Optimization of Spectrum Resource Allocation for Multicast Services Based on Subtree Routing in Elastic Optical Networks

Optimization of Spectrum Resource Allocation for Multicast Services Based on Subtree Routing in Elastic Optical Networks | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Optimization of Spectrum Resource Allocation for Multicast Services Based on Subtree Routing in Elastic Optical Networks Jianfang Zhang, Yajun Liu, Jianglong Fu, Haoyue Sun, Juan Hao This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6699039/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the rapid development of internet applications such as video conferencing and online learning, along with the widespread adoption of bandwidth-intensive services, traditional wavelength-routed optical networks (WRONs) can no longer meet these diversified bandwidth demands. As an innovative solution, Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) dynamically allocate appropriate spectrum resources and configure corresponding modulation formats based on user requirements and traffic volumes, effectively overcoming the limitations of WRONs. However, EON transmissions must adhere to constraints including spectrum consistency, non-overlapping, and continuity. Prolonged network operation generates idle spectrum fragments that violate these constraints, resulting in spectrum resource wastage, aggravated network congestion, and degraded overall performance. To address these challenges, this study proposes the Subtree Routing Algorithm Based on Multicast Service (STMS) and the Spectrum Resource Allocation Algorithm for Multicast Services Based on Sub-Routing (SR-MSRA). The core concept of STMS involves grouping destination nodes of multicast sessions and splitting a single large light-tree into multiple subtrees, where each subtree adaptively selects optimal modulation formats according to real-time spectrum states, thereby significantly improving multicast service request success rates. Building upon STMS, SR-MSRA further enhances request success rates and mitigates spectrum fragmentation by decomposing multicast requests into sub-routes and introducing a spectrum window utilization metric to dynamically evaluate and select sub-routes. This strategy efficiently utilizes dispersed idle spectrum fragments while satisfying continuity constraints, substantially reducing multicast blocking probability. Additionally, we formulate an integer linear programming (ILP) model and design a heuristic algorithm. Extensive simulations on standard network topologies demonstrate that STMS reduces service blocking probability by 4.61% compared to the conventional Multicast Light-Tree Protection Algorithm (MLPA). SR-MSRA exhibits superior performance in reducing blocking probability 2.43% improvement over STMS, improving spectrum utilization, and alleviating fragmentation, proving its effectiveness in leveraging spectrum fragments. This research provides novel insights for high-speed flexible resource scheduling in EONs and offers theoretical and practical guidance for network operators to manage spectrum resources efficiently under diverse Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Elastic optical networks Spectrum allocation Spectrum fragmentation Multicast services Sub-routing Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 23 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 19 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6699039","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":492780855,"identity":"0b57b05b-329f-4979-af21-318e659ce732","order_by":0,"name":"Jianfang Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Architecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianfang","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":492780857,"identity":"65032e46-7c40-40e5-acc9-97ad690fc4d2","order_by":1,"name":"Yajun Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8ElEQVRIie3RL28CMRjH8R8hAXPAZEkWeAvPgr2Mt/JcLjnMjUwiEKeYuXsvN7XhemkCppvGrWrqzBwnFihDzXTgJvpV/ZNP2rSAz/cP6wORYRIjQgB5XmM36QAxmUU4uYp0hkYnUWkJLiOCjYhWavbSLSq5X4YYdFNC8+okTJY8rPN3rvJNgmFeU6vQbsInUu5Skr1Mgeyg3Vq5iTxdjD5qqr6zA6YXkChjnTDtAlK9TILEXyQwMXgR3pV6zup2EwdCfz5WhYPY95k1exJj2r6pr3p5Pxo8xc+mcRDcpPxr/vM70gHsMVv3vs/n8/lwBBUFWFyJ+1KiAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Architecture","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yajun","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":492780858,"identity":"5356a802-2ac3-4507-98d2-afa92616119f","order_by":2,"name":"Jianglong Fu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Architecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianglong","middleName":"","lastName":"Fu","suffix":""},{"id":492780859,"identity":"1111977f-6db4-4556-aa45-9c2471e19632","order_by":3,"name":"Haoyue Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Architecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haoyue","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":492780860,"identity":"149d4d67-c094-4aa0-821e-ac2c15ff9bd4","order_by":4,"name":"Juan Hao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Architecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"","lastName":"Hao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-19 12:38:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6699039/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6699039/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88505271,"identity":"164c6216-eb57-48b2-abe1-38bc40ca0a18","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 07:22:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1671343,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptnew.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6699039/v1_covered_4ecc3dcb-50c9-4117-85fb-6c11d0529034.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Optimization of Spectrum Resource Allocation for Multicast Services Based on Subtree Routing in Elastic Optical Networks","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"photonic-network-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pnet","sideBox":"Learn more about [Photonic Network Communications](http://link.springer.com/journal/11107)","snPcode":"11107","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11107/3","title":"Photonic Network Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Elastic optical networks, Spectrum allocation, Spectrum fragmentation, Multicast services, Sub-routing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6699039/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6699039/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"With the rapid development of internet applications such as video conferencing and online learning, along with the widespread adoption of bandwidth-intensive services, traditional wavelength-routed optical networks (WRONs) can no longer meet these diversified bandwidth demands. As an innovative solution, Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) dynamically allocate appropriate spectrum resources and configure corresponding modulation formats based on user requirements and traffic volumes, effectively overcoming the limitations of WRONs. However, EON transmissions must adhere to constraints including spectrum consistency, non-overlapping, and continuity. Prolonged network operation generates idle spectrum fragments that violate these constraints, resulting in spectrum resource wastage, aggravated network congestion, and degraded overall performance. To address these challenges, this study proposes the Subtree Routing Algorithm Based on Multicast Service (STMS) and the Spectrum Resource Allocation Algorithm for Multicast Services Based on Sub-Routing (SR-MSRA). The core concept of STMS involves grouping destination nodes of multicast sessions and splitting a single large light-tree into multiple subtrees, where each subtree adaptively selects optimal modulation formats according to real-time spectrum states, thereby significantly improving multicast service request success rates. Building upon STMS, SR-MSRA further enhances request success rates and mitigates spectrum fragmentation by decomposing multicast requests into sub-routes and introducing a spectrum window utilization metric to dynamically evaluate and select sub-routes. This strategy efficiently utilizes dispersed idle spectrum fragments while satisfying continuity constraints, substantially reducing multicast blocking probability. Additionally, we formulate an integer linear programming (ILP) model and design a heuristic algorithm. 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