Sunflower head-derived natural low-methoxyl pectin as an efficient biosorbent for lead removal

Sunflower head-derived natural low-methoxyl pectin as an efficient biosorbent for lead removal | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Sunflower head-derived natural low-methoxyl pectin as an efficient biosorbent for lead removal Xiaoxia Peng, Qiang Gong, Ruirui Gao, Zilu Jin, Lijuan Song, Zhifang Dou This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7821661/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigated the impact of extraction conditions on the structural properties and Pb 2+ adsorption capacity of natural low-methoxyl pectin from sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ) heads. The high-temperature extracted pectin (AHP, 100°C, 3 h) showed superior adsorption performance compared to low-temperature extract (LHP, 80°C, 1 h) and commercial citrus pectin (CP). Structural characterization identified that AHP possessed higher GalA content (83.32%±3.52%), the lowest DE (26.34%±1.52%), and smallest molecular weight (78.2 kDa), with simplified RG-I domains and macroporosity. These properties contrasted with those of LHP (84.68%±3.86% GalA, 29.32%±2.18% DE, bimodal Mw at 316.4 kDa and 115.7 kDa) and CP (76.83%±3.74% GalA, 83.24%±3.22% DE, 573.1 kDa). The adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm ( R 2 >0.99) and pseudo-second-order kinetics ( R 2 >0.99), with maximum capacities of 295.86 (AHP), 235.29 (LHP), 167.50 mg/g (CP). Spectroscopic and competitive adsorption analyses confirmed carboxyl groups as primarily binding sites through cation exchange, electrostatic interactions and complexation. These results suggested that sunflower head pectin, particularly AHP, showed excellent potential for heavy metal remediation, enabling simultaneous agricultural waste valorization and environmental purification while guiding optimized pectin-based adsorbents design. Physical sciences/Chemistry Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Biological sciences/Plant sciences Sunflower Head Low-methoxyl pectin Lead Adsorption Structure-property relatioship Adsorption Mechanism Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 07 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 03 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 03 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 20 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7821661","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":541682558,"identity":"b0f42150-7c58-4dce-8e48-26cd87d0bacb","order_by":0,"name":"Xiaoxia Peng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaoxia","middleName":"","lastName":"Peng","suffix":""},{"id":541682559,"identity":"8526ab65-44cb-46bb-a66f-3eefd66144fd","order_by":1,"name":"Qiang Gong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanxi University of Chinese 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removal","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sunflower Head, Low-methoxyl pectin, Lead Adsorption, Structure-property relatioship, Adsorption Mechanism","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7821661/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7821661/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the impact of extraction conditions on the structural properties and Pb\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e adsorption capacity of natural low-methoxyl pectin from sunflower (\u003cem\u003eHelianthus annuus\u003c/em\u003e) heads. The high-temperature extracted pectin (AHP, 100\u0026deg;C, 3 h) showed superior adsorption performance compared to low-temperature extract (LHP, 80\u0026deg;C, 1 h) and commercial citrus pectin (CP). Structural characterization identified that AHP possessed higher GalA content (83.32%\u0026plusmn;3.52%), the lowest DE (26.34%\u0026plusmn;1.52%), and smallest molecular weight (78.2 kDa), with simplified RG-I domains and macroporosity. These properties contrasted with those of LHP (84.68%\u0026plusmn;3.86% GalA, 29.32%\u0026plusmn;2.18% DE, bimodal Mw at 316.4 kDa and 115.7 kDa) and CP (76.83%\u0026plusmn;3.74% GalA, 83.24%\u0026plusmn;3.22% DE, 573.1 kDa). The adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026gt;0.99) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026gt;0.99), with maximum capacities of 295.86 (AHP), 235.29 (LHP), 167.50 mg/g (CP). Spectroscopic and competitive adsorption analyses confirmed carboxyl groups as primarily binding sites through cation exchange, electrostatic interactions and complexation. These results suggested that sunflower head pectin, particularly AHP, showed excellent potential for heavy metal remediation, enabling simultaneous agricultural waste valorization and environmental purification while guiding optimized pectin-based adsorbents design.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sunflower head-derived natural low-methoxyl pectin as an efficient biosorbent for lead removal","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-13 12:57:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7821661/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-07T16:54:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T06:46:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"17800139996455486617528585533569602851","date":"2025-11-06T06:40:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"301726213579333226735528555114163765137","date":"2025-11-05T06:59:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T00:27:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"120867929502608310479230622914348278968","date":"2025-11-04T00:00:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T21:20:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T21:16:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T16:46:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-20T09:27:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-10-20T08:17:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e08859c3-cb09-4dbf-bea8-99de2ef03a34","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":57632958,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":57632959,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":57632960,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-09T16:05:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7821661","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40672-7","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-02 15:58:32","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 2nd, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-13 12:57:21","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-40672-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40672-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7821661","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7821661","identity":"rs-7821661","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}