Analytical performance and visual evaluation of test strips for fentanyl.

Analytical performance and visual evaluation of test strips for fentanyl. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analytical performance and visual evaluation of test strips for fentanyl. Alan H.B. Wu, Chui Mei Ong, Melissa Alamillo, Steven Farias, Luana Barbosa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165790/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Testing street drugs for the presence of active drugs and drugs used as adulterants such as fentanyl can provide the user some confidence as to the safety of their pills. As such, disposable testing strips have become available through multiple vendors as a tool set to combat adulterants. Because there is not currently an industry standard for these products, they can vary in specifications and quality. This study serves as a broad evaluation survey across multiple vendors to compare performance and assess the best product for harm reduction. Methods We obtained 6 different commercially available different commercially available fentanyl test strips and evaluated them for analytical sensitivity using drug standards. The specificity of the fentanyl strips against fentanyl analogues was also assessed. Powdered fentanyl standards and analogues were initally dissolved in methanol and then serially diluted in water to bracket the manufacturer’s stated test strip sensitivity. Each dilution was tested in duplicate until a negative result was obtained. The ability to discern positive from negative results under different lighting conditions by two observers in duplicate, was also assessed for these strips including different lots for some. Results Three of the fentanyl strips had the best sensitivity (at 3.6 ng/mL each), well below the stated sensitivity of 10, 20, and 200 ng/mL. The other three were less sensitive (at 7.2, 29 ng/mL). For specificity against fentanyl analogues, all of the strips tested positive for all of the analogues tested, but at different levels. The visual endpoints for all of the strips were acceptable under normal lighting conditions, but cannot be read when the ambient light is low. The readability at different dwell times are noted. Conclusion Based on these results, we determined that the WPHM and Hangzhou SingClean fentanyl test strips had the best analytical sensitivity (3.6 ng/mL). The Henso strip had lower sensitivity but the best discrimination between positive and negative signals. Each of the fentanyl strips had varying degrees of specificity and visibility towards fentanyl drug analogues. xylazine adulterant fentanyl fentanyl analogues harm reduction Figures Figure 1 Background The opioid crisis continues to rage on in the United States and other countries, leading to an unacceptable number of overdose deaths per year. The drug most implicated in this crisis include natural opiates such as morphine, semi-synthetic opioids such as heroin and oxycodone, and synthetic opioid such as fentanyl, which is 50 times more potent than heroin and 100 times more than morphine ( 1 ). Fentanyl analogues are also available and are relevant because they can have equal or substantially greater potency than fentanyl itself ( 1 ). Much of the morbidity and mortality of opioid abuse has been unintentional by the user. Therapeutic drugs such as sedatives that are available on the Black Market or Dark Web have been spiked with fentanyl by clandestine manufacturers and pushed onto an unsuspecting public. As a means to curb the dangers of this practice, testing street drugs by users prior to use can ensure safety of the product prior to its use. The use of laboratory quality instrumentation such as Raman Spectroscopy, ion mobility spectrometry, or mass spectrometry is the gold standard in terms of sensitivity and accuracy ( 2 ). However, such testing services are for lab-based analyzes and not available at home the users themselves. This has led to the commercial availability of immunoassay test strips which can provide a result within minutes, without requiring instrumentation. The purpose of this study was to examine the sensitivity and specificity of drug test strips for providing harm reduction services. We also conducted studies to examine the visibility of endpoints, and the accuracy of reading by non-laboratory-trained professionals. Method Drug standards For analytical sensitivity studies, fentanyl and xylazine drug standards in powdered form were obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor MI). For analytical specificity studies, the following fentanyl analogues were also obtained in powdered from Caymen Chemical Company (Table 1). Drugs were weighed using an analytical balance (Mettler Inc) and dissolved in methanol in order to optimize solubility. Stock solutions were then serially diluted in water to produce fentanyl working solutions of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2, 14.5, 29, 58, 112, and 225 ng/mL. Drug test strips Fentanyl test strips purchased from 6 manufacturers: Henso (strip #1), Co-Innovation (strip #2), W.H.P.M. (different lots, strips #3 and #4), China Med (strip #5), TianJin Mingao (different lots, strips #6 and #7), and Hangzhou SingClean (strip #8). Each of these strips were originally designed for detecting the presence of fentanyl in urine samples. The strips were dipped into test solutions for 5–15 seconds and removed. Each solution was tested in duplicate. After 5 minutes, visual readings were conducted by two operators, and photographs were taken of all strips used. The production of a line in both the control and test area was interpreted as a negative result, i.e., no target drug present in the sample. The production of a line in only the control area was interpreted as a positive result. Strips that produced no lines were interpreted as an invalid test, and the strip was discarded. As a negative control, distilled water containing no drugs was tested for each lot of strips. Due to supply limitations, testing was not conducted on all of the prepared samples. We tested the drug strips under different lighting conditions including indoors with windows in full daylight (DL), indoors without windows with lights (IL), indoors without windows, without lights and door closed (IL Off), indoors without windows, without lights and door ajar (IL Indirect), and indoors without windows, lights off, door closed, using cell phone flashlight as a light source (flashlight). This was done only using a sample that was devoid of fentanyl. Each strip was tested in duplicate by three different operators, with at least two who were present to read each strip. Results Of all of the test strips tested, we did not find any failures, i.e., absence of a line in the control region. Table 1 shows the sensitivity results for the 6 fentanyl test strips evaluated. Strips from Co-Innovation, WHPM (lot #C3110310) and Hangzhou SingClean demonstrated the highest analytical sensitivity, turning positive at 3.6 ng/mL. These were all considerably lower than what was stated in each of the package inserts of 20, 10 and 20 ng/mL, respectively. A different lot of strips from WHPM (lot #D3130455) produced a sensitivity at 7.2 ng/mL, however the stated sensitivity for this lot was higher at 20 ng/mL. The Henso and TianJin Mingao strips had lower sensitivities at 29 ng/mL, and 7.2 and 58 ng/mL (two lots of the latter). Although the Henso test strip had lower sensitivities than most of the others, it had the best discrimination between negative and positive signals (see Figure 1). Table 2 shows the result of the specificity for the fentanyl strip against drug analogues. Due to limitations in the availability of test strips, not all drug analogues were tested on all devices. However, some generalizations can be made. The results show that all of the strips have some degree of cross-reactivity towards each of these fentanyl analogues. The results were not consistent as some strips had better specificity to some drugs but not others. Due to supply issues, we were not able to test the full range of fentanyl analogues for test strip #8, therefore no results are shown. Table 3 shows the results of the visibility tests conducted. There was little difference between the results of the two observers, and the readings from the two samplings were similar or the same for all strips. None of the strips were visible lines were visible in a darken room. There were some variability in the visibility of the endpoints with respects to color, hue and timing (see notes under Table 3). Discussion There have been several other studies on the analytical performance of drug test strips for fentanyl. Bergh et al. tested four commercial fentanyl strips and found sensitivities that were 5–10 times higher than what was stated in the package insert ( 3 ). We observed similar results, although each of these strips were different from the ones tested in this study. For specificity, these investigators also found varying degrees of specificity against the fentanyl analogues tested. One unexpected finding was a positive result for ascorbic acid on one of the strips tested. Halifax tested only one commercial fentanyl test strip (BTNX, stated sensitivity, 20 ng/mL) but obtained five different lots ( 4 ). For sensitivity, the reported variable results with some lots meeting the stated analytical sensitivity of 20 ng/mL while the sensitivity was 10 times lower (i.e., positive at 200 ng/mL). While they also found a variable degree of cross-reactivity towards fentanyl analogues, some lots were positive for other non-related drugs such as lidocaine, diphenhydramine, methamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (Ecstasy). The availability of drug test strips can be effective in curbing the opioid crisis. In one study conducted in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S., the available of test strips led to a 23–69% of participants reported risk reduction behaviors such as using less drug than intended and going slower when using ( 5 ). In another study, participants reported the prudent practice of having an opioid antagonist such as naloxone readily available ( 6 ). Given the rapid onset of toxic effects, these can be life-saving measures. Test strips are now widely available, inexpensive, and relatively easy to use. Reading the endpoints, however, requires some training. Unlike at-home pregnancy tests or COVID-19 antigen tests, the interpretation of results are reversed, i.e., the absence of a line in the test zone indicates a positive result. Therefore without proper instruction, there can be ambiguity of interpreting a faint line in the test zone as a positive result. Also, one should not try to compare the intensity of the lines, as the result for the test zone is always fainter than the corresponding control zone. Test results should be read within the window recommended by the manufacturer and under good lighting conditions. The conditions for testing at a nightclub or bar are not ideal. Between the two strip manufacturers, the Henso product, although had less analytical sensitivity than the others, produced the best visual endpoints. To avoid misinterpretation, it is important to have clear endpoints, especially in the hands of inexperienced users. Finally, as shown previously, the performance of test strips vary from lot to lot, as observed for two of the manufacturers (WHPM and Tianjin Mongao). Conclusion We recommend use of the most sensitive test strips to minimize false negative results due to lot variations. A false positive result towards a fentanyl drug analogue is not detrimental, as these drugs can also cause toxic effects. Strips that are positive to drugs and compounds that are not fentanyl analogues will not cause harm but may lead to discarding of viable samples. Declarations Acknowledgements None Author contributions AHW, SF and LB LF, conceptualized and designed the study. AHW, CMO, and AMA carried out the data analysis. AHW provided supervision, wrote the original manuscript draft and edited and reviewed the final manuscript. GF and LB reviewed and edited the final manuscript. Funding This study was funded by Brand New Holdings, Sheridan, WY. Data availability Images of the various test strips are available from the corresponding author. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References Wilde M, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Tagliabracci A, Busardo FP, Auwarter V, et al. Metabolic pathways and potencies of new fentanyl analogs. Front Phrmacol. 2019. 10.3389/fphar.2019.00238 . Harper L, Powell J, Pijl EM. An overview of forensic durg testing methods and their suitability for harm reduction point-of-care dervices. Harm Red J. 2017;14:52. 10.1186/s12954-017-0179-5 . Bergh MS, Oiestad AM, Bauman MH, Bogen IL. Selectivity and sensitivity of urine fentanyl test strips to detect fentanyl analogues in illicit drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;90. doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103065 . Halifax JC, Lim L, Ciccarone D, Lynch KL. Testing the test strips: laboratory performance of fentanyl test strips. Harm Red J. 2024;21. doi.org/10.1186s12954-023-00921-8. Park JN, Frankel S, Morris M, Dieni O, Fahey-Morrison L, Luta M, et al. Evaluation of fentanyl test strip distribution in two Mid-Atlantic syringe services program. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;94. doi.org/10.1016/j.drubpo.2021.103196 . Goldman JE, Waye KM, Periera KA, Krieger MS, Yedinak JL, Marshall BD. Perspectives on rapid fentanyl test strips as a harm reduction practice among young adults who use drugs: a qualitative study. Harm Red J. 2019;16. doi.org/10.1186.s12954-018-0276-0. Tables Table 1. Drug Sensitivity study Strip #1 Strip #2 Strip #3 Strip #4 Strip #5 Strip #6 Strip #7 Strip #8 Blank N/N N/N N/N N/N N/N N/N N/N N/N 1.80 ng/mL N/N N/N N/N N/N na N/N N/N N/N 3.6 ng/mL N/N P/P N/N P/P na N/N na P/P 7.2 ng/mL N/N P/P P/P P/P N/N P/P na P/P 14.5 ng/mL N/N P/P P/P P/P N/N P/P na P/P 29 ng/mL P/P P/P P/P P/P N/N P/P N/N P/P 58 ng/mL P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P 117 ng/ml P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P 225 ng/mL P/P P/P na P/P na P/P P/P P/P Strip #1: Henso, #2: Co-Innovation, #3: WHPM (Lot #D3130455), #4: WHPM (Lot #C3110310) #5: China Med, #6: TianJin Mingao (Lot#20236012), #7: TianJin Mingao (Lot #20231114) #8: Hangzhou SingClean. Na=not available Table 2. Drug specificity. Drug Name Drug Dilution Result Strip #1 Strip #2 Strip #3 Strip #4 Strip #5 Strip #6 Strip #7 M. FluoroButylFentanyl 1:100 P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P na na 1:1000 P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P 1:10,000 N/N N/N N/N P/P P/P N/N N/N 1:100,000 na na na N/N N/N na na Acetyl Fentanyl 1:100 P/P P/P na na P/P na na 1:1000 P/P P/P na na P/P P/P P/P 1:10,000 N/N P/P na na N/N P/P P/P 1:100,000 na N/N na na na N/N N/N Sufentanil 1:100 na P/P N/N P/P N/N P/P P/P 1:1000 na N/N N/N N/N N/N N/N Acryl Fentanyl 1:100 na na P/P P/P P/P 1:1000 na na P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P 1:10,000 na na N/N N/N N/N P/P P/P 1:100,000 na na na na na N/N N/N Furanyl Fentanyl 1:100 na P/P P/P P/P P/P na na 1:1000 na P/P N/N P/P P/P P/P P/P 1:10,000 na N/N N/N P/P N/N P/P N/N 1:100,000 na na na N/N na N/N N/N Cyclopropyl Fentanyl 1:100 na P/P P/P P/P P/P na na 1:1000 na P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P P/P 1:10,000 na N/N N/N P/P P/P P/P N/N 1:100,000 na na na N/N N/N N/N N/N B-OH Thiofentanyl 1:100 na P/P P/P P/P P/P na na 1:1000 na P/P P/P na N/N P/P P/P 1:10,000 na N/N P/P na na P/P N/N 1:100,000 na na N/N na na N/N na Butyryl Fentanyl 1:100 P/P na na na P/P na na 1:1000 P/P na na na P/P P/P P/P 1:10,000 N/N na na na N/N P/P N/N 1:100,000 na na na na na N/N N/N 3-Methyl Fentanyl 1:100 N/N na na na N/N P/P P/P 1:1000 N/N na na na na P/P P/P 1:10,000 na na na na na P/P P/P 1:100,000 na na na na na N/N N/N Tetrahydrofuran Fentanyl 1:100 P/P na na na P/P na na 1:1000 P/P na na na P/P P/P P/P 1:10,000 N/N na na na N/N P/P P/P 1:100,000 na na na na na N/N N/N Strip #1: Henso, #2: Co-Innovation, #3: WHPM (Lot #D3130455), #4: WHPM (Lot #F329091) #5: China Med, #6: Tianjin Mingao (Lot#20236012), #7: TianJin Mingao (Lot #20231114) na=not available Table 3 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files teststriptables3.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4165790","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":283926588,"identity":"339e23ca-e755-4d9b-bed1-0e438db16829","order_by":0,"name":"Alan H.B. Wu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdgbGAyCaH0RUMDAwNhDUwszAANYiCVJ6hiQtBgeI1cLfzPzgcAHD4cTNN5IffzjAYCO74QABLRKH2QwOzwBq2XYjzUziAEOaMUEtDIcZDA7zMNwGaslhY/4A1EtQi/xh9g9gLZtn5DADHfafsBagFRBbNkjkMAAddoCwFsPDPAVAXf+NZ5x5BvSLQbLxTEJa5I63b3zMU5Em298OCrEKO9k+QlqgzsNgjIJRMApGwSigCAAADZNIUV8kfsUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of California, San Francisco","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alan","middleName":"H.B.","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":283926590,"identity":"ac436828-3eae-4746-856b-1215196a44a5","order_by":1,"name":"Chui Mei Ong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of California, San Francisco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chui","middleName":"Mei","lastName":"Ong","suffix":""},{"id":283926592,"identity":"8d85c603-1f54-48f8-8d1f-80d49906216a","order_by":2,"name":"Melissa Alamillo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of California, San Francisco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Melissa","middleName":"","lastName":"Alamillo","suffix":""},{"id":283926599,"identity":"b08b61a6-043e-4c10-844b-b2203fc6930f","order_by":3,"name":"Steven Farias","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Materic","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Steven","middleName":"","lastName":"Farias","suffix":""},{"id":283926601,"identity":"2b5eac11-a186-4be2-b858-3660b864bce8","order_by":4,"name":"Luana Barbosa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Brand New Holdings","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luana","middleName":"","lastName":"Barbosa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-25 22:29:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165790/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165790/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53746612,"identity":"b9a05a1b-fc03-4339-9154-1e3f4a697f58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:54:37","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46132,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of the Henso (left) and WHPM (Lot #C3110310, right) test strips at three fentanyl drug concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"stripimages.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4165790/v1/2dfbf8adbbab3657e1e3af5c.jpg"},{"id":59841684,"identity":"33fe985d-e9fb-46a7-b8a5-dba390fb554c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-08 09:37:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":613499,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4165790/v1/87474444-9f46-4057-a494-a2c91d0c725c.pdf"},{"id":53745927,"identity":"44e1ea4f-6e40-4ab4-83de-60c2c1fd53b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-29 17:46:37","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":15043,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"teststriptables3.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4165790/v1/7c99eec0008dcb5885d37139.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analytical performance and visual evaluation of test strips for fentanyl.","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe opioid crisis continues to rage on in the United States and other countries, leading to an unacceptable number of overdose deaths per year. The drug most implicated in this crisis include natural opiates such as morphine, semi-synthetic opioids such as heroin and oxycodone, and synthetic opioid such as fentanyl, which is 50 times more potent than heroin and 100 times more than morphine (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Fentanyl analogues are also available and are relevant because they can have equal or substantially greater potency than fentanyl itself (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuch of the morbidity and mortality of opioid abuse has been unintentional by the user. Therapeutic drugs such as sedatives that are available on the Black Market or Dark Web have been spiked with fentanyl by clandestine manufacturers and pushed onto an unsuspecting public. As a means to curb the dangers of this practice, testing street drugs by users prior to use can ensure safety of the product prior to its use. The use of laboratory quality instrumentation such as Raman Spectroscopy, ion mobility spectrometry, or mass spectrometry is the gold standard in terms of sensitivity and accuracy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). However, such testing services are for lab-based analyzes and not available at home the users themselves. This has led to the commercial availability of immunoassay test strips which can provide a result within minutes, without requiring instrumentation. The purpose of this study was to examine the sensitivity and specificity of drug test strips for providing harm reduction services. We also conducted studies to examine the visibility of endpoints, and the accuracy of reading by non-laboratory-trained professionals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDrug standards\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor analytical sensitivity studies, fentanyl and xylazine drug standards in powdered form were obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor MI). For analytical specificity studies, the following fentanyl analogues were also obtained in powdered from Caymen Chemical Company (Table\u0026nbsp;1). Drugs were weighed using an analytical balance (Mettler Inc) and dissolved in methanol in order to optimize solubility. Stock solutions were then serially diluted in water to produce fentanyl working solutions of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2, 14.5, 29, 58, 112, and 225 ng/mL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDrug test strips\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFentanyl test strips purchased from 6 manufacturers: Henso (strip #1), Co-Innovation (strip #2), W.H.P.M. (different lots, strips #3 and #4), China Med (strip #5), TianJin Mingao (different lots, strips #6 and #7), and Hangzhou SingClean (strip #8). Each of these strips were originally designed for detecting the presence of fentanyl in urine samples. The strips were dipped into test solutions for 5\u0026ndash;15 seconds and removed. Each solution was tested in duplicate. After 5 minutes, visual readings were conducted by two operators, and photographs were taken of all strips used. The production of a line in both the control and test area was interpreted as a negative result, i.e., no target drug present in the sample. The production of a line in only the control area was interpreted as a positive result. Strips that produced no lines were interpreted as an invalid test, and the strip was discarded. As a negative control, distilled water containing no drugs was tested for each lot of strips. Due to supply limitations, testing was not conducted on all of the prepared samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe tested the drug strips under different lighting conditions including indoors with windows in full daylight (DL), indoors without windows with lights (IL), indoors without windows, without lights and door closed (IL Off), indoors without windows, without lights and door ajar (IL Indirect), and indoors without windows, lights off, door closed, using cell phone flashlight as a light source (flashlight). This was done only using a sample that was devoid of fentanyl. Each strip was tested in duplicate by three different operators, with at least two who were present to read each strip.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eOf all of the test strips tested, we did not find any failures, i.e., absence of a line in the control region. \u0026nbsp; Table 1 shows the sensitivity results for the 6 fentanyl test strips evaluated.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrips from Co-Innovation, WHPM (lot #C3110310) and Hangzhou SingClean demonstrated the highest analytical sensitivity, turning positive at 3.6 ng/mL. These were all considerably lower than what was stated in each of the package inserts of 20, 10 and 20 ng/mL, respectively. \u0026nbsp;A different lot of strips from WHPM (lot #D3130455) produced a sensitivity at 7.2 ng/mL, however the stated sensitivity for this lot was higher at 20 ng/mL. The Henso and TianJin Mingao strips had lower sensitivities at 29 ng/mL, and 7.2 and 58 ng/mL (two lots of the latter). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the Henso test strip had lower sensitivities than most of the others, it had the best discrimination between negative and positive signals (see Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 shows the result of the specificity for the fentanyl strip against drug analogues. Due to limitations in the availability of test strips, not all drug analogues were tested on all devices. \u0026nbsp;However, some generalizations can be made. The results show that all of the strips have some degree of cross-reactivity towards each of these fentanyl analogues. The results were not consistent as some strips had better specificity to some drugs but not others. \u0026nbsp;Due to supply issues, we were not able to test the full range of fentanyl analogues for test strip #8, therefore no results are shown. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 shows the results of the visibility tests conducted. There was little difference between the results of the two observers, and the readings from the two samplings were similar or the same for all strips. \u0026nbsp;None of the strips were visible lines were visible in a darken room. \u0026nbsp;There were some variability in the visibility of the endpoints with respects to color, hue and timing (see notes under Table 3). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere have been several other studies on the analytical performance of drug test strips for fentanyl. Bergh et al. tested four commercial fentanyl strips and found sensitivities that were 5\u0026ndash;10 times higher than what was stated in the package insert (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). We observed similar results, although each of these strips were different from the ones tested in this study. For specificity, these investigators also found varying degrees of specificity against the fentanyl analogues tested. One unexpected finding was a positive result for ascorbic acid on one of the strips tested. Halifax tested only one commercial fentanyl test strip (BTNX, stated sensitivity, 20 ng/mL) but obtained five different lots (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). For sensitivity, the reported variable results with some lots meeting the stated analytical sensitivity of 20 ng/mL while the sensitivity was 10 times lower (i.e., positive at 200 ng/mL). While they also found a variable degree of cross-reactivity towards fentanyl analogues, some lots were positive for other non-related drugs such as lidocaine, diphenhydramine, methamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (Ecstasy).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe availability of drug test strips can be effective in curbing the opioid crisis. In one study conducted in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S., the available of test strips led to a 23\u0026ndash;69% of participants reported risk reduction behaviors such as using less drug than intended and going slower when using (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In another study, participants reported the prudent practice of having an opioid antagonist such as naloxone readily available (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Given the rapid onset of toxic effects, these can be life-saving measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest strips are now widely available, inexpensive, and relatively easy to use. Reading the endpoints, however, requires some training. Unlike at-home pregnancy tests or COVID-19 antigen tests, the interpretation of results are reversed, i.e., the absence of a line in the test zone indicates a positive result. Therefore without proper instruction, there can be ambiguity of interpreting a faint line in the test zone as a positive result. Also, one should not try to compare the intensity of the lines, as the result for the test zone is always fainter than the corresponding control zone. Test results should be read within the window recommended by the manufacturer and under good lighting conditions. The conditions for testing at a nightclub or bar are not ideal. Between the two strip manufacturers, the Henso product, although had less analytical sensitivity than the others, produced the best visual endpoints. To avoid misinterpretation, it is important to have clear endpoints, especially in the hands of inexperienced users. Finally, as shown previously, the performance of test strips vary from lot to lot, as observed for two of the manufacturers (WHPM and Tianjin Mongao).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe recommend use of the most sensitive test strips to minimize false negative results due to lot variations. A false positive result towards a fentanyl drug analogue is not detrimental, as these drugs can also cause toxic effects. Strips that are positive to drugs and compounds that are not fentanyl analogues will not cause harm but may lead to discarding of viable samples.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAHW, SF and LB LF, conceptualized and designed the study. \u0026nbsp;AHW, CMO, and AMA carried out the data analysis. \u0026nbsp;AHW provided supervision, wrote the original manuscript draft and edited and reviewed the final manuscript. \u0026nbsp;GF and LB reviewed and edited the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by Brand New Holdings, Sheridan, WY.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImages of the various test strips are available from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWilde M, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Tagliabracci A, Busardo FP, Auwarter V, et al. Metabolic pathways and potencies of new fentanyl analogs. Front Phrmacol. 2019. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/fphar.2019.00238\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fphar.2019.00238\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarper L, Powell J, Pijl EM. An overview of forensic durg testing methods and their suitability for harm reduction point-of-care dervices. Harm Red J. 2017;14:52. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12954-017-0179-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12954-017-0179-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBergh MS, Oiestad AM, Bauman MH, Bogen IL. Selectivity and sensitivity of urine fentanyl test strips to detect fentanyl analogues in illicit drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;90. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003edoi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103065\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103065\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHalifax JC, Lim L, Ciccarone D, Lynch KL. Testing the test strips: laboratory performance of fentanyl test strips. Harm Red J. 2024;21. doi.org/10.1186s12954-023-00921-8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePark JN, Frankel S, Morris M, Dieni O, Fahey-Morrison L, Luta M, et al. Evaluation of fentanyl test strip distribution in two Mid-Atlantic syringe services program. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;94. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003edoi.org/10.1016/j.drubpo.2021.103196\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.drubpo.2021.103196\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGoldman JE, Waye KM, Periera KA, Krieger MS, Yedinak JL, Marshall BD. Perspectives on rapid fentanyl test strips as a harm reduction practice among young adults who use drugs: a qualitative study. Harm Red J. 2019;16. doi.org/10.1186.s12954-018-0276-0.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.996830427892235%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. \u0026nbsp;Drug Sensitivity study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.66244057052298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.66244057052298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlank\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.66244057052298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80 ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.66244057052298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6 ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.66244057052298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2 ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.66244057052298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5 ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.66244057052298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.66244057052298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.66244057052298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117 ng/ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.66244057052298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225 ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.667194928684628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrip #1: Henso, #2: Co-Innovation, #3: WHPM (Lot #D3130455), #4: WHPM (Lot #C3110310)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#5: China Med, #6: TianJin Mingao (Lot#20236012), #7: TianJin Mingao (Lot #20231114)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.74050632911393%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#8: Hangzhou SingClean. Na=not available\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.651898734177216%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.651898734177216%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.651898734177216%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.651898734177216%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.651898734177216%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. \u0026nbsp; Drug specificity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"696\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrug Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrug Dilution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResult\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrip #7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM. FluoroButylFentanyl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:10,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcetyl Fentanyl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:10,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSufentanil\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcryl Fentanyl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:10,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFuranyl Fentanyl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:10,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCyclopropyl Fentanyl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:10,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB-OH Thiofentanyl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:10,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eButyryl Fentanyl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:10,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3-Methyl Fentanyl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:10,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTetrahydrofuran Fentanyl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:10,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP/P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:100,000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"91.22302158273381%\" colspan=\"8\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrip #1: Henso, #2: Co-Innovation, #3: WHPM (Lot #D3130455), #4: WHPM (Lot #F329091)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.776978417266188%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"91.22302158273381%\" colspan=\"8\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#5: China Med, #6: Tianjin Mingao (Lot#20236012), #7: TianJin Mingao (Lot #20231114)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.776978417266188%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.963924963924963%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ena=not available\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.41991341991342%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.802308802308803%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 3 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e\n"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"xylazine adulterant, fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, harm reduction","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165790/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165790/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTesting street drugs for the presence of active drugs and drugs used as adulterants such as fentanyl can provide the user some confidence as to the safety of their pills. As such, disposable testing strips have become available through multiple vendors as a tool set to combat adulterants. Because there is not currently an industry standard for these products, they can vary in specifications and quality. This study serves as a broad evaluation survey across multiple vendors to compare performance and assess the best product for harm reduction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe obtained 6 different commercially available different commercially available fentanyl test strips and evaluated them for analytical sensitivity using drug standards. The specificity of the fentanyl strips against fentanyl analogues was also assessed. Powdered fentanyl standards and analogues were initally dissolved in methanol and then serially diluted in water to bracket the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s stated test strip sensitivity. Each dilution was tested in duplicate until a negative result was obtained. The ability to discern positive from negative results under different lighting conditions by two observers in duplicate, was also assessed for these strips including different lots for some.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree of the fentanyl strips had the best sensitivity (at 3.6 ng/mL each), well below the stated sensitivity of 10, 20, and 200 ng/mL. The other three were less sensitive (at 7.2, 29 ng/mL). For specificity against fentanyl analogues, all of the strips tested positive for all of the analogues tested, but at different levels. The visual endpoints for all of the strips were acceptable under normal lighting conditions, but cannot be read when the ambient light is low. The readability at different dwell times are noted.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on these results, we determined that the WPHM and Hangzhou SingClean fentanyl test strips had the best analytical sensitivity (3.6 ng/mL). The Henso strip had lower sensitivity but the best discrimination between positive and negative signals. Each of the fentanyl strips had varying degrees of specificity and visibility towards fentanyl drug analogues.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analytical performance and visual evaluation of test strips for fentanyl.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-29 17:46:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165790/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a314aa6c-b0fa-47d4-a05e-36dd36ba234d","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-08T09:37:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-29 17:46:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4165790","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4165790","identity":"rs-4165790","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}