in a one-factor solution, and showed an excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.923) [ 72 ]. Another study involving 84 Chinese individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders found that the Hong Kong Cantonese Version of the WHO-5 exhibited a single-factor structure and satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.86) [ 28 ]. Acceptable psychometric parameters of the Farsi WHO-5 were also found among Iranian psychiatric outpatients, with a one-factor structure identified, a Cronbach’s α value of 0.91 and negative correlations with depression measures [ 73 ]. Performance of the WHO-5 as a screening test for depression in patients with schizophrenia A score of 6 on the CDSS, which is adopted as a valid cut-off indicating levels of depression at which treatment is needed (major depression) [ 58 ], corresponded to a WHO-5 score of 9.5. The area under the curve (AUC) values were greater than .80, indicating that the WHO-5 is successful as a screening tool to discriminate between patients who are at high risk and low risk for depression [ 74 ]. At this cut-off point, the sensitivity and specificity values were 0.81 and 0.70, respectively. Achieving sufficiently high sensitivity for a screening tool such as the WHO-5, so as to be able to correctly identify as many depressed patients as possible as screening positive, is a crucial target and a main challenge of depression detection. However, reaching high specificity, which refers to identifying as few “false positives” as possible (i.e., non-depressed patients who screen positive on the WHO-5) has less importance. This is because the rates of false positives can easily be controlled by a two-step approach screening, with an initial step consisting of an administration of the self-report WHO-5, followed by a structured diagnostic interview administered by trained clinicians. Using a WHO-5 cut-off score of 9.5, 42.6% of the patients were screened as having a depression. This finding is consistent with that of a meta-analysis of 53 observational studies which highlighted high prevalence estimates of comorbid depression in schizophrenia ranging from 4.6–65.1%, with rates being greater in Middle-income than High-income countries (30.2% versus 27.1%, respectively) [ 2 ]. Depression is present in all phases of schizophrenia [ 75 ], and may have heavy detrimental effects on the course and prognosis of the disease (including more severe psychotic symptoms, longer disease duration [ 2 ], and high suicidality risk [ 6 ]). However, depression can also be effectively prevented and managed when timely detected [ 76 ]. This underscores the high relevance of using the WHO-5 as a brief, reliable, and valid scale, which is suitable for use in routine clinical practice for rapid screening of depression in people with schizophrenia. Study limitations One important strength of this study is that a trained interviewer conducted structured interviews using the CDSS, which is considered a gold standard [ 77 ], to determine each patient’s depression level after administration of the self-report WHO-5. The study has also limitations that need to be recognized. Patients were gathered from a single centre and country by the convenience sampling method; therefore, our findings lack generalisability. To address this limitations, further research should be performed in patients recruited by random sampling. In addition, only chronic inpatients residing a long-stay mental hospital were involved, and cannot be representative of the overall schizophrenia population. Future studies need to include outpatients, and those in the early stages of the disease. Finally, as follow-up data was not collected in this study, the test-retest reliability was not assessed. Current perspectives and future implications The present findings provided additional evidence of good psychometric qualities of the WHO-5 in patients with schizophrenia, including good structural validity (unidimensionality), adequate internal consistency, and appropriate concurrent validity. Analyses also demonstrated that measurement equivalence across sexes was achieved, indicating that the WHO-5 measures the same underlying construct in male and female patients with schizophrenia, and that inferences of sex differences in WHO-5 scores are accurate. Overall, findings support the suitability and usefulness of the Arabic version of the WHO-5 in patients with schizophrenia for both clinical and research practices. In addition, the performance of the Arabic-language WHO-5 as a screening tool for depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia was tested and supported. In particular, analyses showed that a cut-off score of 9.5 on the WHO-5 can be considered to identify schizophrenia patients with depression. It is therefore highly recommended to apply this cut-off point for screening and follow-up assessments. The current findings will hopefully encourage clinicians and researchers working in Arab settings, who are often confronted with significant time and resource constraints, to start using the WHO-5 to aid their efforts in mitigating depression in this vulnerable population and fostering research in this under-researched area. CONCLUSION The study contributes to the field by offering a brief self-report scale for depression screening and monitoring, the Arabic WHO-5, which is easily accessible, quick-to-administer, simple to understand and practical for use in routine clinical and research practices. This is expected to raise awareness about the necessity to consider depression as a key predictor of outcome and an important therapeutic target in patients with schizophrenia in Arab settings. Henceforth, clinicians and researchers working and dealing with Arabic-speaking schizophrenia patients in different clinical settings worldwide could feel more secure making informed decisions based on this tool. Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: The Ethics and Research Committee of the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross approved this study protocol. A written informed consent was obtained from all patients. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Availability of data and materials: All data generated or analyzed during this study are not publicly available. The dataset supporting the conclusions is available upon request to the corresponding author. Competing interests: None to declare. Funding: None. Author contributions: FFR and SH involved in the study design. FFR wrote the manuscript; FAM and GA were responsible for the data collection. 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Awata S, Bech P, Yoshida S, Hirai M, Suzuki S, Yamashita M, Ohara A, Hinokio Y, Matsuoka H, Oka Y: Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the world health organization‐five well‐being index in the context of detecting depression in diabetic patients . Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007, 61 (1):112-119. Rauwerda N, Tovote K, Peeters A, Sanderman R, Emmelkamp P, Schroevers M, Fleer J: WHO‐5 and BDI‐II are acceptable screening instruments for depression in people with diabetes . Diabetic medicine 2018, 35 (12):1678-1685. Cichoń E, Kiejna A, Kokoszka A, Gondek T, Rajba B, Lloyd CE, Sartorius N: Validation of the Polish version of WHO-5 as a screening instrument for depression in adults with diabetes . diabetes research and clinical practice 2020, 159 :107970. Schneider CB, Pilhatsch M, Rifati M, Jost WH, Wodarz F, Ebersbach G, Djundja D, Fuchs G, Gies A, Odin P: Utility of the WHO‐five well‐being index as a screening tool for depression in Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord 2010, 25 (6):777-783. Johnsen NF, Jensen SN, Christensen KB, Pedersen SS, Helmark C, Zwisler A-D, Gislason GH: Screening for anxiety and depression in clinical practice: translating scores from World Health Organization-5/Anxiety Symptom Scale-2/Major Depression Inventory-2 to Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale . European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2023, 30 (15):1689-1701. Henkel V, Mœhrenschlager M, Hegerl U, Mœller HJ, Ring J, Worret WI: Screening for depression in adult acne vulgaris patients: tools for the dermatologist . J Cosmet Dermatol 2002, 1 (4):202-207. Allgaier A-K, Pietsch K, Frühe B, Prast E, Sigl-Glöckner J, Schulte-Körne G: Depression in pediatric care: is the WHO-Five Well-Being Index a valid screening instrument for children and adolescents? Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012, 34 (3):234-241. Blom EH, Bech P, Högberg G, Larsson JO, Serlachius E: Screening for depressed mood in an adolescent psychiatric context by brief self-assessment scales – testing psychometric validity of WHO-5 and BDI-6 indices by latent trait analyses . Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2012, 10 (1):149. Upthegrove R, Marwaha S, Birchwood M: Depression and Schizophrenia: Cause, Consequence, or Trans-diagnostic Issue? Schizophr Bull 2017, 43 (2):240-244. Golubović B, Gajić Z, Ivetić O, Milatović J, Vuleković P, Đilvesi Đ, Golubović S, Vrban F, Subašić A, Rasulić L: FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA . Acta Clin Croat 2020, 59 (4):605-614. Fekih-Romdhane F, Cheour M, Hallit S: Aggressive and violent behaviors in people with severe mental illness in Arab countries . In: Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence. edn.: Springer; 2022: 1-16. Rahme C, El Kadri N, Haddad C, Fekih-Romdhane F, Obeid S, Hallit S: Exploring the association between lifetime traumatic experiences and positive psychotic symptoms in a group of long-stay patients with schizophrenia: the mediating effect of depression, anxiety, and distress . BMC Psychiatry 2023, 23 (1):29. Ibrahim NK: Epidemiology of Mental Health Problems in the Middle East . In: Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World. edn. Edited by Laher I. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021: 133-149. Nasser SC, Salamoun MM: Treatment of mental disorders and pathways to care in Arab countries . Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2011, 15 (1):12-18. Fekih-Romdhane F, Abassi B, Ghrissi F, Loch AA, Cherif W, Damak R, Ellini S, Hallit S, Cheour M: Suicide risk among individuals at Ultra-High Risk (UHR) of psychosis in a developing North African country: a 12-month naturalistic prospective cohort study from the TRIP project . Psychiatry Res 2023, 327 :115409. 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Mundfrom DJ, Shaw DG, Ke TL: Minimum sample size recommendations for conducting factor analyses . International journal of testing 2005, 5 (2):159-168. Fekih-Romdhane F, Cherif W, Alhuwailah A, Fawaz M, Shuwiekh HAM, Helmy M, Hassan IHM, Naser AY, Zarrouq B, Chebly M: Cross-Country Validation of the Arabic version of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index in non-clinical young adults from six Arab countries . 2023. Addington D, Addington J, Schissel B: Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) . American Psychiatric Association Task Force for the Handbook of Psychiatric Measures American Psychiatric Association Washington DC (2000) 2000:504-507. Addington D, Addington J, Maticka-Tyndale E: Assessing depression in schizophrenia: the Calgary Depression Scale . The British journal of psychiatry 1993, 163 (S22):39-44. Hani Y, Ghuloum S, Mahfoud Z, Opler M, Khan A, Yehya A, Abdulhakam A, Hammoudeh S, Al-Mujalli A, Elsherbiny R: Validation of the Arabic version of Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia . PLoS One 2016, 11 (9):e0162304. Van Staden W, Dlagnekova A, Naidu K: Validity and reliability of the Staden schizophrenia anxiety rating scale . Diagnostics 2022, 12 (4):831. Fekih-Romdhane F: Arabic translation and validation of the Clinician Administered Staden Schizophrenia Anxiety Rating Scale (S-SARS) 2024. Jones SH, Thornicroft G, Coffey M, Dunn G: A brief mental health outcome scale: Reliability and validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) . The British Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 166 (5):654-659. Hu Lt, Bentler PM: Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives . Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal 1999, 6 (1):1-55. Chen FF: Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance . Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal 2007, 14 (3):464-504. Vadenberg R, Lance C: A review and synthesis of the measurement in variance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research . Organ Res Methods 2000, 3 :4-70. Swami V, Todd J, Azzi V, Malaeb D, El Dine AS, Obeid S, Hallit S: Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) in Lebanese adults . Body Image 2022, 42 :361-369. Hair Jr JF, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM, Gudergan SP: Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling : saGe publications; 2017. Strauss GP, Sandt AR, Catalano LT, Allen DN: Negative symptoms and depression predict lower psychological well-being in individuals with schizophrenia . Compr Psychiatry 2012, 53 (8):1137-1144. Hochstrasser L, Borgwardt S, Lambert M, Schimmelmann BG, Lang UE, Stieglitz R-D, Huber CG: The association of psychopathology with concurrent level of functioning and subjective well-being in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders . Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018, 268 (5):455-459. Vaingankar JA, Abdin E, Chong SA, Sambasivam R, Seow E, Jeyagurunathan A, Picco L, Stewart-Brown S, Subramaniam M: Psychometric properties of the short Warwick Edinburgh mental well-being scale (SWEMWBS) in service users with schizophrenia, depression and anxiety spectrum disorders . Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2017, 15 (1):153. Lara-Cabrera ML, Mundal IP, De Las Cuevas C: Patient-reported well-being: psychometric properties of the world health organization well-being index in specialised community mental health settings . Psychiatry Res 2020, 291 :113268. Dadfar M, Momeni Safarabad N, Asgharnejad Farid AA, Nemati Shirzy M, Ghazie pour Abarghouie F: Reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) in Iranian psychiatric outpatients . Trends 2018, 40 :79-84. de Hond AA, Steyerberg EW, van Calster B: Interpreting area under the receiver operating characteristic curve . The Lancet Digital Health 2022, 4 (12):e853-e855. Naguy A: Depression in schizophrenia–A good or bad omen? Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry 2018, 10 (2):e12312. Gregory A, Mallikarjun P, Upthegrove R: Treatment of depression in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis . Br J Psychiatry 2017, 211 (4):198-204. Kontaxakis V, Havaki-Kontaxaki B, Stamouli S, Margariti M, Collias C, Christodoulou G: Comparison of four scales measuring depression in schizophrenic inpatients . Eur Psychiatry 2000, 15 (4):274-277. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4008303","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":277993382,"identity":"26f849ae-1fea-4f0c-bbb2-9c2937b6517a","order_by":0,"name":"Feten Fekih-Romdhane","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gYwJccgwczD+ADI4uEjpIXnADOIMgZpYTYACbARrwWoWALEJKyFvf/g4wIGAznJdt5jlV9z7GTYGJgfPrqBTwvPYWbjGQwGxtLMfGm3ZbclAx3GZmycg0eLvUQymzQPw5/Eecw8ZrcltzEDtfCwSePTwiP/mP03D4NBPUhLseS2eiK0SDCzMQO1JEgDtTB+3HaYCC08ycbSPAYGhjObeYylGbcd52FjJuAXHvaDDz/zVBjIS5w/Y/jx57Zqe3725oeP8WmBAAMIBXQhiCSoHAkw/iBF9SgYBaNgFIwYAADIazVH6EU/kAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Tunis El Manar University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Feten","middleName":"","lastName":"Fekih-Romdhane","suffix":""},{"id":277993383,"identity":"c80b2a5d-8568-4c36-8389-e3f39ebc95c1","order_by":1,"name":"Fadila Al Mouzakzak","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lebanese University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fadila","middleName":"Al","lastName":"Mouzakzak","suffix":""},{"id":277993384,"identity":"8455eb8e-45d4-49a2-9b7b-4089a9eeb1a6","order_by":2,"name":"Ghinwa Abilmona","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lebanese University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ghinwa","middleName":"","lastName":"Abilmona","suffix":""},{"id":277993385,"identity":"35dce36d-9219-4b7f-b813-e4cf78ac0375","order_by":3,"name":"Oussama Dahdouh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lebanese University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oussama","middleName":"","lastName":"Dahdouh","suffix":""},{"id":277993386,"identity":"6505ef0e-ed67-48fb-b4da-0727265fa5c7","order_by":4,"name":"Souheil Hallit","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Souheil","middleName":"","lastName":"Hallit","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-03 10:46:39","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4008303/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4008303/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52454601,"identity":"0f24620b-1907-4fe1-a2c9-dee396fc1baf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:41:12","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44934,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStandardised Estimates of Factor Loadings from the Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index (WHO-5).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4008303/v1/be7cf2e05bedf6135dd05d17.png"},{"id":52454602,"identity":"53e57a7d-cbed-4b24-90a0-8c7ef7ea3ea6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:41:12","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":195403,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eROC curve for the prediction of WHO-5 scores against CDSS.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4008303/v1/9cbb8253879a2e0e81243baa.png"},{"id":52455168,"identity":"b92f5378-89b1-47d8-be90-755d0096143d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 19:49:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2261456,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4008303/v1/b912a4b2-9a41-45b8-a98e-69faea5ab9d3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Validation and Optimal Cut-Off Score of the World Health Organization Well- being Index (WHO-5) as a Screening Tool for Depression among Patients with Schizophrenia","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSchizophrenia is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. It is now largely acknowledged that depression is considered to be a separate entity that is commonly encountered in schizophrenia, with an estimated pooled prevalence of 28.6% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The occurrence of depression in patients with schizophrenia causes substantial family, social, and economic burdens. Depression in schizophrenia negatively affects quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], and leads to increased duration of the disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], more frequent psychotic episodes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], substance misuse [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], increased suicide risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], as well as higher utilization of health services and criminal justice systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite its high prevalence and significant clinical and socioeconomic impacts, it remains under-detected and inadequately treated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. According to a recent meta-analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], the severity of depressive symptoms remains persistent and shows no more than modest improvement in the course of illness regardless of the follow-up length for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. According to the British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines on the treatment of schizophrenia, the treatment of comorbid depressive symptoms is not receiving the warranted attention given how often they occur [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines have pointed to the importance of routinely monitoring patients with schizophrenia for a possible coexisting depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. This suggests that strategies for more effective monitoring, evaluation and management of depression in schizophrenia, especially in resource-limited settings, is needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eMeasurement instruments of depression in patients with schizophrenia\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA systematic review of instruments available to evaluate depression occurring in the context of schizophrenia could identify five clinician-rated (i.e., the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale—Depression subscale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale—Depression subscale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia [CDSS] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]) and only one self-report (i.e., the Beck Depression Inventory [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]) measures reliable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Although strong evidence indicates that the CDSS outperforms other depression tools in terms of validity and reliability in patients with schizophrenia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], it may require a considerable amount of time and interviewers’ training to be completed. For this reason, and despite recommending the use the CDSS as the most reliable and valid for the assessment of depressive symptoms of patients with schizophrenia in both daily clinical practice and in research, Lako et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] called in their meta-analysis for the development of a novel valid self-report measure that can be more expedient for use in clinical practice. A more adequate and efficient alternative that could be considered for repeated assessments in which time and resources are critical factors is the self-report Five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index (WHO-5) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eThe psychometric potential of the WHO-5 in patients with schizophrenia\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe WHO-5 is a validated global rating measure initially designed to evaluate self-reported well-being in primary health care patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. This shorter version was created from a longer 28-item original version [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] which was employed in a WHO multicentre study conducted in eight European countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The WHO-5 is composed of five positively phrased items (e.g., “I woke up feeling fresh and rested”) with the aim of measuring positive well-being, and scored on a five-point scale rated from 5 (all of the time) to 0 (none of the time). After its release, the WHO-5 has been translated into over 30 languages and became a widely used instrument in research projects around the globe, with considerable evidence supporting its good psychometric properties an utility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of the WHO-5 has considerably increased in mental health settings, as it has been growingly considered a valuable patient-reported outcome assessment in a large array of medical settings and an important research measurement instrument in clinical studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the number of research conducted on psychometric properties of the WHO-5 in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders remains very limited, despite the measure having been previously applied in schizophrenia research (e.g., [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]). The few psychometric research conducted among this patient population showed that the WHO-5 has good validity, reliability and an invariant unidimensional structure across age, sex, and outpatient/inpatient status [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond its usefulness in the measurement and monitoring of well-being, the WHO-5 was found to be one of the main measures which has extensively demonstrated sufficient validity to screen for and early detect depression in different clinical and non-clinical populations across several settings, cultures and countries. Indeed, the WHO-5 showed clinical utility in the screening for depressive symptoms in community adults [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR30\" citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], university students [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], healthcare workers during the COVID-19 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], older adults residing in nursing homes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], as well as in various clinical populations, including patients with diabetes [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR36 CR37\" citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], people diagnosed with Parkinson's disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], cardiac patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e], acne vulgaris patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], child and adolescent patients from pediatric hospitals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e], and adolescents with major depressive disorder [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. A systematic review of the literature by Topp et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] encompassing 213 studies revealed that the WHO-5 is sensitive and specific screening instrument for depression, and has a very high applicability across research fields. Surprisingly however, the utility of the WHO-5 as rapid screening tool for depression has not yet been researched in the context of schizophrenia. There is evidence to show that cut-off scores for the WHO-5 when used as a screening tool for depression cannot be generalized to different populations and settings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. For this reason, there appears the need to validate and determine the best cut-off score of the WHO-5 that predicts schizophrenia patients at risk for depression. As a brief and simple-to-administer tool in busy clinical services, the WHO-5 can help clinicians prevent an additional burden of depression among patients with schizophrenia by early detecting it.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eRationale of the present study\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComorbid depression in schizophrenia is found to be more prevalent in middle-income compared to high-income countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. This can be explained by the fact that risk factors for comorbid depression in schizophrenia, such as trauma, social adversity, and medical conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e], occur highly frequently in Low-Middle-Income Countries (such as the Arab Middle East and North Africa region [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR47\" citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]). At the same time, prevention and research efforts regarding depression in schizophrenia are still poorly developed or inappropriate in this part of the world [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. This considerable early detection and intervention gap may be mainly attributed to a very limited number of mental health professionals and a budget allowed for mental health that is “far below the range to promote mental health services” [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. Providing evidence for the validity (sensitivity and specificity) and cultural appropriateness of an Arabic-language, user-friendly tool such as the WHO-5 in predicting depression in Arab patients with schizophrenia could aid in the planning and implementation of assessments, prevention and interventions throughout the disease course. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the WHO-5 in a sample of Arabic-speaking patients with schizophrenia from Lebanon, with particular emphasis on the following key objectives: (1) examine the factor structure, reliability, validity, and sex invariance of the Arabic version of the WHO-5 in schizophrenia; (2) estimate the optimal cut-off point for the WHO-5 to screen depression in this population. To achieve the second objective, the clinician-rated schizophrenia-specific outcome measure “Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia” (CDSS, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]) is included as index of validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSample and procedure\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study has been conducted during August and October 2023. The target sample was set as inpatients of the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib (suburbs of the capital Beirut), Lebanon, with the following inclusion criteria: (1) age of 18 years and over, (2) with a schizophrenia or a schizoaffective disorder diagnosis following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]; (3) at chronic stage of the disease, defined as with more than 1 year of illness duration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]; and institutionalized in the above-mentioned long-stay hospital for more than one year (The detailed description of the study population can be found elsewhere [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]); (4) experiencing either partial or total recovery, this choice has been made as personal recovery represents a longitudinal process occurring in stages [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]; and (5) able to give their free and informed consent to participate after study objectives and general instructions were thoroughly explained to them (in case of inability to consent a family member did). The Ethics and Research Committee of the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross approved this study protocol. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMinimal sample size calculation\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA sample between 15 and 100 participants was needed for the confirmatory factor analysis based on a previous study that suggested a minimum sample ranging from 3 to 20 times the number of the scale’s variables [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMeasures\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDemographic and clinical characteristics\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Data were gathered during a face-to-face interview of around 30–45 minutes with all participants. The questionnaire consisted of a first section containing demographic and clinical information, including age, sex, education level, marital status, duration of illness, and duration of hospitalization. In addition, four measures were either self- or interviewer-administered to all participants, including the Arabic validated version of the WHO [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e]. The other three measures are the following:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eThe Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is a clinician-administered measure containing a total of 9 items with descriptive anchor points [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]. It specifically assesses depression among patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses. Its validity is well-known in strongly correlating with other measurement instruments of depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]. The CDSS has also proven to accurately distinguish between depressive symptoms and extrapyramidal side effects and negative symptoms. The Arabic validated version of the CDSS was used [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e] (ω = .82 / α = .81).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eThe 10-item Staden Schizophrenia Anxiety Rating Scale (S-SARS)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is a clinician-rated measure composed of ten items, five items measure general anxiety and five other items measure specific anxiety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. Each item has six narrative anchor points scored on a scale from 0 to 5, and indicating anxiety severity over the past week and is accompanied by guided questions for use during the interview as to inform the ratings. The Arabic validated version of the S-SARS was used [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e] (ω = .90 / α = .89).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eThe Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis measure evaluates social functioning [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e]. A number between 0 and 100 is assigned to each patient, summarizing the rater' s view of the current degree of impairment in terms of educational, occupational, and/or psychosocial function.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe performed a CFA on the total sample using the original structure of the scale. The method of estimation used was Maximum Likelihood. To check if the model was adequate, several fit indices were calculated: the normed model chi-square (χ²/df), the Steiger-Lind root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) and the comparative fit index (CFI). Values ≤ 5 for χ²/df, and ≤ .08 for RMSEA, and .95 for CFI and TLI indicate good fit of the model to the data [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e]. Multivariate normality was not verified (Bollen-Stine bootstrap p = .002), therefore Bootstrap analysis was conducted.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSex invariance\u003c/b\u003e. To examine sex invariance of the WHO-5 scores, we conducted multi-group CFA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e] using the total sample. Measurement invariance was assessed at the configural, metric, and scalar levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e]. We accepted ΔCFI ≤ .010 and ΔRMSEA ≤ .015 or ΔSRMR ≤ .010 as evidence of invariance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFurther analysis.\u003c/b\u003e We used Cronbach’s α coefficient and McDonald’s ω and Cronbach’s α coefficients to examine reliability, with values greater than .70 reflecting adequate composite reliability. Missing values were replaced by the mean of the item. The WHO-5 scores were considered normally distributed according to their skewness and kurtosis values varying between ± 1 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e]. Consequently, the Student t test was used to compare two means. Pearson test was used to correlate those scores with other scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eScreening accuracy for depression.\u003c/b\u003e To assess the discriminatory validity of the Arabic version of the WHO-5 as a screening tool for depression, we conducted a Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, taking the WHO-5 reversed score against the dichotomized CDSS score 6 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne hundred seventeen patients filled the survey, with a mean age of 57.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.88 years and 63.3% males. Other characteristics of the sample can be found in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic and other characteristics of the patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (63.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (36.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (30.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComplementary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (30.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (28.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156 (88.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of illness (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of hospitalization (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConfirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of the WHO-5 scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe unidimensional model was tested via a CFA in the total sample; results indicated that the fit of the scale was excellent: \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.49/5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.10, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.220 (90% CI .160, .285), SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.082, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.856, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.712 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). We noticed a high modification index between items 3 and 4; when adding a correlation between those residuals, fit indices became excellent as follows: \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.75/4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.69, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.001 (90% CI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, .105), SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.020, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.000, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.013. The reliability was excellent as shown via the alpha (=\u0026thinsp;.80) and the omega (=\u0026thinsp;.80) coefficients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex Invariance of the WHO-5 scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe were able to show partial invariance across gender at the configural, metric, and scalar levels (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). No statistically significant difference between males and females was found in terms of WHO-5 scores (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.78, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.28 vs M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.24, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.85, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(146)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.24, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.218).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeasurement Invariance of the Five-item World Health Organization Well-being Index (WHO-5) across sex in the total sample.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRMSEA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSRMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel Comparison\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;CFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;RMSEA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;SRMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConfigural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.967\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.905\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConfigural vs metric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScalar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetric vs scalar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Comparative fit index; RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Steiger-Lind root mean square error of approximation; SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standardised root mean square residual.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcurrent validity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher anxiety (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.50; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) and depression (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.66; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) were significantly associated with lower WHO-5 scores, whereas higher levels of functioning (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.55; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) were significantly associated with greater WHO-5 scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eROC Analysis of the WHO-5 Tested against the CDSS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ROC curve illustrating depression prediction using the WHO-5 scale is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. It exhibited a substantial area under the curve of .838 [95% CI .773; .903]. Notably, one significant cut-off point was discerned at 9.5, which yielded a sensitivity of 81.1% and a specificity of 70.3%. Using a WHO-5 cut-off score of 9.5, 42.6% of the patients were screened as having a depression.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe WHO-5 is one of the main measures which has extensively demonstrated sufficient validity to screen for and early detect depression in different clinical and non-clinical populations across several settings, cultures and countries around the globe. Our study offers two new insights. First, it examines psychometric properties of the WHO-5 for the first time in schizophrenia patients from a non-Western developing country and an Arab culture. Second, this is the first research to investigate the potential of the WHO-5 as a screening tool for depression in this clinical population. Our findings demonstrated that the WHO-5 measure in its Arabic version meets the required validity and reliability criteria. In addition, the WHO-5 showed a sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.70 in the detection of depression with a cut-off point of 9.5. The validity of the WHO-5 as a screening tool for depression was supported by the excellent discrimination AUC value of .838.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePsychometric properties of the WHO-5 in patients with schizophrenia\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, the goodness of fit for the one-factor model of the Arabic WHO-5 was examined using CFA. The results of these analyses were in agreement with those obtained by a recently published validation study among Danish patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], supporting the originally proposed unidimensional structure of the measure and good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was .80 in our Arabic-speaking Lebanese sample versus 0.826 in the Danish sample). Second, and consistent with the same study, measurement invariance of the WHO-5 was established between male and female patients, implying that no differential item functioning exists for sex [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Third, the concurrent validity findings revealed that WHO-5 scores were positively correlated with levels of functioning, and inversely correlated with anxiety and depression symptoms\u0026rsquo; severity, thereby confirming the findings of earlier research studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR70\" citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e]. Altogether, our psychometric findings were in line with the limited existing literature. A study performed among a sample of Spanish outpatients drawn from specialised community mental health centres (among them, 11.5% were diagnosed with schizophrenia) found that the WHO-5 was feasible to administer, yielded a good fit in a one-factor solution, and showed an excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.923) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study involving 84 Chinese individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders found that the Hong Kong Cantonese Version of the WHO-5 exhibited a single-factor structure and satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient of 0.86) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Acceptable psychometric parameters of the Farsi WHO-5 were also found among Iranian psychiatric outpatients, with a one-factor structure identified, a Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α value of 0.91 and negative correlations with depression measures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePerformance of the WHO-5 as a screening test for depression in patients with schizophrenia\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA score of 6 on the CDSS, which is adopted as a valid cut-off indicating levels of depression at which treatment is needed (major depression) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e], corresponded to a WHO-5 score of 9.5. The area under the curve (AUC) values were greater than .80, indicating that the WHO-5 is successful as a screening tool to discriminate between patients who are at high risk and low risk for depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e]. At this cut-off point, the sensitivity and specificity values were 0.81 and 0.70, respectively. Achieving sufficiently high sensitivity for a screening tool such as the WHO-5, so as to be able to correctly identify as many depressed patients as possible as screening positive, is a crucial target and a main challenge of depression detection. However, reaching high specificity, which refers to identifying as few \u0026ldquo;false positives\u0026rdquo; as possible (i.e., non-depressed patients who screen positive on the WHO-5) has less importance. This is because the rates of false positives can easily be controlled by a two-step approach screening, with an initial step consisting of an administration of the self-report WHO-5, followed by a structured diagnostic interview administered by trained clinicians.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing a WHO-5 cut-off score of 9.5, 42.6% of the patients were screened as having a depression. This finding is consistent with that of a meta-analysis of 53 observational studies which highlighted high prevalence estimates of comorbid depression in schizophrenia ranging from 4.6\u0026ndash;65.1%, with rates being greater in Middle-income than High-income countries (30.2% versus 27.1%, respectively) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Depression is present in all phases of schizophrenia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e], and may have heavy detrimental effects on the course and prognosis of the disease (including more severe psychotic symptoms, longer disease duration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], and high suicidality risk [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]). However, depression can also be effectively prevented and managed when timely detected [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e]. This underscores the high relevance of using the WHO-5 as a brief, reliable, and valid scale, which is suitable for use in routine clinical practice for rapid screening of depression in people with schizophrenia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eStudy limitations\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne important strength of this study is that a trained interviewer conducted structured interviews using the CDSS, which is considered a gold standard [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e77\u003c/span\u003e], to determine each patient\u0026rsquo;s depression level after administration of the self-report WHO-5. The study has also limitations that need to be recognized. Patients were gathered from a single centre and country by the convenience sampling method; therefore, our findings lack generalisability. To address this limitations, further research should be performed in patients recruited by random sampling. In addition, only chronic inpatients residing a long-stay mental hospital were involved, and cannot be representative of the overall schizophrenia population. Future studies need to include outpatients, and those in the early stages of the disease. Finally, as follow-up data was not collected in this study, the test-retest reliability was not assessed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCurrent perspectives and future implications\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present findings provided additional evidence of good psychometric qualities of the WHO-5 in patients with schizophrenia, including good structural validity (unidimensionality), adequate internal consistency, and appropriate concurrent validity. Analyses also demonstrated that measurement equivalence across sexes was achieved, indicating that the WHO-5 measures the same underlying construct in male and female patients with schizophrenia, and that inferences of sex differences in WHO-5 scores are accurate. Overall, findings support the suitability and usefulness of the Arabic version of the WHO-5 in patients with schizophrenia for both clinical and research practices. In addition, the performance of the Arabic-language WHO-5 as a screening tool for depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia was tested and supported. In particular, analyses showed that a cut-off score of 9.5 on the WHO-5 can be considered to identify schizophrenia patients with depression. It is therefore highly recommended to apply this cut-off point for screening and follow-up assessments. The current findings will hopefully encourage clinicians and researchers working in Arab settings, who are often confronted with significant time and resource constraints, to start using the WHO-5 to aid their efforts in mitigating depression in this vulnerable population and fostering research in this under-researched area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study contributes to the field by offering a brief self-report scale for depression screening and monitoring, the Arabic WHO-5, which is easily accessible, quick-to-administer, simple to understand and practical for use in routine clinical and research practices. This is expected to raise awareness about the necessity to consider depression as a key predictor of outcome and an important therapeutic target in patients with schizophrenia in Arab settings. Henceforth, clinicians and researchers working and dealing with Arabic-speaking schizophrenia patients in different clinical settings worldwide could feel more secure making informed decisions based on this tool.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe Ethics and Research Committee of the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross approved this study protocol. A written informed consent was obtained from all patients. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are not publicly available. The dataset supporting the conclusions is available upon request to the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNone to declare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFFR and SH involved in the study design. FFR wrote the manuscript; FAM and GA were responsible for the data collection. SH involved in data analysis and interpretation. OD revised the paper for intellectual content. All authors approved its final version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors would like to thank all patients who participated in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCollaborators GMD: \u003cstrong\u003eGlobal, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u0026ndash;2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eLancet Psychiatry \u003c/em\u003e2022, \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(2):137-150.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi W, Yang Y, An F-R, Zhang L, Ungvari GS, Jackson T, Yuan Z, Xiang Y-T: \u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of comorbid depression in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of 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The goal of this study was twofold: (1) examine the validity and reliability of the WHO-5 in schizophrenia; (2) estimate the optimal cut-off point for the WHO-5 to screen depression in this population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic, remitted patients with schizophrenia took part in this study. The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia was included as index of validity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of CFA supported the originally proposed unidimensional structure of the measure, with good internal consistency reliability (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.80), concurrent validity, and cross-sex measurement invariance. The WHO-5 showed a sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.70 in the detection of depression with a cut-off point of 9.5. The validity of the WHO-5 as a screening tool for depression was supported by the excellent discrimination AUC value of .838. Based on this WHO-5 cut-off value, 42.6% of the patients were screened as having a depression.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study contributes to the field by showing that the WHO-5 is a concise and convenient self-report measure for quickly screening and monitoring depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Validation and Optimal Cut-Off Score of the World Health Organization Well- being Index (WHO-5) as a Screening Tool for Depression among Patients with Schizophrenia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-11 19:41:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4008303/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-04-01T07:11:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-03-11T10:01:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"7e4858a0-d35f-415b-9b7a-997349e8ba32","date":"2024-03-11T00:46:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"42d91196-5965-4cb0-983b-038f054f4445","date":"2024-03-10T20:53:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-10T20:23:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-07T11:01:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-07T10:04:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-07T10:01:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychiatry","date":"2024-03-03T10:36:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychiatry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychiatry](http://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bpsy/default.aspx","title":"BMC Psychiatry","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"aa2f9133-802a-4bac-ad6d-1e308070676f","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-05T11:55:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-11 19:41:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4008303","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4008303","identity":"rs-4008303","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}