Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene of Metal Oxide-Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxide

Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene of Metal Oxide-Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxide | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene of Metal Oxide-Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxide Nur Ahmad, Yuliza Hanifah, Fitri Suryani Arsyad, Aldes Lesbani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5620553/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Mg/Al-TiO 2 and Mg/Al-ZnO were successfully prepared for dibenzothiophene catalytic oxidative desulfurization. XRD, FTIR, TEM, and BET analyses were utilized to characterize the catalyst. In composites, the distinctive XRD patterns of precursors are still observable. FTIR spectra of the absorption bands at 3448, 1627, 1381, 601, and 547 cm − 1 . The TEM pictures of the sample also revealed the almost spherical and hexagonal platelets of Mg/Al-LDH and its composite. Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO 2 , and Mg/Al-ZnO had typical pore sizes of 35.78 nm, 52.81 nm, and 38.37 nm, respectively. The graph of nitrogen isotherms Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO 2 , and Mg/Al-ZnO followed type IV isotherms. In addition. The conversion rates on Mg/Al-ZnO, Mg/Al-TiO 2 , ZnO, Mg/Al-LDH, and TiO 2 were 99.34%, 99.50%, 91.20%, 96.29%, and 88.06%, respectively. This work presents alternative materials for the oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene in practical applications. Layered double hydroxide metal oxide heterogeneous catalyst dibenzothiophene oxidative desulfurization reusability Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Introduction Fossil fuels play a role in the development of modern life. However, burning sulfur compounds such as benzothiophene and its derivatives causes haze, acid rain, and other environmental problems (Pham et al. 2018 ). Therefore, sulfur compounds must be removed from fossil fuels (Mgidlana and Nyokong 2021 ). Hydrodesulfurization is a conventional method for removing sulfur compounds from fossil fuels. However, this method requires high pressure and temperature, so it is not suitable for the desulfurization method (Abedini et al. 2021 ). The desulfurization methods being developed include oxidative desulfurization (Cao et al. 2020 ; Kayedi et al. 2021 ; Elena Manríquez-Ramírez et al. 2022 ), adsorptive desulfurization (Subhan et al. 2019 ), extractive desulfurization (EDS) (Rezaee et al. 2021 ), and biodesulfurization (BDS) (Malani et al. 2021 ). Oxidative desulfurization is one strategy for removing sulfur components in fossil fuels. Oxidative desulfurization does not require high temperatures with high efficiency. Oxidative desulfurization uses a catalyst that is still being developed (Mahmoudi et al. 2021 ). Various materials have been established for the removal of DBT, such as montmorillonite (Kang et al. 2018 ), Fe-promoted Ni/Co-Mo/Al 2 O 3 (Muhammad et al. 2018 ), silica (Teimouri et al. 2018 ), and layered double hydroxide (Wu et al. 2018 ; Masoumi and Hosseini 2020 ). LDH, or layered double hydroxide, is a possible catalyst. LDH can be produced cheaply and with a high level of efficiency (Taher et al. 2021 ). LDH has been employed in the catalytic process for the generation of biodiesel (Gabriel et al. 2022 ), n-heptane hydroconversion (Zhu et al. 2021 ), and water remediation (Karim et al. 2022 ). The significant specific surface area and consistent distribution of various essential components make LDH appealing for catalytic applications (Zhu et al. 2019 ). LDH’s drawback of being quickly exfoliated makes it less desirable as a reusable substance. LDH is therefore made of a metal oxide composite. By calcining LDH to eliminate organic contaminants, composites with metal oxides are easily created (Dang et al. 2021 ). There are two types of catalysts: homogeneous and heterogeneous. In contrast to heterogeneous catalysts, homogeneous catalysts are soluble in the solution. The simplicity with which the product and catalyst can be separated is one benefit of heterogeneous catalysts (Houda et al.). Heterogeneous catalysts additionally have the benefit of being reusable (Polikarpova et al. 2020 ). Herein, catalysts Mg/Al-TiO 2 and Mg/Al-ZnO were synthesized, with DBT identified as the sulfur compound. The successful fabrication of the catalysts was determined through the characterization of catalysts using XRD, FTIR, TEM, and BET. Variations in temperature, solvent, acidity test, time, UV-Vis spectrum, catalyst dosage, and reusability were all used to optimize the oxidative desulfurization of DBT. To determine whether a really heterogeneous system will be produced, a heterogeneous test was conducted. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Chemicals Analytical grade hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), acetonitrile (CH 3 CN), titanium (IV) oxide (TiO 2 ), pyridine (C 5 H 5 N), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O), n-pentane (C 5 H 12 ), n-hexane (C 6 H 14 ), zinc (II) oxide (ZnO), aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO 3 ) 2 .9H 2 O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and n-heptane (C 7 H 16 ) were utilized directly without any additional purification steps. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and distilled water were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and PT. Bratachem, Indonesia, respectively. 2.2 Instrumentation Instrumentation characterization of catalysts, including Transmission Electron Microscopes (FEI Tecnai G2 20 S-Twin), X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku Miniflex-6000), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (EMC-18PC-UV), Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer (Shimadzu Prestige-21), and Surface Area Analyzer (Quantachrome). 2.3 Synthesis of Mg/Al LDH and Preparation of Composites Mg/Al-LDH synthesis was conducted: In 100 mL of distilled water, 0.75 M magnesium nitrate hexahydrate and 0.25 M aluminum nitrate nonahydrate were dissolved and agitated for 10 min. Subsequently, 2 M sodium hydroxide was incrementally introduced to achieve a pH of 10, stirred for 10 h at 80°C, filtered, and dried. Mg/Al composite preparation was carried out as follows: In 100 mL of distilled water, 0.75 M of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate and 0.25 M of aluminum nitrate nonahydrate were dissolved and agitated for 10 min. To pH 10, gradually add 2 M sodium hydroxide. At 80°C, the mixture was mixed for 10 h. TiO 2 /ZnO was then added, and the mixture was shaken for 3 h. 150 mL of 0.37 M sodium hydroxide was added to the mixture, and it was agitated for 10 h at 80°C before filtered, dried, and calcinated for 7 h at 300°C. 2.4 Desulfurization Process 500 ppm of dibenzothiophene was produced in n-hexane and then transferred to a two-pronged catalytic reaction flask. To stop n-hexane from evaporating, a condenser is attached to the flask, which is shaken at 300 rpm. The addition of 1 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide after 0.25 g of catalysts (Mg/Al-Oxide). Through extraction with acetonitrile and subsequent measurement with a UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 235 nm, the reaction was monitored every 10 min. Following the equation was the DBT % conversion: $$\:\text{\%}\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{n}\text{v}\text{e}\text{r}\text{s}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{D}\text{B}\text{T}=\frac{\left({C}_{0}-{C}_{f}\right)}{{C}_{0}}\times\:100$$ Where, \(\:{C}_{0}\) and \(\:{C}_{f}\) are the initial and final concentrations of DBT, respectively. The oxidative desulfurization of DBT was optimized by varying the following factors: duration (10–60 min), UV-Vis spectrum (220–250 nm), catalyst dose (0.05–1.00 g), temperature (30–50°C), solvent (n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-heptane), acidity test, and heterogeneous test. 2.5 Reusability of Catalyst The reaction mixture undergoes centrifugation to separate the Mg/Al-oxide catalyst, facilitating its reuse. The catalyst is collected following each cycle, desorbed through ultrasonic technology, dried, and then reused in ODS. 3. Results and Discussion Figure 1 displays the XRD pattern of all catalysts. XRD peaks from JCPDS No. 22–700 were examined. At 2 \(\:\theta\:\:\) = 11.14 \(\:^\circ\:\) (003), 22.40 \(\:^\circ\:\) (002), 34.78 \(\:^\circ\:\) (311), and 60.74 \(\:^\circ\:\) (013), Mg/Al-LDH peaks were found (see Fig. 1 a). The diffraction peaks indicate Mg/Al-LDH crystal planes at 2 \(\:\theta\:\:\) = 11.14 \(\:^\circ\:\) (003) and 60.74 \(\:^\circ\:\) (013). The diffraction pattern of TiO 2 is depicted in Fig. 1 b at 2 \(\:\theta\:\:\) = 25.59 \(\:^\circ\:\) (101), 37.09 \(\:^\circ\:\) (004), 48.16 \(\:^\circ\:\) (200), 54.03 \(\:^\circ\:\) (211), 55.26 \(\:^\circ\:\) (105), and 62.29 \(\:^\circ\:\) (204) (JCPDS No. 73-1764). The diffraction patterns of ZnO at 2 \(\:\theta\:\:\) = 31.75 \(\:^\circ\:\) (100), 34.41 \(\:^\circ\:\) (002), 36.24 \(\:^\circ\:\) (101), 47.52 \(\:^\circ\:\) (002), 56.56 \(\:^\circ\:\) (110), and 62.84 \(\:^\circ\:\) (103) (JCPDS No. 36-1451) were depicted in Fig. 1 c. The structural stability of precursors structures within the composites materials indicates that the material synthesis did not modify the original forms of the precursors (see Fig. 1 d and 1 e). FTIR spectra of catalysts are shown in the absorption bands 3448, 1627, 1381, 601, and 547 cm − 1 (see Fig. 2 d and 2 e). The hydroxyl layer's O-H stretching vibrations produced an absorption band at 3448 cm − 1 (Palapa et al. 2021 ; Ahmad et al. 2022a ). Stretching from Mg/Al-LDH results are 1627 cm − 1 for H-O-H and 1381 cm − 1 for NO 3 − (Normah et al. 2021). Metal oxide can be attributed to the peaks at 601 and 547 cm − 1 (Wijaya et al. 2021 ). TEM characterization was performed to reveal the microstructure of catalysts further. Figure 3 shows the morphologies and particle size distribution of Mg/Al-LDH, Mg/Al-TiO 2 , and Mg/Al-ZnO. The nearly round and hexagonal platelets of Mg/Al-LDH were also seen in the TEM images of the sample. The shape of Mg/Al-LDH platelets in the composites was the same as that of pristine Mg/Al-LDH. The average Pore size of Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO 2 , and Mg/Al-ZnO is 35.78 nm, 52.81 nm, and 38.37 nm, respectively. Thus, the catalysts used are nanomaterials. The Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO 2 , and Mg/Al-ZnO graph nitrogen adsorption-desorption are shown in ESM_1 (Supplementary Information). Adsorption/desorption isotherms are close to Type IV isotherms. Based on ESM_2 (Supplementary Information), Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO 2 , and Mg/Al-ZnO have surface areas of 8.963, 17.199, and 14.830 m 2 /g, respectively. The surface area of MgAl-LDH increases after being composited with metal oxide. Based on Barred-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis, the pore size is 6.225 nm, 7.010 nm, and 4.489 nm, respectively. Thus, The N 2 adsorption-desorption results indicated that the catalysts used are nanomaterials. Pyridine functioned as the adsorbate substrate for the acidity assessment, which was conducted using the gravimetric method. The results for determining the acid site for all catalysts are presented in Table 1 . After being composited with TiO 2 and ZnO, Mg/Al-LDH increased. Since Mg/Al-LDH has been reduced, its acidity has increased and it now lacks electrons, making it more pyridine-absorbent. To transform DBT into DBT-sulfone, catalysts have polyacid acid sites (Muhammad et al. 2018 ). Table 1 Pyridine adsorption Materials Acidity (mmol/g) Mg/Al-LDH 1.231 TiO 2 0.247 ZnO 0.782 Mg/Al-TiO 2 2.103 Mg/Al-ZnO 2.469 The impact of time is an essential component in the DBT ODS. Figure 4 illustrates the pattern of ODS utilizing time-dependent LDH catalysts. The increase in reaction time enhances the conversion of dibenzothiophene in catalysts. Enhanced reaction time augments efficiency by improving the relationship between two distinct stages. The conversion rate for DBT on Mg/Al-ZnO, Mg/Al-TiO 2 , ZnO, Mg/Al-LDH, and TiO 2 was 99.34%, 99.50%, 91.20%, 96.29%, and 88.06%, respectively. The ideal speed of response was selected at 30 min. The rate of response in the present research is comparatively rapid compared with other processes. DBT ODS was conducted utilizing catalysts MoO 3 /V 2 O 5 /MCM-41, FeNiMo/Al 2 O 3 , and CoFeMo-MMO for durations of 75 min, 120 min, and 180 min, respectively (Muhammad et al. 2018 ; Teimouri et al. 2018 ; Song et al. 2021 ). ESM_3 (Supplementary Information) presents the spectrum of UV-Vis in the ODS process of DBT in 235 nm. DBT concentration diminished with prolonged time of reaction. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), functioning as an oxidizer, is a crucial component in the ODS process for the transformation of dibenzothiophene into sulfones (Lesbani et al. 2015; Xie et al. 2015 ). After 30 min, the efficiency of DBT conversion exceeds 90%, with the most pronounced reduction observed in Mg/Al-ZnO. Extraction employs acetonitrile to eliminate oxidized sulfur substances (Akopyan et al. 2019 ). A study of catalyst dosage on the DBT is illustrated in ESM_4 (Supplementary Information). The most appropriate catalyst dosage variation for Mg/Al-LDH, TiO 2 , ZnO, Mg/Al-TiO 2 , and Mg/Al-ZnO was determined to be 1.00 g, 1.00 g, 1.00 g, 0.05 g, and 0.25 g, respectively. Increasing the dosage enhances the site of catalysis while simultaneously heightening opposition with oxidant components (Kumar et al. 2012 ; Qiu et al. 2016 ). The process temperature significantly influences the physical and chemical parameters of DBT converting (Jiang et al. 2017a ). According to ESM_5 (Supplementary Information), DBT ODS at 50℃ occurs more rapidly than at 30–40℃. The oxidation of DBT to sulfone occurs more rapidly at elevated temperatures (Cao et al. 2020 ). This demonstrates that an increase in temperature correlates with an accelerated speed of reaction. Ye et al. (Ye et al. 2020 ) found a temperature of 50℃ enhances the processing of DBT. The impact of solvent was examined to identify the best solvent for the DBT ODS. Based on the solvent impact, n-hexane demonstrates higher efficiency compared to n-pentane and n-heptane(Ahmad et al. 2022b ). The data gathered in ESM_6 (Supplementary Information) indicate that dibenzothiophene undergoes desulfurization on all catalysts, in that sequence. Heterogeneous assay to identify either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts are soluble, whereas heterogeneous catalysts are unable to dissolve. The heterogeneous assay was conducted at 50°C for 10 min, after which the catalyst and DBT solution were separate from one another. The reaction proceeded for 20 to 30 min without a material. The constant DBT level signifies a heterogeneous system. The results shown in Fig. 5 demonstrated that composites are really heterogeneous catalysts. A benefit of heterogeneous catalysts is the facile ability to separate the final product from the catalyst (Houda et al.). Another benefit of heterogeneous catalysts is their potential for reuse (Polikarpova et al. 2020 ). The catalyst's reusability is crucial for lowering costs in the commercial sector (Jiang et al. 2017b ). The research focused on the reuse ability of catalysts utilizing n-hexane as a type of solvent. Following each cycle, the catalyst is recovering, desorbing via ultrasonic methods, drying, and subsequently reusing in oxidative desulfurization (Ribeiro et al. 2019 ). The catalyst's reusability after three reuses is detailed in ESM_7 (Supplementary Information). Following three cycles of oxidative desulfurization, the conversion percentages of DBT on Mg/Al-LDH, TiO 2 , ZnO, Mg/Al-TiO 2 , and Mg/Al-ZnO were recorded as 42.27%, 28.19%, 40.08%, 93.96%, and 96.02%, respectively. The composites exhibit superior reusability compared to precursors, indicating a stable structural integrity of composites. FTIR analysis was conducted to examine alterations in functional groups, thereby reinforcing this statement. ESM_8 (Supplementary Information) indicates that FTIR analysis of the material before and after oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene revealed no significant shifts. The composites exhibit a stable structure, indicating their potential for reusable features. 4. Conclusion Mg/Al-TiO 2 and Mg/Al-ZnO in the present research was successfully achieved with an enhancement in acidity. The catalyst demonstrates a noteworthy capacity for the DBT ODS. The conversion rates of DBT on various catalysts, namely Mg/Al-ZnO, Mg/Al-TiO 2 , ZnO, Mg/Al-LDH, and TiO 2 , were recorded at 99.34%, 99.50%, 91.20%, 96.29%, and 88.06%, respectively. The reusability of catalysts is an advantageous characteristic attributed to their heterogeneous nature. The precursors exhibit reduced reusability compared to the composites after three cycles of ODS conducted at 50°C for 30 min. The concept of reusability illustrates the structural integrity of composites. Declarations Ethical approval Hereby, the authors consciously ensure that the manuscript “Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene of Metal Oxide-Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxide” fulfills the following matters: 1) This paper is the author’s original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere. 2) This paper is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. 3) This paper reflects the author’s research and analysis honestly and completely. 4) This paper gives due recognition to the significant contributions of co-authors and fellow researchers. 5) The results are appropriately placed in the context of previous and existing research. 6) All sources used are disclosed correctly (correct citations). Literal copying of text should be indicated by using quotation marks and providing appropriate references. 7) All authors have been personally and actively involved in the important work leading to this paper and will take public responsibility for its contents. We agree with the above statement and declare that this submission follows Springer policies as outlined in the Guidelines for Authors and Ethical Statement. Consent to participate Every participant gave their informed agreement to be included in this study. Consent to publish The authors have committed to publishing the study's findings. Author Contributions Nur Ahmad: Investigation, Writing – Original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Formal Analysis. Yuliza Hanifah: Visualization, Software, Formal Analysis. Fitri Suryani Arsyad: Data curation, Methodology, Validation. Aldes Lesbani: Methodology, Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Supervision. Funding Hibah Profesi SIP DIPA-023.17.2.677515/2022 and the Rector's decree No.0111/UN9.3.1/SK/2022, for the additional output. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Availability of data and materials Data will be made on request. References Abedini F, Allahyari S, Rahemi N (2021) Oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene and simultaneous adsorption of products on BiOBr-C3N4/MCM-41 visible-light-driven core–shell nano photocatalyst. Appl Surf Sci 569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151086 Ahmad N, Suryani Arsyad F, Royani I, Lesbani A (2022a) Adsorption of methylene blue on magnetite humic acid: Kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and regeneration studies. Results Chem 4:100629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100629 Ahmad N, Wijaya A, Salasia Fitri E, Suryani Arsyad F, Mohadi R, Lesbani A (2022b) Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene by Composites Based Ni/Al-Oxide. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2022.7.3.385-391 . 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J Hazard Mater 360:391–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.015 Xie D, He Q, Su Y, Wang T, Xu R, Hu B (2015) Oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene catalyzed by peroxotungstate on functionalized MCM-41 materials using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Cuihua Xuebao/Chinese J Catal 36:1205–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)60897-X Ye J, Wen J, Zhao D, Zhang P, Li A, Zhang L, Zhang H, Wu M (2020) Macroporous 3D carbon-nitrogen (CN) confined MoOx catalyst for enhanced oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene. Chin Chem Lett 31:2819–2824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2020.08.004 Zhu X, Chen C, Wang Q, Shi Y, O’Hare D, Cai N (2019) Roles for K2CO3 doping on elevated temperature CO2 adsorption of potassium promoted layered double oxides. Chem Eng J 366:181–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.192 Zhu Y, Yang M, Zhang Z, An Z, Zhang J, Shu X, He J (2021) NiCu bimetallic catalysts derived from layered double hydroxides for hydroconversion of n-heptane. Chin Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.120 Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revision 04 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Jan, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Jan, 2025 Editor invited by journal 08 Jan, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 22 Dec, 2024 First submitted to journal 20 Dec, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5620553","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":399550062,"identity":"e644ab0b-715d-4645-8af9-144c40190388","order_by":0,"name":"Nur Ahmad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sriwijaya University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences: Universitas Sriwijaya Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nur","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmad","suffix":""},{"id":399550063,"identity":"9051a2b9-8f76-43d4-a9df-e2904689eef7","order_by":1,"name":"Yuliza Hanifah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Research Center for chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuliza","middleName":"","lastName":"Hanifah","suffix":""},{"id":399550064,"identity":"cb968451-5436-48e0-a626-f39262db5548","order_by":2,"name":"Fitri Suryani Arsyad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sriwijaya University Graduate Programs: Universitas Sriwijaya Program Pascasarjana","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fitri","middleName":"Suryani","lastName":"Arsyad","suffix":""},{"id":399550065,"identity":"d0f1db4e-1f03-4f0b-aabe-5cd9fda1cc2d","order_by":3,"name":"Aldes Lesbani","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5054-2324","institution":"Sriwijaya University Graduate Programs: Universitas Sriwijaya Program Pascasarjana","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aldes","middleName":"","lastName":"Lesbani","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-11 03:24:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5620553/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5620553/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36250-5","type":"published","date":"2025-03-17T15:57:36+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73512441,"identity":"3918a4ba-7912-44b0-8242-79a04c4e8a55","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 17:04:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50676,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eX-ray diffraction of (a) Mg/Al-LDH, (b) TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, (c) ZnO, (d) Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and (e) Mg/Al-ZnO\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5620553/v1/60ec4a7185f76cae0a07fc5e.jpeg"},{"id":73511092,"identity":"cc06a0b8-a6c0-44c9-8342-8cf3ccbc4a8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 16:48:53","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":80045,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectrum of (a) Mg/Al-LDH, (b) TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, (c) ZnO, (d) Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and (e) Mg/Al-ZnO\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5620553/v1/eddfd77dfe82f75ae14f88c8.png"},{"id":73511991,"identity":"80154ef5-be5d-413e-a42b-c5d8f82f0a01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 16:56:53","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":645112,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTEM images and particle size distribution of (a) Mg/Al LDH, (b) Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and (c) Mg/Al-ZnO\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5620553/v1/1b8d273fc10c7fe587f8fe94.png"},{"id":73511098,"identity":"6b1c2b5f-1baa-49e1-97ba-427d60844a40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 16:48:53","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60151,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by Time Mg/Al and composites (50\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 300 rpm, 0.25 g catalysts, n-hexane solvent)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5620553/v1/60b8cc66efc152e0cc7c6aff.png"},{"id":73511992,"identity":"adc189c8-83c2-4a85-8ef5-814751fe7491","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 16:56:53","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70722,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeterogeneous test of composites (50\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 300 rpm, 0.25 g catalysts, n-hexane solvent)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5620553/v1/b5ebf88bc964ee94c7265916.png"},{"id":79120461,"identity":"4f853d5d-48d2-498c-9cb5-411cfb547c6d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-24 16:08:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1497989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5620553/v1/6083ba22-516e-4759-a20b-8130f4aa5498.pdf"},{"id":73511105,"identity":"8c3ee507-ff28-488c-88fb-b8e7b15c7fdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-10 16:48:53","extension":"docx","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":570012,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5620553/v1/669f30bd8a9587d85922c2a3.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene of Metal Oxide-Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxide","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFossil fuels play a role in the development of modern life. However, burning sulfur compounds such as benzothiophene and its derivatives causes haze, acid rain, and other environmental problems (Pham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, sulfur compounds must be removed from fossil fuels (Mgidlana and Nyokong \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Hydrodesulfurization is a conventional method for removing sulfur compounds from fossil fuels. However, this method requires high pressure and temperature, so it is not suitable for the desulfurization method (Abedini et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The desulfurization methods being developed include oxidative desulfurization (Cao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Kayedi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Elena Manr\u0026iacute;quez-Ram\u0026iacute;rez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), adsorptive desulfurization (Subhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), extractive desulfurization (EDS) (Rezaee et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and biodesulfurization (BDS) (Malani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxidative desulfurization is one strategy for removing sulfur components in fossil fuels. Oxidative desulfurization does not require high temperatures with high efficiency. Oxidative desulfurization uses a catalyst that is still being developed (Mahmoudi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Various materials have been established for the removal of DBT, such as montmorillonite (Kang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), Fe-promoted Ni/Co-Mo/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (Muhammad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), silica (Teimouri et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), and layered double hydroxide (Wu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Masoumi and Hosseini \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLDH, or layered double hydroxide, is a possible catalyst. LDH can be produced cheaply and with a high level of efficiency (Taher et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). LDH has been employed in the catalytic process for the generation of biodiesel (Gabriel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), n-heptane hydroconversion (Zhu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and water remediation (Karim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The significant specific surface area and consistent distribution of various essential components make LDH appealing for catalytic applications (Zhu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). LDH\u0026rsquo;s drawback of being quickly exfoliated makes it less desirable as a reusable substance. LDH is therefore made of a metal oxide composite. By calcining LDH to eliminate organic contaminants, composites with metal oxides are easily created (Dang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). There are two types of catalysts: homogeneous and heterogeneous. In contrast to heterogeneous catalysts, homogeneous catalysts are soluble in the solution. The simplicity with which the product and catalyst can be separated is one benefit of heterogeneous catalysts (Houda et al.). Heterogeneous catalysts additionally have the benefit of being reusable (Polikarpova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerein, catalysts Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and Mg/Al-ZnO were synthesized, with DBT identified as the sulfur compound. The successful fabrication of the catalysts was determined through the characterization of catalysts using XRD, FTIR, TEM, and BET. Variations in temperature, solvent, acidity test, time, UV-Vis spectrum, catalyst dosage, and reusability were all used to optimize the oxidative desulfurization of DBT. To determine whether a really heterogeneous system will be produced, a heterogeneous test was conducted.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Chemicals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalytical grade hydrogen peroxide (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), acetonitrile (CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eCN), titanium (IV) oxide (TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), pyridine (C\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eN), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO), n-pentane (C\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e), n-hexane (C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e), zinc (II) oxide (ZnO), aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.9H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and n-heptane (C\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e) were utilized directly without any additional purification steps. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and distilled water were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and PT. Bratachem, Indonesia, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Instrumentation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstrumentation characterization of catalysts, including Transmission Electron Microscopes (FEI Tecnai G2 20 S-Twin), X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku Miniflex-6000), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (EMC-18PC-UV), Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer (Shimadzu Prestige-21), and Surface Area Analyzer (Quantachrome).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Synthesis of Mg/Al LDH and Preparation of Composites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg/Al-LDH synthesis was conducted: In 100 mL of distilled water, 0.75 M magnesium nitrate hexahydrate and 0.25 M aluminum nitrate nonahydrate were dissolved and agitated for 10 min. Subsequently, 2 M sodium hydroxide was incrementally introduced to achieve a pH of 10, stirred for 10 h at 80\u0026deg;C, filtered, and dried.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg/Al composite preparation was carried out as follows: In 100 mL of distilled water, 0.75 M of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate and 0.25 M of aluminum nitrate nonahydrate were dissolved and agitated for 10 min. To pH 10, gradually add 2 M sodium hydroxide. At 80\u0026deg;C, the mixture was mixed for 10 h. TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/ZnO was then added, and the mixture was shaken for 3 h. 150 mL of 0.37 M sodium hydroxide was added to the mixture, and it was agitated for 10 h at 80\u0026deg;C before filtered, dried, and calcinated for 7 h at 300\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Desulfurization Process\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e500 ppm of dibenzothiophene was produced in n-hexane and then transferred to a two-pronged catalytic reaction flask. To stop n-hexane from evaporating, a condenser is attached to the flask, which is shaken at 300 rpm. The addition of 1 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide after 0.25 g of catalysts (Mg/Al-Oxide). Through extraction with acetonitrile and subsequent measurement with a UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 235 nm, the reaction was monitored every 10 min. Following the equation was the DBT % conversion:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{\\%}\\:\\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{s}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{D}\\text{B}\\text{T}=\\frac{\\left({C}_{0}-{C}_{f}\\right)}{{C}_{0}}\\times\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{C}_{0}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{C}_{f}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e are the initial and final concentrations of DBT, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe oxidative desulfurization of DBT was optimized by varying the following factors: duration (10\u0026ndash;60 min), UV-Vis spectrum (220\u0026ndash;250 nm), catalyst dose (0.05\u0026ndash;1.00 g), temperature (30\u0026ndash;50\u0026deg;C), solvent (n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-heptane), acidity test, and heterogeneous test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Reusability of Catalyst\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reaction mixture undergoes centrifugation to separate the Mg/Al-oxide catalyst, facilitating its reuse. The catalyst is collected following each cycle, desorbed through ultrasonic technology, dried, and then reused in ODS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e displays the XRD pattern of all catalysts. XRD peaks from JCPDS No. 22\u0026ndash;700 were examined. At 2\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\theta\\:\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e= 11.14\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (003), 22.40\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (002), 34.78\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (311), and 60.74\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (013), Mg/Al-LDH peaks were found (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea). The diffraction peaks indicate Mg/Al-LDH crystal planes at 2\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\theta\\:\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e= 11.14\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (003) and 60.74\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (013). The diffraction pattern of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb at 2\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\theta\\:\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e= 25.59\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (101), 37.09\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (004), 48.16\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (200), 54.03\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (211), 55.26\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (105), and 62.29\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (204) (JCPDS No. 73-1764). The diffraction patterns of ZnO at 2\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\theta\\:\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e= 31.75\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (100), 34.41\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (002), 36.24\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (101), 47.52\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (002), 56.56\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (110), and 62.84\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:^\\circ\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (103) (JCPDS No. 36-1451) were depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ec. The structural stability of precursors structures within the composites materials indicates that the material synthesis did not modify the original forms of the precursors (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ed and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ee).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra of catalysts are shown in the absorption bands 3448, 1627, 1381, 601, and 547 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ed and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ee). The hydroxyl layer's O-H stretching vibrations produced an absorption band at 3448 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Palapa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Ahmad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e). Stretching from Mg/Al-LDH results are 1627 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for H-O-H and 1381 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e (Normah et al. 2021). Metal oxide can be attributed to the peaks at 601 and 547 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Wijaya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTEM characterization was performed to reveal the microstructure of catalysts further. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the morphologies and particle size distribution of Mg/Al-LDH, Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and Mg/Al-ZnO. The nearly round and hexagonal platelets of Mg/Al-LDH were also seen in the TEM images of the sample. The shape of Mg/Al-LDH platelets in the composites was the same as that of pristine Mg/Al-LDH. The average Pore size of Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and Mg/Al-ZnO is 35.78 nm, 52.81 nm, and 38.37 nm, respectively. Thus, the catalysts used are nanomaterials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and Mg/Al-ZnO graph nitrogen adsorption-desorption are shown in ESM_1 (Supplementary Information). Adsorption/desorption isotherms are close to Type IV isotherms. Based on ESM_2 (Supplementary Information), Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and Mg/Al-ZnO have surface areas of 8.963, 17.199, and 14.830 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g, respectively. The surface area of MgAl-LDH increases after being composited with metal oxide. Based on Barred-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis, the pore size is 6.225 nm, 7.010 nm, and 4.489 nm, respectively. Thus, The N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e adsorption-desorption results indicated that the catalysts used are nanomaterials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyridine functioned as the adsorbate substrate for the acidity assessment, which was conducted using the gravimetric method. The results for determining the acid site for all catalysts are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. After being composited with TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO, Mg/Al-LDH increased. Since Mg/Al-LDH has been reduced, its acidity has increased and it now lacks electrons, making it more pyridine-absorbent. To transform DBT into DBT-sulfone, catalysts have polyacid acid sites (Muhammad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyridine adsorption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcidity (mmol/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg/Al-LDH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZnO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.782\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg/Al-ZnO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of time is an essential component in the DBT ODS. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the pattern of ODS utilizing time-dependent LDH catalysts. The increase in reaction time enhances the conversion of dibenzothiophene in catalysts. Enhanced reaction time augments efficiency by improving the relationship between two distinct stages. The conversion rate for DBT on Mg/Al-ZnO, Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, ZnO, Mg/Al-LDH, and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e was 99.34%, 99.50%, 91.20%, 96.29%, and 88.06%, respectively. The ideal speed of response was selected at 30 min. The rate of response in the present research is comparatively rapid compared with other processes. DBT ODS was conducted utilizing catalysts MoO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/V\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e/MCM-41, FeNiMo/Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and CoFeMo-MMO for durations of 75 min, 120 min, and 180 min, respectively (Muhammad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Teimouri et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Song et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eESM_3 (Supplementary Information) presents the spectrum of UV-Vis in the ODS process of DBT in 235 nm. DBT concentration diminished with prolonged time of reaction. Hydrogen peroxide (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), functioning as an oxidizer, is a crucial component in the ODS process for the transformation of dibenzothiophene into sulfones (Lesbani et al. 2015; Xie et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). After 30 min, the efficiency of DBT conversion exceeds 90%, with the most pronounced reduction observed in Mg/Al-ZnO. Extraction employs acetonitrile to eliminate oxidized sulfur substances (Akopyan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study of catalyst dosage on the DBT is illustrated in ESM_4 (Supplementary Information). The most appropriate catalyst dosage variation for Mg/Al-LDH, TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, ZnO, Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and Mg/Al-ZnO was determined to be 1.00 g, 1.00 g, 1.00 g, 0.05 g, and 0.25 g, respectively. Increasing the dosage enhances the site of catalysis while simultaneously heightening opposition with oxidant components (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Qiu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe process temperature significantly influences the physical and chemical parameters of DBT converting (Jiang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017a\u003c/span\u003e). According to ESM_5 (Supplementary Information), DBT ODS at 50℃ occurs more rapidly than at 30\u0026ndash;40℃. The oxidation of DBT to sulfone occurs more rapidly at elevated temperatures (Cao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This demonstrates that an increase in temperature correlates with an accelerated speed of reaction. Ye et al. (Ye et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) found a temperature of 50℃ enhances the processing of DBT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of solvent was examined to identify the best solvent for the DBT ODS. Based on the solvent impact, n-hexane demonstrates higher efficiency compared to n-pentane and n-heptane(Ahmad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e). The data gathered in ESM_6 (Supplementary Information) indicate that dibenzothiophene undergoes desulfurization on all catalysts, in that sequence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterogeneous assay to identify either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts are soluble, whereas heterogeneous catalysts are unable to dissolve. The heterogeneous assay was conducted at 50\u0026deg;C for 10 min, after which the catalyst and DBT solution were separate from one another. The reaction proceeded for 20 to 30 min without a material. The constant DBT level signifies a heterogeneous system. The results shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e demonstrated that composites are really heterogeneous catalysts. A benefit of heterogeneous catalysts is the facile ability to separate the final product from the catalyst (Houda et al.). Another benefit of heterogeneous catalysts is their potential for reuse (Polikarpova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe catalyst's reusability is crucial for lowering costs in the commercial sector (Jiang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017b\u003c/span\u003e). The research focused on the reuse ability of catalysts utilizing n-hexane as a type of solvent. Following each cycle, the catalyst is recovering, desorbing via ultrasonic methods, drying, and subsequently reusing in oxidative desulfurization (Ribeiro et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The catalyst's reusability after three reuses is detailed in ESM_7 (Supplementary Information). Following three cycles of oxidative desulfurization, the conversion percentages of DBT on Mg/Al-LDH, TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, ZnO, Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and Mg/Al-ZnO were recorded as 42.27%, 28.19%, 40.08%, 93.96%, and 96.02%, respectively. The composites exhibit superior reusability compared to precursors, indicating a stable structural integrity of composites. FTIR analysis was conducted to examine alterations in functional groups, thereby reinforcing this statement. ESM_8 (Supplementary Information) indicates that FTIR analysis of the material before and after oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene revealed no significant shifts. The composites exhibit a stable structure, indicating their potential for reusable features.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and Mg/Al-ZnO in the present research was successfully achieved with an enhancement in acidity. The catalyst demonstrates a noteworthy capacity for the DBT ODS. The conversion rates of DBT on various catalysts, namely Mg/Al-ZnO, Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, ZnO, Mg/Al-LDH, and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, were recorded at 99.34%, 99.50%, 91.20%, 96.29%, and 88.06%, respectively. The reusability of catalysts is an advantageous characteristic attributed to their heterogeneous nature. The precursors exhibit reduced reusability compared to the composites after three cycles of ODS conducted at 50\u0026deg;C for 30 min. The concept of reusability illustrates the structural integrity of composites.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHereby, the authors consciously ensure that the manuscript \u0026ldquo;Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene of Metal Oxide-Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxide\u0026rdquo; fulfills the following matters:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1) This paper is the author\u0026rsquo;s original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2) This paper is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3) This paper reflects the author\u0026rsquo;s research and analysis honestly and completely.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4) This paper gives due recognition to the significant contributions of co-authors and fellow researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5) The results are appropriately placed in the context of previous and existing research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6) All sources used are disclosed correctly (correct citations). Literal copying of text should be indicated by using quotation marks and providing appropriate references.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7) All authors have been personally and actively involved in the important work leading to this paper and will take public responsibility for its contents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe agree with the above statement and declare that this submission follows Springer policies as outlined in the Guidelines for Authors and Ethical Statement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEvery participant gave their informed agreement to be included in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have committed to publishing the study\u0026apos;s findings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003eNur Ahmad: Investigation, Writing \u0026ndash; Original draft, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Visualization, Formal Analysis. Yuliza Hanifah: Visualization, Software, Formal Analysis. Fitri Suryani Arsyad: Data curation, Methodology, Validation. Aldes Lesbani: Methodology, Conceptualization, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003eHibah Profesi SIP DIPA-023.17.2.677515/2022\u0026nbsp;and the Rector\u0026apos;s decree No.0111/UN9.3.1/SK/2022, for the additional output.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made on request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbedini F, Allahyari S, Rahemi N (2021) Oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene and simultaneous adsorption of products on BiOBr-C3N4/MCM-41 visible-light-driven core\u0026ndash;shell nano photocatalyst. 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Chin Chem Lett. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.120\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.120\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Layered double hydroxide, metal oxide, heterogeneous catalyst, dibenzothiophene, oxidative desulfurization, reusability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5620553/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5620553/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and Mg/Al-ZnO were successfully prepared for dibenzothiophene catalytic oxidative desulfurization. XRD, FTIR, TEM, and BET analyses were utilized to characterize the catalyst. In composites, the distinctive XRD patterns of precursors are still observable. FTIR spectra of the absorption bands at 3448, 1627, 1381, 601, and 547 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The TEM pictures of the sample also revealed the almost spherical and hexagonal platelets of Mg/Al-LDH and its composite. Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and Mg/Al-ZnO had typical pore sizes of 35.78 nm, 52.81 nm, and 38.37 nm, respectively. The graph of nitrogen isotherms Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and Mg/Al-ZnO followed type IV isotherms. In addition. The conversion rates on Mg/Al-ZnO, Mg/Al-TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, ZnO, Mg/Al-LDH, and TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e were 99.34%, 99.50%, 91.20%, 96.29%, and 88.06%, respectively. This work presents alternative materials for the oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene in practical applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene of Metal Oxide-Mg/Al Layered Double Hydroxide","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-10 16:48:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5620553/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2025-02-05T02:38:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-01-08T17:40:14+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-01-08T16:56:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2025-01-08T12:05:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-12-23T04:28:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2024-12-20T12:08:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d5a22e60-3409-4562-bb7a-73ea3d07104e","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-24T16:01:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5620553","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36250-5","journal":{"identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},"publishedOn":"2025-03-17 15:57:36","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 17th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-10 16:48:48","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11356-025-36250-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36250-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5620553","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5620553","identity":"rs-5620553","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}