Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools

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The physical school environment includes the physical structures; presence of chemicals and biological agents; and the surrounding environment, including air, water, and materials. This study aimed to evaluate the indoor air quality (IAQ) in governmental girls’ schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods Seventeen girls’ schools were randomly selected in the Eastern Province of KSA. The indoor levels of PM10 and PM2.5, volatile organic compounds, CO, NO2, and CO2 were measured at different sites inside each school during four months of the year 2020. Results Levels of the six air pollutants were higher inside schools adjacent to roads with moderate traffic activity than schools with low and very low traffic activity. However, the mean level of CO2 inside the selected schools was higher than its outdoor level, suggesting the predominance of an indoor source of CO2. The levels of all measured air pollutants inside governmentally constructed school buildings were higher than those inside the rental type. Conclusion The average levels of air pollutants inside the selected schools were much lower than their air quality guidelines (AQGs), while some CO2 and NO2 levels exceeded their AQGs at some schools. 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F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110775.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Revised Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Mahmoud Fathy Elsharkawy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-8618 1 , Mohammed Tawfiq Aljassim https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-9393 1 , Abdulmalik Salman Alsaif https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2565-2174 1 , Sana Abdullah Alsulaiman 2 Mahmoud Fathy Elsharkawy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-8618 1 , Mohammed Tawfiq Aljassim https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-9393 1 , Abdulmalik Salman Alsaif https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2565-2174 1 , Sana Abdullah Alsulaiman 2 PUBLISHED 30 May 2024 Author details Author details 1 Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia 2 Auxiliary Agency for Preventive Health, Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Mahmoud Fathy Elsharkawy Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mohammed Tawfiq Aljassim Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Abdulmalik Salman Alsaif Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sana Abdullah Alsulaiman Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background A proper and adequate school environment is important for an effective learning process and maintaining the health of the students as they spend most of their time in schools. The physical school environment includes the physical structures; presence of chemicals and biological agents; and the surrounding environment, including air, water, and materials. This study aimed to evaluate the indoor air quality (IAQ) in governmental girls’ schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods Seventeen girls’ schools were randomly selected in the Eastern Province of KSA. The indoor levels of PM10 and PM2.5, volatile organic compounds, CO, NO2, and CO2 were measured at different sites inside each school during four months of the year 2020. Results Levels of the six air pollutants were higher inside schools adjacent to roads with moderate traffic activity than schools with low and very low traffic activity. However, the mean level of CO2 inside the selected schools was higher than its outdoor level, suggesting the predominance of an indoor source of CO2. The levels of all measured air pollutants inside governmentally constructed school buildings were higher than those inside the rental type. Conclusion The average levels of air pollutants inside the selected schools were much lower than their air quality guidelines (AQGs), while some CO2 and NO2 levels exceeded their AQGs at some schools. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords School environment, Indoor air quality, Air quality guidelines, Girl schools, Saudi Arabia Corresponding Author(s) Mahmoud Fathy Elsharkawy ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Mahmoud Fathy Elsharkawy Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2024 Elsharkawy MF et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Elsharkawy MF, Aljassim MT, Alsaif AS and Alsulaiman SA. Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110775.2 ) First published: 29 Sep 2022, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110775.1 ) Latest published: 30 May 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110775.2 ) Revised Amendments from Version 1 Main changes 1. All "safety preparedness issues” are removed from the paper. 2. We deleted a repeated sentence. 3. We changed the temperature to “effective temperature”. Main changes 1. All "safety preparedness issues” are removed from the paper. 2. We deleted a repeated sentence. 3. We changed the temperature to “effective temperature”. See the authors' detailed response to the review by Adel Zakaria READ REVIEWER RESPONSES Introduction A proper and adequate school environment is important for an effective learning process and maintaining the health of the students because they spend most of their daytime in schools. 1 – 3 The effectiveness of the school depends on the quality of its environment and its ability to encourage students to learn effectively. 4 The physical school environment includes the type of buildings, internal infrastructure, furniture, presence of chemicals or biological agents, location, and its surrounding environment, which includes air, water, and nearby land uses, roadways, and other sources of contaminants. 5 , 6 Inside schools, there are many sources of air pollution such as the building materials, furnishing, wall paints, air conditioning system, cleaning products, and chemicals that are used in laboratory, as well as the transformation of pollutants from the outdoor sources and surrounding activities (e.g., traffic roads, industry, agricultural or commercial). 7 Recently, the “green school concept” has been strongly recommended for schools, particularly new ones. A green school is defined as “a school that creates a healthy environment conducive to learning through building the school with more daylighting, better ventilation, healthy green building materials (such as non-VOC (volatile organic compound) carpets and paints) and planting more trees and plant around and inside the school premises to reduce carbon emissions and other air pollutants”. 8 Respiratory conditions, such as asthma, are a major cause of hospitalization and school absenteeism in several countries across the world. 9 , 10 In addition, students and school personnel might experience emergency medical situations because of injuries or unexpected major accidents that occur in schools due to the absence of the recommended control measures or safety preparedness. 11 Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) may increase rates of asthma, allergies, and infectious respiratory diseases, affecting student performance. 12 , 13 Poor IAQ, including inadequate ventilation, air pollutants, and very high or very low temperatures, is one of the factors that can contribute to absenteeism and reduce the performance of both students and staff if not adequately considered and controlled. 14 Furthermore, schools in industrialized countries or high traffic areas are subjected to higher indoor air pollution than those in rural or low traffic ones. The good IAQ test is one of the key factors contributing to a healthy and productive learning environment. 15 – 19 Although several studies have been conducted to evaluate the IAQ of the boys’ schools in KSA, no previous similar studies have been conducted for the girls’ schools. The major importance of this study is the formation of a database for environmental quality, particularly air quality, inside the girls’ schools in KSA. In addition, this study will help in raising awareness of students and all school personnel concerning environmental health for prevention or reducing the exposure to the risks and environmental disasters that have existed in the schools. Methods Ethical considerations This research was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Imam Abdurrahman bin Faisal University No. IRB-PGS-2019-03-357 on 4/12/2019. Because our study was on the governmental schools, we obtained the necessary approvals from the Saudi Ministry of Education prior to the completion of this study. A general consent from the General Educational Administration in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom was obtained, which gave us the freedom to enter any school without the need to obtain its separate consent. Our role was to coordinate with the selected school before going to conduct the measurements and collect the required data, which was usually done by a phone call or a quick visit. Study site and duration A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted for measuring the levels of air pollutants in 17 selected schools at Al-Qatif governorate during a period of four months (January – April 2020). Al-Qatif is an urban area with an ancient green coastal oasis rich in oil, dates, fruits, and fish, surrounded by a jungle of palm trees. The climate of Al-Qatif is hot and dry with high humidity and temperatures in summer and cold in winter. Its population is 524,182 people, according to the statistics of 2017. 20 The traffic activity in Al-Qatif is not congested compared to other cities of the Eastern Province of KSA. Details of the studied schools Generally, a good maximum sample size is usually around 10% of the total population. To increase the credibility of our work, we selected seventeen girls’ schools were selected. This number represents nearly 20% of the KSA governmental girls’ schools in Al-Qatif governorate. Selection of this number of schools was based on a completely randomized design (CRD), which is considered one where the treatments are assigned completely at random so that each experimental unit has the same chance of receiving any one treatment. The process of random allocation may be done in several ways. To select our studied schools, we were using drawing lots through giving numbers for all schools (80 schools) and then drawing 17 numbers randomly. The inclusion criteria were the KSA governmental girls’ schools in Al-Qatif governorate, while the exclusion ones were the governmental boys’ schools and private boys’ and girls’ schools in the same governorate. Details of the selected schools, including the type of school building, outside traffic activity, number of classrooms and floors, and the total number of students and staff, are presented in Table 1 . Table 1. Detail of the selected schools for this study. No. of school Type of school building Outside traffic activity Total No. of classrooms Total No. of students Total No. of staff Number of floors 1 Governmental Moderate 27 492 48 2 2 Governmental Moderate 29 379 35 2 3 Governmental Low 55 509 57 3 4 Governmental (Aramco) Moderate 50 763 71 1 5 Governmental Very low 16 149 27 2 6 Governmental Very low 55 1035 87 3 7 Governmental Low 32 383 40 3 8 Governmental Very low 24 273 39 2 9 Governmental Very low 24 367 58 2 10 Government Very low 22 283 37 3 11 Government Very low 22 295 55 2 12 Governmental Moderate 32 150 33 2 13 Governmental (Aramco) Moderate 41 481 51 2 14 Governmental Moderate 43 265 58 3 15 Rented Low 17 312 37 3 16 Rented Very low 40 518 46 4 17 Rented Very low traffic 24 414 37 3 To study the effect of traffic emissions on the IAQ level outside schools in this study, the traffic activity was classified into three categories based on the average number of cars that were moving per hour. 21 The first category is “very low traffic activity” where the number of cars was <50 cars per hour. The second category is “low traffic activity” where the number of cars ranged from 50 to <200 cars per hour. The third category is “moderate traffic activity” where the number of cars ranged from 200 to <500 cars per hour. Monitoring of IAQ Inside each school, several locations were selected for monitoring of the air quality measurements. These locations represented two classrooms from each floor, the playground, the library, and the laboratory. Inside each one of these rooms, two sites were selected; at the front and back of the room. The total number of selected locations ranged between 14 and 22 based on the number of floors inside each school. Levels of particulate matter less than 2.5 and 10 microns in size (PM 2.5 and PM 10 respectively), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) were monitored inside each one of the selected locations at each school. In addition, temperature and relative humidity (RH) percent were simultaneously recorded for all locations. Levels of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were determined by the Handheld Portable Particle Counter instrument (M&A Instruments Inc). It can directly measure PM 10 and PM 2.5 in a very wide range of concentrations (0-500 μg/m 3 ) with a high degree of accuracy, because it automatically monitors the sensor status, out of flow calibration (> 5%). In addition, it has external digital temperature and humidity sensors to assure accurate measurement. Generally, levels of gaseous air pollutants are measured by direct-reading instruments based on different techniques such as infrared, ultraviolet, or electrochemical techniques. During this study, all selected gases were directly measured by the Gray Wolf’s Direct Sense ® mobile PC based products, Advanced Sense™ meters, and Wolf Pack™ area monitor. The Gray Wolf monitor is composed of multi-gas detectors. It is a one to five-sensor gas detector equipped with a wireless radio frequency modem which allows the unit to communicate and transmit readings and other information on a real-time basis with a remotely located base controller. In stand-alone operation, it is a rugged, weather-resistant, portable monitor that can run over 24 hours on either rechargeable lithium-ion or alkaline batteries. In addition, it has sensors from measuring the ambient temperature degree and RH percent. At each measuring site inside the school, a reading for each selected pollutant was recorded every 30 minutes during a total of 2 hours period. The gaseous pollutants were measured directly in parts per million (ppm), while levels of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were recorded directly in microgram of dust per cubic meter of air (μg/m 3 ). Levels of the selected air pollutants were measured at least three times during the morning period of different weekdays where students and staff are present in their classrooms. The total number of IAQ readings nearly ranged between 30 to 50 for each pollutant for each school. Statistical analysis Results of IAQ monitoring were analyzed statistically using professional programs such as the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 and Excel Software 2016. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for comparing levels of the studied air pollutants at different sites inside and outside the selected schools. The statistical significance of p-value <0.05 was used for all tests of significance. Results Although about five measurements were conducted for each type of pollutant at each selected site inside the schools, we only considered the most two stable measurements in our analysis. 63 All selected schools were eligible for the study and no problems or constrains were faced during the study. Table 2 represents the mean levels and standard deviations (SD) of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , CO, CO 2 , VOCs, and NO 2 , respectively, at all selected schools. The highest mean levels ± standard deviation (S.D) for PM 10 and PM 2.5 were (29.3 ± 6.5 μg/m) and (16.3 ± 1.3 μg/m), where the lowest mean levels were (12.0 ± 2.2 μg/m) and (7.5 ± 1.3 μg/m) respectively. The highest mean levels of CO 2 , CO, NO 2 , and VOCs were (1488 ± 533.3 ppm), (3.85 ± 0.66 ppm), (1.32 ± 0.2 ppm) and (0.34 ± 0.47 ppm) respectively, while the lowest mean levels were (523.0 ± 85.3 ppm), (1.2 ± 0.1 ppm), (0 ppm) and (0 ppm) respectively. Table 2. Mean levels of air pollutants inside the studied schools (VOCs: volatile organic compounds). No. of school Results PM 10 (μg/m 3 ) PM2.5 (μg/m 3 ) CO 2 (ppm) CO (ppm) NO 2 (ppm) VOCs (ppm) 1 Mean 29.3 15.8 1107.4 3.85 1.32 0.3 SD 6.5 2.3 539.2 0.66 0.20 0.04 2 Mean 17 11.1 723.5 3.73 0.58 0.23 SD 7.1 3.6 147 0.77 0.15 0.03 3 Mean 17.3 8.8 531.8 3.7 0.28 0.16 SD 4.3 1.6 92.7 2.61 0.02 0.03 4 Mean 21.9 14.4 1488 2.86 0.73 0.29 SD 5.4 1.6 533.3 0.52 0.50 0.04 5 Mean 16.3 11.6 691.3 2.95 0.56 0.10 SD 4.1 2.2 119.3 2.29 0.78 0.06 6 Mean 15.2 8.5 702.5 1.93 0 0.34 SD 0.5 4.1 162.4 0.12 0 0.47 7 Mean 15 12.8 580.3 2.73 0 0 SD 5.1 3.1 143.2 0.81 0 0 8 Mean 12 9 614.8 2.63 0 0 SD 2.2 1.8 171.8 0.87 0 0 9 Mean 14.3 12 523 2.2 0 0 SD 1.3 1.83 85.3 0.36 0 0 10 Mean 18 9.5 672.8 2.9 0 0 SD 3.6 2.1 254.4 0.69 0 0 11 Mean 16.8 12.3 601.8 2.23 0 0 SD 2.4 2.2 119.4 0.46 0 0 12 Mean 28.8 14 951.8 2.05 0 0.25 SD 2.1 0.8 425.9 0.31 0 0.03 13 Mean 23.8 13.8 685 1.58 0.91 0 SD 0.9 2.2 197.4 0.33 0.74 0 14 Mean 24.8 16.3 1019.8 1.86 0.915 0.28 SD 4.5 1.3 451.6 0.28 0.41 0.04 15 Mean 20.8 13.5 669.5 1.2 0.23 0 SD 2.2 1.7 219.2 0.1 0.32 0 16 Mean 14.8 7.5 653.3 2.6 0.25 0 SD 2.8 1.3 245.7 1.29 0.08 0 17 Mean 15.5 11.5 561 2.13 0.38 0 SD 3.8 1.3 103.6 0.93 0.17 0 Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the correlation between the level of air pollutants inside the selected schools and the traffic activity outside the schools. The highest levels (mean ± standard deviation) of PM 10 (24.2 ± 4.6 μg/m 3 ), PM 2.5 (14.2 ± 1.8 μg/m 3 ), CO (2.65 ± 0.99 ppm), CO 2 (995.9 ± 292.6 ppm), VOCs (0.18 ± 0.14 ppm), and NO 2 (0.74 ± 0.44 ppm) were found inside schools surrounded by streets with moderate activity, followed by those located adjacent to the streets with low traffic activity, while the lowest levels were found inside the schools surrounded by streets with very low activity. On the contrary, the mean level of CO 2 in schools adjacent to the very low traffic street (627.5 ± 63.9 ppm) was slightly higher than those at the low traffic street (593.9 ± 69.8 ppm). To study the significance of this factor, the one-way ANOVA test was applied for the data, as presented in Table 3 which indicates that significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between schools located at moderate streets and those in low and very low ones for four pollutants, except for CO and VOCs. Figure 1. Relation between levels of PM inside schools and the outdoor traffic activity. Figure 2. Relation between levels of gaseous air pollutants inside schools and the outdoor traffic activity. Table 3. One-way ANOVA test between air pollutant levels inside schools and outdoor traffic activity. Dependent variable Location of schools Std. error Sig. (P value) PM 10 (μg/m 3 ) Very low traffic Low traffic 1.774 .241 Moderate traffic 1.212 .000 * Low traffic Moderate traffic 1.728 .001 * PM 2.5 (μg/m 3 ) Very low traffic Low traffic .878 .373 Moderate traffic .600 .000 * Low traffic Moderate traffic .855 .002 * CO 2 (ppm) Very low traffic Low traffic 114.9988 .632 Moderate traffic 78.5592 .000 * Low traffic Moderate traffic 111.9777 .000 * CO (ppm) Very low traffic Low traffic .41239 .696 Moderate traffic .28278 .054 Low traffic Moderate traffic .40023 .332 NO 2 (ppm) Very low traffic Low traffic .14619 .746 Moderate traffic .09987 .000 * Low traffic Moderate traffic .14235 .000 * VOCs (ppm) Very low traffic Low traffic .69772 .995 Moderate traffic .47663 .196 Low traffic Moderate traffic .67939 .366 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Figures 3 and 4 indicate the average concentrations of outdoor air pollutants compared with those inside schools. Except for CO 2 , the average concentrations of all pollutants outside schools were slightly higher or nearly the same as the indoor levels, with no statistical differences for all pollutants (p > 0.05). On contrary, the mean level of CO 2 inside the selected schools (858.7 ± 436.7 ppm) was higher than its outdoor level (475.9 ± 116.8 ppm) with a very strong statistical difference (p = 0). Figure 3. Relation between indoor and outdoor levels of PM. Figure 4. Relation between indoor and outdoor levels of gaseous air pollutants. Buildings of the selected schools were divided into two types: governmental constructed buildings (which were 14 schools) and governmental rental buildings (3 schools). The average levels of air pollutants inside each type were calculated and illustrated in Figures 5 and 6 . The mean concentrations of studied pollutants inside the governmental constructed schools’ buildings (PM 10 [20.1 ± 7.1 μg/m 3 ], PM 2.5 [12.5 ± 3.3 μg/m 3 ], CO [2.95 ± 1.33 ppm], NO 2 [0.54 ± 0.58 ppm], CO 2 [858 ± 440.8 ppm] and VOCs [0.16 ± 0.15 ppm]), were higher than those inside the rental type (17 ± 3.9 μg/m 3 , 10.8 ± 2.9 μg/m 3 , 1.98 ± 1.03, 0.29 ± 0.20, 628 ± 187 and 0 ± 0 ppm respectively). The independent t-test values ( Table 4 ) indicated a statistically significant difference for CO, CO 2 , and NO 2 levels (p < 0.05) between governmental constructed and rental school buildings, while there is no significance for the other pollutants. Figure 5. Levels of PM inside schools of different building types. Figure 6. Levels of gaseous air pollutants inside schools of different building types. Table 4. T-test between air pollutants levels in the governmental constructed and rental school buildings. Independent samples test t-test for equality of means t df Sig. (2-tailed) PM 10 2.322 22.155 .030 PM2.5 1.845 14.892 .085 CO 2 3.245 30.756 .003 * CO 2.976 16.359 .009 * NO 2 2.986 41.176 .005 * VOCs 1.655 91.000 .101 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Some of the studied classrooms for this study were located at the ground level (ground floor), while the others were located on the upper floors. The average level of each air pollutant inside all classrooms of the same floor was calculated and presented in Figures 7 and 8 . Figure 7. Levels of PM inside classrooms located on different floors. Figure 8. Levels of gaseous air pollutants inside classrooms located on different floors. High levels of CO 2 (˃ 1000 ppm) were found in schools of both large and small areas, while low levels (< 500 ppm) were also recorded in schools with both large and small areas. Using the Pearson correlation tests indicated that there is a negative very weak correlation between the total volume of classrooms and levels of CO 2 with no significant correlation (P > 0.05). Figure 9 represents the relation between levels of CO 2 and the number of students in classrooms, where no correlation was found between these two variables. For example, lower level of CO 2 (703.5 ppm) was found inside classrooms occupied with high number of students (39 students), while higher level of CO 2 (1382.7 ppm) was obtained inside classrooms occupied with lower number (27 students). Figure 9. Relation between levels of CO 2 and the number of students in classrooms. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the correlation between concentrations of the studied pollutants and degree of temperature in all selected classrooms, as shown in Table 5 . There is a very weak positive correlation between the degree of temperatures and concentrations of both PM 10 and VOCs, while there is a very weak negative correlation with levels of the other pollutants without statistical significance for all pollutants (p ˃ 0.05). Table 5. Pearson correlation test between levels air pollutants and the temperature degree and RH percent inside classrooms. Item Type of correlation PM 10 PM 2.5 CO 2 CO NO 2 VOCs Temperature degree Pearson correlation .174 -.169 -.068 -.125 -.075 .114 Sig. (2-tailed) .077 .085 .495 .209 .446 .250 RH percent Pearson correlation .328 .434 .491 .263 .388 -.127 Sig. (2-tailed) .001 * .000 * .000 * .007 * .000 * .197 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Discussion Occupants of an indoor environment, including homes, workplaces, and schools are exposed to a mixture of pollutants with known health effects, such as VOCs, CO, PM 10 and PM 2.5 , and other gases. The contribution and concentration of these pollutants are influenced by various sources, for example, indoor sources, outdoor air pollution and climate, occupant’s behavior, and building material. 22 , 23 In the present study, most of these factors were studied in the selected schools to determine the factor that mostly affects school and classroom IAQ levels. Effect of the outdoor traffic activity on the IAQ levels Motor vehicles emit many pollutants that can cause adverse health effects. 24 Children are exposed to pollutants in school- related spaces for many hours of the day. In general, schools in downtown areas are exposed to pollutants from traffic emissions higher than those located in low traffic areas. 25 Evidently, the levels of the six studied air pollutants inside schools adjacent to roads with moderate traffic activity were higher than those with low and very low traffic activity (as shown in Figures 1 and 2 ). This indicates that the outdoor sources of air pollution (particularly the traffic emission) have direct and considerable effects on the indoor level of air quality. On the contrary, the slightly higher mean level of CO 2 in schools adjacent to the very low traffic street compared to those at the low traffic street, suggests that there is another source of CO 2 inside the school itself, which will be discussed later. To confirm the above results, the average concentrations of outdoor air pollutants were compared with those inside schools as (shown in Figures 3 and 4 ). Except for CO 2 , the average concentrations of all pollutants outside schools were slightly higher or nearly the same as the indoor levels, with no statistical differences for all pollutants (p > 0.05). This suggests that outdoor traffic activities are the main source of these pollutants inside schools and any indoor environments, such as homes. On the contrary, the higher mean level of CO 2 inside the selected schools than its outdoor level suggests the predominance of the indoor source of this gas. The findings of this study are comparable with similar studies inside and outside KSA. For example, a study conducted by Elsharkawy in several boys’ schools in Dammam and Khobar cities of the Eastern Province of KSA revealed that the highest levels of the same air pollutants inside classrooms that were located directly on the moderate traffic streets compared with low or very low traffic activity ones. It was also concluded that the average concentrations of studied air pollutants outside schools were slightly higher than those indoor, except CO 2 . 26 In Barcelona (Spain), impact of the outdoor traffic-related air pollutants was studied in 39 schools in an urban area with less traffic count and a heavy traffic area. The result of this study indicated that the concentration of air pollutants measured was higher in schools with heavy traffic activity, due to the higher influence of emission sources in the outdoor environment. 27 A recent study in Beijing (China) revealed that the air quality inside the school classrooms was greatly affected by the outdoor levels of air pollutants and the level of both PM 2.5 and PM 10 at most schools had adverse respiratory effects on children. 28 Another study was conducted in Coimbra, Portugal, indicated that the levels of CO 2 in the indoor air in many schools were higher than those of outdoor air and most of these levels were above the recommended air quality guideline, particularly in the fall and winter seasons. 29 Many other studies conducted worldwide have revealed that in the absence of indoor sources of air pollutants, their concentrations indoors will be close to or lower than those outdoor because air pollution in the outdoor atmosphere is likely to be present indoors. 30 Effect of the school building type on the IAQ levels The independent t-test values indicated a statistically significant difference for CO, CO 2 , and NO 2 levels (p < 0.05) between governmental constructed and rental school buildings, while there is no significance for the other pollutants. This could be attributed to the significant difference in the design of the two building types. School sizes, number of classrooms, and number of occupants in government school buildings are usually higher than the rental type. In addition, most governmentally constructed buildings are located at or near traffic roads contrary to rental buildings that are usually located inside residential areas. Therefore, levels of air pollution inside the governmentally constructed buildings were logically higher than rental buildings. Reportedly, the above conclusion is the same in boys’ schools in KSA. 26 A similar study was conducted in 16 urban schools in the mid-Atlantic region in the US to determine the effect of the schools’ building type in the IAQ level. This study revealed that high concentrations of NO 2 and CO 2 were observed in temporary buildings schools compared to the permanent buildings’ schools. 31 Effect of the classroom location on the IAQ levels The location of the classroom inside any school may have an important role in the IAQ level inside it. This includes the floor number in which the classroom was located and the outside area which surrounds the classroom. Some of the studied classrooms for this study were located at the ground level (ground floor), while the others were located on the upper floors. The mean concentrations of pollutants inside classrooms that are located were higher than those of the upper floors without any significant differences for all pollutants as shown by the independent t-test analysis. Due to the dispersion process, the concentration of air pollutants decreases with increasing horizontal and vertical distances, and for this reason, levels of pollutants on the upper floor were the lowest. In addition, the ground floor is closer to the traffic activity outside the school than the upper floor, which confirms the previous conclusion of the direct effect of the outside traffic activity on the IAQ inside schools and their classrooms. The indoor sources play an important role in the distribution of air pollutants in the school rooms. For instance, dust in the ground can be moved to the ambient air by the movement and playing of students in the playground, and hence, rooms on the ground floor can receive an amount of dust higher than the upper floors. The levels of the airborne particles strongly depend on particle size. The larger the particles are in terms of diameter, the heavier they are, and the more easily they can be deposited on the lower floor. 32 Similar results were obtained from many studies across the world. For instance, a study conducted in Upper Silesia, Poland, in 2015 revealed that the highest average concentrations of PM were obtained in all buildings and classrooms during occupancy periods located on the ground floor. The mean concentrations of PM 10 and PM 2.5 in classrooms of the ground floor were 166.12 and 125.69 μg/m 3 , respectively, while their levels on the first floor were 81.49 and 67.65 μg/m 3 , respectively. 32 In Dammam and Khobar cities in KSA, the mean concentrations of pollutants inside classrooms that are located at the first floor were higher than those of the upper floors in most schools. 26 Effect of the ventilation quality inside classrooms on the IAQ levels Generally, the use of CO 2 as a marker for indoor air quality is widely used, and its level inside a building is usually used as indicator for the controlled ventilation. 33 , 34 To study the efficiency of ventilation rate inside classrooms, levels of CO 2 were measured and linked with several factors during this study: the area of windows and doors related to the area of the classrooms and the number of students. It was found that there was not any relation between the area of the classroom and the concentration of CO 2 . This can be related to many factors such as the number of students inside the classrooms, ventilation rate, indoor exchange rate, and room design (e.g., floor area and room volume). 35 Similarly, there was no correlation between the total area of all windows and doors inside each classroom and level of CO 2 (ppm). Natural ventilation is the intentional flow of outdoor air through an enclosure under the influence of wind and thermal pressures through controllable openings. Natural ventilations driven by pressure differences across the openings caused by ambient pressure and temperature differences between different openings within a unit. 36 On the other hand, the mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using ducts and fans, rather than relying on airflow through small holes or cracks in a home’s walls, roof, or windows. In many cases, mechanical ventilation is very important to provide fresh air and prevent or reduce levels of moisture, odors, and other pollutants that can build up inside a home. 37 Unlike other Arab countries, such as Egypt, most of the buildings inside the KSA are completely dependent on the mechanical ventilation system or air conditioning system, despite the presence of windows and other openings inside these buildings. The main cause for this phenomenon is the climatic characteristic and the presence of high levels of dust in the environment of most KSA cities. For this reason, in KSA, most of the windows in schools and classrooms are completely closed, and they are used only for transmitting the sunlight, but not for natural ventilation. It is clear from the results of this study that there was no correlation between the number or volume of windows and the level of CO 2 gas inside the selected classrooms, which indicates that levels of air pollutants inside the classroom depend mainly on the efficiency of mechanical and not natural ventilation systems. Because the human body is considered a source of CO 2 in the atmosphere as the result of the expiration process, a correlation between numbers of students and levels of this gas was studied inside each classroom. Unexpectedly, no correlation was found between number of students and level of CO 2 in the classrooms, as shown in Figure 9 . This may be related to the ventilation rate and air conditioning system, which was applied inside each classroom. These factors are considered one of the most important control techniques that are used for improving the IAQ inside any closed room. The low levels of CO 2 with the high number of students in some classrooms can be explained by the good ventilation system and rate inside these classrooms. Many previous studies revealed that the high levels of CO 2 in schools are correlated with high occupancy or inadequate ventilation. For example, a study conducted in the UK indicated that an elevated level of CO 2 rose quickly to 3000– 4500 ppm when windows were left closed in the absence of other means of providing air, such as conditioning. 38 Another study conducted in Victoria, Australia, during the winter periods indicated that a high level of CO 2 (2700 ppm) was recorded in typical occupied and non-ventilated rooms. 39 Effect of the temperature and RH on IAQ levels Effective temperature is one of the basic IAQ measurements that has a direct impact on perceived comfort and in turn, concentration, and productivity. According to the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Standard (ASHRAE), the recommended temperature ranges perceived as “comfortable” are 73°F –79°F (22.8°C–26.1°C) in the summer and 68°F –74.5°F (20.0°C–23.6°C) in the winter. 40 If the air temperature is too hot or too cold, this will make the occupants uncomfortable, and it would probably make them use only half of their mind and effort in concentrating on their job while the other half is concentrating on the uncomfortable air quality. 41 During this study, the temperature degrees inside classrooms of all schools ranged between 20.1°C–25.5°C, which is consistent with the recommended values. Results of our study are comparable to a study conducted in south-western school districts in the US to monitor the temperature inside the classrooms with closed windows and doors and ventilation rates operated by mechanical ventilation. It was concluded that there was no statistically significant correlation between indoor temperature and CO 2 , while there was only a weak positive correlation between indoor and outdoor average temperature (Spearman correlation.243, p < 0.05) indicating that indoor temperature is relatively independent of the outdoor conditions. 42 The IAQ and thermal comfort also depend greatly on the humidity level, which enhances the microbial growth, increases heat index, and the level of the fine airborne particles. For example, the human body feels warmer in humid conditions, and high temperatures affect and worsen people’s health. ASHRAE recommends the acceptable range of RH is 30%– 60% for all seasons. 43 Relative humidity below 30% is unacceptable because it can cause irritation and could contribute to symptoms such as eye and nose irritation, headache, cough, dry facial skin, and difficulties in breathing. RH above 60% may support the growth of pathogenic or allergenic microorganisms and contribute to the impact of heat index. 44 In the current study, the range of RH percentage was (from 29 % to 90.1%). The Pearson correlation coefficient test indicated that except VOCs, there was a weak to moderate positive correlation between RH and all pollutants with a strong statistical significance difference (p = 0). As for VOCs, there was a very weak negative correlation without statistical significance for all pollutants (p ˃ 0.05), as shown in Table 4 . In Finland, low RH (21%–23%) was recorded inside all classrooms of six public schools. 45 Effect of furnishing products on the IAQ levels Many air pollutants are emitted in the indoor atmosphere from the furnishings, where several materials are used such as wood, textile, plastics and metals. For example, VOCs are emitted from paints, solvents, and color-painted wood. 46 Most of these products are bonded with urea-formaldehyde adhesive, which leads to off-gassing of formaldehyde due to chemical reactions during their service lives. 47 Inside schools, there is much furniture of different types including classroom desks, chairs, cabinets, tables, and others. One of the major sources that contributed to the build-up of VOCs indoor environment is indoor emissions from furniture and building materials. 48 To study the effect of furnishing products in schools, the level of VOCs was correlated with the amount of furniture at each measuring site inside the school (classrooms, teachers’ rooms, and administrative offices). Generally, levels of measured VOCs were small (0.1–1.05 mg/m 3 ) without any correlation with the number of furniture, which means that the furnishing products have no measurable participation in these levels. The Pearson correlation test indicated that there was a very weak negative correlation between the number of furniture and levels of VOCs. A similar study was conducted in 144 classrooms at 37 recently constructed or renovated schools in the US. The median concentration among the most observed VOCs inside classrooms (benzene and toluene) were 0.3 and 0.7 mg/m 3 , respectively, and most mean concentrations of VOCs were below 5 mg/m 3 49 which is inconsistent with this present study. Air quality guidelines (AQG) It is very important to compare the results of the IAQ studies with the Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) that represent acceptable limits for the air pollutants recommended by the governmental authorities of each country. 50 Unfortunately, there are no IAQ guidelines in the Saudi Environmental Law. Results of this study were compared with the indoor AQGs suggested by different international scientific agencies ( Table 6 ), such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the WHO, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and ASHRAE (NAAQS/EPA, 2006; OSHA; NIOSH, 1992; ACGIH, 2001; ASHRAE, 2010). 44 , 51 – 55 As shown in Table 7 , comparing the results of this study with their AQGs indicated that the average levels of air pollutants inside the studied schools were much lower than their AQGs, while some levels of CO 2 and NO 2 were exceeding their AQGs at some schools. Table 6. International air quality guidelines (AQG) for common indoor pollutants. Pollutants NAAQS/EPA OSHA WHO/Europe NIOSH ACGIH ASHRAE PM 10 (μg/m 3 ) 150 (24 hr) 50 (1 yr) 50 (24 hr) 1000 (8 hr) PM 2.5 (μg/m 3 ) 35 (24 hr) 15 (1 yr) 5000 (8 hr) CO (ppm) 9 (8 hr) 35 (1 hr) 50 (8 hr) 10 (8 hr) 25 (1 hr) 50 (30 min) 90 (15 min) 35 (8 hr) 25 (8 hr) CO 2 (ppm) 5000 (8 hr) 5000 (8 hr) 30000 (15 min) 5000 (8 hr) 30000 (15 min) 1000 (8 hr) NO 2 (ppm) 0.05 (1 yr) 0.1 (1 hr) 0.004 (1 yr) 1.0 (15 min) 3 (8 hr) 5 (15 min) VOCs (μg/m 3 ) 200-600 Table 7. Overall mean levels of air pollutants inside the selected schools. School No. PM 10 (μg/m 3 ) PM 2.5 (μg/m 3 ) CO 2 ppm CO ppm NO 2 ppm VOCs ppm 1 29.3 15.8 1107.4 * 3.85 1.32 * 0.3 2 17 11.1 723.5 3.73 0.58 * 0.23 3 17.3 8.8 531.8 3.7 0.28 * 0.16 4 21.9 14.4 1488 * 2.86 0.73 * 0.29 5 16.3 11.6 691.3 2.95 0.56 * 0.10 6 15.25 8.5 702.5 1.925 0 0.34 7 15 12.8 580.3 2.73 0 0 8 12 9 614.8 2.63 0 0 9 14.3 12 523 2.2 0 0 10 18 9.5 672.8 2.9 0 0 11 16.8 12.3 601.8 2.23 0 0 12 28.8 14 951.8 2.05 0 0.25 13 23.8 13.8 685 1.58 0.91 * 0 14 24.8 16.3 1019.8 * 1.86 0.915 * 0.28 15 20.8 13.5 669.5 1.2 0.23 * 0 16 14.8 7.5 653.3 2.6 0.25 * 0 17 15.5 11.5 561 2.13 0.38 * 0 * Levels of air pollutants that exceed the recommended AQG. Measurements of CO 2 concentrations inside 60 schools in Croatia revealed that all recorded levels were higher than the recommended air quality guidelines (1938 mg/m 3 ), where the levels ranged between 2771 and 7763 mg/m 3 due to the poor ventilation in the classrooms, particularly in the hot months. 56 In Wellington, the capital of New Zealand, a study was done to analyze the concentration and sources of air pollution at an urban primary school (5–11 years), where the indoor PM 10 mean concentrations during the school day (30.1 μg/m 3 ) were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than the mean outdoor concentrations (8.9 μg/m 3 ), and the primary driver of indoor PM 2.5 was from the infiltration of outdoor pollutants from the motor vehicle emissions. 57 In Kuwait, a study was conducted to assess IAQ during a complete school calendar year and covered all climatic seasons. IAQ parameters were examined to assess pollutant levels in Kuwait schools in multiple settings (classrooms, painting rooms, computer labs, science rooms, teachers’ rooms, and roofs). The study revealed that high concentrations of VOCs and dust were present in most schools. 58 Another study was done in five primary schools in the Maltese Islands. The mean indoor PM 2.5 level of 17.78 μg/m 3 and CO (9.11 ppm) exceeded the thresholds set by the WHO. 59 The Park study showed the effects of outdoor temperature on the exam day on student performance, using 4.6 million high school exit tests in New York. The author finds that students taking an exam on a day with temperatures higher than 32°C scores up to 14% lower. 60 Another study was done in the primary schools of six French cities to study the poor air quality in classrooms, where the mean concentration of NO 2 has exceeded the WHO guidelines. 61 In 18 schools located in urban, industrial, and rural areas in Central–Southern Spain, the NO 2 concentrations were higher in an urban area with mean ranging between (17.6 and 113.0 mg/m 3 ) and followed by schools located in industrial or near highway means between (12.9 and 32.1 mg/m 3 ) than those in rural with mean ranging between (6.30 and 13.9 mg/m 3 ). 62 Strengths and limitations of the study The Arab governmental schools are usually located in areas of heavy air pollution sources (e.g., congested traffic and industry). Hence, the air pollution level inside these schools is expected to be high. Generally, there is a lack of research in this field. The major importance of this study is the formation of a database for air quality, inside Saudi governmental schools as a representative to other Arab countries, particularly the Gulf ones. In addition, this study will help in raising awareness of students and all school personnel concerning environmental health, especially maintaining good air quality. The main limitation of this study was the number of schools. It was planned to monitor a higher number, but unfortunately this was limited due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic where the learning process has completely shifted to distance education (online). The nature of this study requires the daily visiting of schools to conduct the measurements. Conclusion Levels of the six studied air pollutants inside schools adjacent to roads with moderate traffic activity were higher than those with low and very low traffic activity, indicating that outdoor sources of air pollution (particularly traffic emissions) have direct and considerable effects on the IAQ level. In addition, except for CO 2 , the mean levels of other pollutants outside schools were slightly higher or nearly the same as the indoor levels, confirming that the outdoor traffic activity is the main source of these pollutants inside schools or any indoor environments. On the contrary, the mean level of CO 2 inside the studied schools was higher than its outdoor level, suggesting the predominance of the indoor source of this gas. Due to the dispersion process, the concentration of air pollutants decreases with increasing horizontal and vertical distances, and thus levels of pollutants on the upper floors were lower than those on the ground floors. In addition, the ground floor is closer to the traffic activity outside the school than the upper floor, which supports the previous conclusion of the direct effect of outside traffic activity on the IAQ level inside schools and their classrooms. Levels of air pollutants inside all studied schools were much lower than their AQGs, while some CO 2 and NO 2 levels exceeded their AQGs in some schools. Data availability Underlying data Figshare: Full data.xlsx. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19403078.v1 . 63 The file contains the following underlying data: • Full details of the selected schools for this study • Monitoring sites inside the selected schools • Levels of air pollutants at each selected site Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). References 1. Schroeder K, Kubik MY: Policy, systems, and environmental approaches to a healthy school environment. J Adolesc Health. 2019; 65 (2): 169–170. 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 29 Sep 2022 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia 2 Auxiliary Agency for Preventive Health, Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Mahmoud Fathy Elsharkawy Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Mohammed Tawfiq Aljassim Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Abdulmalik Salman Alsaif Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Sana Abdullah Alsulaiman Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 30 May 2024, 11:1125 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110775.2 version 1 Published: 29 Sep 2022, 11:1125 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110775.1 Copyright © 2024 Elsharkawy MF et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Elsharkawy MF, Aljassim MT, Alsaif AS and Alsulaiman SA. Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110775.2 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 30 May 2024 Revised Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk K. Reviewer Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r358050 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v2#referee-response-358050 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 28 Jan 2025 Katarzyna Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk , Department of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r358050 Very extensive study. It begs to be modeled, correlated, etc. Generally processed mathematically. I highly recommend creating another article with a mathematical analysis of pollutions. The articles presenting the experiments must contain a thorough formal analysis of experimental errors, including ... Continue reading READ ALL Very extensive study. It begs to be modeled, correlated, etc. Generally processed mathematically. I highly recommend creating another article with a mathematical analysis of pollutions. The articles presenting the experiments must contain a thorough formal analysis of experimental errors, including errors in all measured variables and parameters presented, description of the instruments used, how they are used, calibration, etc. reality and overall error calculation in all applied maintenance and other rules. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: IAQ I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk K. Reviewer Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r358050 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v2#referee-response-358050 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Omer E. Reviewer Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r284918 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v2#referee-response-284918 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 14 Aug 2024 Eltigani Omer , Northern Boarder University, Arar, Saudi Arabia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r284918 All required correction ... Continue reading READ ALL All required correction done Thank you Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Environmental Epidemiology, Public Health I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Omer E. Reviewer Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r284918 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v2#referee-response-284918 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Zakaria A. Reviewer Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r263752 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v2#referee-response-263752 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 07 Aug 2024 Adel Zakaria , High Institute of Public Health - Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r263752 Dear Author, Thank you a lot for your kind words. I spent some time and effort to review your paper aiming to critically and subjectively find out any observations. You have already corrected some of them and ... Continue reading READ ALL Dear Author, Thank you a lot for your kind words. I spent some time and effort to review your paper aiming to critically and subjectively find out any observations. You have already corrected some of them and replied for the others. However, I was not convinced by some of your replies. Hereon I will comment on those replies. (You can refer to my original report for Version 1 here .) I missed in my previous report the original research data. However I found it on the Excel sheet. I screened through it and found it to be okay. I read the manuscript for the third time, in general, as I mentioned before in my previous report, the work is a good one, however it needs some refinements to be much better. I will comment on the replies which I didn’t accept them. Minor Mistakes: Mention of RH on the comments of Table 6. Reply: The authors said that they mentioned it under the table Comment: You might mention it in table title, however not on the comments on the table Reply: Concerning ventilation on the second paragraph, you mentioned the importance of ventilation and a comparison between natural and mechanical ventilation in details. Comment: Natural ventilation is not applied in your research at all, so there isn't any sound reason to mention it in details and make a comparison between it and mechanical ventilation. Reply: Concerning interpretation of the unrelated CO 2 concentration with number of students in the classroom. Comment: The authors may have misinterpreted my reservation. It needs to be clearly interpreted. The interpretation in the manuscript “third paragraph under Ventilation in discussion” is based on theoretical basis and assumption and not by practical measurements and calculations. Serious Mistakes: Reply: Concerning the title, the authors have emphasized to keep it the same. Comment: However, your reply is not sound enough, since adding “in KSA” at the end of the title will be more attractive for the research to be applied in other Arab Countries, also there are thousands of research papers where the place or country is added, which I believe it is essential, in contrary to what you said. Reply: How did the reviewer conclude that the research was extracted from a thesis? Comment: The author said from” The Thesis” and not from a thesis which emphasizes that the present research as well as the safety survey research were extracted from “The Thesis” since the two researches were done at the same schools on the same time. Also the safety survey research was published after IAQ research by about a year, so how it comes that the safety survey content was mentioned in IAQ research. It seems that may be Ms. Sana is the thesis candidate, since her name is on the two researches. Besides, the two researches were massive surveys which needs a lot of time and efforts so that it seems to be difficult for the faculties to do it alone, however, the thesis candidate would accommodate himself/herself to implement the research and recruit some assistants. Results Reply: Concerning putting the IAQ guidelines and occupational exposure limits in the same table (Table 6). Comment: Your reply is theoretically right, however, in the entire manuscript there was no signal at all to occupational exposure of school staff, and the whole study was dedicated to study IAQ in the chosen schools. If you have noticed the remarkable difference between IAQ guidelines and occupational exposure limits, and that the results of the study were very near to IAQ guide lines or even much less. So that, the occupational exposure limits should be omitted from Table 6. Discussion: Reply: The authors' reply concerning “Effect of school building type on the IAQ levels” is not related to my reservation in my previous report. You didn’t reply to my concern about discussing the impact of two parameters together on the IAQ, under that title you should discuss only the impact of school building type on IAQ. As I discussed before, the authors haven't written the same explanation in their reply about the school building type in the original manuscript or add it to your modified version. A better discussion of that parameter declaring its solely impact on IAQ is highly recommended. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Occupational Hygiene, Safety, Air Pollution Control I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Zakaria A. Reviewer Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r263752 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v2#referee-response-263752 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 29 Sep 2022 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Zakaria A. Reviewer Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.122419.r261827 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v1#referee-response-261827 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 21 May 2024 Adel Zakaria , High Institute of Public Health - Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.122419.r261827 Dear Sir Greetings to you from Alexandria, Thank you for allowing me to review this article. I apologize, I won't summarize the article. I read it critically, and found some minor mistakes and some serious mistakes. ... Continue reading READ ALL Dear Sir Greetings to you from Alexandria, Thank you for allowing me to review this article. I apologize, I won't summarize the article. I read it critically, and found some minor mistakes and some serious mistakes. I will start with the minor ones then the serious ones. I will follow a systematic approach in my review. General overview: The article is a good one, written in a sound language, with minimal spelling or grammar mistakes. Each section of the research paper is covering its subject properly, the methodology and instruments used is quite proper for sampling and monitoring of air pollutants. the results is presented in a good manner in tables and figures, and discussion is detailed and succeeded in interpreting the results and supported it with recent literature. The references is more than quite enough and more than half of them are considered recent. However, it seems that this paper is extracted from a thesis, which will be clarified later. Minor Mistakes: Under the title" Monitoring of IAQ" in the sixth line (PM10 and PM2.5 respectively) the order should be reversed. In paragraph after Fig. 4, the sixth line statement starting by" The independent t-test....." is repeated in the eighth line. The comments on Table 5 didn't contain any mention to RH, despite it is mentioned in the table. Under the title "effect of Ventilation" second paragraph is too long and discussed in details definition of natural and mechanical ventilation and the difference between them. Its better to be summarized. The third paragraph is not convincing to interpret the unrelated CO 2 concentration with number of students in the classroom. It needs to be interpreted. The paragraph after Table 7 the gas concentration is mentioned in mg/m 3 its better to convert it to ppm like the present paper. Under the title " Strengths and limitations of the study" in the fourth line "as a representative of to other Arab countries" it is better to be Gulf countries. Serious Mistakes : The Title , I believe that Its better to add ": Al-Qatif-KSA" to the title, at the end of it. Abstract , the last statement in the Methods," a predesigned questionnaire was used to evaluate the safety preparedness in the same selected schools" There was no mention at all to the questionnaire or its results in the entire paper, emphasizing that the present paper extracted from a thesis., also at the end of introduction the last statement there is a mention of safety. However, there is no mention in Methodology to any safety preparedness plan. Results : In table 6, it is not valid to put limits of NIOSH and ACGIH in this table of AQG since their limits is designated to working environment. Discussion: Under the title" Effect of the school building type on the IAQ levels" The reason that the levels of increased levels of pollutants in governmental schools are greater than those in the rented ones is not clear. The authors mentioned theoretical reasons with no relation to that difference. Also they combined another parameter, which is the location nearby high or low traffic areas which confuses the readers. Also the American reference at the third paragraph didn't offer an explanation since it was comparing between temporary and permanent schools. Under the title"Effect of temperature& relative humidity on IAQ levels", the authors discussed the effect of temperature and RH separately, however its better to consider the "effective temperature" Yet, these are the most important comments on the present paper, on correction of these comments, I believe that the paper will be better. Dr. Adel Zakaria Prof. of Occupational Hygiene and Air Pollution Alexandria University Alexandria- Egypt Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Occupational Hygiene, Safety, Air Pollution Control I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Zakaria A. Reviewer Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.122419.r261827 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v1#referee-response-261827 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 25 Jun 2024 Mahmoud Elsharkawy , Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia 25 Jun 2024 Author Response Dear Reviewer First, I would like to greatly thank you for your valuable comments that improved the manuscript and gave it more strength and reliability. We considered all your comments ... Continue reading Dear Reviewer First, I would like to greatly thank you for your valuable comments that improved the manuscript and gave it more strength and reliability. We considered all your comments in the revised manuscript as follows: Minor Mistakes: Under the title" Monitoring of IAQ" in the sixth line (PM10 and PM2.5 respectively) the order should be reversed. Response We reversed the order. In paragraph after Fig. 4, the sixth line statement starting by" The independent t-test....." is repeated in the eighth line. Response We deleted the repeated sentence. The comments on Table 5 didn't contain any mention to RH, despite it is mentioned in the table. Response We already mentioned it under the table. Under the title "effect of Ventilation" second paragraph is too long and discussed in details the definition of natural and mechanical ventilation and the difference between them. Its better to be summarized. Response Ventilation is a very important factor in the indoor environment. Not all readers have the same experience with the detail of this factor. We found that it is important to detail. The third paragraph is not convincing to interpret the unrelated CO2 concentration with the number of students in the classroom. It needs to be interpreted. Response We already mentioned that the use of CO2 as a marker for indoor air quality is widely used, and its level inside a building is usually used as an indicator for controlled ventilation. The paragraph after Table 7 the gas concentration is mentioned in mg/m3 its better to convert it to ppm like the present paper. Response It will not make any difference because the two units are used for air pollutants. Under the title " Strengths and limitations of the study" in the fourth line "as a representative of to other Arab countries" it is better to be Gulf countries. Response We changed it. Serious Mistakes: The Title, I believe that Its better to add ": Al-Qatif-KSA" to the title, at the end of it. Response We used the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia as a representative to most Arab cities. So, to make our paper valuable and can be widely used in Arab countries, we used this title like thousands of papers worldwide. Abstract, the last statement in the Methods," a predesigned questionnaire was used to evaluate the safety preparedness in the same selected schools". Response We deleted this statement from the abstract. There was no mention at all to the questionnaire or its results in the entire paper, emphasizing that the present paper extracted from a thesis., also at the end of introduction the last statement there is a mention of safety. However, there is no mention in Methodology to any safety preparedness plan. Response How did the reviewer conclude that the research was extracted from the thesis? We have already conducted a safety survey, but its results have been published in independent research. No doubt that providing a safe and clean environment inside schools will consider an important “ safety procedure” for the students and school staff. However, we deleted the “safety preparedness issues” from the paper. Results: In table 6, it is not valid to put limits of NIOSH and ACGIH in this table of AQG since their limits is designated to working environment. Response The school environment is considered as an indoor environment for (for students as examples) and a workplace for all staff (managers, teachers, administrative workers……). Discussion: Under the title" Effect of the school building type on the IAQ levels" The reason that the levels of increased levels of pollutants in governmental schools are greater than those in the rented ones is not clear. The authors mentioned theoretical reasons with no relation to that difference. Also they combined another parameter, which is the location nearby high or low traffic areas which confuses the readers. Also the American reference at the third paragraph didn't offer an explanation since it was comparing between temporary and permanent schools. Response We described the reality of the situation of schools, as public (or governmental) schools are usually characterized by their large capacity and location that is qualified to receive a large number of cars, their multiple floors, and high number of students and related activities (labs, large playground…….etc.). This is completely different from rental schools that belong to a person or group of persons who rent a spacious residence and turn it into a school. As for the American study, it referred to the same difference, but with different names. Under the title "Effect of temperature& relative humidity on IAQ levels", the authors discussed the effect of temperature and RH separately, however its better to consider the "effective temperature". Response We changed the temperature to “effective temperature”. Dear Reviewer First, I would like to greatly thank you for your valuable comments that improved the manuscript and gave it more strength and reliability. We considered all your comments in the revised manuscript as follows: Minor Mistakes: Under the title" Monitoring of IAQ" in the sixth line (PM10 and PM2.5 respectively) the order should be reversed. Response We reversed the order. In paragraph after Fig. 4, the sixth line statement starting by" The independent t-test....." is repeated in the eighth line. Response We deleted the repeated sentence. The comments on Table 5 didn't contain any mention to RH, despite it is mentioned in the table. Response We already mentioned it under the table. Under the title "effect of Ventilation" second paragraph is too long and discussed in details the definition of natural and mechanical ventilation and the difference between them. Its better to be summarized. Response Ventilation is a very important factor in the indoor environment. Not all readers have the same experience with the detail of this factor. We found that it is important to detail. The third paragraph is not convincing to interpret the unrelated CO2 concentration with the number of students in the classroom. It needs to be interpreted. Response We already mentioned that the use of CO2 as a marker for indoor air quality is widely used, and its level inside a building is usually used as an indicator for controlled ventilation. The paragraph after Table 7 the gas concentration is mentioned in mg/m3 its better to convert it to ppm like the present paper. Response It will not make any difference because the two units are used for air pollutants. Under the title " Strengths and limitations of the study" in the fourth line "as a representative of to other Arab countries" it is better to be Gulf countries. Response We changed it. Serious Mistakes: The Title, I believe that Its better to add ": Al-Qatif-KSA" to the title, at the end of it. Response We used the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia as a representative to most Arab cities. So, to make our paper valuable and can be widely used in Arab countries, we used this title like thousands of papers worldwide. Abstract, the last statement in the Methods," a predesigned questionnaire was used to evaluate the safety preparedness in the same selected schools". Response We deleted this statement from the abstract. There was no mention at all to the questionnaire or its results in the entire paper, emphasizing that the present paper extracted from a thesis., also at the end of introduction the last statement there is a mention of safety. However, there is no mention in Methodology to any safety preparedness plan. Response How did the reviewer conclude that the research was extracted from the thesis? We have already conducted a safety survey, but its results have been published in independent research. No doubt that providing a safe and clean environment inside schools will consider an important “ safety procedure” for the students and school staff. However, we deleted the “safety preparedness issues” from the paper. Results: In table 6, it is not valid to put limits of NIOSH and ACGIH in this table of AQG since their limits is designated to working environment. Response The school environment is considered as an indoor environment for (for students as examples) and a workplace for all staff (managers, teachers, administrative workers……). Discussion: Under the title" Effect of the school building type on the IAQ levels" The reason that the levels of increased levels of pollutants in governmental schools are greater than those in the rented ones is not clear. The authors mentioned theoretical reasons with no relation to that difference. Also they combined another parameter, which is the location nearby high or low traffic areas which confuses the readers. Also the American reference at the third paragraph didn't offer an explanation since it was comparing between temporary and permanent schools. Response We described the reality of the situation of schools, as public (or governmental) schools are usually characterized by their large capacity and location that is qualified to receive a large number of cars, their multiple floors, and high number of students and related activities (labs, large playground…….etc.). This is completely different from rental schools that belong to a person or group of persons who rent a spacious residence and turn it into a school. As for the American study, it referred to the same difference, but with different names. Under the title "Effect of temperature& relative humidity on IAQ levels", the authors discussed the effect of temperature and RH separately, however its better to consider the "effective temperature". Response We changed the temperature to “effective temperature”. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 25 Jun 2024 Mahmoud Elsharkawy , Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia 25 Jun 2024 Author Response Dear Reviewer First, I would like to greatly thank you for your valuable comments that improved the manuscript and gave it more strength and reliability. We considered all your comments ... Continue reading Dear Reviewer First, I would like to greatly thank you for your valuable comments that improved the manuscript and gave it more strength and reliability. We considered all your comments in the revised manuscript as follows: Minor Mistakes: Under the title" Monitoring of IAQ" in the sixth line (PM10 and PM2.5 respectively) the order should be reversed. Response We reversed the order. In paragraph after Fig. 4, the sixth line statement starting by" The independent t-test....." is repeated in the eighth line. Response We deleted the repeated sentence. The comments on Table 5 didn't contain any mention to RH, despite it is mentioned in the table. Response We already mentioned it under the table. Under the title "effect of Ventilation" second paragraph is too long and discussed in details the definition of natural and mechanical ventilation and the difference between them. Its better to be summarized. Response Ventilation is a very important factor in the indoor environment. Not all readers have the same experience with the detail of this factor. We found that it is important to detail. The third paragraph is not convincing to interpret the unrelated CO2 concentration with the number of students in the classroom. It needs to be interpreted. Response We already mentioned that the use of CO2 as a marker for indoor air quality is widely used, and its level inside a building is usually used as an indicator for controlled ventilation. The paragraph after Table 7 the gas concentration is mentioned in mg/m3 its better to convert it to ppm like the present paper. Response It will not make any difference because the two units are used for air pollutants. Under the title " Strengths and limitations of the study" in the fourth line "as a representative of to other Arab countries" it is better to be Gulf countries. Response We changed it. Serious Mistakes: The Title, I believe that Its better to add ": Al-Qatif-KSA" to the title, at the end of it. Response We used the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia as a representative to most Arab cities. So, to make our paper valuable and can be widely used in Arab countries, we used this title like thousands of papers worldwide. Abstract, the last statement in the Methods," a predesigned questionnaire was used to evaluate the safety preparedness in the same selected schools". Response We deleted this statement from the abstract. There was no mention at all to the questionnaire or its results in the entire paper, emphasizing that the present paper extracted from a thesis., also at the end of introduction the last statement there is a mention of safety. However, there is no mention in Methodology to any safety preparedness plan. Response How did the reviewer conclude that the research was extracted from the thesis? We have already conducted a safety survey, but its results have been published in independent research. No doubt that providing a safe and clean environment inside schools will consider an important “ safety procedure” for the students and school staff. However, we deleted the “safety preparedness issues” from the paper. Results: In table 6, it is not valid to put limits of NIOSH and ACGIH in this table of AQG since their limits is designated to working environment. Response The school environment is considered as an indoor environment for (for students as examples) and a workplace for all staff (managers, teachers, administrative workers……). Discussion: Under the title" Effect of the school building type on the IAQ levels" The reason that the levels of increased levels of pollutants in governmental schools are greater than those in the rented ones is not clear. The authors mentioned theoretical reasons with no relation to that difference. Also they combined another parameter, which is the location nearby high or low traffic areas which confuses the readers. Also the American reference at the third paragraph didn't offer an explanation since it was comparing between temporary and permanent schools. Response We described the reality of the situation of schools, as public (or governmental) schools are usually characterized by their large capacity and location that is qualified to receive a large number of cars, their multiple floors, and high number of students and related activities (labs, large playground…….etc.). This is completely different from rental schools that belong to a person or group of persons who rent a spacious residence and turn it into a school. As for the American study, it referred to the same difference, but with different names. Under the title "Effect of temperature& relative humidity on IAQ levels", the authors discussed the effect of temperature and RH separately, however its better to consider the "effective temperature". Response We changed the temperature to “effective temperature”. Dear Reviewer First, I would like to greatly thank you for your valuable comments that improved the manuscript and gave it more strength and reliability. We considered all your comments in the revised manuscript as follows: Minor Mistakes: Under the title" Monitoring of IAQ" in the sixth line (PM10 and PM2.5 respectively) the order should be reversed. Response We reversed the order. In paragraph after Fig. 4, the sixth line statement starting by" The independent t-test....." is repeated in the eighth line. Response We deleted the repeated sentence. The comments on Table 5 didn't contain any mention to RH, despite it is mentioned in the table. Response We already mentioned it under the table. Under the title "effect of Ventilation" second paragraph is too long and discussed in details the definition of natural and mechanical ventilation and the difference between them. Its better to be summarized. Response Ventilation is a very important factor in the indoor environment. Not all readers have the same experience with the detail of this factor. We found that it is important to detail. The third paragraph is not convincing to interpret the unrelated CO2 concentration with the number of students in the classroom. It needs to be interpreted. Response We already mentioned that the use of CO2 as a marker for indoor air quality is widely used, and its level inside a building is usually used as an indicator for controlled ventilation. The paragraph after Table 7 the gas concentration is mentioned in mg/m3 its better to convert it to ppm like the present paper. Response It will not make any difference because the two units are used for air pollutants. Under the title " Strengths and limitations of the study" in the fourth line "as a representative of to other Arab countries" it is better to be Gulf countries. Response We changed it. Serious Mistakes: The Title, I believe that Its better to add ": Al-Qatif-KSA" to the title, at the end of it. Response We used the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia as a representative to most Arab cities. So, to make our paper valuable and can be widely used in Arab countries, we used this title like thousands of papers worldwide. Abstract, the last statement in the Methods," a predesigned questionnaire was used to evaluate the safety preparedness in the same selected schools". Response We deleted this statement from the abstract. There was no mention at all to the questionnaire or its results in the entire paper, emphasizing that the present paper extracted from a thesis., also at the end of introduction the last statement there is a mention of safety. However, there is no mention in Methodology to any safety preparedness plan. Response How did the reviewer conclude that the research was extracted from the thesis? We have already conducted a safety survey, but its results have been published in independent research. No doubt that providing a safe and clean environment inside schools will consider an important “ safety procedure” for the students and school staff. However, we deleted the “safety preparedness issues” from the paper. Results: In table 6, it is not valid to put limits of NIOSH and ACGIH in this table of AQG since their limits is designated to working environment. Response The school environment is considered as an indoor environment for (for students as examples) and a workplace for all staff (managers, teachers, administrative workers……). Discussion: Under the title" Effect of the school building type on the IAQ levels" The reason that the levels of increased levels of pollutants in governmental schools are greater than those in the rented ones is not clear. The authors mentioned theoretical reasons with no relation to that difference. Also they combined another parameter, which is the location nearby high or low traffic areas which confuses the readers. Also the American reference at the third paragraph didn't offer an explanation since it was comparing between temporary and permanent schools. Response We described the reality of the situation of schools, as public (or governmental) schools are usually characterized by their large capacity and location that is qualified to receive a large number of cars, their multiple floors, and high number of students and related activities (labs, large playground…….etc.). This is completely different from rental schools that belong to a person or group of persons who rent a spacious residence and turn it into a school. As for the American study, it referred to the same difference, but with different names. Under the title "Effect of temperature& relative humidity on IAQ levels", the authors discussed the effect of temperature and RH separately, however its better to consider the "effective temperature". Response We changed the temperature to “effective temperature”. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Omer E. Reviewer Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.122419.r266512 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v1#referee-response-266512 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 25 Apr 2024 Eltigani Omer , Northern Boarder University, Arar, Saudi Arabia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.122419.r266512 Clearly and accurately presented and it cites the current literature and the references were appropriate, so the authors were able to fully address the topic. Ethically it was approved by the Institutional ... Continue reading READ ALL Clearly and accurately presented and it cites the current literature and the references were appropriate, so the authors were able to fully address the topic. Ethically it was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Imam Abdurrahman bin Faisal University No. IRB-PGS-2019-03-357 at 4/12/2019. More detail is needed about measuring the levels of air pollutants and method followed to select the study units (schools). Please provide evidence that the traffic activity in Al-Qatif is not congested compared to other cities of the Eastern Province of KSA as you reported? The average number of cars that moving per hour varies at different times; please explore how you avoid this potential error? Explore the method followed to select measuring sites inside the school. The results were well presented and appropriate statistical measures were used to determine the significance of association between study variables. The various indoor sources that influenced the contribution and concentration of pollutants need more exploring. Some references listed below are very old and need to be updated: Borse NN, Gilchrist J, Dellinger AM, et al. : CDC childhood injury report: Patterns of unintentional injuries among 0- to 19-year-olds in the United States, 2000–2006. J Fam Community Med. 2008; 32 (2): 189. Baldauf R, Watkins N, Heist D, et al. : Near-road air quality monitoring: Factors affecting network design and interpretation of data. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2009; 2 : 1–9. Publisher Full Text Leong ST, Muttamara S, Laortanakul P: Preliminary study of relationship between outdoor and indoor air pollutant concentrations at Bangkok’s major streets. Sci Technol Asia. 2003; 8 (3): 29–39. Accessed January 27, 2021. Reference Source NAAQS/EPA-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40 CFR, Part50 National Ambient Air Quality Standards. 2006. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH recommendations for occupational safety and health – Compendium of policy documents and statements. Diane Publishing;1992. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists): Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices.2001. Elsharkawy M: Full data.xlsx. figshare. [Dataset].2022. Publisher Full Text Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Public Health, Environmental Epidemiology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Omer E. Reviewer Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.122419.r266512 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v1#referee-response-266512 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 29 Sep 2022 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 2 (revision) 30 May 24 read read read Version 1 29 Sep 22 read read Eltigani Omer , Northern Boarder University, Arar, Saudi Arabia Adel Zakaria , High Institute of Public Health - Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Katarzyna Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk , Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk K. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 28 Jan 2025 | for Version 2 Katarzyna Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk , Department of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland 0 Views copyright © 2025 Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk K. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Very extensive study. It begs to be modeled, correlated, etc. Generally processed mathematically. I highly recommend creating another article with a mathematical analysis of pollutions. The articles presenting the experiments must contain a thorough formal analysis of experimental errors, including errors in all measured variables and parameters presented, description of the instruments used, how they are used, calibration, etc. reality and overall error calculation in all applied maintenance and other rules. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise IAQ I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk K. Peer Review Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r358050) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v2#referee-response-358050 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Omer E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 14 Aug 2024 | for Version 2 Eltigani Omer , Northern Boarder University, Arar, Saudi Arabia 0 Views copyright © 2024 Omer E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions All required correction done Thank you Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Environmental Epidemiology, Public Health I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Omer E. Peer Review Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r284918) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v2#referee-response-284918 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Zakaria A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 07 Aug 2024 | for Version 2 Adel Zakaria , High Institute of Public Health - Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt 0 Views copyright © 2024 Zakaria A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear Author, Thank you a lot for your kind words. I spent some time and effort to review your paper aiming to critically and subjectively find out any observations. You have already corrected some of them and replied for the others. However, I was not convinced by some of your replies. Hereon I will comment on those replies. (You can refer to my original report for Version 1 here .) I missed in my previous report the original research data. However I found it on the Excel sheet. I screened through it and found it to be okay. I read the manuscript for the third time, in general, as I mentioned before in my previous report, the work is a good one, however it needs some refinements to be much better. I will comment on the replies which I didn’t accept them. Minor Mistakes: Mention of RH on the comments of Table 6. Reply: The authors said that they mentioned it under the table Comment: You might mention it in table title, however not on the comments on the table Reply: Concerning ventilation on the second paragraph, you mentioned the importance of ventilation and a comparison between natural and mechanical ventilation in details. Comment: Natural ventilation is not applied in your research at all, so there isn't any sound reason to mention it in details and make a comparison between it and mechanical ventilation. Reply: Concerning interpretation of the unrelated CO 2 concentration with number of students in the classroom. Comment: The authors may have misinterpreted my reservation. It needs to be clearly interpreted. The interpretation in the manuscript “third paragraph under Ventilation in discussion” is based on theoretical basis and assumption and not by practical measurements and calculations. Serious Mistakes: Reply: Concerning the title, the authors have emphasized to keep it the same. Comment: However, your reply is not sound enough, since adding “in KSA” at the end of the title will be more attractive for the research to be applied in other Arab Countries, also there are thousands of research papers where the place or country is added, which I believe it is essential, in contrary to what you said. Reply: How did the reviewer conclude that the research was extracted from a thesis? Comment: The author said from” The Thesis” and not from a thesis which emphasizes that the present research as well as the safety survey research were extracted from “The Thesis” since the two researches were done at the same schools on the same time. Also the safety survey research was published after IAQ research by about a year, so how it comes that the safety survey content was mentioned in IAQ research. It seems that may be Ms. Sana is the thesis candidate, since her name is on the two researches. Besides, the two researches were massive surveys which needs a lot of time and efforts so that it seems to be difficult for the faculties to do it alone, however, the thesis candidate would accommodate himself/herself to implement the research and recruit some assistants. Results Reply: Concerning putting the IAQ guidelines and occupational exposure limits in the same table (Table 6). Comment: Your reply is theoretically right, however, in the entire manuscript there was no signal at all to occupational exposure of school staff, and the whole study was dedicated to study IAQ in the chosen schools. If you have noticed the remarkable difference between IAQ guidelines and occupational exposure limits, and that the results of the study were very near to IAQ guide lines or even much less. So that, the occupational exposure limits should be omitted from Table 6. Discussion: Reply: The authors' reply concerning “Effect of school building type on the IAQ levels” is not related to my reservation in my previous report. You didn’t reply to my concern about discussing the impact of two parameters together on the IAQ, under that title you should discuss only the impact of school building type on IAQ. As I discussed before, the authors haven't written the same explanation in their reply about the school building type in the original manuscript or add it to your modified version. A better discussion of that parameter declaring its solely impact on IAQ is highly recommended. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Occupational Hygiene, Safety, Air Pollution Control I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Zakaria A. Peer Review Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139283.r263752) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v2#referee-response-263752 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Zakaria A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 May 2024 | for Version 1 Adel Zakaria , High Institute of Public Health - Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt 0 Views copyright © 2024 Zakaria A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear Sir Greetings to you from Alexandria, Thank you for allowing me to review this article. I apologize, I won't summarize the article. I read it critically, and found some minor mistakes and some serious mistakes. I will start with the minor ones then the serious ones. I will follow a systematic approach in my review. General overview: The article is a good one, written in a sound language, with minimal spelling or grammar mistakes. Each section of the research paper is covering its subject properly, the methodology and instruments used is quite proper for sampling and monitoring of air pollutants. the results is presented in a good manner in tables and figures, and discussion is detailed and succeeded in interpreting the results and supported it with recent literature. The references is more than quite enough and more than half of them are considered recent. However, it seems that this paper is extracted from a thesis, which will be clarified later. Minor Mistakes: Under the title" Monitoring of IAQ" in the sixth line (PM10 and PM2.5 respectively) the order should be reversed. In paragraph after Fig. 4, the sixth line statement starting by" The independent t-test....." is repeated in the eighth line. The comments on Table 5 didn't contain any mention to RH, despite it is mentioned in the table. Under the title "effect of Ventilation" second paragraph is too long and discussed in details definition of natural and mechanical ventilation and the difference between them. Its better to be summarized. The third paragraph is not convincing to interpret the unrelated CO 2 concentration with number of students in the classroom. It needs to be interpreted. The paragraph after Table 7 the gas concentration is mentioned in mg/m 3 its better to convert it to ppm like the present paper. Under the title " Strengths and limitations of the study" in the fourth line "as a representative of to other Arab countries" it is better to be Gulf countries. Serious Mistakes : The Title , I believe that Its better to add ": Al-Qatif-KSA" to the title, at the end of it. Abstract , the last statement in the Methods," a predesigned questionnaire was used to evaluate the safety preparedness in the same selected schools" There was no mention at all to the questionnaire or its results in the entire paper, emphasizing that the present paper extracted from a thesis., also at the end of introduction the last statement there is a mention of safety. However, there is no mention in Methodology to any safety preparedness plan. Results : In table 6, it is not valid to put limits of NIOSH and ACGIH in this table of AQG since their limits is designated to working environment. Discussion: Under the title" Effect of the school building type on the IAQ levels" The reason that the levels of increased levels of pollutants in governmental schools are greater than those in the rented ones is not clear. The authors mentioned theoretical reasons with no relation to that difference. Also they combined another parameter, which is the location nearby high or low traffic areas which confuses the readers. Also the American reference at the third paragraph didn't offer an explanation since it was comparing between temporary and permanent schools. Under the title"Effect of temperature& relative humidity on IAQ levels", the authors discussed the effect of temperature and RH separately, however its better to consider the "effective temperature" Yet, these are the most important comments on the present paper, on correction of these comments, I believe that the paper will be better. Dr. Adel Zakaria Prof. of Occupational Hygiene and Air Pollution Alexandria University Alexandria- Egypt Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Occupational Hygiene, Safety, Air Pollution Control I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 25 Jun 2024 Mahmoud Elsharkawy, Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia Dear Reviewer First, I would like to greatly thank you for your valuable comments that improved the manuscript and gave it more strength and reliability. We considered all your comments in the revised manuscript as follows: Minor Mistakes: Under the title" Monitoring of IAQ" in the sixth line (PM10 and PM2.5 respectively) the order should be reversed. Response We reversed the order. In paragraph after Fig. 4, the sixth line statement starting by" The independent t-test....." is repeated in the eighth line. Response We deleted the repeated sentence. The comments on Table 5 didn't contain any mention to RH, despite it is mentioned in the table. Response We already mentioned it under the table. Under the title "effect of Ventilation" second paragraph is too long and discussed in details the definition of natural and mechanical ventilation and the difference between them. Its better to be summarized. Response Ventilation is a very important factor in the indoor environment. Not all readers have the same experience with the detail of this factor. We found that it is important to detail. The third paragraph is not convincing to interpret the unrelated CO2 concentration with the number of students in the classroom. It needs to be interpreted. Response We already mentioned that the use of CO2 as a marker for indoor air quality is widely used, and its level inside a building is usually used as an indicator for controlled ventilation. The paragraph after Table 7 the gas concentration is mentioned in mg/m3 its better to convert it to ppm like the present paper. Response It will not make any difference because the two units are used for air pollutants. Under the title " Strengths and limitations of the study" in the fourth line "as a representative of to other Arab countries" it is better to be Gulf countries. Response We changed it. Serious Mistakes: The Title, I believe that Its better to add ": Al-Qatif-KSA" to the title, at the end of it. Response We used the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia as a representative to most Arab cities. So, to make our paper valuable and can be widely used in Arab countries, we used this title like thousands of papers worldwide. Abstract, the last statement in the Methods," a predesigned questionnaire was used to evaluate the safety preparedness in the same selected schools". Response We deleted this statement from the abstract. There was no mention at all to the questionnaire or its results in the entire paper, emphasizing that the present paper extracted from a thesis., also at the end of introduction the last statement there is a mention of safety. However, there is no mention in Methodology to any safety preparedness plan. Response How did the reviewer conclude that the research was extracted from the thesis? We have already conducted a safety survey, but its results have been published in independent research. No doubt that providing a safe and clean environment inside schools will consider an important “ safety procedure” for the students and school staff. However, we deleted the “safety preparedness issues” from the paper. Results: In table 6, it is not valid to put limits of NIOSH and ACGIH in this table of AQG since their limits is designated to working environment. Response The school environment is considered as an indoor environment for (for students as examples) and a workplace for all staff (managers, teachers, administrative workers……). Discussion: Under the title" Effect of the school building type on the IAQ levels" The reason that the levels of increased levels of pollutants in governmental schools are greater than those in the rented ones is not clear. The authors mentioned theoretical reasons with no relation to that difference. Also they combined another parameter, which is the location nearby high or low traffic areas which confuses the readers. Also the American reference at the third paragraph didn't offer an explanation since it was comparing between temporary and permanent schools. Response We described the reality of the situation of schools, as public (or governmental) schools are usually characterized by their large capacity and location that is qualified to receive a large number of cars, their multiple floors, and high number of students and related activities (labs, large playground…….etc.). This is completely different from rental schools that belong to a person or group of persons who rent a spacious residence and turn it into a school. As for the American study, it referred to the same difference, but with different names. Under the title "Effect of temperature& relative humidity on IAQ levels", the authors discussed the effect of temperature and RH separately, however its better to consider the "effective temperature". Response We changed the temperature to “effective temperature”. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Zakaria A. Peer Review Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.122419.r261827) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/11-1125/v1#referee-response-261827 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Omer E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 25 Apr 2024 | for Version 1 Eltigani Omer , Northern Boarder University, Arar, Saudi Arabia 0 Views copyright © 2024 Omer E. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Clearly and accurately presented and it cites the current literature and the references were appropriate, so the authors were able to fully address the topic. Ethically it was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Imam Abdurrahman bin Faisal University No. IRB-PGS-2019-03-357 at 4/12/2019. More detail is needed about measuring the levels of air pollutants and method followed to select the study units (schools). Please provide evidence that the traffic activity in Al-Qatif is not congested compared to other cities of the Eastern Province of KSA as you reported? The average number of cars that moving per hour varies at different times; please explore how you avoid this potential error? Explore the method followed to select measuring sites inside the school. The results were well presented and appropriate statistical measures were used to determine the significance of association between study variables. The various indoor sources that influenced the contribution and concentration of pollutants need more exploring. Some references listed below are very old and need to be updated: Borse NN, Gilchrist J, Dellinger AM, et al. : CDC childhood injury report: Patterns of unintentional injuries among 0- to 19-year-olds in the United States, 2000–2006. J Fam Community Med. 2008; 32 (2): 189. Baldauf R, Watkins N, Heist D, et al. : Near-road air quality monitoring: Factors affecting network design and interpretation of data. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2009; 2 : 1–9. Publisher Full Text Leong ST, Muttamara S, Laortanakul P: Preliminary study of relationship between outdoor and indoor air pollutant concentrations at Bangkok’s major streets. Sci Technol Asia. 2003; 8 (3): 29–39. Accessed January 27, 2021. Reference Source NAAQS/EPA-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40 CFR, Part50 National Ambient Air Quality Standards. 2006. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH recommendations for occupational safety and health – Compendium of policy documents and statements. Diane Publishing;1992. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists): Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices.2001. Elsharkawy M: Full data.xlsx. figshare. [Dataset].2022. Publisher Full Text Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Public Health, Environmental Epidemiology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Omer E. Peer Review Report For: Indoor air quality at the Arab governmental girls’ schools [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 11 :1125 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.122419.r266512) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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