Onion and Garlic Mixture Enhances Performance and Survival in Broiler Chickens Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus and Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Onion and Garlic Mixture Enhances Performance and Survival in Broiler Chickens Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus and Infectious Bronchitis Virus | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Onion and Garlic Mixture Enhances Performance and Survival in Broiler Chickens Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus and Infectious Bronchitis Virus Dastan Khoshnaw, Osama Ghaffar, Zana Abdulkareem, Omer Ahmed, and 11 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7120200/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Vaccines have become less effective due to more virulent antigens, prompting increased recommendations for natural herbs and phytochemicals. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an onion and garlic mixture (OGM) on performance, carcass composition, liver enzymes, intestinal morphology, and mortality in broiler chickens infected with Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV). 300 chicks were divided into five treatment groups: the control group (T1) received a basal diet, while groups T2, T3, T4, and T5 were supplemented with 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6% OGM, respectively. All chicks were infected with NDV on day 7 and IBV on day 25. Results indicated that 3% OGM significantly improved average weight gain (AWG) and feed intake (AFI) during the starter phase (P ≤ 0.05) without affecting performance in the grower phase. OGM supplementation increased AWG, reduced mortality in NDV-infected chicks, and lowered mortality in IBV-infected chickens during the finisher phase. Although there were no significant changes in internal organ weights, intestinal morphology, or NDV antibody levels, OGM reduced liver damage and enhanced immunity against IBV by boosting antibody production (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, including OGM in chicken diets boosts their immune systems, supports growth, and lowers mortality rates. Therefore, adding OGM at 1.5% or 3% in broiler diets can enhance performance and reduce mortality, minimizing economic losses in the poultry sector. Newcastle Disease Garlic Onion Virus Average daily gain Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction The poultry industry faces significant economic challenges caused by viral infections, leading to substantial financial losses. To address the vulnerability of young chickens to infectious diseases, various innovative strategies, including vaccination, have been implemented. However, the immune systems of newly hatched chicks are not yet fully developed, which often results in inadequate protection against certain diseases, even when vaccinations are provided. Viruses represent a major threat to the health of humans and animals worldwide. Acute and recurrent viral infections can cause a wide range of diseases, varying in severity from mild to severe, and in some instances, these infections can be life-threatening, especially for animals with compromised immune systems (Carlson et al. 2022 ; De Boeck et al. 2015 ; Shivaprakash et al. 2021 ). Infectious Bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle Disease (ND) represent two of the most prevalent viral infections impacting the poultry industry. Despite significant advancements in disease control strategies to mitigate the economic losses associated with these pathogens, they persist as recurrent and emerging threats. Their continued prevalence underscores the ongoing challenges poultry production systems face in achieving effective disease management and sustainable control (Ali et al. 2021 ; Nkukwana 2018 ; Yadav et al. 2019 ). The Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Gammacoronavirus genus. It primarily infects chickens, targeting their upper respiratory tract, reproductive system, and kidneys (Cavanagh et al. 1997 ). Depending on the viral strain, IBV can also be found in the epithelial cells of the urogenital and intestinal tracts, the enterocytes of the ileum and rectum, and the glandular epithelium of the proventriculus (Cavanagh et al. 1997 ; Cavanagh 2007 ; Ganapathy et al. 2012 ; Pantin et al. 2005; Rafique et al. 2024 ). IBV can infect chickens of all age groups, but clinical manifestations are typically more severe in younger chicks than mature birds. The virus spreads rapidly through various modes of transmission, including direct contact, contaminated equipment, aerosolized particles, and activities involving humans. As a result, the highly contagious nature of IBV and the respiratory disease it causes pose significant economic challenges to the global poultry industry (Rafique et al. 2024 ; Raj and Jones 1997 ). A single-stranded, non-segmented RNA genome characterizes the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In its virulent form, NDV induces catastrophic effects on poultry populations, resulting in exceptionally high mortality rates and extensive damage to critical organs. This highly pathogenic virus severely impacts the respiratory system, disrupts gastrointestinal functions, impairs neurological stability, compromises reproductive capabilities, and weakens the immune defences of infected birds (Hu et al. 2022 ; Leigh-Hunt et al. 2017 ; Murulitharan et al. 2013 ; Rasoli et al. 2014 ). The consequences of this viral outbreak extend beyond individual poultry populations, exerting a substantial impact on global poultry production (Leigh-Hunt et al. 2017 ; Rasoli et al. 2014 ). Immunomodulatory approaches utilizing immunostimulants could offer a promising strategy for managing clinical diseases. Herbal immunomodulation is gaining increasing recognition as a significant traditional therapeutic method, providing preventive and therapeutic benefits for various health conditions, including viral infections. Additionally, numerous medicinal plants are recognized for their substantial contribution to improving poultry nutrition, owing to their positive effects (Dhama et al. 2015 ; Scheuermann et al. 2009 ; Umar et al. 2014 ). The bioactive constituents found in these plants function as important alternatives to antibiotics and vaccines, contributing to the enhancement of immune function, reduction of mortality rates, regulation of gastrointestinal enzyme activity, and improvement of nutrient absorption and digestion. Furthermore, integrating medicinal plants as dietary supplements demonstrates notable efficacy in mitigating the detrimental effects of viral infections (Abdulkareem et al. 2023 ; Jang et al. 2007 ). Garlic is widely recognized as a culinary spice and a medicinal plant, extensively used to prevent and treat various health conditions. It is rich in bioactive compounds, particularly sulfur-containing substances such as alliin, diallyl sulfides, and allicin, which exhibit a wide range of therapeutic properties (Qureshi et al. 2015 ). These include antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, antioxidant, antithrombotic, anticancer, and vasodilatory effects. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that garlic can reduce cholesterol levels in both the serum and the liver (Javandel et al. 2008; Qureshi et al. 2015 ). In addition to their therapeutic benefits, garlic is rich in flavonoids, which play a crucial role in suppressing viral replication (Wang et al. 2017 ; Zandi et al. 2011 ). Studies have demonstrated that the phytochemicals present in these plants can interfere with the synthesis of viral proteins and genetic material. Furthermore, the organosulfur compounds found in Allium species exhibit strong antiviral properties by inhibiting the processes of viral attachment, fusion, and entry into host cells (Meléndez et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2017 ; Zandi et al. 2011 ). The onion, a globally cultivated bulbous plant, contains a diverse array of organic sulfur compounds, including S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, trans-S-(1-propenyl) cysteine sulfoxide, and S-propyl cysteine sulfoxides, as well as flavonoids, cyclophilin, phenolic acids, sterols such as stigmasterol, cholesterol, and β-sitosterol, and saponins. These bioactive compounds exhibit various pharmacological properties, including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities (Goodarzi et al. 2013 ). Onion extract demonstrates the capacity to suppress the activity of the virus. It has been observed that onion extract may decrease the mortality rate among birds infected with the Newcastle virus while also influencing the rate of weight gain in these birds (Goodarzi et al. 2013 ). Furthermore, flavonoids derived from onion and garlic notably inhibit viral replication (Harazem et al. 2019 ). Phytochemicals in these plants have been identified as effective agents in preventing the virus from synthesizing essential proteins and genetic material (Harazem et al. 2019 ; Naithani et al. 2008 ; Tudu et al. 2022 ). The predominant flavonoids identified in onions are kaempferol and quercetin. These compounds have demonstrated efficacy against a variety of viruses. Specifically, onion extracts have been found to mitigate virus infection by inhibiting viral attachment to host cells (Meléndez-Villanueva et al. 2019 ; Tatarintsev et al. 1992 ). The antiviral activity of onions has been attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds such as ribavirin, allicin, zalcitabine, and quercetin (Lebdah et al. 2022 ; Prabhu et al. 2024 ). Recent studies have shown a decline in vaccine efficacy, which is attributed to the increasing virulence of antigens that can weaken the protective mechanisms provided by vaccination. As a result, natural herbs and phytochemicals have gained significant attention for their therapeutic potential. In particular, polyherbal formulations are considered safer and more cost-effective alternatives for preventing and treating immunosuppressive viral infections. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mixture of onion and garlic (OGM) in broiler chickens infected with NDV and IBV during the starter and finisher phases, respectively. The evaluation focused on various parameters, including performance, carcass composition, blood profile, serum biochemical traits, liver enzyme levels, mortality rate, and intestinal morphology after the supplementation of OGM in the broilers' diet. 2. Material and Methods 2.1 Powder Preparation and Analysis A local company supplied powdered onion and garlic, creating a 1:1 ratio of garlic and onion. Standard laboratory procedures were used to measure the levels of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), and ash to assess their nutritional composition. These analyses were performed according to the AOAC (1995) specified methods. The nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was calculated by subtracting CP, EE, ash, and CF from dry matter. In addition, metabolizable energy (ME) is calculated using the following formula: ME (kcal/kg) = 10 (3.5CP + 3.5NFE + 8.5EE) 2.2 Extraction of Phenolic Compounds The ethanolic extraction of the mixture (OGM) was done by soaking 10 g of air-dried HM powder in 100 mL of 99.8% ethanol, followed by agitation at 85 rpm and 25°C for 6 hours. The extract was then filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper using a Buchner funnel, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary vacuum evaporator (Heidolph, North America). The dried extract was stored in a dark environment at 4°C until GC-MS analysis. The GC-MS analysis was performed using an Agilent 7890A Gas Chromatograph connected to an electron impact quadrupole MD 800 mass spectrometer and a 19,095–400 fused silica column (30 m in length, 0.25 mm inner diameter, and 0.25 µm stationary phase thickness). The column temperature was initially maintained at 35°C for 2.50 minutes and then gradually raised to 280°C over 20 minutes at a rate of 7°C per increment. The volatile oil components were identified using their GC Kovats retention indices. 2.3 Bird, Housing, and Feeding The study was conducted at the Department of Animal Resource, University of Raparin, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The University of Raparin Animal Care and Use Committee reviewed and approved all animal care and use procedures, adhering to international guidelines (FASS 1999 ). 300 chicks were randomly divided into five treatment groups, with six replicates per group, each containing 10 chicks. The treatments consisted of T1, a basal diet without OGM (control); T2, T3, T4, and T5, a basal diet with 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6% OGM respectively. The experiment spanned 41 days, during which the birds had unrestricted access to feed and water. The rearing period was divided into three phases: starter (days 1–11), grower (days 12–25), and finisher (days 26–41), with all diets provided in pellet form and detailed in Tables 1 – 3 . For the first three days, the chicks were exposed to 24 hours of light, which was then reduced to 23 hours from days 4 to 41 to reduce stress caused by potential electrical disruptions. Table 1 Diet rations for broiler chickens from 1–11 days Ingredients Control OGM 1.5% OGM 3% OGM 4.5% OGM 6% Corn grain 53.735 52.266 50.800 49.370 47.868 Soybean meal 46% 39.726 39.683 39.640 39.559 39.552 Sunflower oil 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dicalcium phosphate 0.850 0.859 0.867 0.876 0.884 CaCO 3 0.860 0.857 0.853 0.849 0.845 Vit-Min premix 1 4.500 4.500 4.500 4.500 4.500 Methionine 0.329 0.335 0.340 0.346 0.351 OGM 0.00 1.500 3.000 4.500 6.00 Chemical composition M. Energy kcal/kg 3031 3023 3014 3006 2997 Crude protein % 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 Linoleic acid % 1.341 1.309 1.276 1.244 1.211 Crude fiber % 1.886 2.075 2.272 2.466 2.659 Calcium % 1.055 1.055 1.055 1.055 1.055 Available phosphate % 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 Potassium % 0.957 0.952 0.947 0.941 0.936 Sodium % 0.218 0.218 0.217 0.217 0.217 Lysine % 1.420 1.415 1.411 1.406 1.402 Methionine % 0.746 0.747 0.750 0.753 0.755 Methionine + cysteine % 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.086 1.09 Threonine % 0.912 0.907 0.902 0.897 0.892 Abbreviations: Vit-Min premix; Vitamin-Mineral premix, OGM; Onion and Garlic Mixture, M. Energy; Metabolizable Energy. 1 . Provided per kg of diet: Protein, 18%; CaCO3, 19%; Monocalcium phosphate, 7%; NaCl, 4.5%; Methionine, 2%; Lysine, 4%; Threonine, 1%; Choline chloride, 1%; Iron (sulphate), 2800mg; Zinc (oxide), 2480mg; Manganese (oxide), 3600mg; Copper (sulphate), 240mg; Iodine (IK), 60mg; Selenium (SeNa), 14mg; Cobalt (sulphate), 14mg; Magnesium (oxide), 800mg; Antioxidant (BHT), 32mg; Vitamin A, 420000 IU; Vitamin D3, 80000 IU; Vitamin E, 800mg; Vitamin C, 40mg; Vitamin K3, 80mg; Vitamin B1, 80mg; Vitamin B2, 200mg; Vitamin B6, 80mg; Vitamin B12, 0.6 mcg; Biotin, 10.4mg; Folic acid, 20mg; Nicotinic acid, 400mg; Pantothenic acid, 160mg. Table 2 Diet rations for broiler chickens from 12–25 days Ingredients Control OGM 1.5% OGM 3% OGM 4.5% OGM 6% Corn grain 57.192 55.546 53.894 52.247 50.599 Soybean meal 46% 35.942 35.927 35.911 35.896 35.880 Sunflower oil 0.899 1.053 1.206 1.359 1.512 Dicalcium phosphate 0.459 0.468 0.477 0.486 0.495 CaCO 3 0.693 0.685 0.685 0.680 0.676 Vit-Min premix 1 4.500 4.500 4.500 4.500 4.500 Methionine 0.315 0.321 0.327 0.332 0.338 OGM 000 1.500 3.000 4.500 6.00 Chemical composition M. Energy kcal/kg 3100 3100 3100 3100 3100 Crude protein % 21.500 21.500 21.500 23.500 21.500 Linoleic acid % 1.861 1.903 1.944 1.986 2.028 Crude fiber % 1.879 2.070 2.260 2.450 2.641 Calcium % 0.895 0.895 0.895 0.895 0.895 Available phosphate % 0.420 0.420 0.420 0.420 0.420 Potassium % 0.891 0.886 0.881 0.876 0.870 Sodium % 0.218 0.218 0.217 0.317 0.217 Lysine % 1.322 1.317 1.313 1.309 1.305 Methionine % 0.713 0.716 0.719 0.721 0.724 Methionine + cysteine % 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 Threonine % 0.854 0.849 0.844 0.839 0.834 Abbreviations: Vit-Min premix; Vitamin-Mineral premix, OGM; Onion and Garlic Mixture, M. Energy; Metabolizable Energy. 1 . Provided per kg of diet: Protein, 18%; CaCO3, 19%; Monocalcium phosphate, 7%; NaCl, 4.5%; Methionine, 2%; Lysine, 4%; Threonine, 1%; Choline chloride, 1%; Iron (sulphate), 2800mg; Zinc (oxide), 2480mg; Manganese (oxide), 3600mg; Copper (sulphate), 240mg; Iodine (IK), 60mg; Selenium (SeNa), 14mg; Cobalt (sulphate), 14mg; Magnesium (oxide), 800mg; Antioxidant (BHT), 32mg; Vitamin A, 420000 IU; Vitamin D3, 80000 IU; Vitamin E, 800mg; Vitamin C, 40mg; Vitamin K3, 80mg; Vitamin B1, 80mg; Vitamin B2, 200mg; Vitamin B6, 80mg; Vitamin B12, 0.6 mcg; Biotin, 10.4mg; Folic acid, 20mg; Nicotinic acid, 400mg; Pantothenic acid, 160mg. Table 3 Diet rations for broiler chickens from 26–41 days Ingredients Control OGM 1.5% OGM 3% OGM 4.5% OGM 6% Corn grain 59.632 57.985 56.337 54.696 53.041 Soybean meal 46% 32.445 32.429 32.414 32.398 32.383 Sunflower oil 2.481 2.634 2.787 2.940 3.093 Dicalcium phosphate 0.175 0.184 0.193 0.202 0.211 CaCO 3 0.567 0.563 0.558 0.554 0.550 Vit-Min premix 1 4.500 4.500 4.500 4.500 4.500 Methionine 0.200 0.205 0.211 0.210 0.222 OGM 0.000 1.500 3.000 4.500 6.000 Chemical composition M. Energy kcal/kg 3.200 3.200 3.200 3.200 3.200 Crude protein % 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 Linoleic acid % 2.707 2.749 2.790 2.832 2.874 Crude fiber % 1.859 2.049 2.239 2.429 0.775 Calcium % 0.775 0.775 0.775 00.775 2.620 Available phosphate % 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360 Potassium % 0.828 0.823 0.818 0.813 0.807 Sodium % 0.218 0.218 0.217 0.217 0.217 Lysine % 1.229 1.225 1.220 1.216 1.212 Methionine % 0.581 0.584 0.587 0.590 0.593 Methionine + cysteine % 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 Threonine % 0.799 0.794 0.789 0.784 0.778 Abbreviations: Vit-Min premix; Vitamin-Mineral premix, OGM; Onion and Garlic Mixture, M. Energy; Metabolizable Energy. 1 . Provided per kg of diet: Protein, 18%; CaCO3, 19%; Monocalcium phosphate, 7%; NaCl, 4.5%; Methionine, 2%; Lysine, 4%; Threonine, 1%; Choline chloride, 1%; Iron (sulphate), 2800mg; Zinc (oxide), 2480mg; Manganese (oxide), 3600mg; Copper (sulphate), 240mg; Iodine (IK), 60mg; Selenium (SeNa), 14mg; Cobalt (sulphate), 14mg; Magnesium (oxide), 800mg; Antioxidant (BHT), 32mg; Vitamin A, 420000 IU; Vitamin D3, 80000 IU; Vitamin E, 800mg; Vitamin C, 40mg; Vitamin K3, 80mg; Vitamin B1, 80mg; Vitamin B2, 200mg; Vitamin B6, 80mg; Vitamin B12, 0.6 mcg; Biotin, 10.4mg; Folic acid, 20mg; Nicotinic acid, 400mg; Pantothenic acid, 160mg. Tables 1-3 are here 2.4 Vaccination and Viral Inoculation Vaccination was administered on the first-day post-hatching, utilizing attenuated vaccines for NDV and IBV to immunize the chicks. All chicks were inoculated with 0.5 mL of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), specifically the Cux-1 strain, at seven days of age. They were then inoculated with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), also the Cux-1 strain, at 25 days of age. The suspensions containing 106.6 median tissue culture infectious doses were administered orally. The Cux-1 virus was cultured in MDCC-MSB1 cells (McNulty et al. 1990 ). 2.5 Blood and Serum Collection Blood samples were taken from the brachial vein of one hen per pen one week after viral symptoms appeared and 41 days before slaughter. The samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes to isolate the serum, which was then stored at -20°C until further analysis. Levels of serum liver enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as uric acid and total protein, were measured using colourimetric methods with professional kits from Biolabo S.A.S (Les Hautes Rives, 02160 Maizy, France). 2.6 Virus Titration and Infection Blood samples were collected at 21 and 40 days of age to measure antibody levels for NDV and IBV, respectively. The commercial antibody test kit for NDV and IBV successfully detected antibodies in serum samples, as Mao et al. ( 2022 ) and Wanasinghe and Fouzi ( 2022 ) reported. This kit employs an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) known for its accuracy and sensitivity in tracking the seroprevalence of NDV and IBV in poultry. Serum samples were collected, processed, and analyzed following the manufacturer's instructions. The optical density values obtained were then interpreted to determine the presence or absence of specific antibodies against NDV and IBV. 2.7 Growth Performance The birds' initial weights were recorded individually, and the average weight gain (AWG) for each treatment group was calculated over three intervals: 1–11 days, 12–25 days, and 26–41 days. The average feed intake (AFI) per replicate was determined by subtracting the leftover feed from the total feed supplied and dividing it by the number of birds in the replicate. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was derived by dividing the total feed intake (in grams) by the weight gain (in grams). 2.8 Carcass Traits On day 41, birds from each treatment group were chosen for carcass assessment based on their average body weight within that specific treatment. These birds were slaughtered, de-feathered, and eviscerated. Following this, their carcasses were weighed to determine the dressed carcass weight. The weights of the viscera, intestines, liver, heart, and spleen were recorded, and the length of the intestinal parts was calculated as a percentage of the live body weight. 2.9 Histopathological Examination of the Small Intestine At 41 days old, intestinal samples measuring 0.5 cm were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological analysis. The samples were dehydrated through increasing ethanol concentrations (75–100%), cleared with xylol I and II, embedded in paraffin, and sliced into 4 mm sections using a microtome (Leica RM 2155, England). Following the protocol by Suvarna et al., the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Using a compound light microscope with an AmScope digital camera, villus height, crypt depth, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and villus surface area were measured at 40x magnification. The data were analyzed using AmScope R software. For each sample, the average values were determined based on measurements of 10 villi (Abdollahi et al. 2021 ). 2.10 Analytical Statistics The data collected were analyzed using the polynomial method with the General Linear Model procedures from the SAS Institute (2001) (SAS 9.1, Cary, NC). For all parameters except performance and mortality, the individual bird was regarded as the experimental unit, while the cage was considered the experimental unit for performance and mortality. When significant effects were detected in the model, mean differences were evaluated using Tukey's test, with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. 3. Result 3.1 Proximate Analysis of OGM Table 4 presents the DM, CP, EE, ash, CF, and NFE of the OGM powders used in the present study on a dry matter basis. Also, the ME amount of OGM powders is shown as kCal/kg. Table 4 Chemical composition of Onion and Garlic mixture on a dry matter basis Ingredients Chemical composition % Dry Matter Moisture C. Protein Ether Extract Ash C. Fiber NFE ME (kCal/kg) Onion and garlic mixture 93.12 6.88 8.16 0.84 4.02 14.9 65.20 2639 Abbreviations: C. protein; Crude protein, C. fiber; Crude fibre, NFE; Nitrogen free extract, ME; Metabolizable energy. Table 4 is here 3.2 Bioactive Components of OGM Table 5 presents the bioactive components of the ethanolic extract of OGM, identified through GC-MS analysis. Although many peaks were observed on the GC-MS chromatogram (Figure 1), eight compounds were identified. Table 5: Bioactive compound present in the onion and garlic mixture extract indicated by gas chromatography (GC-MS) Compounds name Common name Retention time % Bioactivity References 1 Carboxymethoxylamine hemihydrochloride 3.112 1.10 Antimicrobial Li et al., 2020 2 Thiocyanate , 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl ester Lethane 18.18 19.38 Antimicrobial Thomas and Aune, 1978 3 Tetradecane, 2,5-dimethyl- (CAS) 2,5-dimethyltetradecane 2,5-Dimethyltetradecane 18.919 12.61 Antimicrobial Nasr et al., 2022 4 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester Methyl palmitate 23.99 24.51 Antiviral and antimicrobial Hetta et al., 2014 5 Mannitol, 2,4-di-O-methyl-, tetraacetate 25.359 11.46 Antiviral Melnichuk et al., 2018 6 Benzene, (1-methylenepropyl) 25.515 1.04 Antiviral Zhu et al., 2024 7 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester trans-Vaccenic acid 26.312 20.43 Antiviral Yinusa and Raphael, 2020 8 Tricyclo Paracyclophane 26.653 9.47 Antiviral Inamoto et al., 979 SUM 100 Table 5 is here Figure 1 is here 3.3 Performance The effects of adding different levels of OGM (1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6%) to the diet on AWG, AFI, FCR, and mortality rate of broiler chicks from 1 to 41 days of age are presented in Table 6 . Chicks fed by 3 and 6% of the OGM significantly showed higher AWG compared to the group for 1–11 days of age (P ≤ 0.05), but those fed by 1.5 and 4.5% of the OGM were numerically different from the control group (P > 0.05). The linear relationship was significant, such that AWG increased with increasing OGM levels for 1–11 days of age (P ≤ 0.05). Experimental diets did not significantly affect broiler AWG during 12–25, 1–25, and 26–41 days of age (P > 0.05). However, AWG significantly enhanced due to adding 1.5% OGM to broilers' diet for all rearing periods (P ≤ 0.05). The cubic relationship was significant for AWG, such that AWG increased with increasing OGM levels for 1–41 days of age (P ≤ 0.05). Table 6 Effect of onion and garlic mixture on broiler chickens’ performance in infected broiler chickens with NDV and IBV Treatments Control Onion & Garlic Mixture Linearity Quadratic Cubic SEM 1.5% 3% 4.5% 6% Starter phase (1–11 days) AWG (g) 127 b 137 ab 146 a 139 ab 146 a 0.0466 0.1154 0.6760 2.50 AFI (g) 195 b 206 ab 230 a 225 ab 220 ab 0.0028 0.3248 0.4810 4.04 FCR (g/g) 1.545 1.515 1.575 1.623 1.515 0.2321 0.4904 0.8157 0.02 Mortality % 11.7 a 5.0 b 3.33 b 11.67 a 10.0 a 0.8750 0.0327 0.7533 1.52 Grower phase (12–25 days) AWG (g) 508 449 532 537 542 0.1627 0.7497 0.5723 8.84 AFI (g) 772 748 790 789 846 0.4441 0.7147 0.4863 14.0 FCR (g/g) 1.480 1.498 1.490 1.483 1.560 0.9905 0.7736 0.8825 0.02 Mortality % 26.33 a 17.5 b 15.83 b 15.5 b 17.67 b 0.1671 0.0420 0.6513 2.27 1–25 days AWG (g) 634 638 678 674 689 0.1002 0.8516 0.5744 10.0 AFI (g) 968 955 1020 1014 1066 0.1559 0.9225 0.4291 15.9 FCR (g/g) 1.494 1.497 1.542 1.530 1.548 0.1255 0.7485 0.4382 0.01 Mortality % 35.0 a 23.33 bc 18.33 c 26.67 b 26.67 b 0.1874 0.0490 0.9170 2.33 Finisher phase (26–41 days) AWG (g) 634 786 607 576 627 0.2544 0.2519 0.2192 34.3 AFI (g) 1888 ab 1917 ab 1790 ab 1538 b 2073 a 0.0388 0.2240 0.7762 57.1 FCR (g/g) 2.752 2.492 3.000 2.804 3.382 0.4290 0.8891 0.1780 0.11 Mortality % 74.3 a 46.9 c 59.0 b 49.3 bc 51.0 bc 0.2898 0.4307 0.0497 4.94 All rearing period (1–41 days) AWG (g) 1106 b 1424 a 1282 ab 1237 ab 1315 ab 0.5520 0.0067 0.0311 30.2 AFI (g) 2597 2871 2789 2567 3139 0.7614 0.0958 0.7590 70.5 FCR (g/g) 2.085 ab 2.025 b 2.228 ab 2.086 ab 2.395 a 0.4814 0.6402 0.1360 0.04 Mortality % 85.0 a 66.0 b 68.3 b 65.0 b 65.0 b 0.0402 0.2788 0.2874 3.25 Abbreviation: AWG; Average weight gain, AFI; Average feed intake, FCR; Feed conversion ratio, SEM; Standard errors mean, NDV; Newcastle disease virus, IBV; Infectious bronchitis virus. a−c . Means with different latter in the same row significantly differ (P < 0.05). A diet containing 3% OGM increased AFI significantly compared to control for 1–11 days of age (P ≤ 0.05), but it was not affected by different levels of OGM in 12–25, 1–25, 26–41, and 1–41 days of age compared to control group (P > 0.05). The linear relationship was significant for AFI, such that AFI increased with increasing OGM levels during 1–11 and 26–41 days of age (P ≤ 0.05). FCR was not affected by the experimental diet in all rearing phases except for 1–41 days of age, which was higher in chicks received 6% OGM than in the group fed 1.5% OGM, but none were significant compared to the control. The linear, quadratic, and cubic relationships were not significant for FCR. The mortality rate significantly declined when OGM was added to broiler chickens infected by NDV or IBV diets in the starter, grower, and finisher phases. In the starter phase, adding OGM at 4.5 and 6% levels to the diet of infected chicks with NDV declined the mortality rate compared to other experimental groups (P ≤ 0.05). However, at the grower phase and 1–25 days of age, incorporating OGM in all different levels in the diet of infected chicks with NDV reduced the mortality rate compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). In the finisher phase, chickens were infected by IBV, and OGM reduced the mortality rate significantly when supplemented with the diet at all levels. In general, in all rearing periods, supplementing diets with different levels (1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6%) of OGM significantly decreased the mortality rate in infected chickens with NDV and IBV compared to the control group. Table 6 is here 3.4 Serum Biochemical Traits, Liver Enzyme, and Virus Titration Table 7 shows no significant differences in liver function enzymes of ALT, AST, serum total protein, serum uric acid at 41 days, and antibody titers against NDV at 21 days of age (P > 0.05). Supplementation of diet at all levels of the OGM significantly decreased serum ALP, although this effect was more pronounced in the case of 1.5% OGM compared to the control (P ≤ 0.05). Adding 1.5 and 3% OGM to the broilers' diet significantly increased IBV titration at 40 days of age (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the control. On the contrary, the highest level of OGM decreased the serum antibody titers against the IBV compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). The quadratic relationship was significant for ALP and antibody titers against the IBV (P ≤ 0.05). Table 7 Effect of onion and garlic mixture on broiler chickens’ internal organs and intestinal relative weight and length (%) in infected broiler chickens with NDV and IBV Treatments Control Onion & Garlic Mixture Linearity Quadratic Cubic SEM 1.5% 3% 4.5% 6% Carcass Weight 57.61 61.08 60.12 57.19 60.11 0.7412 0.0638 0.7594 0.700 Crop Weight 0.330 b 0.351 b 0.382 ab 0.458 a 0.366 ab 0.0316 0.4387 0.5201 0.015 Proventriculus Weight 0.603 a 0.533 ab 0.502 b 0.596 a 0.480 b 0.7153 0.0437 0.6457 0.018 Gizzard Weight 1.843 a 1.540 b 1.643 ab 1.797 a 1.516 b 0.9766 0.0452 0.4655 0.051 Liver Weight 3.231 ab 2.577 b 3.043 ab 3.444 a 2.928 ab 0.1363 0.0096 0.2256 0.097 Pancreas Weight 0.308 0.258 0.293 0.294 0.277 0.8978 0.2369 0.2229 0.009 Spleen Weight 0.167 0.129 0.154 0.164 0.180 0.7732 0.2739 0.4487 0.009 Heart Weight 0.679 a 0.567 ab 0.483 b 0.570 ab 0.526 b 0.0090 0.0054 0.5320 0.018 Duodenum Weight 1.132 ab 1.012 ab 0.814 b 1.177 a 0.847 b 0.7411 0.0296 0.1928 0.052 Duodenum Length 2.379 ab 2.229 ab 2.348 ab 2.761 a 1.990 b 0.0750 0.0689 0.7531 0.079 Jejunum Weight 2.674 2.074 1.530 2.293 1.809 0.2508 0.0649 0.5280 0.164 Jejunum Length 5.757 4.922 4.567 5.879 4.703 0.9462 0.0509 0.6161 0.239 Ileum Weight 1.889 1.800 1.492 2.141 1.770 0.8470 0.2629 0.4010 0.137 Ileum Length 5.547 5.211 4.807 6.196 4.938 0.6377 0.1488 0.4157 0.250 Ceca Weight 0.999 ab 0.895 ab 0.875 b 1.333 a 0.847 b 0.0632 0.0155 0.2837 0.057 Ceca Length 1.501 ab 1.349 ab 1.448 ab 1.643 a 1.197 b 0.2111 0.0751 0.8509 0.049 Bursa of Fabricio’s Weight 0.210 0.245 0.155 0.135 0.169 0.0621 0.4809 0.3943 0.069 Abdominal Fat Weight 1.160 ab 0.966 ab 1.223 a 0.717 b 1.034 ab 0.1825 0.2913 0.0488 0.018 Abbreviation: SEM; Standard errors mean, NDV; Newcastle disease virus, IBV; Infectious bronchitis virus. a−b . Means with different latter in the same row significantly differ (P < 0.05). Table 7 is here 3.5 Carcass Traits The effects of OGM on the internal organs and intestinal relative weight and length are presented in Table 8 . There were no significant differences among treatments for carcass, pancreas, spleen, and Bursa of Fabricio's weight and the relative weight and length of jejunum and ileum (P > 0.05). Supplementation of 4.5% OGM to the broilers' diet significantly increased the relative weight of the crop compared to the control, and the group received 1.5% OGM (P ≤ 0.05). Diets containing 3 and 6% OGM decreased proventriculus and heart weights significantly compared to the control (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, the broilers that received 1.5 and 6% OGM had the lowest gizzard weights (P ≤ 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the liver weight compared to the control (P > 0.05), but a diet containing 4.5% OGM significantly increased liver weight compared to 1.5% OGM (P ≤ 0.05). The birds fed with 4.5% OGM had the highest weights of the duodenum and ceca, which was significant compared to those fed with 3 and 6% OGM (P ≤ 0.05). Adding 4.5% OGM to diet enhanced duodenum and ceca lengths compared to birds received 6% OGM (P ≤ 0.05). No significant differences were found for the abdominal fat weight compared to control (P > 0.05), but a diet containing 4.5% OGM decreased it significantly compared to 3% OGM (P ≤ 0.05). The linear relationship was significant for crop and heart weights (P ≤ 0.05). The quadratic relationship was significant for proventriculus, gizzard, liver, heart, duodenum, and ceca weights (P ≤ 0.05). Also, the cubic relationship was significant for abdominal fat weight (P ≤ 0.05). Table 8 Effect of onion and garlic mixture on broiler chickens’ serum liver enzymes, total protein, and uric acid level in infected broiler chickens with NDV and IBV Treatments Control Onion & Garlic Mixture Linearity Quadratic Cubic SEM 1.5% 3% 4.5% 6% ALP IU/L 3964 a 851 d 2247 c 3198 b 2492 c 0.9473 0.0088 0.1357 337 ALT IU/L 4.025 3.933 3.533 3.840 5.540 0.7844 0.8333 0.8458 0.39 AST IU/L 264.8 292.5 284.2 236.5 273.3 0.3661 0.1427 0.8899 9.77 NDV titer 21 days 3788 2955 3661 3803 2663 0.5034 0.1685 0.2106 169 IBV titer 40 days 4959 bc 7583 a 7695 a 5009 b 4089 c 0.9264 0.0014 0.9395 421 Total protein mg/dL 4.150 3.300 3.433 3.540 3.560 0.3325 0.2098 0.4834 0.15 Uric acid mg/d 6.337 5.290 5.587 4.864 4.592 0.2160 0.8122 0.3604 0.28 Abbreviation: ALP; alkaline phosphatase, ALT; alanine aminotransferase, AST; aspartate aminotransferase, SEM; Standard errors mean, NDV; Newcastle disease virus, IBV; Infectious bronchitis virus. a−d . Means with different latter in the same row significantly differ (P < 0.05). Table 8 is here 3.6 Histopathological Examination of the Small Intestine The effects of OGM supplementation on the intestinal histomorphology of broilers are shown in Table 9 . There were no significant differences for the CD and VH/CD of the duodenum, VH, VH/CD, and VSA of jejunum, and VH, CD, VH/CD, and VSA of ileum among the treatments (P > 0.05). Supplementation of 3% OGM to broiler diet significantly decreased VH and VSA of duodenum compared to control (P ≤ 0.05). All OGM levels significantly increased CD of jejunum compared to the control (P ≤ 0.05) except for 3% OGM, which numerically increased it. Table 9 is here Table 9 Effect of onion and garlic mixture on broiler chickens’ intestinal histomorphology in infected broiler chickens with NDV and IBV Treatments Control Onion & Garlic Mixture Linearity Quadratic Cubic SEM 1.5% 3% 4.5% 6% Duodenum Villus high 1552 a 1426 ab 982 b 1118 ab 1298 ab 0.0028 0.2937 0.2508 64.9 Crypt depth 217 222 213 210 237 0.7417 0.8696 0.8558 8.80 Villus high to crypt depth ratio 7.61 6.86 4.88 5.67 5.64 0.0737 0.4381 0.5220 0.45 Villus surface area 0.198 a 0.196 a 0.128 b 0.160 ab 0.158 ab 0.0476 0.4400 0.1664 0.01 Jejunum Villus high 912 1038 766 728 849 0.0879 0.4764 0.3260 51.3 Crypt depth 166 c 201 b 188 bc 243 a 203 b 0.0301 0.6102 0.1066 9.41 Villus high to crypt depth ratio 5.75 5.17 3.56 3.20 4.23 0.0072 0.8809 0.7690 0.35 Villus surface area 0.126 0.116 0.104 0.102 0.114 0.2649 0.8114 0.9155 0.007 Ileum Villus high 746 650 679 700 692 0.7956 0.4649 0.6878 32.3 Crypt depth 0.154 185 146 179 180 0.8847 0.9672 0.2226 10.9 Villus high to crypt depth ratio 5.03 4.06 5.07 4.26 3.84 0.8150 0.9151 0.2299 0.30 Villus surface area 0.088 0.072 0.075 0.090 0.094 0.7956 0.0867 0.8863 0.004 Abbreviation: SEM; Standard errors mean, NDV; Newcastle disease virus, IBV; Infectious bronchitis virus. a−c . Means with different latter in the same row significantly differ (P < 0.05). 4. Discussion Broiler chickens are selected for their superior meat yield and rapid growth rate. To maximize their genetic potential, optimal environmental conditions, adequate nutrition, and effective health management are essential. Viral diseases present significant challenges to chicken health and are a major cause of economic losses in the poultry sector. Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are significant diseases affecting poultry and continue to challenge the poultry industry in many regions worldwide (Ike et al. 2021 ). Both viruses cause a decline in growth rates, feed intake, and feed efficiency, resulting in increased economic losses and morbidity (Cavanagh 2007 ; He et al. 2012 ). Based on our results, adding OGM to the diet of the infected broilers with NDV increased performance in weight gain and feed intake compared to the control group and declined mortality rate at the starter and grower phases. On the other hand, in infected chickens with IBV, adding OGM to the diet did not affect chickens' performance in the finisher phase; however, the mortality rate increased significantly. In addition, adding OGM to the diet significantly enhanced weight gain in all rearing periods. The mortality rate declined to 1.5% compared to the control group in infected chickens with NDV and IBV. In line with our results, Abdulkareem et al. ( 2023 ) reported that incorporating a herbal mixture of onion, garlic, and apple cider vinegar into the diet of broiler chickens infected with the chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) resulted in a lower mortality rate compared to the control group across all tested doses. However, at higher doses, the herbal mixture negatively affected the chickens' performance in terms of weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. Also, Goodarzi et al. ( 2013 ) reported that incorporating 3% onion into the diet enhanced weight gain, feed intake, and antibody production against NDV. In addition, Aji et al. ( 2011 ) reported the same result of garlic and onion on broiler performance. Research has established that garlic and onion contain phytogenic compounds characterized by elevated levels of organosulfur and organic acids. These compounds are instrumental in enhancing avian performance by promoting the secretion of digestive enzymes that facilitate improved digestion and nutrient absorption. Consequently, this enhances broilers' growth performance (Tatara et al. 2005 ; Adibmoradi et al. 2006 ). However, it is imperative to note that administering these compounds at high doses may adversely affect performance (Elagib et al. 2015 ; Afaq et al. 2016 ). As reported in Table 5 , OGM contains several bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral effects. Organosulfur compounds are present in onion and garlic (Yamaguchi et al. 2020), and allicin is the best antiviral compound reported among them (Lawson et al. 1998). As our results reported, adding OGM to the diet increased antibody production against IBV, while no significant effect was recorded in NDV antibody production. All of these impacts belong to the organosulfur compounds present in OGM, especially allicin (Weber et al. 1992 ; Arreola et al. 2015 ; Wang et al. 2017 ). In addition, the declined mortality rate in infected chickens by NDV and IBV belongs to the antiviral properties of OGM because OGM contains flavonoids that can inhibit viral replication (Zandi et al. 2011 ; Wang et al. 2017 ) and organosulfur compounds by blocking attachment, fusion, and entry of viruses into the host cell, reducing viral potency (Tatarintsev et al. 1992 ; Meléndez-Villanueva et al. 2019 ). Adding OGM to the broilers ' diet did not affect the relative weight and length of the small intestine parts, which include the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Adding OGM also did not change the relative weight of other internal organs, such as the pancreas, liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. However, adding OGM reduced the relative weight of the heart, proventriculus, and gizzard at some level compared to the control and increased the relative weight of the crop. These results are consistent with the findings of several researchers while also differing from the conclusions of others. For instance, Abdulkareem et al. ( 2023 ) reported that adding onion and garlic did not affect the relative weight of the pancreas, heart, liver, gizzard, crop, jejunum, and ileum but significantly influenced the relative weight of the spleen, proventriculus, and duodenum. Kharde and Soujanya ( 2014 ) reported that adding garlic powder to the diet of broiler chickens did not affect the relative weight of the liver, heart, and gizzard. Also, Lee et al. ( 2016 ) supplemented fermented garlic to the diet of broiler chickens. They reported that fermented garlic did not influence the relative weight of the liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. This diversity in the impact of garlic and onion on the relative weight of the internal organs may relate to the different levels used or the different statuses of the chickens, affected by any infectious agent or not. In infectious diseases, the liver often bears the brunt of damage, becoming a vulnerable target amid the chaos that illness brings to the body. This crucial organ, known for its vital roles in detoxification and metabolism, can suffer significantly, illustrating the profound impact of infections on our overall health. According to our results, supplementing OGM to the diet of infected broiler chickens by NDV and IBV did not affect AST and ALT compared to the control group. However, supplementing OGM at different levels declined the ALP level compared to the control group, and the 1.5% level of OGM recorded the lowest ALP level among other experimental groups. This result is in line with several studies, such as Abdulkareem et al. ( 2023 ), who recorded that adding a mixture of onion, garlic, and apple cider vinegar to the diet of infected chicken by CIAV reduced the ALP level compared to the control group and did not affect the level of AST and ALT. In another study, Omer et al. ( 2019 ) reported that adding garlic or onion did not affect AST and ALT levels compared to the control group. However, separately added garlic and onion to the chickens' diet declined ALP levels compared to the control group. On the other hand, Omer et al. ( 2019 ) reported that a mixture of garlic and onion in a 1:1 ratio added to the diet significantly reduced liver damage and ALT, AST, and ALT levels compared to the control group. This positive effect of garlic and onion belongs to the organosulfur bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties (Weber et al. 1992 ; Prasad et al. 1995 ; Lampe 1999 ; Metwally et al. 2018 ). Incorporating OGM contributes to the reduction of liver damage and enhances its functionality, thereby improving the chickens' resistance to NDV and IBV. Intestinal morphology in infected chicken by NDV and IBV was not significantly affected by adding OGM to the diet at different levels in general compared to the control group. However, adding OGM to the diet of infected chicken with NDV and IBV reduced the duodenum villus's height and surface area compared to the control group and increased jejunum crypt depth. In line with our results, Abdulkareem et al. ( 2023 ) showed that adding an herbal mixture (onion, garlic, and apple cider vinegar) to the diet of infected chicken with CIAV did not influence intestinal histomorphology compared to the control group. Also, Harman et al. ( 2024 ) recorded that adding onion garlic at a 0.5% level increased crypt depth. However, Harman et al. ( 2024 ) recorded the opposite result in adding onion or a combination of garlic and onion on the intestinal histomorphology regarding crypt depth and villus height. In addition, Shao et al. ( 2020 ) reported the positive impact of garlic on the intestinal mucosal layer compared to the control group. They recorded that adding garlic to the diet improves the mucosa layer and reduces colitis. On the other hand, an increase in crypt depth is in line with increased intestinal immunity against the harmful microorganisms in the intestinal lumen and increased immunity in infected chickens with NDV and IBV, which decline secondary infection and improve health that aligns with the decline of mortality rate. In conclusion, organosulfur bioactive compounds in OGM are effective antioxidant and antiviral agents that improve liver health and reduce liver damage. Including OGM in the diet enhances intestinal health, helping chickens infected with Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) resist secondary infections. These impacts boost their immune systems, support normal growth, and lower mortality rates. Thus, adding OGM at 1.5% or 3% in broiler diets can enhance performance and reduce mortality in chickens infected with NDV and IBV, minimizing economic losses in the poultry sector. Declarations 6.2 Competing Interests Statement The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. 6.1 Funding Statement The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Author Contribution All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation was performed by Osama Rahman Ghaffar, Omer Rasool Ahmed, and Sarwar Omer Aziz, data collection performed by Liza Fathulla Hamad, Sada Mohammed Mahmood, Mohammed Abdalrahman Ali, Sazan Kawa Qadir, and Chrakhan Rasul Hassan and analysis were performed by Osama Rahman Ghaffar, Dastan Mohammed Khoshnaw, Zana Azeez Abdulkareem and Asrin Abdollahi. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Asrin Abdollahi, Nihayat Ibrahim Mohammed, Dastan Mohammed Khoshnaw, Omer Rasool Ahmed, Zaniar Ali Abas, Omed Idrees Abid, Shanaz Junaed Sleman and Osama Rahman Ghaffar, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge GoldFish© for providing cellulase, xylanase, and phytase enzymes with vitamin-mineral premix. Data Availability The datasets generated during the current study are available in the Mendeley Data, V1, doi: 10.17632/8v467h7myg.1 References Abdollahi A, Karimi A, Sadeghi AA, Bedford MR, Ashengroph M (2021) The effects of the fiber source and xylanase supplementation on production, egg quality, digestibility, and intestinal morphology in the aged laying hen. 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Mol Cell Biochem 148: pp.183-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00928155 Qureshi S, Banday MT, Adil S, Shakeel I, Munshi ZH (2015) Effect of dandelion leaves and fenugreek seeds with or without enzyme addition on performance and blood biochemistry of broiler chicken and evaluation of their in vitro antibacterial activity. Indian J Anim Sci 85(11): 1248–1254. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v85i11.53302 Rafique S, Jabeen Z, Pervaiz T, Rashid F, Luo S, Xie L, Xie Z (2024) Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) review by continent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 14: p.1325346. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1325346 Raj GD, Jones RC (1997) Infectious bronchitis virus: immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken. 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Ciênc Rural 39: pp.522-527. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782009000200032 Shao X, Sun C, Tang X, Zhang X, Han D, Liang S, Qu R, Hui X, Shan Y, Hu L, Fang H (2020) Anti-inflammatory and intestinal microbiota modulation properties of Jinxiang garlic (Allium sativum L.) polysaccharides toward dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. J Agri Food Chem 68(44): pp.12295-12309. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04773 Shivaprakash KN, Sen S, Paul S, Kiesecker JM, Bawa KS (2021) Mammals, wildlife trade, and the next global pandemic. Curr Biol 31(16): pp.3671-3677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.006 Tatara MR, Sliwa E, Dudek K, Mosiewicz J, Studzinski T (2005) Effect of aged garlic extract and allicin administration to sows during pregnancy and lactation on body weight gain and gastrointestinal tract development of piglets. PART I Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 49(3): p.349. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85922644 Tatarintsev AV, Vrzhets PV, Ershov DE, Shchegolev AA, Turgiev AS, Karamov EV, Kornilaeva GV, Makarova TV, Fedorov NA, Varfolomeev SD (1992) The ajoene blockade of integrin-dependent processes in an HIV-infected cell system. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk (11-12): pp.6-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1284227 Thomas EL, Aune TM (1978) Lactoperoxidase, peroxide, thiocyanate antimicrobial system: correlation of sulfhydryl oxidation with antimicrobial action. Infect Immun 20(2): pp.456-463. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.20.2.456-463.1978 Tudu CK, Dutta T, Ghorai M, Biswas P, Samanta D, Oleksak P, Jha NK, Kumar M, Radha Proćków J, Pérez de la Lastra JM (2022) Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of garlic (Allium sativum), a storehouse of diverse phytochemicals: A review of research from the last decade focusing on health and nutritional implications. Front Nutr 9: p.949554. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.929554 Umar S, Ullah S, Yaqoob M, Shah MAA, Ducatez M (2014) Chicken infectious anaemia, an immunosuppressive disease of poultry birds. World Poult Sci J 70(4): pp.759-766. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933914000828 Wanasinghe WMLA, Fouzi MNM (2022) Rapid Detection of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus by Using Commercial Insulated Isothermal Polymerase Chain Reaction (iiPCR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). J Agro Technol Rural Sci 2(2): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4038/atrsj.v2i2.40 Wang L, Jiao H, Zhao J, Wang X, Sun S, Lin H (2017) Allicin alleviates reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced immunosuppression via ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in specific pathogen-free chickens. Front Immunol 8: p.1856. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01856 Weber ND, Andersen DO, North JA, Murray BK, Lawson LD, Hughes BG (1992) In vitro virucidal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract and compounds. Planta Med 58(05): pp.417-423. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-961504 Yadav MP, Singh RK, Malik YS (2019) Epidemiological perspective in managing viral diseases in animals. Rec Adv Anim Virol pp.381-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9073-9_20 Yamaguchi Y, Kumagai H (2020) Characteristics, biosynthesis, decomposition, metabolism and functions of the garlic odour precursor, S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide. Exp Ther Med 19(2): pp.1528-1535. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.8385 Yinusa I, Raphael JO (2020) Phytochemical screening, GCMS and FTIR analysis of ethanol extract of Pilostigma thionningii (schum Milne-Redth) leaf. Commun Phys Sci 5(1): pp.22-28. https://www.academia.edu/download/63221849/On_ine_51_22-28-0420200506-62676-87d4oy.pdf Zandi K, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Wong PF, Mustafa MR, AbuBakar S (2011) Antiviral activity of four types of bioflavonoid against dengue virus type-2. Virol J 8: pp.1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-560 Zhu Y, Gasbarri M, Zebret S, Pawar S, Mathez G, Diderich J, Valencia-Camargo AD, Russenberger D, Wang H, Silva PHJ, Dela Cruz JAB (2024) Benzene with alkyl chains is a universal scaffold for multivalent virucidal antivirals. ACS Cent Sci 10(5): pp.1012-1021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.4c00054 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7120200","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":487078279,"identity":"49f4bdab-d1ed-4f27-ab74-595a0c9c07bd","order_by":0,"name":"Dastan Khoshnaw","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Raparin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dastan","middleName":"","lastName":"Khoshnaw","suffix":""},{"id":487078281,"identity":"d1b44e32-87c9-4851-9435-c862bbaad561","order_by":1,"name":"Osama Ghaffar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of 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10:38:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7120200/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7120200/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87184937,"identity":"896d8c9d-01de-4d43-a7f7-bd5bfbed6420","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-21 10:19:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48333,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChromatographic profile (GC-MS) of the onion and garlic mixture extract\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120200/v1/5466c27282456347e7b68ab4.png"},{"id":87466995,"identity":"c77a8048-1cb7-4c73-8c1e-721055fa4f5d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-24 07:39:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1914127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7120200/v1/2a05b541-94de-4ea4-b00e-5611775500e3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Onion and Garlic Mixture Enhances Performance and Survival in Broiler Chickens Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus and Infectious Bronchitis Virus","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe poultry industry faces significant economic challenges caused by viral infections, leading to substantial financial losses. To address the vulnerability of young chickens to infectious diseases, various innovative strategies, including vaccination, have been implemented. However, the immune systems of newly hatched chicks are not yet fully developed, which often results in inadequate protection against certain diseases, even when vaccinations are provided. Viruses represent a major threat to the health of humans and animals worldwide. Acute and recurrent viral infections can cause a wide range of diseases, varying in severity from mild to severe, and in some instances, these infections can be life-threatening, especially for animals with compromised immune systems (Carlson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; De Boeck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Shivaprakash et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Infectious Bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle Disease (ND) represent two of the most prevalent viral infections impacting the poultry industry. Despite significant advancements in disease control strategies to mitigate the economic losses associated with these pathogens, they persist as recurrent and emerging threats. Their continued prevalence underscores the ongoing challenges poultry production systems face in achieving effective disease management and sustainable control (Ali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Nkukwana \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Yadav et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Gammacoronavirus genus. It primarily infects chickens, targeting their upper respiratory tract, reproductive system, and kidneys (Cavanagh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Depending on the viral strain, IBV can also be found in the epithelial cells of the urogenital and intestinal tracts, the enterocytes of the ileum and rectum, and the glandular epithelium of the proventriculus (Cavanagh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Cavanagh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Ganapathy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Pantin et al. 2005; Rafique et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIBV can infect chickens of all age groups, but clinical manifestations are typically more severe in younger chicks than mature birds. The virus spreads rapidly through various modes of transmission, including direct contact, contaminated equipment, aerosolized particles, and activities involving humans. As a result, the highly contagious nature of IBV and the respiratory disease it causes pose significant economic challenges to the global poultry industry (Rafique et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Raj and Jones \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA single-stranded, non-segmented RNA genome characterizes the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In its virulent form, NDV induces catastrophic effects on poultry populations, resulting in exceptionally high mortality rates and extensive damage to critical organs. This highly pathogenic virus severely impacts the respiratory system, disrupts gastrointestinal functions, impairs neurological stability, compromises reproductive capabilities, and weakens the immune defences of infected birds (Hu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Leigh-Hunt et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Murulitharan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Rasoli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The consequences of this viral outbreak extend beyond individual poultry populations, exerting a substantial impact on global poultry production (Leigh-Hunt et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Rasoli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImmunomodulatory approaches utilizing immunostimulants could offer a promising strategy for managing clinical diseases. Herbal immunomodulation is gaining increasing recognition as a significant traditional therapeutic method, providing preventive and therapeutic benefits for various health conditions, including viral infections. Additionally, numerous medicinal plants are recognized for their substantial contribution to improving poultry nutrition, owing to their positive effects (Dhama et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Scheuermann et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Umar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The bioactive constituents found in these plants function as important alternatives to antibiotics and vaccines, contributing to the enhancement of immune function, reduction of mortality rates, regulation of gastrointestinal enzyme activity, and improvement of nutrient absorption and digestion. Furthermore, integrating medicinal plants as dietary supplements demonstrates notable efficacy in mitigating the detrimental effects of viral infections (Abdulkareem et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Jang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGarlic is widely recognized as a culinary spice and a medicinal plant, extensively used to prevent and treat various health conditions. It is rich in bioactive compounds, particularly sulfur-containing substances such as alliin, diallyl sulfides, and allicin, which exhibit a wide range of therapeutic properties (Qureshi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). These include antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, antioxidant, antithrombotic, anticancer, and vasodilatory effects. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that garlic can reduce cholesterol levels in both the serum and the liver (Javandel et al. 2008; Qureshi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to their therapeutic benefits, garlic is rich in flavonoids, which play a crucial role in suppressing viral replication (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Zandi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Studies have demonstrated that the phytochemicals present in these plants can interfere with the synthesis of viral proteins and genetic material. Furthermore, the organosulfur compounds found in \u003cem\u003eAllium\u003c/em\u003e species exhibit strong antiviral properties by inhibiting the processes of viral attachment, fusion, and entry into host cells (Mel\u0026eacute;ndez et al. 2019; Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Zandi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe onion, a globally cultivated bulbous plant, contains a diverse array of organic sulfur compounds, including S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, trans-S-(1-propenyl) cysteine sulfoxide, and S-propyl cysteine sulfoxides, as well as flavonoids, cyclophilin, phenolic acids, sterols such as stigmasterol, cholesterol, and β-sitosterol, and saponins. These bioactive compounds exhibit various pharmacological properties, including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities (Goodarzi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnion extract demonstrates the capacity to suppress the activity of the virus. It has been observed that onion extract may decrease the mortality rate among birds infected with the Newcastle virus while also influencing the rate of weight gain in these birds (Goodarzi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, flavonoids derived from onion and garlic notably inhibit viral replication (Harazem et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Phytochemicals in these plants have been identified as effective agents in preventing the virus from synthesizing essential proteins and genetic material (Harazem et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Naithani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Tudu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The predominant flavonoids identified in onions are kaempferol and quercetin. These compounds have demonstrated efficacy against a variety of viruses. Specifically, onion extracts have been found to mitigate virus infection by inhibiting viral attachment to host cells (Mel\u0026eacute;ndez-Villanueva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Tatarintsev et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). The antiviral activity of onions has been attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds such as ribavirin, allicin, zalcitabine, and quercetin (Lebdah et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Prabhu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecent studies have shown a decline in vaccine efficacy, which is attributed to the increasing virulence of antigens that can weaken the protective mechanisms provided by vaccination. As a result, natural herbs and phytochemicals have gained significant attention for their therapeutic potential. In particular, polyherbal formulations are considered safer and more cost-effective alternatives for preventing and treating immunosuppressive viral infections. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mixture of onion and garlic (OGM) in broiler chickens infected with NDV and IBV during the starter and finisher phases, respectively. The evaluation focused on various parameters, including performance, carcass composition, blood profile, serum biochemical traits, liver enzyme levels, mortality rate, and intestinal morphology after the supplementation of OGM in the broilers' diet.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Powder Preparation and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA local company supplied powdered onion and garlic, creating a 1:1 ratio of garlic and onion. Standard laboratory procedures were used to measure the levels of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), and ash to assess their nutritional composition. These analyses were performed according to the AOAC (1995) specified methods. The nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was calculated by subtracting CP, EE, ash, and CF from dry matter. In addition, metabolizable energy (ME) is calculated using the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eME (kcal/kg)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 (3.5CP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.5NFE\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;8.5EE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Extraction of Phenolic Compounds\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ethanolic extraction of the mixture (OGM) was done by soaking 10 g of air-dried HM powder in 100 mL of 99.8% ethanol, followed by agitation at 85 rpm and 25\u0026deg;C for 6 hours. The extract was then filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper using a Buchner funnel, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure using a rotary vacuum evaporator (Heidolph, North America). The dried extract was stored in a dark environment at 4\u0026deg;C until GC-MS analysis. The GC-MS analysis was performed using an Agilent 7890A Gas Chromatograph connected to an electron impact quadrupole MD 800 mass spectrometer and a 19,095\u0026ndash;400 fused silica column (30 m in length, 0.25 mm inner diameter, and 0.25 \u0026micro;m stationary phase thickness). The column temperature was initially maintained at 35\u0026deg;C for 2.50 minutes and then gradually raised to 280\u0026deg;C over 20 minutes at a rate of 7\u0026deg;C per increment. The volatile oil components were identified using their GC Kovats retention indices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Bird, Housing, and Feeding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at the Department of Animal Resource, University of Raparin, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The University of Raparin Animal Care and Use Committee reviewed and approved all animal care and use procedures, adhering to international guidelines (FASS \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). 300 chicks were randomly divided into five treatment groups, with six replicates per group, each containing 10 chicks. The treatments consisted of T1, a basal diet without OGM (control); T2, T3, T4, and T5, a basal diet with 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6% OGM respectively. The experiment spanned 41 days, during which the birds had unrestricted access to feed and water. The rearing period was divided into three phases: starter (days 1\u0026ndash;11), grower (days 12\u0026ndash;25), and finisher (days 26\u0026ndash;41), with all diets provided in pellet form and detailed in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. For the first three days, the chicks were exposed to 24 hours of light, which was then reduced to 23 hours from days 4 to 41 to reduce stress caused by potential electrical disruptions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiet rations for broiler chickens from 1\u0026ndash;11 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorn grain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.735\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.266\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.370\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.868\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoybean meal 46%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.726\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.683\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.640\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.559\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.552\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSunflower oil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.867\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.876\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.860\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.853\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.845\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVit-Min premix\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.335\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.340\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.351\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChemical composition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM. Energy kcal/kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2997\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude protein %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinoleic acid %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.341\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.276\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.244\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.211\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude fiber %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.886\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.272\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.466\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.659\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcium %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable phosphate %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotassium %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.957\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.952\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.947\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.941\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.936\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSodium %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLysine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.415\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.411\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.406\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.746\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.750\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.755\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;cysteine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.086\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThreonine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: Vit-Min premix; Vitamin-Mineral premix, OGM; Onion and Garlic Mixture, M. Energy; Metabolizable Energy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. Provided per kg of diet: Protein, 18%; CaCO3, 19%; Monocalcium phosphate, 7%; NaCl, 4.5%; Methionine, 2%; Lysine, 4%; Threonine, 1%; Choline chloride, 1%; Iron (sulphate), 2800mg; Zinc (oxide), 2480mg; Manganese (oxide), 3600mg; Copper (sulphate), 240mg; Iodine (IK), 60mg; Selenium (SeNa), 14mg; Cobalt (sulphate), 14mg; Magnesium (oxide), 800mg; Antioxidant (BHT), 32mg; Vitamin A, 420000 IU; Vitamin D3, 80000 IU; Vitamin E, 800mg; Vitamin C, 40mg; Vitamin K3, 80mg; Vitamin B1, 80mg; Vitamin B2, 200mg; Vitamin B6, 80mg; Vitamin B12, 0.6 mcg; Biotin, 10.4mg; Folic acid, 20mg; Nicotinic acid, 400mg; Pantothenic acid, 160mg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiet rations for broiler chickens from 12\u0026ndash;25 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorn grain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.546\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.894\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.247\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.599\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoybean meal 46%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.942\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.927\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.911\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.896\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.880\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSunflower oil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.899\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.359\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.512\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.459\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.468\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.486\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.693\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.680\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.676\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVit-Min premix\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.327\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.332\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.338\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChemical composition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM. Energy kcal/kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude protein %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinoleic acid %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.861\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.903\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.944\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.986\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude fiber %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.879\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.070\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.260\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.450\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.641\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcium %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable phosphate %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotassium %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.886\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.881\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.876\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.870\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSodium %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLysine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.317\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.313\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.305\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.716\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.721\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.724\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;cysteine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThreonine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.844\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.834\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: Vit-Min premix; Vitamin-Mineral premix, OGM; Onion and Garlic Mixture, M. Energy; Metabolizable Energy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. Provided per kg of diet: Protein, 18%; CaCO3, 19%; Monocalcium phosphate, 7%; NaCl, 4.5%; Methionine, 2%; Lysine, 4%; Threonine, 1%; Choline chloride, 1%; Iron (sulphate), 2800mg; Zinc (oxide), 2480mg; Manganese (oxide), 3600mg; Copper (sulphate), 240mg; Iodine (IK), 60mg; Selenium (SeNa), 14mg; Cobalt (sulphate), 14mg; Magnesium (oxide), 800mg; Antioxidant (BHT), 32mg; Vitamin A, 420000 IU; Vitamin D3, 80000 IU; Vitamin E, 800mg; Vitamin C, 40mg; Vitamin K3, 80mg; Vitamin B1, 80mg; Vitamin B2, 200mg; Vitamin B6, 80mg; Vitamin B12, 0.6 mcg; Biotin, 10.4mg; Folic acid, 20mg; Nicotinic acid, 400mg; Pantothenic acid, 160mg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiet rations for broiler chickens from 26\u0026ndash;41 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorn grain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.632\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.985\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.696\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.041\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoybean meal 46%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.445\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.429\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.414\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.398\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.383\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSunflower oil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.634\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.787\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.940\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.093\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.567\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.563\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.558\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.554\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.550\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVit-Min premix\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChemical composition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM. Energy kcal/kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude protein %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinoleic acid %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.707\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.749\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.790\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.832\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.874\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude fiber %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.859\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.049\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.239\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.429\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcium %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e00.775\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.620\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable phosphate %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.360\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.360\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.360\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.360\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.360\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotassium %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.823\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.813\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.807\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSodium %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLysine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.229\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.225\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.216\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.587\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;cysteine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThreonine %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.789\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.784\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: Vit-Min premix; Vitamin-Mineral premix, OGM; Onion and Garlic Mixture, M. Energy; Metabolizable Energy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. Provided per kg of diet: Protein, 18%; CaCO3, 19%; Monocalcium phosphate, 7%; NaCl, 4.5%; Methionine, 2%; Lysine, 4%; Threonine, 1%; Choline chloride, 1%; Iron (sulphate), 2800mg; Zinc (oxide), 2480mg; Manganese (oxide), 3600mg; Copper (sulphate), 240mg; Iodine (IK), 60mg; Selenium (SeNa), 14mg; Cobalt (sulphate), 14mg; Magnesium (oxide), 800mg; Antioxidant (BHT), 32mg; Vitamin A, 420000 IU; Vitamin D3, 80000 IU; Vitamin E, 800mg; Vitamin C, 40mg; Vitamin K3, 80mg; Vitamin B1, 80mg; Vitamin B2, 200mg; Vitamin B6, 80mg; Vitamin B12, 0.6 mcg; Biotin, 10.4mg; Folic acid, 20mg; Nicotinic acid, 400mg; Pantothenic acid, 160mg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTables 1-3 are here\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Vaccination and Viral Inoculation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eVaccination was administered on the first-day post-hatching, utilizing attenuated vaccines for NDV and IBV to immunize the chicks. All chicks were inoculated with 0.5 mL of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), specifically the Cux-1 strain, at seven days of age. They were then inoculated with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), also the Cux-1 strain, at 25 days of age. The suspensions containing 106.6 median tissue culture infectious doses were administered orally. The Cux-1 virus was cultured in MDCC-MSB1 cells (McNulty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.5 Blood and Serum Collection\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlood samples were taken from the brachial vein of one hen per pen one week after viral symptoms appeared and 41 days before slaughter. The samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes to isolate the serum, which was then stored at -20\u0026deg;C until further analysis. Levels of serum liver enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as uric acid and total protein, were measured using colourimetric methods with professional kits from Biolabo S.A.S (Les Hautes Rives, 02160 Maizy, France).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.6 Virus Titration and Infection\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlood samples were collected at 21 and 40 days of age to measure antibody levels for NDV and IBV, respectively. The commercial antibody test kit for NDV and IBV successfully detected antibodies in serum samples, as Mao et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and Wanasinghe and Fouzi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reported. This kit employs an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) known for its accuracy and sensitivity in tracking the seroprevalence of NDV and IBV in poultry. Serum samples were collected, processed, and analyzed following the manufacturer's instructions. The optical density values obtained were then interpreted to determine the presence or absence of specific antibodies against NDV and IBV.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.7 Growth Performance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe birds' initial weights were recorded individually, and the average weight gain (AWG) for each treatment group was calculated over three intervals: 1\u0026ndash;11 days, 12\u0026ndash;25 days, and 26\u0026ndash;41 days. The average feed intake (AFI) per replicate was determined by subtracting the leftover feed from the total feed supplied and dividing it by the number of birds in the replicate. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was derived by dividing the total feed intake (in grams) by the weight gain (in grams).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.8 Carcass Traits\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn day 41, birds from each treatment group were chosen for carcass assessment based on their average body weight within that specific treatment. These birds were slaughtered, de-feathered, and eviscerated. Following this, their carcasses were weighed to determine the dressed carcass weight. The weights of the viscera, intestines, liver, heart, and spleen were recorded, and the length of the intestinal parts was calculated as a percentage of the live body weight.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.9 Histopathological Examination of the Small Intestine\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt 41 days old, intestinal samples measuring 0.5 cm were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological analysis. The samples were dehydrated through increasing ethanol concentrations (75\u0026ndash;100%), cleared with xylol I and II, embedded in paraffin, and sliced into 4 mm sections using a microtome (Leica RM 2155, England). Following the protocol by Suvarna et al., the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Using a compound light microscope with an AmScope digital camera, villus height, crypt depth, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and villus surface area were measured at 40x magnification. The data were analyzed using AmScope R software. For each sample, the average values were determined based on measurements of 10 villi (Abdollahi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.10 Analytical Statistics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data collected were analyzed using the polynomial method with the General Linear Model procedures from the SAS Institute (2001) (SAS 9.1, Cary, NC). For all parameters except performance and mortality, the individual bird was regarded as the experimental unit, while the cage was considered the experimental unit for performance and mortality. When significant effects were detected in the model, mean differences were evaluated using Tukey's test, with a significance level of P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Result","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Proximate Analysis of OGM\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the DM, CP, EE, ash, CF, and NFE of the OGM powders used in the present study on a dry matter basis. Also, the ME amount of OGM powders is shown as kCal/kg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of Onion and Garlic mixture on a dry matter basis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry Matter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoisture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC. Protein\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEther Extract\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC. Fiber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNFE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eME (kCal/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnion and garlic mixture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2639\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: C. protein; Crude protein, C. fiber; Crude fibre, NFE; Nitrogen free extract, ME; Metabolizable energy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 4 is here\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Bioactive Components of OGM\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 5 presents the bioactive components of the ethanolic extract of OGM, identified through GC-MS analysis. Although many peaks were observed on the GC-MS chromatogram (Figure 1), eight compounds were identified.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: Bioactive compound present in the onion and garlic mixture extract indicated by gas chromatography (GC-MS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompounds name\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommon name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRetention time\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBioactivity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarboxymethoxylamine hemihydrochloride\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi et al., 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiocyanate , 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLethane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThomas and Aune, 1978\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetradecane, 2,5-dimethyl- (CAS) \u0026nbsp;2,5-dimethyltetradecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,5-Dimethyltetradecane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.919\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNasr et al., 2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHexadecanoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethyl palmitate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntiviral and antimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHetta et al., 2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMannitol, 2,4-di-O-methyl-, tetraacetate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntiviral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelnichuk et al., 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenzene, (1-methylenepropyl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.515\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntiviral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZhu et al., 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etrans-Vaccenic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntiviral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYinusa and Raphael, 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTricyclo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParacyclophane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntiviral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInamoto et al., 979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSUM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 5 is here\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 is here\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Performance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effects of adding different levels of OGM (1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6%) to the diet on AWG, AFI, FCR, and mortality rate of broiler chicks from 1 to 41 days of age are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Chicks fed by 3 and 6% of the OGM significantly showed higher AWG compared to the group for 1\u0026ndash;11 days of age (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but those fed by 1.5 and 4.5% of the OGM were numerically different from the control group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The linear relationship was significant, such that AWG increased with increasing OGM levels for 1\u0026ndash;11 days of age (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Experimental diets did not significantly affect broiler AWG during 12\u0026ndash;25, 1\u0026ndash;25, and 26\u0026ndash;41 days of age (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, AWG significantly enhanced due to adding 1.5% OGM to broilers' diet for all rearing periods (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The cubic relationship was significant for AWG, such that AWG increased with increasing OGM levels for 1\u0026ndash;41 days of age (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of onion and garlic mixture on broiler chickens\u0026rsquo; performance in infected broiler chickens with NDV and IBV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnion \u0026amp; Garlic Mixture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinearity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCubic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStarter phase\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1\u0026ndash;11 days)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAWG (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e127\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0466\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1154\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6760\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAFI (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e230\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3248\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4810\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFCR (g/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.545\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.515\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.575\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.623\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.515\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4904\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMortality %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8750\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0327\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7533\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrower phase\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(12\u0026ndash;25 days)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAWG (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e449\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e532\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e537\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e542\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1627\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7497\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5723\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAFI (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e772\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e748\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e790\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e789\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e846\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4441\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4863\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFCR (g/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.480\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.498\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.490\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.483\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.560\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9905\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7736\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8825\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMortality %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.83\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1671\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6513\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;25 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAWG (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e634\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e638\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e678\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e674\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8516\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5744\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAFI (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e968\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e955\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1066\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1559\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9225\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFCR (g/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.497\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.542\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.530\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.548\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1255\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4382\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMortality %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.33\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1874\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0490\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinisher phase\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(26\u0026ndash;41 days)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAWG (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e634\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e786\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e607\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e576\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e627\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2544\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2519\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAFI (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1888\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1917\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1790\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1538\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2073\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0388\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7762\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFCR (g/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.752\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.492\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.804\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.382\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4290\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8891\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1780\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMortality %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.3\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.0\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2898\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4307\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0497\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll rearing period (1\u0026ndash;41 days)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAWG (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1106\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1424\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1282\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1237\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1315\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5520\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0067\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0311\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAFI (g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2597\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2871\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2789\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2567\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7614\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0958\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFCR (g/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.085\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.025\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.228\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.086\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.395\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4814\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1360\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMortality %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2788\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2874\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviation: AWG; Average weight gain, AFI; Average feed intake, FCR; Feed conversion ratio, SEM; Standard errors mean, NDV; Newcastle disease virus, IBV; Infectious bronchitis virus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u0026minus;c\u003c/sup\u003e. Means with different latter in the same row significantly differ (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA diet containing 3% OGM increased AFI significantly compared to control for 1\u0026ndash;11 days of age (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but it was not affected by different levels of OGM in 12\u0026ndash;25, 1\u0026ndash;25, 26\u0026ndash;41, and 1\u0026ndash;41 days of age compared to control group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The linear relationship was significant for AFI, such that AFI increased with increasing OGM levels during 1\u0026ndash;11 and 26\u0026ndash;41 days of age (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). FCR was not affected by the experimental diet in all rearing phases except for 1\u0026ndash;41 days of age, which was higher in chicks received 6% OGM than in the group fed 1.5% OGM, but none were significant compared to the control. The linear, quadratic, and cubic relationships were not significant for FCR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mortality rate significantly declined when OGM was added to broiler chickens infected by NDV or IBV diets in the starter, grower, and finisher phases. In the starter phase, adding OGM at 4.5 and 6% levels to the diet of infected chicks with NDV declined the mortality rate compared to other experimental groups (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, at the grower phase and 1\u0026ndash;25 days of age, incorporating OGM in all different levels in the diet of infected chicks with NDV reduced the mortality rate compared to the control group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In the finisher phase, chickens were infected by IBV, and OGM reduced the mortality rate significantly when supplemented with the diet at all levels. In general, in all rearing periods, supplementing diets with different levels (1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6%) of OGM significantly decreased the mortality rate in infected chickens with NDV and IBV compared to the control group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 6 is here\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Serum Biochemical Traits, Liver Enzyme, and Virus Titration\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows no significant differences in liver function enzymes of ALT, AST, serum total protein, serum uric acid at 41 days, and antibody titers against NDV at 21 days of age (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Supplementation of diet at all levels of the OGM significantly decreased serum ALP, although this effect was more pronounced in the case of 1.5% OGM compared to the control (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Adding 1.5 and 3% OGM to the broilers' diet significantly increased IBV titration at 40 days of age (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to the control. On the contrary, the highest level of OGM decreased the serum antibody titers against the IBV compared to the control group (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The quadratic relationship was significant for ALP and antibody titers against the IBV (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of onion and garlic mixture on broiler chickens\u0026rsquo; internal organs and intestinal relative weight and length (%) in infected broiler chickens with NDV and IBV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnion \u0026amp; Garlic Mixture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinearity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCubic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarcass Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7412\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0638\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7594\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrop Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.330\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.351\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.382\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.458\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.366\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0316\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4387\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5201\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProventriculus Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.603\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.533\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.502\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.596\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.480\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0437\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6457\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGizzard Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.843\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.540\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.643\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.797\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.516\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9766\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0452\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4655\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.231\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.577\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.043\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.444\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.928\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2256\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePancreas Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.308\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.277\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8978\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2369\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2229\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpleen Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7732\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2739\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4487\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeart Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.679\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.567\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.483\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.570\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.526\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5320\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuodenum Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.132\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.012\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.814\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.177\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.847\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7411\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1928\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuodenum Length\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.379\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.229\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.348\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.761\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.990\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0750\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7531\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJejunum Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.674\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.530\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.293\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.809\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0649\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5280\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJejunum Length\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.922\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.567\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.879\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.703\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9462\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0509\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6161\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIleum Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.889\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.492\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.141\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8470\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2629\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIleum Length\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.547\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.211\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.807\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.196\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.938\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6377\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1488\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCeca Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.999\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.895\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.875\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.333\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.847\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0632\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2837\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCeca Length\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.501\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.349\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.448\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.643\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.197\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0751\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8509\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBursa of\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFabricio\u0026rsquo;s Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.245\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0621\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4809\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3943\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Fat Weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.160\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.966\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.223\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.717\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.034\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1825\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2913\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0488\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviation: SEM; Standard errors mean, NDV; Newcastle disease virus, IBV; Infectious bronchitis virus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u0026minus;b\u003c/sup\u003e. Means with different latter in the same row significantly differ (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 7 is here\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5 Carcass Traits\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effects of OGM on the internal organs and intestinal relative weight and length are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. There were no significant differences among treatments for carcass, pancreas, spleen, and Bursa of Fabricio's weight and the relative weight and length of jejunum and ileum (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Supplementation of 4.5% OGM to the broilers' diet significantly increased the relative weight of the crop compared to the control, and the group received 1.5% OGM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Diets containing 3 and 6% OGM decreased proventriculus and heart weights significantly compared to the control (P\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05). Additionally, the broilers that received 1.5 and 6% OGM had the lowest gizzard weights (P\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the liver weight compared to the control (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but a diet containing 4.5% OGM significantly increased liver weight compared to 1.5% OGM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The birds fed with 4.5% OGM had the highest weights of the duodenum and ceca, which was significant compared to those fed with 3 and 6% OGM (P\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05). Adding 4.5% OGM to diet enhanced duodenum and ceca lengths compared to birds received 6% OGM (P\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e\u0026le;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05). No significant differences were found for the abdominal fat weight compared to control (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but a diet containing 4.5% OGM decreased it significantly compared to 3% OGM (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The linear relationship was significant for crop and heart weights (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The quadratic relationship was significant for proventriculus, gizzard, liver, heart, duodenum, and ceca weights (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Also, the cubic relationship was significant for abdominal fat weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of onion and garlic mixture on broiler chickens\u0026rsquo; serum liver enzymes, total protein, and uric acid level in infected broiler chickens with NDV and IBV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnion \u0026amp; Garlic Mixture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinearity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCubic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALP IU/L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3964\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e851\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2247\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3198\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2492\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1357\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALT IU/L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.933\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.533\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.840\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.540\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7844\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8333\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8458\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAST IU/L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e264.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e292.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e236.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e273.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3661\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1427\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8899\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNDV titer 21 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3788\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2955\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3661\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3803\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2663\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIBV titer 40 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4959\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7583\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7695\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5009\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4089\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9264\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9395\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e421\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal protein mg/dL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.300\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.433\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.540\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.560\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3325\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2098\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4834\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUric acid mg/d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.290\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.587\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.864\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.592\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8122\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3604\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviation: ALP; alkaline phosphatase, ALT; alanine aminotransferase, AST; aspartate aminotransferase, SEM; Standard errors mean, NDV; Newcastle disease virus, IBV; Infectious bronchitis virus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u0026minus;d\u003c/sup\u003e. Means with different latter in the same row significantly differ (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 8 is here\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.6 Histopathological Examination of the Small Intestine\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effects of OGM supplementation on the intestinal histomorphology of broilers are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. There were no significant differences for the CD and VH/CD of the duodenum, VH, VH/CD, and VSA of jejunum, and VH, CD, VH/CD, and VSA of ileum among the treatments (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Supplementation of 3% OGM to broiler diet significantly decreased VH and VSA of duodenum compared to control (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). All OGM levels significantly increased CD of jejunum compared to the control (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) except for 3% OGM, which numerically increased it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 9 is here\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of onion and garlic mixture on broiler chickens\u0026rsquo; intestinal histomorphology in infected broiler chickens with NDV and IBV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnion \u0026amp; Garlic Mixture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinearity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCubic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuodenum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillus high\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1552\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1426\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e982\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1118\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1298\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2937\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrypt depth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7417\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8696\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8558\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillus high to crypt depth ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0737\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillus surface area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.198\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.196\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.128\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.160\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.158\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0476\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1664\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJejunum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillus high\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e912\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1038\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e766\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e728\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e849\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0879\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4764\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3260\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrypt depth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e243\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0301\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1066\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillus high to crypt depth ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8809\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7690\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillus surface area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2649\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIleum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillus high\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e746\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e650\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e679\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e692\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7956\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4649\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6878\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrypt depth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8847\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9672\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillus high to crypt depth ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2299\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillus surface area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7956\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0867\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8863\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviation: SEM; Standard errors mean, NDV; Newcastle disease virus, IBV; Infectious bronchitis virus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u0026minus;c\u003c/sup\u003e. Means with different latter in the same row significantly differ (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBroiler chickens are selected for their superior meat yield and rapid growth rate. To maximize their genetic potential, optimal environmental conditions, adequate nutrition, and effective health management are essential. Viral diseases present significant challenges to chicken health and are a major cause of economic losses in the poultry sector. Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are significant diseases affecting poultry and continue to challenge the poultry industry in many regions worldwide (Ike et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Both viruses cause a decline in growth rates, feed intake, and feed efficiency, resulting in increased economic losses and morbidity (Cavanagh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; He et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Based on our results, adding OGM to the diet of the infected broilers with NDV increased performance in weight gain and feed intake compared to the control group and declined mortality rate at the starter and grower phases. On the other hand, in infected chickens with IBV, adding OGM to the diet did not affect chickens' performance in the finisher phase; however, the mortality rate increased significantly. In addition, adding OGM to the diet significantly enhanced weight gain in all rearing periods. The mortality rate declined to 1.5% compared to the control group in infected chickens with NDV and IBV.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn line with our results, Abdulkareem et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) reported that incorporating a herbal mixture of onion, garlic, and apple cider vinegar into the diet of broiler chickens infected with the chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) resulted in a lower mortality rate compared to the control group across all tested doses. However, at higher doses, the herbal mixture negatively affected the chickens' performance in terms of weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. Also, Goodarzi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) reported that incorporating 3% onion into the diet enhanced weight gain, feed intake, and antibody production against NDV. In addition, Aji et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) reported the same result of garlic and onion on broiler performance. Research has established that garlic and onion contain phytogenic compounds characterized by elevated levels of organosulfur and organic acids. These compounds are instrumental in enhancing avian performance by promoting the secretion of digestive enzymes that facilitate improved digestion and nutrient absorption. Consequently, this enhances broilers' growth performance (Tatara et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Adibmoradi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). However, it is imperative to note that administering these compounds at high doses may adversely affect performance (Elagib et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Afaq et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, OGM contains several bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral effects. Organosulfur compounds are present in onion and garlic (Yamaguchi et al. 2020), and allicin is the best antiviral compound reported among them (Lawson et al. 1998). As our results reported, adding OGM to the diet increased antibody production against IBV, while no significant effect was recorded in NDV antibody production. All of these impacts belong to the organosulfur compounds present in OGM, especially allicin (Weber et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Arreola et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the declined mortality rate in infected chickens by NDV and IBV belongs to the antiviral properties of OGM because OGM contains flavonoids that can inhibit viral replication (Zandi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and organosulfur compounds by blocking attachment, fusion, and entry of viruses into the host cell, reducing viral potency (Tatarintsev et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Mel\u0026eacute;ndez-Villanueva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdding OGM to the broilers ' diet did not affect the relative weight and length of the small intestine parts, which include the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Adding OGM also did not change the relative weight of other internal organs, such as the pancreas, liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. However, adding OGM reduced the relative weight of the heart, proventriculus, and gizzard at some level compared to the control and increased the relative weight of the crop. These results are consistent with the findings of several researchers while also differing from the conclusions of others. For instance, Abdulkareem et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) reported that adding onion and garlic did not affect the relative weight of the pancreas, heart, liver, gizzard, crop, jejunum, and ileum but significantly influenced the relative weight of the spleen, proventriculus, and duodenum. Kharde and Soujanya (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) reported that adding garlic powder to the diet of broiler chickens did not affect the relative weight of the liver, heart, and gizzard. Also, Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) supplemented fermented garlic to the diet of broiler chickens. They reported that fermented garlic did not influence the relative weight of the liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. This diversity in the impact of garlic and onion on the relative weight of the internal organs may relate to the different levels used or the different statuses of the chickens, affected by any infectious agent or not.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn infectious diseases, the liver often bears the brunt of damage, becoming a vulnerable target amid the chaos that illness brings to the body. This crucial organ, known for its vital roles in detoxification and metabolism, can suffer significantly, illustrating the profound impact of infections on our overall health. According to our results, supplementing OGM to the diet of infected broiler chickens by NDV and IBV did not affect AST and ALT compared to the control group. However, supplementing OGM at different levels declined the ALP level compared to the control group, and the 1.5% level of OGM recorded the lowest ALP level among other experimental groups. This result is in line with several studies, such as Abdulkareem et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), who recorded that adding a mixture of onion, garlic, and apple cider vinegar to the diet of infected chicken by CIAV reduced the ALP level compared to the control group and did not affect the level of AST and ALT. In another study, Omer et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) reported that adding garlic or onion did not affect AST and ALT levels compared to the control group. However, separately added garlic and onion to the chickens' diet declined ALP levels compared to the control group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, Omer et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) reported that a mixture of garlic and onion in a 1:1 ratio added to the diet significantly reduced liver damage and ALT, AST, and ALT levels compared to the control group. This positive effect of garlic and onion belongs to the organosulfur bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties (Weber et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Prasad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Lampe \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Metwally et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Incorporating OGM contributes to the reduction of liver damage and enhances its functionality, thereby improving the chickens' resistance to NDV and IBV.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntestinal morphology in infected chicken by NDV and IBV was not significantly affected by adding OGM to the diet at different levels in general compared to the control group. However, adding OGM to the diet of infected chicken with NDV and IBV reduced the duodenum villus's height and surface area compared to the control group and increased jejunum crypt depth. In line with our results, Abdulkareem et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) showed that adding an herbal mixture (onion, garlic, and apple cider vinegar) to the diet of infected chicken with CIAV did not influence intestinal histomorphology compared to the control group. Also, Harman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) recorded that adding onion garlic at a 0.5% level increased crypt depth. However, Harman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) recorded the opposite result in adding onion or a combination of garlic and onion on the intestinal histomorphology regarding crypt depth and villus height. In addition, Shao et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) reported the positive impact of garlic on the intestinal mucosal layer compared to the control group. They recorded that adding garlic to the diet improves the mucosa layer and reduces colitis. On the other hand, an increase in crypt depth is in line with increased intestinal immunity against the harmful microorganisms in the intestinal lumen and increased immunity in infected chickens with NDV and IBV, which decline secondary infection and improve health that aligns with the decline of mortality rate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, organosulfur bioactive compounds in OGM are effective antioxidant and antiviral agents that improve liver health and reduce liver damage. Including OGM in the diet enhances intestinal health, helping chickens infected with Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) resist secondary infections. These impacts boost their immune systems, support normal growth, and lower mortality rates. Thus, adding OGM at 1.5% or 3% in broiler diets can enhance performance and reduce mortality in chickens infected with NDV and IBV, minimizing economic losses in the poultry sector.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003e6.2 Competing Interests\u003c/em\u003e Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e6.1 Funding Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study\u0026rsquo;s conception and design. Material preparation was performed by Osama Rahman Ghaffar, Omer Rasool Ahmed, and Sarwar Omer Aziz, data collection performed by Liza Fathulla Hamad, Sada Mohammed Mahmood, Mohammed Abdalrahman Ali, Sazan Kawa Qadir, and Chrakhan Rasul Hassan and analysis were performed by Osama Rahman Ghaffar, Dastan Mohammed Khoshnaw, Zana Azeez Abdulkareem and Asrin Abdollahi. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Asrin Abdollahi, Nihayat Ibrahim Mohammed, Dastan Mohammed Khoshnaw, Omer Rasool Ahmed, Zaniar Ali Abas, Omed Idrees Abid, Shanaz Junaed Sleman and Osama Rahman Ghaffar, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge GoldFish\u0026copy; for providing cellulase, xylanase, and phytase enzymes with vitamin-mineral premix.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during the current study are available in the Mendeley Data, V1, doi: 10.17632/8v467h7myg.1\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdollahi A, Karimi A, Sadeghi AA, Bedford MR, Ashengroph M (2021) The effects of the fiber source and xylanase supplementation on production, egg quality, digestibility, and intestinal morphology in the aged laying hen. 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ACS Cent Sci 10(5): pp.1012-1021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.4c00054 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Newcastle Disease, Garlic, Onion, Virus, Average daily gain","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7120200/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7120200/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eVaccines have become less effective due to more virulent antigens, prompting increased recommendations for natural herbs and phytochemicals. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an onion and garlic mixture (OGM) on performance, carcass composition, liver enzymes, intestinal morphology, and mortality in broiler chickens infected with Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV). 300 chicks were divided into five treatment groups: the control group (T1) received a basal diet, while groups T2, T3, T4, and T5 were supplemented with 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6% OGM, respectively. All chicks were infected with NDV on day 7 and IBV on day 25. Results indicated that 3% OGM significantly improved average weight gain (AWG) and feed intake (AFI) during the starter phase (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) without affecting performance in the grower phase. OGM supplementation increased AWG, reduced mortality in NDV-infected chicks, and lowered mortality in IBV-infected chickens during the finisher phase. Although there were no significant changes in internal organ weights, intestinal morphology, or NDV antibody levels, OGM reduced liver damage and enhanced immunity against IBV by boosting antibody production (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In conclusion, including OGM in chicken diets boosts their immune systems, supports growth, and lowers mortality rates. Therefore, adding OGM at 1.5% or 3% in broiler diets can enhance performance and reduce mortality, minimizing economic losses in the poultry sector.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Onion and Garlic Mixture Enhances Performance and Survival in Broiler Chickens Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus and Infectious Bronchitis Virus","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-21 10:19:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7120200/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b5f2ae98-40fe-4b67-a74c-b4ce3ff24bf9","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-22T07:38:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-21 10:19:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7120200","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7120200","identity":"rs-7120200","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}