Thermal sensation and comfort responses during repeated exposure to mild heat

Thermal sensation and comfort responses during repeated exposure to mild heat | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Thermal sensation and comfort responses during repeated exposure to mild heat Naoshi Kakitsuba, Kazuo Nagano This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6431957/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Physiological Anthropology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The present study was designed to confirm overshooting responses in thermal sensation after repeated exposure to mild heat (i.e., the cooling period), the manner of change in the thermal sensation responses (TSRs) during the cooling period, and effect of short-term heat acclimation during repeated exposure to mild heat. In the summer, eight young adult male subjects with clothing insulation (I cl , clo) of 0.3 clo first stayed in the control room at 26°C for 15 min, then moved to the main testing room at 33°C for 10 min (condition 1), 15 min (condition 2), or 20 min (condition 3), and finally returned to the control room for 15 min. The exposure was repeated five times. TSR and TCR were recorded in a 5-min interval from the beginning of the first exposure. The tympanic temperature (T ty ), skin temperatures at the chest, forearm, front of the thigh, and front of the shin, and ECG were continuously monitored. Local sweat rates at the same sites of skin temperature were monitored at the end of each exposure. Changes in T ty and mean skin temperature (_T sk ) indicated no significant difference between conditions and no indication of short-term heat acclimation. Since the subjects voted nearly “cold” when _T sk remained high at the beginning of the cooling period, overshooting responses in thermal sensation were repeatedly observed in all conditions. The subjects voted “slightly cool” at the end of cooling period while _T sk kept decreasing during the cooling period. The thermally neutral _T sk was then estimated to be 0.3 o C – 4.2 o C lower than _T sk observed prior to the first exposure. Thus, a residual effect on TSR during the cooling period was confirmed. Changes in the mean sweat rate, TSR and TCR showed significant differences between conditions but no indication of short-term heat acclimation. However, change in heart rate and ECG analysis implied the effect of short-term heat acclimation. skin temperature tympanic temperature thermal sensation response thermal comfort response sweating rate heart rate heart rate variability Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. INTRODUCTION Heat stress and thermal comfort after a step change in air temperature were studied continuously in the 1990s (e.g., references), the 2000s (e.g., references), and the 2010s (references). Horikoshi et al. (1988) monitored physiological and psychological responses when young male subjects were first exposed to 23 o C and then to 15, 18, 23, 25, and 30 o C in the winter, and the participants demonstrated a difference in thermal sensation responses (TSRs) between 5 min and 90 min after the step change in air temperature. Understanding the change in the TSR after a step change in air temperature, Kakitsuba and Inoue (1998) reported that the subjects voted “cool” at 27 o C soon after 40 o C exposure, and nearly “neutral” while T ( _ ) sk decreased. Recently, Chen et al. (2011) also reported overshooting responses of thermal sensation due to the step change in air temperature. Takada et al. (2013) then developed a model to predict the overshooting responses of thermal sensation in the non-steady state. Since these experimental studies focused mainly on evaluating heat stress and the development of models of thermoregulation or thermal comfort, a single step change in air temperature was mainly adopted in the experimental designs. Heat stress due to repeated exposure to heat was also studied. Tokuda et al. (1988) evaluated heat stress due to repeated exposure of older individuals to cold, and Ohori et al. (2002) demonstrated large individual differences in heart rate variability (HRV) in response to an increase in outdoor air temperature when the subjects moved from indoors to outdoors in the summer. These studies demonstrated that heat stress may be correlated with HRV during a step change in air temperature. Notley et al. (2020) proved that repeated heat exposure in the summer enhanced heat loss in humans, e.g., seasonal heat acclimatization, and reported that seasonal heat acclimatization enhanced evaporative heat loss in both young and older adults. Regarding short-term acclimatization, Fujii et al. (2021) reported short-term heat acclimation which may enhance whole-body heat loss by increasing evaporative heat loss after seven days of exercise. Bortolassi de Oliveira et al. (2025) studied physiological responses to repeated heat exposure under equal workload conditions. Sixteen men were exposed continuously to the heat from a fire for 30 uninterrupted minutes and had intermittent exposure to the heat of the fire organized by two 15-min re-entries of exposure to the heat interspersed with 10 min of non-exposure. The results demonstrated that heart rate (HR) and other related variables in the re-exposure condition changed less than in the uninterrupted conditions. The results suggested that repeated exposure to heat with cooling period may reduce cardiac overload. Recently, Chen et al. (2011) reported on the effect of repeated exposure to heat on thermal sensation responses. However, few studies on physiological and psychological responses due to repeated exposure to heat were found in the literature. As mentioned earlier, an overshooting response of thermal sensation after a single hot exposure was reported by a few scientists but overshooting responses of the thermal sensation after repeated exposure to heat have not been fully confirmed. In the present study, considering the above backgrounds, the human experiment was designed to confirm overshooting responses in thermal sensation after repeated exposure to mild heat (i.e., the cooling period), the manner of change in the TSRs during the cooling period, and short-term heat acclimation during repeated exposure to mild heat. 2. METHODS 2.1 Subjects Repeated exposures to heat were conducted in the climate rooms at Meijo University from August to early September 2018. Eight healthy young Japanese male subjects with a mean age (± standard deviation, SD) of 21.1 ± 1.4 years participated in the experiment. Since the sample size was limited mainly because of a prolonged period of a single exposure, power calculation was not conducted in the present study. The subjects were required to wear a short-sleeved shirt and knee-length trousers. The clothing insulation of the ensembles was 0.30 ± 0.13 clo. To avoid an effect of the subject’s circadian rhythm on the core temperature, the subjects were requested to follow a regular schedule for 1 week leading up to our experiment. Each subject routinely went to sleep before midnight and woke up at 07:00 to 07:30 each day. Each subject provided written informed consent to participate in this study and was fully aware that they could withdraw from the study at any time without prejudice. The study protocol was approved by Meijo Institutional Ethics Review Board. 2.2 Experimental protocol To avoid circadian rhythm on core temperature and mean skin temperature ( T ( _ ) sk ), the subjects were asked to arrive at the control room at 12:30, and the experiment started at 13:00. Air temperature (T a ) and relative humidity (RH) in the control room were controlled at 26 °C/60% RH. The subjects moved to the main testing room to be exposed to 33 °C as a single exposure and then returned to the control room at the end of each exposure. The cooling period in the control room was set at 15 min in all conditions. The exposure time to heat was set at 10 min (condition 1), 15 min (condition 2), and 20 min (condition 3). Exposure to heat was repeated five times in all conditions. As an example, the experimental protocol in condition 3 is indicated in Figure 1. 2.3 Measurements Each subject was asked to respond to their perception of temperature and comfort. As shown in Table 1, a 9-point scale was used to assess thermal sensation, and a 4-point scale was used for thermal comfort. Each subject reported their responses at 5-min intervals during each time period, including the end of and the beginning of each exposure, as shown in Figure 1. Tympanic temperature (T ty ) and skin temperatures at four sites (chest, forearm, front thigh, and front shin) were continuously monitored with thermistors (Gram, LT-8, Tokyo, Japan) at 30-s intervals throughout the experimental period. Mean skin temperature ( T ( _ ) sk ) was calculated using Ramanathan’s equation (Ramanathan, 1964). Local sweat rates at four sites (chest, forearm, front thigh, and front shin) were monitored with local sweat rate monitors (OKS-04HM; SKINOS Co., Nagano, Japan) at the end of each exposure to heat. The mean sweat rate ( S ( _ ) w , mg/cm 2 /min) was also calculated using Ramanathan’s equation assuming that Ramanathan's formula can be applied to estimate the mean value. HR and the R-to-R interval were continuously monitored with a sampling rate of 500 Hz with an ECG (DAQ terminal; Intercross Co., Tokyo, Japan) during the experimental period. HR is generally recognized to increase when the magnitude of stress becomes greater. HRV power spectral analysis was performed to examine frequency components of minimum 60 s length, and the high-frequency components (HF, 0.15–0.45 Hz) and the low-frequency components (LF, 0.04–0.15 Hz) were specifically analyzed due to their association with parasympathetic nervous system activity. Fluctuations of HF are mediated solely by the parasympathetic nervous system whereas LF fluctuations are mediated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems (Akselrod et al., 1981). We focused on the change in the LF:HF ratio for evaluating heat stress during exposure to mild heat. Based on regression analysis of the LF:HF ratio, heat stress may be estimated to become greater from a higher positive coefficient of X in a linear equation. 2.5 Statistical analysis The outcome variables at the end of each exposure to mild heat and the cooling period were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA with a repeated-measures design. For TSRs, thermal comfort responses (TCRs), T ty , and T ( _ ) sk factors included condition (1, 2 or 3) and repetition (1 st - 5 th ). For significant main effects or interaction comparisons of physiological and psychological variables were made using one-tailed paired t-tests. p < 0.05 was considered significant after Bonferroni correction. 3. RESULTS The experiments were performed from the 10 th of August to the 10 th of September 2018. According to the Japan meteorological agency (https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html), the mean daily temperature and relative humidity in Nagoya city were 27.9 o C and 67.2% RH. 3.1 Change in tympanic temperature, mean skin temperature, thermal sensation and comfort responses The changes in T ty , T ( _ ) sk , TSR, and TCR under three conditions are indicated in Figure 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c). Both T ( _ ) sk and T ty increased during each exposure to heat and decreased during each cooling period. There was no trend for the main effect of condition for T ( _ ) sk and T ty at the end of exposure to heat and the cooling period and significant repetition by condition interaction in all conditions. In all conditions, TSR changed from “warm” to “hot” with an increase in T ( _ ) sk during each exposure to heat, whereas it changed from “cold” to “cool” with a decrease in T ( _ ) sk during each cooling period. Thus, overshooting responses of thermal sensation after repeated exposure to heat were clearly observed in all conditions. There was a trend for a main effect of condition (F= 4.25, p=0.0168) for TSR at the beginning of the cooling period but no significant repetition by condition interaction. Post-hoc tests showed that TSR in condition 1 was significantly higher than condition 2 (p=0.0132). TCR changed to “very uncomfortable” during each exposure to heat, whereas TCR changed to “slightly uncomfortable” during each cooling period. There was a trend for a main effect of condition for TCR at the beginning of the cooling period (F= 7.46, p<0.0001) and of exposure to mild heat (F= 4.26, p<0.0166) but no significant repetition by condition interaction. Post-hoc tests showed that TCR in condition 1 was significantly lower than that in condition 2 (p=0.0276) and condition 3 (p<0.001). 3.2 Relationship between the thermal sensation response and mean skin temperature The relationship between TSR and T ( _ ) sk is indicated in Figure 3(a), 3(b), and 3(c). In all conditions, it was observed that the subjects voted “cold” at the beginning of the cooling period and voted “cool” at the end of the cooling period although T ( _ ) sk continuously decreased. This relation of TSR to T ( _ ) sk was opposite to the generally recognized relation (for example, Gagge et al., 1967) . The regression analysis on the change in TSR during the cooling period showed that the subjects were expected to vote “neutral” when T ( _ ) sk decreased to 32.5 o C in condition 1, 30.7 o C in condition 2, and 28.6 o C in condition 3. The results indicated that the T ( _ ) sk corresponding to “thermally neutral” after repeated exposure to mild heat may be strongly associated with the exposure time. 3.3 Change in mean sweat rates during repeated exposure to heat The change in mean sweat rates ( S ( _ ) w ) during exposure to heat is indicated in Figure 4. Although there was no significant change in S ( _ ) w due to repetition, S ( _ ) w in condition 2 and condition 3 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than in condition 1. Thus, S ( _ ) w may be dependent on exposure time. 3.4 Change in HR and LF:HF ratio during repeated exposure to mild heat Change in HR and LF:HF ratio the HF during repeated exposure to mild heat is indicated in Figure 5(a), 5(b), and 5(c). To estimate the trend of change in HR and LF:HF ratio, regression analysis was conducted. HR during repeated exposure to mild heat showed continuous decrease in all conditions. Although the correlation coefficients were low, the decreasing rate in HR appeared to be greater when exposure time was shorter. The LF:HF ratio increased during each exposure in all conditions since coefficients of X (α) in a linear equation were all positive. Although the α value continuously increased to the 4 th exposure in condition 1 and to the 3 rd exposure in condition 2, it then decreased to the 5 th exposure. 4. DISCUSSION Since Chen et al. (2011) reported that overshooting responses were highly probable during the step change from 33 o C to 26 o C, the step change from 30 o C to 26 o C was adopted in the present study. As indicated in Figure 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c), the subjects voted “cool” or “slightly cool” although T ( _ ) sk remained higher than T ( _ ) sk , which considered to vote “warm” or “slightly warm”. Thus, overshooting responses in thermal sensation were observed repeatedly during redone exposure to mild heat. Since statistical analysis indicated that overshooting responses in condition 1 were significantly higher (p=0.0132) than those in condition 2, overshooting responses after repeated exposure to mild heat may be related to the exposure time. In other words, the longer exposure may induce a larger difference in TSR before and after the step change in air temperature. Regarding overshooting responses, other studies (Nagano et al, 2005, Ji et al., 2017, Liu et al., 2014) did not confirm the overshooting response of thermal sensation during a single step change in air temperature. Possible reasons may be sex differences (Horikoshi et al., 1989; Xiong et al., 2015), seasonal differences (Xiong et al., 2016) and effect of clothing. In the present study, the subjects wore a short-sleeved shirt and knee-length trousers. Since clothing absorbs sweat during heating, the heat loss pathway during cooling may become complicated compared with that of a nude subject. For example, the surface temperature of skin covered with clothing may not be promptly lowered at the beginning of cooling as compared with the surface temperature of unclothed skin. In relation to this issue, it was observed that the subjects voted “cold” at the beginning of the cooling period and voted “cool” or “slightly cool” at the end of the cooling period although T ( _ ) sk continuously decreased. This relation of TSR to T ( _ ) sk was opposite to the generally recognized relation but may correspond to the reality that people who stayed outdoor in summer preferred low air temperature soon after they moved into the air-conditioned space. As indicted in Figure 3(a) - Figure 3(c), the generally recognized relation of T ( _ ) sk to TSR may resume after a prolonged cooling period as predicted by Takada et al. (2013) and the resuming time may be dependent on the exposure time. Regarding short-term heat acclimation due to repeated exposure to heat, Fujii et al. (2021) reported that acclimation appeared after seven days of exercise. In the present study, change in T ( _ ) sk and T ty indicated no short-term heat acclimation. S ( _ ) w showed almost no change with repetition with the exception of condition 2, where S ( _ ) w increased significantly (p<0.05) from the 1 st to the 3 rd exposure. Thus, S ( _ ) w may be correlated with exposure time, but it indicated no short-term heat acclimation due probably to the amount of heat loss required during repeated exposure to heat was not sufficient to induce an increase in S ( _ ) w . Considering more severe heat stress, for example, a higher air temperature with a longer exposure time, which people experience almost every day in summer, short-term heat acclimation may be observed during repeated exposure to heat. However, Kakitsuba et al. (2023) reported the results of a human experiment where young female subjects were exposed repeatedly to mild heat in the evaluation of their fatigue and demonstrated significant increase in S ( _ ) w (p<0.01) with repetition. So, it is necessary to consider sex differences in the sweating response during repeated exposure to heat. Ohori et al. (2002) and Vidyarini and Maeda (2019) demonstrated that the HRV analysis may be a useful tool to estimate heat stress. Although heat stress may have been insufficient in the present study, change in HR suggested that the subjects may have been acclimated in condition 1 more effectively than in condition 2 and condition 3 because the decreasing rate in HR appeared to be greater when exposure time was shorter. Change in the LF:HF ratio also suggested that heat stress may be reduced during the latter half of repetition in condition 1 and condition 2 because the α value continuously increased to the 4 th exposure in condition 1 and to the 3 rd exposure in condition 2 and then decreased to the 5 th exposure. Thus, short-term heat acclimation may be expected when exposure time to heat is coupled with the equal cooling time. 5. CONCLUSION During repeated exposure to mild heat coupled with the cooling period, it was observed that the subjects voted nearly “cold” when T ( _ ) sk remained high at the beginning of the cooling period in all conditions. Thus, overshooting responses in thermal sensation were repeatedly observed. The subjects voted “slightly cool” at the end of cooling period while T ( _ ) sk kept decreasing during the cooling period. The thermally neutral T ( _ ) sk was then estimated to be 0.3 o C – 4.2 o C lower than T ( _ ) sk observed prior to the first exposure. Thus, a residual effect on TSR during the cooling period was confirmed. Changes in mean sweat rate, TSR, and TCR showed significant differences between conditions but no indication of short-term heat acclimation. However, change in HR and ECG analysis implied the effect of short-term heat acclimation. Declarations Acknowledgments This study was supported in part by the Research Centre for Future Standards of Living Environments, Meijo University and JSPS KAKENHI (No. 23K11745). This manuscript has been edited by native English-speaking experts from BioMed Proofreading® LLC, www.biome dproofreading.com). Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations The study protocol was approved by Meijo Institutional Ethics Review Board. Funding Declaration This study was supported in part by the Research Centre for Future Standards of Living Environments, Meijo University and JSPS KAKENHI (No: 23K11745). Consent to Publish declaration Consent to Publish declaration is not applicable. Author Contribution declaration Naoshi Kakitsuba, the first author, conceived and designed the research and conducted the experiments. He also analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. Kazuo Nagano, the co-author, contributed new reagents or analytical tools. He analyzed the data. Thus, all authors read and approved the manuscript. Competing Interest declaration. The author has no conflicts of interest directly relevant to the content of this article. References Akerstedt T, Gillberg M. Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. Int J Neurosci. 1990; 52: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207459008994241 Bortolassi de Oliveira R, Paulo A B, Farah L., Michaloski A O. Physiological responses to repeated heat exposure under equal workload conditions. 2025; Int. J. Occup., 3:1-8. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2025.2454169. Chen C-P, Hwang R-L, Chang S-Y, Lu Y-T. Effects of temperature steps on human skin physiology and thermal sensation response. 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The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning Sanitary Engineers of Japan. 1975;237-240 (written in Japanese) https://doi.org/10.18948/shasetaikai.1975.0_237 Horikoshi T, Kobayashi Y, Tsuchikawa T, Hirayama, K, Kurazumi, Y. Relation between thermal sensation and comfort sensation during exposure to thermal transients. Jpn J Biometeorol. 1988; 25:61-67 (Abstract in English). https://doi.org/10.11227/seikisho1966.25.61 Horikoshi, T, Fukaya Y. Responses of skin temperature and thermal sensation to step change in air temperature. Jpn J Biometeorol. 1989; 26(Supplement):15 (written in Japanese) https://doi.org/10.11227/seikisho1966.26.supplement_15 Ji W, Cao B, Geng Y, Zhu Y, Lin B. Study on human skin temperature and thermal evaluation in step change conditions: From non-neutrality to neutrality. Energy and Buildings. 2017; 156:29-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.09.037 Jin Q, Duanmu L, Zhang H, Li X, Xu H. Thermal sensations of the whole body and head under local cooling and heating conditions during step-changes between workstation and ambient environment. Building Environ. 2011; 46:2342-2350. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.05.017 Kakitsuba N, Inoue Y. Effects of relative humidity on physiological and psychological responses during cooling after exposure to heat. In: ICHES98 Organizing Committee (eds) Proceedings of the 2 nd Int Conf on Human-Environment Systems, Yokohama. 1998; 97-100. http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/11078355 Kakitsuba N, Nakano S, Nagano K. Evaluation of fatigue in young female adults due to repeated exposure to heat in summer and cold in winter. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05222-3 Kondo E., Kurazumi Y., Horikoshi T. Human physiological and psychological reactions to thermal transients with air temperature step changes-A case of climacteric aged females in summer. J. 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Effects of air temperature step changes on thermal perception and perceived arousal in an actual environment under hot-humid climate conditions. J Hum Environ Syst. 2019; 22:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1618/jhes.22.7 Xiong J, Lian Z, You J, Lin Y. Investigation of gender difference in human response to temperature step changes. Physiol Behav. 2015; 151:426-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.037 Xiong J, Lian Z, Zhang H. Effects of exposure to winter temperature step-changes on human subjective perceptions. Build Environ 2016; 107:226-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.002 Table Table 1. Categories for thermal sensation response (TSR) and thermal comfort response (TCR) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6431957","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":456085285,"identity":"eb4803c5-fd6f-455b-9680-3acb94a91f7d","order_by":0,"name":"Naoshi Kakitsuba","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZgYDGwMom41oLWkka2E4bEBYGQyYsx8+/Lmg4LyxuUQC44cfDHx5BLVY9qSlSc8wuG1mOSOBWbKHga2YoBaDAzlmzDwGt20MbiQwSAP9kthAUMv5N8afeQzOgbQw/yZOy40cA2kegwNmQC1sRNpy41kaUEuysWXPwzbLHgNi/HI++fBnnj92htvZkw/f+FFxjHCIIfQyMAKdZHAsgRQtYFBDgpZRMApGwSgYKQAAJUQ2I7sKBJwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Kyoto Prefectural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naoshi","middleName":"","lastName":"Kakitsuba","suffix":""},{"id":456085286,"identity":"a000f039-b17a-4305-bc1c-9b6f6782489d","order_by":1,"name":"Kazuo Nagano","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kyoto Prefectural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kazuo","middleName":"","lastName":"Nagano","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-12 03:53:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6431957/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6431957/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-025-00409-3","type":"published","date":"2025-11-27T15:58:43+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82790563,"identity":"47c5015c-e438-47ac-969c-5b44a639e0a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-15 10:04:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46025,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn example of the experimental protocol in condition 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental protocol in condition 3 is indicated as an example. The experiment started at 13:00 in all conditions. In this case, the subjects were exposed to 33 °C/60% RH in the main testing room and then returned to the control room at the end of 20 min exposure. Exposure to heat was repeated five times. The cooling period in the control room was set at 15 min in all conditions. Psychological and physiological responses were monitored continuously or periodically.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6431957/v1/e8dca8019dea531f2fc49b11.png"},{"id":82792253,"identity":"702560f4-1115-45de-b95e-89b688c3c78c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-15 10:20:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":311923,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a). Changes in tympanic temperature, mean skin temperature, thermal sensation response and thermal comfort response in condition 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b). Changes in tympanic temperature, mean skin temperature, thermal sensation response and thermal comfort response in condition 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(c). Changes in tympanic temperature, mean skin temperature, thermal sensation response and thermal comfort response in condition 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn all conditions, thermal sensation responses (TSRs) changed from “warm” to “hot” or “very hot” with the increase in mean skin temperature (T\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e) during each exposure to mild heat. However, TSR changed from “cold” or “cool” to “slightly cool” and thermal comfort response changed from nearly “comfortable” to “slightly uncomfortable” while\u0026nbsp;T\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;kept decreasing to 33\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;during the cooling period.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6431957/v1/e33545107e8190499d82b4f3.png"},{"id":82791655,"identity":"9e3cc2e0-66e3-4ec3-aa02-d1a2771f9271","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-15 10:12:33","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":83357,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a). Change in thermal sensation responses with mean skin temperature in condition 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b). Change in thermal sensation responses with mean skin temperature in condition 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(c). Change in thermal sensation responses with mean skin temperature in condition 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe figures show the relationship between thermal sensation responses (TSRs) and mean skin temperature (T\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e) during the cooling periods. As indicated in Figures 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c), the TSR changed from “cold” to “cool” or “slightly cool” with a decrease in\u0026nbsp;T\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;during the cooling period in all conditions. Compared with TSR when the subjects stayed in the control room before repeated exposure, differences in TSR after exposure to mild heat can be clearly observed.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6431957/v1/15f08d039b07a9c12fff39e7.png"},{"id":82791654,"identity":"33e7f589-39a3-47b6-bd42-ea4db6e1ce73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-15 10:12:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18772,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in mean sweat rates during exposure to mild heat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean sweat rates (S\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e) in condition 2 and condition 3 were significantly (p\u0026lt;0.05) higher than those in condition 1.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6431957/v1/a8fbb82f2370221145506682.png"},{"id":82790571,"identity":"ef3565f8-e1ae-4bef-a68a-bc3b6240ab63","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-15 10:04:33","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":322813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a). Change in heart rate and LF:HF ratio during exposure to mild heat in condition 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(b). Change in heart rate and LF:HF ratio during exposure to mild heat in condition 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(c). Change in heart rate and LF:HF ratio during exposure to mild heat in condition 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeart rate (HR) during repeated exposure to mild heat showed continuous decrease in all conditions. The decrease in HR appeared to be greater when exposure time was shorter. The LF:HF ratio increased during each exposure in all conditions since coefficients of X (α) in a linear equation were all positive. However, the α value continuously increased to the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e exposure in condition 1 and then decreased to the 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e exposure. This may imply the effect of short-term heat acclimation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6431957/v1/de6099f031f98a8133aff69a.png"},{"id":97178677,"identity":"e3588de8-f3cf-46c5-89c1-2d8b56374528","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 16:12:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1056877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6431957/v1/a39bf31e-afea-4291-9550-cab6cee85329.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Thermal sensation and comfort responses during repeated exposure to mild heat","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eHeat stress and thermal comfort after a step change in air temperature were studied continuously in the 1990s (e.g., references), the 2000s (e.g., references), and the 2010s (references). Horikoshi et al. (1988) monitored physiological and psychological responses when young male subjects were first exposed to 23 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and then to 15, 18, 23, 25, and 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC in the winter, and the participants demonstrated a difference in thermal sensation responses (TSRs) between 5 min and 90 min after the step change in air temperature. Understanding the change in the TSR after a step change in air temperature, Kakitsuba and Inoue (1998) reported that the subjects voted \u0026ldquo;cool\u0026rdquo; at 27 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC soon after 40 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC exposure, and nearly \u0026ldquo;neutral\u0026rdquo; while \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e decreased. Recently, Chen et al. (2011) also reported overshooting responses of thermal sensation due to the step change in air temperature. Takada et al. (2013) then developed a model to predict the overshooting responses of thermal sensation in the non-steady state. Since these experimental studies focused mainly on evaluating heat stress and the development of models of thermoregulation or thermal comfort, a single step change in air temperature was mainly adopted in the experimental designs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeat stress due to repeated exposure to heat was also studied. Tokuda et al. (1988) evaluated heat stress due to repeated exposure of older individuals to cold, and Ohori et al. (2002) demonstrated large individual differences in heart rate variability (HRV) in response to an increase in outdoor air temperature when the subjects moved from indoors to outdoors in the summer. These studies demonstrated that heat stress may be correlated with HRV during a step change in air temperature. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotley et al. (2020) proved that repeated heat exposure in the summer enhanced heat loss in humans, e.g., seasonal heat acclimatization, and reported that seasonal heat acclimatization enhanced evaporative heat loss in both young and older adults. Regarding short-term acclimatization, Fujii et al. (2021) reported short-term heat acclimation which may enhance whole-body heat loss by increasing evaporative heat loss after seven days of exercise. Bortolassi de Oliveira et al. (2025) studied physiological responses to repeated heat exposure under equal workload conditions.\u0026nbsp;Sixteen men were exposed continuously to the heat from a fire for 30 uninterrupted minutes and had intermittent exposure to the heat of the fire organized by two 15-min re-entries of exposure to the heat interspersed with 10 min of non-exposure. The results demonstrated that heart rate (HR) and other related variables in the re-exposure condition changed less than in the uninterrupted conditions. The results suggested that repeated exposure to heat with cooling period may reduce cardiac overload.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecently, Chen et al. (2011) reported on the effect of repeated exposure to heat on thermal sensation responses. However, few studies on physiological and psychological responses due to repeated exposure to heat were found in the literature. As mentioned earlier, an overshooting response of thermal sensation after a single hot exposure was reported by a few scientists but overshooting responses of the thermal sensation after repeated exposure to heat have not been fully confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, considering the above backgrounds, the human experiment was designed to confirm overshooting responses in thermal sensation after repeated exposure to mild heat (i.e., the cooling period), the manner of change in the TSRs during the cooling period, and short-term heat acclimation during repeated exposure to mild heat.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e2.1 Subjects\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRepeated exposures to heat were conducted in the climate rooms at Meijo University from August to early September 2018. Eight healthy young Japanese male subjects with a mean age (± standard deviation, SD) of 21.1 ± 1.4 years participated in the experiment. Since the sample size was limited mainly because of a prolonged period of a single exposure, power calculation was not conducted in the present study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe subjects were required to wear a short-sleeved shirt and knee-length trousers. The clothing insulation of the ensembles was 0.30 ± 0.13 clo. To avoid an effect of the subject’s circadian rhythm on the core temperature, the subjects were requested to follow a regular schedule for 1 week leading up to our experiment. Each subject routinely went to sleep before midnight and woke up at 07:00 to 07:30 each day.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach subject provided written informed consent to participate in this study and was fully aware that they could withdraw from the study at any time without prejudice. The study protocol was approved by Meijo Institutional Ethics Review Board.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2 Experimental protocol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo avoid circadian rhythm on core temperature and mean skin temperature (\u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e), the subjects were asked to arrive at the control room at 12:30, and the experiment started at 13:00. Air temperature (T\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e) and relative humidity (RH) in the control room were controlled at 26 °C/60% RH. The subjects moved to the main testing room to be exposed to 33 °C as a single exposure and then returned to the control room at the end of each exposure. The cooling period in the control room was set at 15 min in all conditions. The exposure time to heat was set at 10 min (condition 1), 15 min (condition 2), and 20 min (condition 3). Exposure to heat was repeated five times in all conditions. As an example, the experimental protocol in condition 3 is indicated in Figure 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3 Measurements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach subject was asked to respond to their perception of temperature and comfort. As shown in Table 1, a 9-point scale was used to assess thermal sensation, and a 4-point scale was used for thermal comfort. Each subject reported their responses at 5-min intervals during each time period, including the end of and the beginning of each exposure, as shown in Figure 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTympanic temperature (T\u003csub\u003ety\u003c/sub\u003e) and skin temperatures at four sites (chest, forearm, front thigh, and front shin) were continuously monitored with thermistors (Gram, LT-8, Tokyo, Japan) at 30-s intervals throughout the experimental period. Mean skin temperature (\u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e) was calculated using Ramanathan’s equation (Ramanathan, 1964). Local sweat rates at four sites (chest, forearm, front thigh, and front shin) were monitored with local sweat rate monitors (OKS-04HM; SKINOS Co., Nagano, Japan) at the end of each exposure to heat. The mean sweat rate (\u003cruby\u003eS\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e, mg/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/min) was also calculated using Ramanathan’s equation assuming that Ramanathan's formula can be applied to estimate the mean value.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHR and the\u0026nbsp;R-to-R interval\u0026nbsp;were continuously monitored with a sampling rate of 500 Hz with an ECG (DAQ terminal; Intercross Co., Tokyo, Japan) during the experimental period. HR is generally recognized to increase when the magnitude of stress becomes greater. HRV power spectral analysis was performed to examine frequency components of minimum 60 s length, and the high-frequency\u0026nbsp;components (HF, 0.15–0.45 Hz) and the low-frequency components (LF, 0.04–0.15 Hz) were specifically analyzed due to their association with parasympathetic nervous system activity. Fluctuations of HF are mediated solely by the parasympathetic nervous system whereas LF fluctuations are mediated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems (Akselrod et al., 1981). We focused on the change in the LF:HF ratio for evaluating heat stress during exposure to mild heat. Based on regression analysis of the LF:HF ratio, heat stress may be estimated to become greater from a higher positive coefficient of X in a linear equation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5 Statistical analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe outcome variables at the end of each exposure to mild heat and the cooling period were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA with a repeated-measures design. For TSRs, thermal comfort responses (TCRs), T\u003csub\u003ety\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e factors included condition (1, 2 or 3) and repetition (1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e - 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e). For significant main effects or interaction comparisons of physiological and psychological variables were made using one-tailed paired t-tests. p \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered significant after Bonferroni correction.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiments were performed from the 10\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e of August to the 10\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e of September 2018. According to the Japan meteorological agency (https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html), the mean daily temperature and relative humidity in Nagoya city were 27.9 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and 67.2% RH.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1 Change in tympanic temperature, mean skin temperature, thermal sensation and comfort responses\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe changes in T\u003csub\u003ety\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e, TSR, and TCR under three conditions are indicated in Figure 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c). Both \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003ety\u003c/sub\u003e increased during each exposure to heat and decreased during each cooling period. There was no trend for the main effect of condition for \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e and\u0026nbsp;T\u003csub\u003ety\u003c/sub\u003e at the end of exposure to heat and the cooling period and significant repetition by condition interaction in all conditions. In all conditions, TSR changed from “warm” to “hot” with an increase in \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e during each exposure to heat, whereas it changed from “cold” to “cool” with a decrease in \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e during each cooling period. Thus, overshooting responses of thermal sensation after repeated exposure to heat were clearly observed in all conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a trend for a main effect of condition (F= 4.25, p=0.0168) for TSR at the beginning of the cooling period but no significant repetition by condition interaction. Post-hoc tests showed that TSR in condition 1 was significantly higher than condition 2 (p=0.0132). TCR changed to “very uncomfortable” during each exposure to heat, whereas TCR changed to “slightly uncomfortable” during each cooling period. There was a trend for a main effect of condition for TCR at the beginning of the cooling period (F= 7.46, p\u0026lt;0.0001) and of exposure to mild heat (F= 4.26, p\u0026lt;0.0166) but no significant repetition by condition interaction. Post-hoc tests showed that TCR in condition 1 was significantly lower than that in condition 2 (p=0.0276) and condition 3 (p\u0026lt;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2 Relationship between the thermal sensation response and mean skin temperature \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between TSR and \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e is indicated in Figure 3(a), 3(b), and 3(c). In all conditions, it was observed that the subjects voted “cold” at the beginning of the cooling period and voted “cool” at the end of the cooling period although \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e continuously decreased. This relation of TSR to \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e was opposite to the generally recognized relation (for example, Gagge et al., 1967) . The regression analysis on the change in TSR during the cooling period showed that the subjects were expected to vote “neutral” when\u0026nbsp;\u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003edecreased to 32.5 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC in condition 1, 30.7 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC in condition 2, and 28.6 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC in condition 3. The results indicated that the \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e corresponding to “thermally neutral” after repeated exposure to mild heat may be strongly associated with the exposure time.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3 Change in mean sweat rates during repeated exposure to heat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe change in mean sweat rates (\u003cruby\u003eS\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e) during exposure to heat is indicated in Figure 4. Although there was no significant change in \u003cruby\u003eS\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e due to repetition, \u003cruby\u003eS\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e in condition 2 and condition 3 was significantly (p\u0026lt;0.05) higher than in condition 1. Thus, \u003cruby\u003eS\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003ew\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003emay be dependent on exposure time.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4 Change in HR and LF:HF ratio during repeated exposure to mild heat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChange in HR and LF:HF ratio the HF during repeated exposure to mild heat is indicated in Figure 5(a), 5(b), and 5(c). To estimate the trend of change in HR and LF:HF ratio, regression analysis was conducted. HR during repeated exposure to mild heat showed continuous decrease in all conditions. Although the correlation coefficients were low, the decreasing rate in HR appeared to be greater when exposure time was shorter. The LF:HF ratio increased during each exposure in all conditions since coefficients of X (α) in a linear equation were all positive. Although the α value continuously increased to the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e exposure in condition 1 and to the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e exposure in condition 2, it then decreased to the 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e exposure.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSince Chen et al. (2011) reported that\u0026nbsp;overshooting responses were highly probable during the step change from 33 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC to 26 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, the step change from 30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC to 26 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC was adopted in the present study. As indicated in Figure 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c), the subjects voted \u0026ldquo;cool\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;slightly cool\u0026rdquo; although \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e remained higher than \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003ewhich considered to vote \u0026ldquo;warm\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;slightly warm\u0026rdquo;. Thus, overshooting responses in thermal sensation were observed repeatedly during redone exposure to mild heat. Since statistical analysis indicated that overshooting responses in condition 1 were significantly higher (p=0.0132) than those in condition 2, overshooting responses after repeated exposure to mild heat may be related to the exposure time. In other words, the longer exposure may induce a larger difference in TSR before and after the step change in air temperature.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding overshooting responses, other studies (Nagano et al, 2005, Ji et al., 2017, Liu et al., 2014) did not confirm the overshooting response of thermal sensation during a single step change in air temperature. Possible reasons may be sex differences (Horikoshi et al., 1989; Xiong et al., 2015), seasonal differences (Xiong et al., 2016) and effect of clothing. In the present study, the subjects wore a short-sleeved shirt and knee-length trousers. Since clothing absorbs sweat during heating, the heat loss pathway during cooling may become complicated compared with that of a nude subject. For example, the surface temperature of skin covered with clothing may not be promptly lowered at the beginning of cooling as compared with the surface temperature of unclothed skin. In relation to this issue, it was observed that the subjects voted \u0026ldquo;cold\u0026rdquo; at the beginning of the cooling period and voted \u0026ldquo;cool\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;slightly cool\u0026rdquo; at the end of the cooling period although \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e continuously decreased. This relation of TSR to \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e was opposite to the generally recognized relation but may correspond to the reality that people who stayed outdoor in summer preferred low air temperature soon after they moved into the air-conditioned space. As indicted in Figure 3(a) - Figure 3(c), the generally recognized relation of \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eto\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eTSR may resume after a prolonged cooling period as predicted by Takada et al. (2013) and the resuming time may be dependent on the exposure time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding short-term heat acclimation due to repeated exposure to heat, Fujii et al. (2021) reported that acclimation appeared after seven days of exercise. In the present study, change in \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003ety\u003c/sub\u003e indicated no short-term heat acclimation. \u003cruby\u003eS\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e showed almost no change with repetition with the exception of condition 2, where \u003cruby\u003eS\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003ew\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eincreased significantly (p\u0026lt;0.05) from the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e to the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e exposure. Thus, \u003cruby\u003eS\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e may be correlated with exposure time, but it indicated no short-term heat acclimation due probably to the amount of heat loss required during repeated exposure to heat\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003ewas not sufficient to induce an increase in \u003cruby\u003eS\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e. Considering more severe heat stress, for example, a higher air temperature with a longer exposure time, which people experience almost every day in summer, short-term heat acclimation may be observed during repeated exposure to heat. However, Kakitsuba et al. (2023) reported the results of a human experiment where young female subjects were exposed repeatedly to mild heat in the evaluation of their fatigue and demonstrated significant increase in \u003cruby\u003eS\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e (p\u0026lt;0.01) with repetition. So, it is necessary to consider sex differences in the sweating response during repeated exposure to heat.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOhori et al. (2002) and Vidyarini and Maeda (2019) demonstrated that the HRV analysis may be a useful tool to estimate heat stress. Although heat stress may have been insufficient in the present study, change in HR suggested that the subjects may have been acclimated in condition 1 more effectively than in condition 2 and condition 3 because the decreasing rate in HR appeared to be greater when exposure time was shorter. Change in the LF:HF ratio also suggested that heat stress may be reduced during the latter half of repetition in condition 1 and condition 2 because the \u0026alpha; value continuously increased to the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e exposure in condition 1 and to the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e exposure in condition 2 and then decreased to the 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e exposure. Thus, short-term heat acclimation may be expected when exposure time to heat is coupled with the equal cooling time.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring repeated exposure to mild heat coupled with the cooling period, it was observed that the subjects voted nearly “cold” when \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e remained high at the beginning of the cooling period in all conditions. Thus, overshooting responses in thermal sensation were repeatedly observed. The subjects voted “slightly cool” at the end of cooling period while \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e kept decreasing during the cooling period. The thermally neutral \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003ewas then estimated to be 0.3 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC – 4.2 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC lower than \u003cruby\u003eT\u003crp\u003e(\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003crt\u003e_\u003c/rt\u003e\n \u003crp\u003e)\u003c/rp\u003e\n \u003c/ruby\u003e\u003csub\u003esk\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eobserved prior to the first exposure. Thus, a residual effect on TSR during the cooling period was confirmed. Changes in mean sweat rate, TSR, and TCR showed significant differences between conditions but no indication of short-term heat acclimation. However, change in HR and ECG analysis implied the effect of short-term heat acclimation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported in part by the Research Centre for Future Standards of Living Environments, Meijo University and JSPS KAKENHI (No. 23K11745). This manuscript has been edited by native English-speaking experts from BioMed Proofreading\u0026reg; LLC, www.biome dproofreading.com).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol was approved by Meijo Institutional Ethics Review Board.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported in part by the Research Centre for Future Standards of Living Environments, Meijo University and JSPS KAKENHI (No: 23K11745).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent to Publish declaration is not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNaoshi Kakitsuba, the first author, conceived and designed the research and conducted the experiments. He also analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKazuo Nagano, the co-author, contributed new reagents or analytical tools. He analyzed the data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, all authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest declaration.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author has no conflicts of interest directly relevant to the content of this article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAkerstedt T, Gillberg M. Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. Int J Neurosci. 1990; 52: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207459008994241\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBortolassi de Oliveira R, Paulo A B, Farah L., Michaloski A O. Physiological responses to repeated heat exposure under equal workload conditions. 2025; Int. J. 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Build Environ. 2013; 68:123-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.06.004\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTokuda T, Tochihara Y, Yanase T. Influence of change in environment temperature on the body function of the aged. Jpn J Ergonomics. 1988; 25:318-319 (Written in Japanese). https://doi.org/10.5100/jje.24.Supplement_220\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTsutsumi H, Tanabe S, Harigaya J, Iguchi Y, Nakamura G. Effect of humidity on human comfort and productivity after step changes from warm and humid environment. Build Environ. 2007; 42:4034-4042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.06.037\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVidyarini E, Maeda T. Effects of air temperature step changes on thermal perception and perceived arousal in an actual environment under hot-humid climate conditions. J Hum Environ Syst. 2019; 22:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1618/jhes.22.7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXiong J, Lian Z, You J, Lin Y. Investigation of gender difference in human response to temperature step changes. Physiol Behav. 2015; 151:426-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.037\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXiong J, Lian Z, Zhang H. Effects of exposure to winter temperature step-changes on human subjective perceptions. Build Environ 2016; 107:226-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Categories for thermal sensation response (TSR) and thermal comfort response (TCR)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"440\" height=\"205\" 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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"skin temperature, tympanic temperature, thermal sensation response, thermal comfort response, sweating rate, heart rate, heart rate variability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6431957/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6431957/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study was designed to confirm overshooting responses in thermal sensation after repeated exposure to mild heat (i.e., the cooling period), the manner of change in the thermal sensation responses (TSRs) during the cooling period, and effect of short-term heat acclimation during repeated exposure to mild heat. In the summer, eight young adult male subjects with clothing insulation (I\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e, clo) of 0.3 clo first stayed in the control room at 26\u0026deg;C for 15 min, then moved to the main testing room at 33\u0026deg;C for 10 min (condition 1), 15 min (condition 2), or 20 min (condition 3), and finally returned to the control room for 15 min. The exposure was repeated five times. TSR and TCR were recorded in a 5-min interval from the beginning of the first exposure. The tympanic temperature (T\u003csub\u003ety\u003c/sub\u003e), skin temperatures at the chest, forearm, front of the thigh, and front of the shin, and ECG were continuously monitored. Local sweat rates at the same sites of skin temperature were monitored at the end of each exposure. Changes in T\u003csub\u003ety\u003c/sub\u003e and mean skin temperature (_T\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e) indicated no significant difference between conditions and no indication of short-term heat acclimation. Since the subjects voted nearly \u0026ldquo;cold\u0026rdquo; when _T\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e remained high at the beginning of the cooling period, overshooting responses in thermal sensation were repeatedly observed in all conditions. The subjects voted \u0026ldquo;slightly cool\u0026rdquo; at the end of cooling period while _T\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e kept decreasing during the cooling period. The thermally neutral _T\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e was then estimated to be 0.3 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC \u0026ndash; 4.2 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC lower than _T\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e observed prior to the first exposure. Thus, a residual effect on TSR during the cooling period was confirmed. Changes in the mean sweat rate, TSR and TCR showed significant differences between conditions but no indication of short-term heat acclimation. However, change in heart rate and ECG analysis implied the effect of short-term heat acclimation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Thermal sensation and comfort responses during repeated exposure to mild heat","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-15 10:04:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6431957/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fa5efa71-21e9-4f6b-abf7-f6f8463647ff","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-01T16:05:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6431957","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-025-00409-3","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-physiological-anthropology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-27 15:58:43","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 27th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-15 10:04:28","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40101-025-00409-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-025-00409-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6431957","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6431957","identity":"rs-6431957","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}