Standardisation of Fish and Fishery Products in Somalia: Ensuring Quality, Safety, and Trade Prospects

Standardisation of Fish and Fishery Products in Somalia: Ensuring Quality, Safety, and Trade Prospects | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Standardisation of Fish and Fishery Products in Somalia: Ensuring Quality, Safety, and Trade Prospects SAkariye Ahmed Hashi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7868557/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Somalia, which has the longest coastline in Africa, has a large potential to exploit fisheries with issues of quality, safety, and trade. A research study shows that significant post-harvest handling problems are lack of proper cold storage, poor hygiene behaviour and lack of refrigeration, which hasten the process of spoilage and deteriorate products. Implementation of regulations is still poor, and exporters are not able to overcome the obstacles regarding certification like ISO 22000 and HACCP. The measures proposed are the improvement of the infrastructure on the cold chain, training and capacity building, the use of international certification and traceability systems, and governmental assistance and cooperation. These measures may enhance the quality of products, increase the competitiveness of Somalia in the international markets, and have a sustainable economic growth with the fisheries industry. Marine and Freshwater Ecology Food Science & Technology Standardisation fish and fishery products quality the Somali Bureau standard and trade prospects in Somalia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an intergovernmental entity comprising over 180 members, operating under the Joint Food Standards Programme created by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), aimed at safeguarding consumer health and promoting equitable practices in food commerce. The Commission also facilitates the coordination of all food standards activities conducted by international governments and nongovernmental groups (Code et al., 2003 ). The FAO/WHO food standard program is operated by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), which proposes the global standards, recommendations, and food codes of practice (Cheng, 2018 ). The ISO responsibilities may refer either to the tasks of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to develop and distribute international standards or to the tasks of individuals and groups to adhere to and implement them (Classification, 2015). The latest international standard of food safety management systems is the ISO 22000:2018 (Classification, 2015). ISO 22000:2018 is the most recent version of the international standard for food safety management systems (Classification, 2015). The Trade and Quality of Fishery Products module is a versatile tool in the hands of the educator, using which it is possible to introduce the content of the module as a whole or in part into the existing curriculum. In addition, it also serves as a key resource in carrying out training sessions aimed at students and small- to medium-sized organizations (SMEs). This 2-credit course (32 hours) provides students with the basic tools and knowledge of the methodological nature relevant to food trade, food quality, and food safety management in the fish processing industry (On, 2024 ). Organic products remain a niche market with limited international trade. Consumers demand information on food production and processing procedures and traceability. Producers can enter organic schemes, but constraints and risks must be debated. Organic Pangasius farmers' certification organization and mechanisms are discussed (Cheng, 2018 ). Fish safety and quality have significantly impacted international trade due to technological advancements and increased consumer awareness. HACCP-based systems and risk assessment methodologies are adopted, reflected in the WTO's SPS and TBT Agreements and the CODEX Alimentarius normative work. However, concerns about indigenous microorganisms and chemical or veterinary drugs necessitate a food chain approach for integrated risk management strategies. FAO provides assistance through CODEX Committees and expert groups for training and capacity building in developing countries (Valdimarsson et al., 2004 ). China is the largest manufacturer of farmed seafood in the world, and the production of aquaculture was 33.93 million tonnes in 2005. The aquatic products market is rich and adequate, and the per capita consumption of the product is rising. This is projected to produce 45.5 million tonnes by the year 2010 whereby aquaculture products will make up 30 percent of the entire seafood trade. It is projected to grow in the future with changes in the culture strategy and development of science and technology of aquaculture (“Session 4: China, 2007 ). The fish value-added market in Kenya, which generates 0.6 percent of the GDP and sustains more than 1.2 million livelihoods in the country, is not well exploited because of minimal value addition. Its main products are samosas, fish balls, smoked fish, fish oils, fish sausages, fish fillets, fish burgers and fish soups. Their growth is, however, not boosted by poor market linkages, market regulatory controls, insufficient access to technology, poor policy support, and poor awareness among consumers and producers. Higher awareness among consumers and producers, such as training and better market information systems as well as the availability of financing options, might boost growth in the industry. Specific programs and policies can make the fisheries and aquaculture industry a strong asset in Kenya to the economic strength and the community welfare (Kyule et al., 2025 ). The paper looks into the performance of food safety in 14 fish processing firms in Tanzania through an FSMS diagnostic tool. There were two clusters with average FSMS performance, where cluster I recorded higher performance. Nevertheless, the majority of companies should work on FSMS and the context riskiness. Such improvements might involve the design of hygienic equipment, intense control of raw materials, sanitation processes, the design of sampling, and records. The risk mitigation may be through automation of the production line, recruiting of highly skilled employees, and establishing product usage conditions. The interventions must have phases, with less costly interventions implemented first and progressively building up to more costly ones (Kussaga et al., 2014 ). The Seychelles fishing industry is not benefiting from the preferential highest exports to the EU as a result of strict Rules of Origin and inadequate exposure among the Seychelles trade community. This handbook tries to remedy this by offering advice on how to make the best use of the Economic Partnership Agreement (iEPA) and comply with the RoO so that Seychelles can export at preferential customs duty rates. The regulations also include the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement (SFPA) and the recent Mayotte fishing vessel access agreement. A diagram has been provided for convenient navigation (Union, n.d., 2023). The research is based on Mauritius fishery exports based on documentary data, record stock, and interviewing key informants. The research finds that SPS measures have not impeded Mauritian fishery exports to the European market. But the study recommends that Mauritius change direction towards the implementation of proactive measures to protect its market, penetrate new markets, and protect its reputation as a secure fish exporter (Neeliah et al., 2011 ). The longest coastline in Africa belongs to Somalia, and it is 3,330 km (2,000 miles) long. It is still the country's least developed resource (Lallemand, 2019). The national standards are controlled by the Somali Bureau of Standards (SoBS) to make sure that products and services in Somalia are safe, high-quality, and regular every time (Garcia et al., n.d.). The findings of the research indicate that the majority of respondents disagreed that processing fish damaged Mogadishu fish markets. This was due to the inadequacies of insufficient temperature control in the supply chain, unsuitable hygiene conditions, floors that were not well cleaned and disinfected, and insufficient ice and refrigeration (Ahmed Ahmed et al., 2025). Somalia exports four fish products, i.e., non-fillet frozen fish, non-fillet fresh fish, processed fish (dried and salted fish, shark fins, lobster tails, and frozen fish), and fish fillets (UNIDO, 2020). Training fish market employees on grading fish quality based on appearance, touch, and smell. Enhance Regulations should include the assessment and readjustment of current fish handling processes in Mogadishu's markets to international standards and best practices (Ahmed et al., 2025). A small fishery assessment can generate local job opportunities and enhance economic growth in international trade and livelihood improvement and determine GDP (Qase, 2025). Objective Identify challenges in Somalia’s fishery sector affecting quality, safety and trade. Propose strategies to align Somalia's fish products with international standards for global market access. METHODOLOGY Research Design This descriptive research design examines the design examines the standardisation of fish and fishery products in Somalia: ensuring quality, safety, and trade prospects. It uses quantitative data from reports and interviews with the 20 target population. Study Area The study is made in Somalia. The estimation standardisation of fish and fishery products in Somalia: ensuring quality, safety, and trade prospects Sample Size Determination The study included 20 interviewees from the target population, chosen to ensure reliable and valid data while minimising biases (Amin, 2012). The sample size was calculated using Sloven’s formula : 1 + N(e) 2 Where; 𝐧 = sample size; 𝐍 = target population; and 𝐞 = 0.05 level of significance 1 + 20(0.05) 2 n = 19 respondents Table Sample Size Category Sample Size Sampling Technique local fishmongers 8 Purposive government officials 5 Random industry executives 3 Purposive Export trade expert 3 Purposive Sampling procedure The study used probability and non-probability sampling methods to select 20 respondents from the fisheries sector, including local fishmongers, government officials, industry executives, and export trade experts. Purposive sampling selected specialized knowledge, while simple random sampling ensured representativeness. This approach allowed for a comprehensive range of perspectives on standardization of fish and fishery products in somalia: ensuring quality, safety, and trade prospects. data analysis procedure Date analysis Data was systematically examined, inspected, revised, and qualitatively and quantitatively summarized. Then, charts and tables are used to demonstrate the quantitative data. The brief descriptions are transformed into statistics so that we can systematically evaluate and interpret the data and draw logical conclusions. The analyses were conducted with the help of SPSS and Excel software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Result Identify challenges in Somalia’s fishery sector affecting quality, safety, and trade. Table 1 This table shows the questions and the answers provided by respondents. Local fishmongers face significant storage and hygiene challenges, resulting in frequent spoilage due to inadequate facilities. Government officials are aware of the regulations but enforce them weakly. Industry executives view certification as a primary barrier to export. as the main export barrier, while poor refrigeration shortens product shelf life and presents three options with corresponding percentages from the respondent sample population. Question Summary Respondent Category % Option 1 % Option 2 % Option 3 Main challenges in handling fish Local Fishmongers 10% (refrigeration) 20% (hygiene) 70% (storage) Fish storage challenges Local Fishmongers 70% (ice only) 20% (temporary cold) 10% (none) Frequency of hygiene practices Local Fishmongers 10% (daily) 20% (weekly) 70% (rarely) Cleaning/disinfection facilities Local Fishmongers 10% (adequate) 20% (partial) 70% (none) Incidence of contamination/spoilage Local Fishmongers 65% (often) 25% (sometimes) 10% (rarely) Familiarity with regulations Government Officials 60% (very) 25% (somewhat) 15% (not) Enforcement of regulations Government Officials 10% (strict) 25% (moderate) 65% (weak) Seasonal variation on supply/quality Local Fishmongers 55% (high) 35% (moderate) 10% (low) Export challenges Industry Executives 70% (certification) 10% (cold chain) 20% (market access Effect of inadequate refrigeration Local Fishmongers 50% (< 24h spoilage) 30% ( 48h spoilage) Propose strategies to align Somali fish products with international standards for global market acces Table 2 This table shows some questions and answers from respondents export trade experts who emphasize cold chain development for improved fish handling, and low compliance with international standards. Cold storage is the most urgent infrastructure need. Government support is weak, and ISO certification is crucial for market access. Training is seen as effective, with financial support and certification assistance as key incentives for expanding fish exports and three options that have percentages from the respondent sample population . Question Summary Respondent Category % Option 1 % Option 2 % Option 3 Question Summary Respondent Category % Option 1 % Option 2 % Option 3 Strategies to improve handling Export Trade Experts 45% (cold chain) 10% (training) 35% (infrastructure) Compliance with international standards Export Trade Experts 10% (fully) 10% (partially) 90% (not) Infrastructure improvements needed Industry Executives 40% (cold storage) 20% (processing) 30% (transport) Government role in supporting exports Government Officials 20% (high) 20% (moderate) 60% (low) Effectiveness of training programs Export Trade Experts 70% (very) 30% (somewhat) 0% (not) Certification/documentation needed Industry Executives 60% (ISO 22000) 30% (HACCP) 10% (Codex) Traceability systems implementation Export Trade Experts 15% (implemented) 15% (planned) 70% (not) International partnerships Government Officials 50% (active) 50% (planned) 0% (none) Encouraging best practices Industry Executives 65% (training) 10% (financial) 25% (supervision) Incentives/support for exports Export Trade Experts 40% (financial) 40% (certification) 20% (market info) Discussion Discussion Identify challenges in Somalia’s fishery sector affecting quality, safety, and trade. The findings evidently point to poor storage and poor sanitary controls as the major hindrances to fish safety and quality sold in the local markets of Somalia. Most of the local fish vendors rely solely on ice for preservation with little or no availability of cold storage. This procedure significantly accelerates degradation, especially in the hot coastal areas where temperature control is critical. Similar problems are seen in other developing countries, where the poor quality of cold chain infrastructure has an effect on fish quality and reduces market price (Kussaga et al., 2014 ). Hygiene procedures are also poor since the majority of the fishmongers rarely wash their facilities, and some have poor disinfection equipment. This exposes fish products to contamination and cuts their shelf life. Poor handling procedures and poor hygiene procedures are well known worldwide to be major contributors to post-harvest fisheries losses (Valdimarsson et al., 2004 ). From a regulatory perspective, government agencies are aware of food safety standards, but their enforcement is underdeveloped and difficult to explain. Gap between knowledge and practice undermines the capacity to deliver safe and standardized fishing products. This regulation failure has also paralyzed other African countries' fishing sectors, stifling export competitiveness (Kyule et al., 2025 ). Additionally, certification requirements rank among the great industry giants' export impediments. Somali fish products struggle to establish entry in the global market without meeting standards such as ISO 22000 or HACCP. Seasonal changes affect both supply and quality and therefore play a role in making it challenging to meet export demand at all times. Lack of proper refrigeration poses a major challenge in that most fish expire within 24 hours. This is an indicator of the need for stronger cold chain solutions to help ensure longer shelf life, quality, and ease of domestic and international trade. These matters are in accordance with Codex Alimentarius and FAO/WHO guidelines focusing on temperature control, sanitation, and compliance with rules in ensuring food safety and fair trade (Cheng, 2018 ; Code et al., 2003 ). Discussion Propose strategies to align Somali fish products with international standards for global market access Several actions are necessary for Somalia's fishing industry to meet international quality and safety expectations. Research points to cold chain improvements, like better cold storage and transport, as a key area. Valdimarsson et al. ( 2004 ) suggest that investing in this infrastructure can help Somalia provide fresher, better-quality fish. Participants identified cold storage facilities as most important. Next were processing and transportation. A structured supply chain improves quality control and helps meet requirements of major markets like the EU, Gulf States, and Asia (Kyule et al., 2025 ). People view training as beneficial. Teaching hygiene, fish handling, and standard procedures to individuals who sell, process, and export fish could potentially reduce contamination risks. This observation fits with findings that show human resources’ importance in food safety management (Kussaga et al., 2014 ). Certification and documentation are also vital. Industry leaders view ISO 22000 and HACCP certifications as crucial for accessing global markets. These certifications ensure food safety and quality, aligning with import standards of many countries (Cheng, 2018 ). Without them, Somali fish products might have trouble getting into the market. The research suggests the government needs to offer more support through updated regulations, investment incentives, and stronger enforcement. Bettering the Somali Bureau of Standards (SoBS) and adhering to Codex Alimentarius standards could increase global confidence in Somali exports (Code et al., 2003 ). Most traceability systems require advancement. Having ways to track products' origins helps meet market demands and address safety concerns quickly. Also, global partnerships could offer the know-how, funds, and connections needed to boost standardization efforts (Union, 2023). Finally, respondents noted that financial support and help with certification are key motivators for more exports. This assistance could help small producers and exporters adopt best practices, boosting their global competitiveness. Conclusion This study stresses that Somalia needs better standardization for its fish and fishery products to guarantee they are high-quality and safe and to grow trade. Issues such as bad storage, poor sanitation and lack of refrigeration are problems. The government is aware of food safety standards; poor implementation results in contamination and spoilage. Better cold chain management, good infrastructure, and more skills are needed, along with the adoption of global standards like ISO 22000 and HACCP. Stronger rule enforcement, a better Somali Bureau of Standards, and good tracking systems will promote trust with trade partners. These improvements can be achieved faster through global partnerships, funding, and collaboration between government and businesses. Recommendation The study on standardizing fish and fishery products in Somalia suggests a number of ways to improve quality, safety, and trade. These involve better regulatory enforcement, adopting international standards, building traceability systems, increasing backing from government and institutions, boosting skills and awareness, encouraging global teamwork, aiding small producers, and keeping tabs on progress. To raise quality, safety, and trade prospects, the study suggests building more cold storage, buying more refrigerated transport, improving hygiene, ensuring rules are followed, using international standards, creating tracking systems, getting more support from organizations, building capacity, encouraging cooperation, helping small producers, and setting up a system to check on progress. If carried out well, these ideas will let Somalia grow its fisheries sector, improve products, meet trade standards, and develop new economic chances for growth over time. Declarations Informed consent to participate in this study was obtained from all participants (or their legal guardians) Acknowledgment I want to thank everyone who took part in the interviews, including local fishmongers, government officials, and business leaders in the Somali fishing industry. I also want to thank the Somali Bureau of Standards (SoBS) for its ongoing work to develop national standards. A big thank you to the Blue Zone Research Training Center for helping with the research materials. References Cheng C (2018) Codex Alimentarius Commission. In Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability . https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22376-7 Code IT, Committee C, Products F, Code T, Analysis H, Control C, Point CC, Code T (2003) Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products Kussaga JB, Luning PA, Tiisekwa BPM, Jacxsens L (2014) Challenges in performance of food safety management systems: A case of fish processing companies in Tanzania. J Food Prot 77(4):621–630. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-254 Kyule D, Munguti J, Maundu A, Muthoka M, Opiyo MA (2025) A Review of fish value-added products in Kenya: Current status, challenges and areas for improvement Corresponding Author A Review of fish value-added products in Kenya : Current status, challenges and areas for improvement. Sustainable Aquat Res 4(1):116–140. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15255684 Neeliah SA, Neeliah H, Goburdhun D (2011) Sanitary and Phytosanitary issues for Fishery Exports to the European Union: A Mauritian Insight. J Dev Agricultural Econ 3(February):56–68 On M (2024) QUALITY AND TRADE OF FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS. Issue August Session 4: China (2007) Global Trade Conference on Aquaculture , 185–224 Union E (n.d.). Guidelines to the export of fish and fishery products to the EU market Valdimarsson G, Cormier R, Ababouch L (2004) Fish safety and quality from the perspective of globalization. J Aquat Food Prod Technol 13(3):103–116. https://doi.org/10.1300/J030v13n03_10 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7868557","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":530090559,"identity":"bf42005a-503d-456a-b504-6fc6561f01fb","order_by":0,"name":"SAkariye Ahmed Hashi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACYwaGChs5fvYGINvAglgtZ9KMJXsOgLRIEKmFse1QosGMBBCHCC3y7Yc3G/xsO5BgIPn86oYfBRIM/O3dCXi1GJxJK07sOXcnz1w6p+xmD9BhEmfObsCvhSHH+ABP2bNiy9k5aTd4gFoMJHLxa5Hvf2N88A/b4cQNN8+k3fxDjBaGGznGyTxtQC032I/dJsoWgxvPio1lwIGcw3ZbxkCCh6Bf5PuTN0u+AUfl8Wc33/wBMtp7CTgMAXgMwCSxykGA/QEpqkfBKBgFo2AEAQCLw0yBypIu5QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6214-4109","institution":"Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh Blue Zone Research Training center","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"SAkariye","middleName":"Ahmed","lastName":"Hashi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-15 13:21:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7868557/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7868557/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93806331,"identity":"2ac0b594-de05-4be3-ac2d-c5e855e4c43b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:09:54","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1772250,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"STANDARDISATIONOFFISHANDFISHERYPRODUCTSINSOMALIA.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/20f764551e27845e886c6f38.docx"},{"id":93806327,"identity":"79369bb4-b5ef-4243-8431-9f137bc4b8d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:09:53","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs7868557.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/a5499f2b0b7d5469d1804445.json"},{"id":93806566,"identity":"ec02e523-c043-4880-a8b5-b44fcf135207","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:17:53","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":52558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs78685570enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/76b0a0d87dc860d9fe2ff320.xml"},{"id":93806568,"identity":"dd2dc71e-6f74-4c51-8388-a71c46796023","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:17:54","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1718719,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/82caab7b8b38eb2fb1b061cc.png"},{"id":93806330,"identity":"13bf97b3-d6e2-4029-8c37-0831e549cdae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:09:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5333,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/089cfc613294d23893f67343.jpeg"},{"id":93806333,"identity":"2b1aa308-f277-479d-88fd-e3bfbc459d7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:09:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/ee4f46a32f3d0abcd100f613.jpeg"},{"id":93806337,"identity":"c341cd1c-838a-4aba-a131-0a2c155a5f10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:09:54","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":282665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/0c817487448827b5a03a273d.png"},{"id":93806335,"identity":"a961791f-5aa5-48c9-b9ce-c8cb5af9cdbf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:09:54","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1791,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/5f0418e4b4051283662caf91.png"},{"id":93806569,"identity":"56c69b3c-d121-4240-b28d-ed483b0e334b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:17:54","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2089,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/df077f669d6b60d6e4d1c05d.png"},{"id":93806340,"identity":"2367b637-a944-4eb0-a70d-26b1ee37dd4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:09:54","extension":"xml","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50949,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rs78685570structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/2fde364f1ddb77d1751c59f5.xml"},{"id":93806338,"identity":"14393599-c511-4575-9855-cbb91408a4ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:09:54","extension":"html","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56343,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/0273461f4d542a16cbcd5d0a.html"},{"id":93806325,"identity":"65df2761-a8c9-4814-8857-a38c9d052420","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:09:53","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":182569,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 1 show Somalia map and \u003c/em\u003eSomali EEZ and surrounding waters\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"somaliamap.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/2f10ec6bee3ccd1476e14be5.png"},{"id":93806564,"identity":"19b79c93-3ecd-4dd8-aa15-24273263eac5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:17:53","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":104070,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 show Identify challenges in Somalia’s fishery sector affecting quality, safety, and trade and The chart shows recorded responses from respondents regarding challenges in Somalia's fishery sector, indicating \u0026nbsp;input was collected or survey participation was absent.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Screenshot20251015162800.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/750e167d2a737b0bda8fd5fb.png"},{"id":93807008,"identity":"70754a22-a687-4840-a087-a9425f7ea214","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:25:53","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63122,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 3\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003ePropose strategies to align Somali fish products with international standards for global market access and shows some questions and answers from respondents export trade experts who emphasize cold chain development for improved fish handling, and low compliance with international standards. Cold storage is the most urgent infrastructure need. Government support is weak, and ISO certification is crucial for market access. Training is seen as effective, with financial support and certification assistance as key incentives for expanding fish exports and three options that have percentages from the respondent sample\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/ddfc1879b504f0b45d374399.png"},{"id":93807416,"identity":"9a4196a5-5e19-4a80-977d-1c51cc1eca4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 18:33:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":983931,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7868557/v1/3752e7f6-402b-4a8b-a08e-30a1b6e96965.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eStandardisation of Fish and Fishery Products in Somalia: Ensuring Quality, Safety, and Trade Prospects\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Codex Alimentarius Commission is an intergovernmental entity comprising over 180 members, operating under the Joint Food Standards Programme created by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), aimed at safeguarding consumer health and promoting equitable practices in food commerce. The Commission also facilitates the coordination of all food standards activities conducted by international governments and nongovernmental groups (Code et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe FAO/WHO food standard program is operated by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), which proposes the global standards, recommendations, and food codes of practice (Cheng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ISO responsibilities may refer either to the tasks of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to develop and distribute international standards or to the tasks of individuals and groups to adhere to and implement them (Classification, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe latest international standard of food safety management systems is the ISO 22000:2018 (Classification, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eISO 22000:2018 is the most recent version of the international standard for food safety management systems (Classification, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Trade and Quality of Fishery Products module is a versatile tool in the hands of the educator, using which it is possible to introduce the content of the module as a whole or in part into the existing curriculum. In addition, it also serves as a key resource in carrying out training sessions aimed at students and small- to medium-sized organizations (SMEs). This 2-credit course (32 hours) provides students with the basic tools and knowledge of the methodological nature relevant to food trade, food quality, and food safety management in the fish processing industry (On, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic products remain a niche market with limited international trade. Consumers demand information on food production and processing procedures and traceability. Producers can enter organic schemes, but constraints and risks must be debated. Organic Pangasius farmers' certification organization and mechanisms are discussed (Cheng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFish safety and quality have significantly impacted international trade due to technological advancements and increased consumer awareness. HACCP-based systems and risk assessment methodologies are adopted, reflected in the WTO's SPS and TBT Agreements and the CODEX Alimentarius normative work. However, concerns about indigenous microorganisms and chemical or veterinary drugs necessitate a food chain approach for integrated risk management strategies. FAO provides assistance through CODEX Committees and expert groups for training and capacity building in developing countries (Valdimarsson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChina is the largest manufacturer of farmed seafood in the world, and the production of aquaculture was 33.93\u0026nbsp;million tonnes in 2005. The aquatic products market is rich and adequate, and the per capita consumption of the product is rising. This is projected to produce 45.5\u0026nbsp;million tonnes by the year 2010 whereby aquaculture products will make up 30 percent of the entire seafood trade. It is projected to grow in the future with changes in the culture strategy and development of science and technology of aquaculture (\u0026ldquo;Session 4: China, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe fish value-added market in Kenya, which generates 0.6 percent of the GDP and sustains more than 1.2\u0026nbsp;million livelihoods in the country, is not well exploited because of minimal value addition. Its main products are samosas, fish balls, smoked fish, fish oils, fish sausages, fish fillets, fish burgers and fish soups. Their growth is, however, not boosted by poor market linkages, market regulatory controls, insufficient access to technology, poor policy support, and poor awareness among consumers and producers. Higher awareness among consumers and producers, such as training and better market information systems as well as the availability of financing options, might boost growth in the industry. Specific programs and policies can make the fisheries and aquaculture industry a strong asset in Kenya to the economic strength and the community welfare (Kyule et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe paper looks into the performance of food safety in 14 fish processing firms in Tanzania through an FSMS diagnostic tool. There were two clusters with average FSMS performance, where cluster I recorded higher performance. Nevertheless, the majority of companies should work on FSMS and the context riskiness. Such improvements might involve the design of hygienic equipment, intense control of raw materials, sanitation processes, the design of sampling, and records. The risk mitigation may be through automation of the production line, recruiting of highly skilled employees, and establishing product usage conditions. The interventions must have phases, with less costly interventions implemented first and progressively building up to more costly ones (Kussaga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Seychelles fishing industry is not benefiting from the preferential highest exports to the EU as a result of strict Rules of Origin and inadequate exposure among the Seychelles trade community. This handbook tries to remedy this by offering advice on how to make the best use of the Economic Partnership Agreement (iEPA) and comply with the RoO so that Seychelles can export at preferential customs duty rates. The regulations also include the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement (SFPA) and the recent Mayotte fishing vessel access agreement. A diagram has been provided for convenient navigation (Union, n.d., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research is based on Mauritius fishery exports based on documentary data, record stock, and interviewing key informants. The research finds that SPS measures have not impeded Mauritian fishery exports to the European market. But the study recommends that Mauritius change direction towards the implementation of proactive measures to protect its market, penetrate new markets, and protect its reputation as a secure fish exporter (Neeliah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe longest coastline in Africa belongs to Somalia, and it is 3,330 km (2,000 miles) long. It is still the country's least developed resource (Lallemand, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe national standards are controlled by the Somali Bureau of Standards (SoBS) to make sure that products and services in Somalia are safe, high-quality, and regular every time (Garcia et al., n.d.).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the research indicate that the majority of respondents disagreed that processing fish damaged Mogadishu fish markets. This was due to the inadequacies of insufficient temperature control in the supply chain, unsuitable hygiene conditions, floors that were not well cleaned and disinfected, and insufficient ice and refrigeration (Ahmed Ahmed et al., 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSomalia exports four fish products, i.e., non-fillet frozen fish, non-fillet fresh fish, processed fish (dried and salted fish, shark fins, lobster tails, and frozen fish), and fish fillets (UNIDO, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraining fish market employees on grading fish quality based on appearance, touch, and smell. Enhance Regulations should include the assessment and readjustment of current fish handling processes in Mogadishu's markets to international standards and best practices (Ahmed et al., 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA small fishery assessment can generate local job opportunities and enhance economic growth in international trade and livelihood improvement and determine GDP (Qase, 2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eObjective\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIdentify challenges in Somalia\u0026rsquo;s fishery sector affecting quality, safety and trade.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePropose strategies to align Somalia's fish products with international standards for global market access.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch Design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis descriptive research design examines the design examines the standardisation of fish and fishery products in Somalia: ensuring quality, safety, and trade prospects. It uses quantitative data from reports and interviews with the 20 target population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Area\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study is made in Somalia. The estimation standardisation of fish and fishery products in Somalia: ensuring quality, safety, and trade prospects\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size Determination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study included 20 interviewees from the target population, chosen to ensure reliable and valid data while minimising biases (Amin, 2012). The sample size was calculated using \u003cb\u003eSloven\u0026rsquo;s formula\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;N(e)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere;\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026#119847; = sample size; \u0026#119821; = target population; and\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026#119838; = 0.05 level of significance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;20(0.05)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19 respondents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable Sample Size\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample Size\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSampling Technique\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003elocal fishmongers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePurposive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egovernment officials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRandom\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eindustry executives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePurposive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExport trade expert\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePurposive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling procedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study used probability and non-probability sampling methods to select 20 respondents from the fisheries sector, including local fishmongers, government officials, industry executives, and export trade experts. Purposive sampling selected specialized knowledge, while simple random sampling ensured representativeness. This approach allowed for a comprehensive range of perspectives on \u003cem\u003estandardization of fish and fishery products in somalia: ensuring quality, safety, and trade prospects.\u003c/em\u003e data analysis procedure\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDate analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData was systematically examined, inspected, revised, and qualitatively and quantitatively summarized. Then, charts and tables are used to demonstrate the quantitative data. The brief descriptions are transformed into statistics so that we can systematically evaluate and interpret the data and draw logical conclusions. The analyses were conducted with the help of SPSS and Excel software.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIdentify challenges in Somalia\u0026rsquo;s fishery sector affecting quality, safety, and trade.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis table shows the questions and the answers provided by respondents. Local fishmongers face significant storage and hygiene challenges, resulting in frequent spoilage due to inadequate facilities. Government officials are aware of the regulations but enforce them weakly. Industry executives view certification as a primary barrier to export. as the main export barrier, while poor refrigeration shortens product shelf life and presents three options with corresponding percentages from the respondent sample population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuestion Summary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespondent Category\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Option 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Option 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Option 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMain challenges in handling fish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal Fishmongers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (refrigeration)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20% (hygiene)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70% (storage)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFish storage challenges\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal Fishmongers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70% (ice only)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20% (temporary cold)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (none)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency of hygiene practices\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal Fishmongers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (daily)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20% (weekly)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70% (rarely)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCleaning/disinfection facilities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal Fishmongers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (adequate)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20% (partial)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70% (none)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncidence of contamination/spoilage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal Fishmongers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65% (often)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25% (sometimes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (rarely)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamiliarity with regulations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernment Officials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60% (very)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25% (somewhat)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15% (not)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnforcement of regulations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernment Officials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (strict)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25% (moderate)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65% (weak)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeasonal variation on supply/quality\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal Fishmongers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55% (high)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35% (moderate)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (low)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExport challenges\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndustry Executives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70% (certification)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (cold chain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20% (market access\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffect of inadequate refrigeration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal Fishmongers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50% (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;24h spoilage)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30% (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;48h spoilage)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20% (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;48h spoilage)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePropose strategies to align Somali fish products with international standards for global market acces\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis table shows some questions and answers from respondents export trade experts who emphasize cold chain development for improved fish handling, and low compliance with international standards. Cold storage is the most urgent infrastructure need. Government support is weak, and ISO certification is crucial for market access. Training is seen as effective, with financial support and certification assistance as key incentives for expanding fish exports and three options that have percentages from the respondent sample population .\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eQuestion Summary\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRespondent Category\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e% Option 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e% Option 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e% Option 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eQuestion Summary\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRespondent Category\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e% Option 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e% Option 2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e% Option 3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrategies to improve handling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExport Trade Experts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45% (cold chain)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (training)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35% (infrastructure)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompliance with international standards\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExport Trade Experts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (fully)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (partially)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90% (not)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrastructure improvements needed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndustry Executives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40% (cold storage)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20% (processing)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30% (transport)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernment role in supporting exports\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernment Officials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20% (high)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20% (moderate)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60% (low)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffectiveness of training programs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExport Trade Experts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70% (very)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30% (somewhat)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0% (not)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCertification/documentation needed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndustry Executives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60% (ISO 22000)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30% (HACCP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (Codex)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraceability systems implementation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExport Trade Experts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15% (implemented)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15% (planned)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70% (not)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational partnerships\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernment Officials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50% (active)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50% (planned)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0% (none)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEncouraging best practices\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndustry Executives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65% (training)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10% (financial)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25% (supervision)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncentives/support for exports\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExport Trade Experts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40% (financial)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40% (certification)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20% (market info)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDiscussion\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscussion Identify challenges in Somalia\u0026rsquo;s fishery sector affecting quality, safety, and trade.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings evidently point to poor storage and poor sanitary controls as the major hindrances to fish safety and quality sold in the local markets of Somalia. Most of the local fish vendors rely solely on ice for preservation with little or no availability of cold storage. This procedure significantly accelerates degradation, especially in the hot coastal areas where temperature control is critical. Similar problems are seen in other developing countries, where the poor quality of cold chain infrastructure has an effect on fish quality and reduces market price (Kussaga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Hygiene procedures are also poor since the majority of the fishmongers rarely wash their facilities, and some have poor disinfection equipment. This exposes fish products to contamination and cuts their shelf life. Poor handling procedures and poor hygiene procedures are well known worldwide to be major contributors to post-harvest fisheries losses (Valdimarsson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom a regulatory perspective, government agencies are aware of food safety standards, but their enforcement is underdeveloped and difficult to explain. Gap between knowledge and practice undermines the capacity to deliver safe and standardized fishing products. This regulation failure has also paralyzed other African countries' fishing sectors, stifling export competitiveness (Kyule et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, certification requirements rank among the great industry giants' export impediments. Somali fish products struggle to establish entry in the global market without meeting standards such as ISO 22000 or HACCP. Seasonal changes affect both supply and quality and therefore play a role in making it challenging to meet export demand at all times.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLack of proper refrigeration poses a major challenge in that most fish expire within 24 hours. This is an indicator of the need for stronger cold chain solutions to help ensure longer shelf life, quality, and ease of domestic and international trade.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese matters are in accordance with Codex Alimentarius and FAO/WHO guidelines focusing on temperature control, sanitation, and compliance with rules in ensuring food safety and fair trade (Cheng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Code et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscussion Propose strategies to align Somali fish products with international standards for global market access\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral actions are necessary for Somalia's fishing industry to meet international quality and safety expectations. Research points to cold chain improvements, like better cold storage and transport, as a key area. Valdimarsson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) suggest that investing in this infrastructure can help Somalia provide fresher, better-quality fish.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants identified cold storage facilities as most important. Next were processing and transportation. A structured supply chain improves quality control and helps meet requirements of major markets like the EU, Gulf States, and Asia (Kyule et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeople view training as beneficial. Teaching hygiene, fish handling, and standard procedures to individuals who sell, process, and export fish could potentially reduce contamination risks. This observation fits with findings that show human resources\u0026rsquo; importance in food safety management (Kussaga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCertification and documentation are also vital. Industry leaders view ISO 22000 and HACCP certifications as crucial for accessing global markets. These certifications ensure food safety and quality, aligning with import standards of many countries (Cheng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Without them, Somali fish products might have trouble getting into the market.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research suggests the government needs to offer more support through updated regulations, investment incentives, and stronger enforcement. Bettering the Somali Bureau of Standards (SoBS) and adhering to Codex Alimentarius standards could increase global confidence in Somali exports (Code et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost traceability systems require advancement. Having ways to track products' origins helps meet market demands and address safety concerns quickly. Also, global partnerships could offer the know-how, funds, and connections needed to boost standardization efforts (Union, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, respondents noted that financial support and help with certification are key motivators for more exports. This assistance could help small producers and exporters adopt best practices, boosting their global competitiveness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study stresses that Somalia needs better standardization for its fish and fishery products to guarantee they are high-quality and safe and to grow trade. Issues such as bad storage, poor sanitation and lack of refrigeration are problems. The government is aware of food safety standards; poor implementation results in contamination and spoilage. Better cold chain management, good infrastructure, and more skills are needed, along with the adoption of global standards like ISO 22000 and HACCP. Stronger rule enforcement, a better Somali Bureau of Standards, and good tracking systems will promote trust with trade partners. These improvements can be achieved faster through global partnerships, funding, and collaboration between government and businesses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRecommendation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study on standardizing fish and fishery products in Somalia suggests a number of ways to improve quality, safety, and trade. These involve better regulatory enforcement, adopting international standards, building traceability systems, increasing backing from government and institutions, boosting skills and awareness, encouraging global teamwork, aiding small producers, and keeping tabs on progress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo raise quality, safety, and trade prospects, the study suggests building more cold storage, buying more refrigerated transport, improving hygiene, ensuring rules are followed, using international standards, creating tracking systems, getting more support from organizations, building capacity, encouraging cooperation, helping small producers, and setting up a system to check on progress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf carried out well, these ideas will let Somalia grow its fisheries sector, improve products, meet trade standards, and develop new economic chances for growth over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eInformed consent to participate in this study was obtained from all participants (or their legal guardians)\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eI want to thank everyone who took part in the interviews, including local fishmongers, government officials, and business leaders in the Somali fishing industry. I also want to thank the Somali Bureau of Standards (SoBS) for its ongoing work to develop national standards. A big thank you to the Blue Zone Research Training Center for helping with the research materials.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCheng C (2018) Codex Alimentarius Commission. In \u003cem\u003eEncyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22376-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22376-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCode IT, Committee C, Products F, Code T, Analysis H, Control C, Point CC, Code T (2003) \u003cem\u003eCode of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKussaga JB, Luning PA, Tiisekwa BPM, Jacxsens L (2014) Challenges in performance of food safety management systems: A case of fish processing companies in Tanzania. J Food Prot 77(4):621\u0026ndash;630. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-254\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-254\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKyule D, Munguti J, Maundu A, Muthoka M, Opiyo MA (2025) A Review of fish value-added products in Kenya: Current status, challenges and areas for improvement Corresponding Author A Review of fish value-added products in Kenya : Current status, challenges and areas for improvement. Sustainable Aquat Res 4(1):116\u0026ndash;140. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15255684\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5281/zenodo.15255684\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNeeliah SA, Neeliah H, Goburdhun D (2011) Sanitary and Phytosanitary issues for Fishery Exports to the European Union: A Mauritian Insight. J Dev Agricultural Econ 3(February):56\u0026ndash;68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOn M (2024) QUALITY AND TRADE OF FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS. Issue August\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSession 4: China (2007) \u003cem\u003eGlobal Trade Conference on Aquaculture\u003c/em\u003e, 185\u0026ndash;224\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUnion E (n.d.). \u003cem\u003eGuidelines to the export of fish and fishery products to the EU market\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eValdimarsson G, Cormier R, Ababouch L (2004) Fish safety and quality from the perspective of globalization. J Aquat Food Prod Technol 13(3):103\u0026ndash;116. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1300/J030v13n03_10\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1300/J030v13n03_10\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Blue Zone Research Training center","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Standardisation, fish and fishery products, quality, the Somali Bureau standard, and trade prospects in Somalia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7868557/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7868557/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSomalia, which has the longest coastline in Africa, has a large potential to exploit fisheries with issues of quality, safety, and trade. A research study shows that significant post-harvest handling problems are lack of proper cold storage, poor hygiene behaviour and lack of refrigeration, which hasten the process of spoilage and deteriorate products. Implementation of regulations is still poor, and exporters are not able to overcome the obstacles regarding certification like ISO 22000 and HACCP. The measures proposed are the improvement of the infrastructure on the cold chain, training and capacity building, the use of international certification and traceability systems, and governmental assistance and cooperation. These measures may enhance the quality of products, increase the competitiveness of Somalia in the international markets, and have a sustainable economic growth with the fisheries industry.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Standardisation of Fish and Fishery Products in Somalia: Ensuring Quality, Safety, and Trade Prospects","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-17 18:09:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7868557/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":1}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8341b461-9098-4de7-a884-ab2c0080dfcd","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":56493724,"name":"Marine and Freshwater Ecology"},{"id":56493725,"name":"Food Science \u0026 Technology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-17T18:09:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-17 18:09:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7868557","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7868557","identity":"rs-7868557","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}