Assessment of Project Management Practices and Sustainable Development of Oil Producing Communities: A tale of Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria

Assessment of Project Management Practices and Sustainable Development of Oil Producing Communities: A tale of Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Project Management Practices and Sustainable Development of Oil Producing Communities: A tale of Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria Adeniyi Odunayo Onafadeji, Christiana Ojone Dajili This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7842826/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates how project management practices (PMP) influence the sustainable development of oil-producing communities in Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. It explores the extent to which the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation dimensions of PMP contribute to environmental, economic, and social sustainability outcomes. A survey research design was employed using a structured questionnaire administered to 154 household heads drawn from a population of 250 in oil-producing communities. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including multiple linear regression, to assess the relationships between PMP constructs and dimensions of sustainable development. Results revealed a moderate level of project management practice, with Mean Index Scores (MIS) ranging from 2.14 to 2.44, indicating limited community engagement throughout project cycles. Regression analysis showed that only the implementation construct significantly influenced environmental (p = .025), economic (p = .003), and social (p = .004) dimensions of sustainability. The study is geographically limited to Ilaje, which may affect the generalizability of findings to other oil-producing regions. Further comparative studies across multiple localities are recommended to validate and extend these findings. The findings underscore the need for oil firms to institutionalize inclusive project management frameworks that prioritize stakeholder participation and community engagement, thereby promoting socio-economic advancement and environmental conservation in host communities. Management Environmental Policy Project Management Sustainable development exploration exploitation Niger Delta 1.0 Background to the study Project management (PM), which makes it possible to carefully plan, carry out, and monitor initiatives with a focus on sustainability, is essential to ensuring the long-term success of oil communities. Project management has grown in prominence as a distinct management paradigm that is utilised to accomplish both business goals and economic advancement in emerging nations. Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating, and managing resources to fulfil specific project objectives and goals (Jarrah et al., 2022 ). Planning, organising, staffing, coordinating, and managing resources to meet project goals and objectives is the discipline of project management (Jarrah et al., 2022 ). Accordingly, project management is considered strategic since it aligns project performance with project goals (Asare, 2021). Similar to a "work breakdown structure," project management follows a life cycle that includes defining tasks, assigning people, resources, and responsibilities, establishing objectives and milestones, choosing reviewers and auditors, and defining control, monitoring, and evaluation procedures (Pinto, 2019). In order to maintain the project's timeliness, budget, and quality, project management techniques entail supervising day-to-day operations, including planning, risk management, and administrative tasks (Rwanda et al., 2018). According to Ershadi et al. ( 2021 ), project management practices encourage sustainability and offer guidance on putting sustainable practices into action in project execution hence by applying these practices, organisations and communities can increase the likelihood of project success, improve efficiency, and enhance communities’ satisfaction. Projects can have significant impacts on the environment and local communities and seeks to minimize these impacts while maximizing economic benefits. (Asgari et al. , 2020). Project management practices and sustainable development are closely intertwined, as incorporating sustainability considerations into project management can significantly impact the environment, society, and the economy. Recent studies has shown that incorporating sustainability into project management can lead to improved project outcomes, increased stakeholder satisfaction, and reduced environmental impacts in oil producing regions.(Silvius & Schipper, 2022). One of Nigeria's Niger Delta states is Ondo State which is richly endowed with natural resources, particularly gas and oil. However, the investigating and exploiting of these resources have had devastating environmental, economic and social impacts on the region (EIA, 2020). Oil communities encompass the diverse range of people and places affected by oil extraction, production, and consumption, including indigenous communities, coastal towns, urban centers, and rural areas, whose lives are shaped by the social, economic, and environmental consequences of oil development (O'Rourke & Connolly, 2020). Numerous environmental disasters, including oil spills, gas flaring, and pollution, which have severely affected the livelihoods of local communities (Elenwo & Akankali, 2015). The region's illegal gas flaring has resulted in acid rain, which has detrimental impacts on the local population, ecosystem, and vegetation's ability to survive. Environmental degradation is one of the main issues facing oil-producing regions today. The Niger Delta's environment has been severely polluted, which has had a devastating impact on the people's economy and overall quality of life. According to research by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), the region's drinking water has carcinogen levels that were 900 times higher than the World Health Organization's recommended threshold (Adekola et al., 2017 ). Gas flaring, a byproduct of oil exploration activities, is another significant contributor to environmental deterioration. With an average of 800,000m3 of gas flare per day, the Niger Delta is arguably the area with the largest volume of gas flaring worldwide. This raises the risk of climate change and global warming and results in long-term illnesses like cancer and respiratory problems (Onwuka et al., 2018). Over the years, the Nigerian government and the international oil corporations that operate in these regions have not made a determined or successful attempt to manage the environmental issue brought on by oil exploitation. Instead, oil-producing towns have been exposed to ecological and social threats, which have manifested themselves in the recent violence and people's struggles in the area. Although the Niger Delta region has seen the development and implementation of numerous complex poverty strategies, each of which has its own merits based on the local conditions, the harsh reality in the oil-producing regions is that ten years of these programs and schemes have not lessened the pressing issues of human deprivation and exclusion. The destruction of the terrestrial and aquatic flora of oil producing communities in Ilaje LGA is without a doubt of a genocidal magnitude (Imobighe & Bassey, 2023). Ilaje in Ondo State, Nigeria is rich in oil resources, but its communities have faced significant environmental degradation, social unrest, and economic inequality due to oil extraction activities. There has been an increasing awareness in recent years of the necessity to adopt sustainable practices in the management of projects in the state. However, the unique challenges and complexities of Ondo State context often hinder project success. The purpose of this study is to explore the connection between project management practices adopted by oil firms and sustainable development in Ilaje LGA in Ondo state, Nigeria. By examining the current state of project management practices in the region, this research seeks to identify best practices, gaps, and opportunities for improvement, ultimately contributing to sustainable development and improved quality of life for the oil communities in the Ondo State. 2.0 Related Works One of humanity's oldest achievements, project management has attracted the attention of designers, builders, and constructors (Owino, 2022 ). Archaeological wonders like the Egyptian pyramids and ancient towns serve as excellent examples of this. Modern project management ideas that enable the best possible project implementation have been modelled after these early examples. However, until the creation of what are now known as project management practices and tools in the middle of the 1950s, there were very few publications and records on the application of the techniques and methodologies used (Njau, 2019 ). Since then, people from many ethnicities and backgrounds have accepted the idea, and it has spread around the world. Accordingly, project management is considered strategic since it aligns project performance with project goals (Asare, 2021). According to contractor firms that operate on short-term implementations, project management involves the capacity to manage resources in a way that emphasises time and restricted costs in order to deliver satisfactory performance and fruitful working relationships with beneficiaries (Dyason, 2020 ). Project management practices (PMP) is the dynamic capabilities and technical competencies used to plan, execute, and deliver projects effectively. Thus, several stages are necessary to accomplish successful project performance, including planning, control, monitoring, and coordination need to be handled well. All these phases of PMP play a crucial part in coordinating personnel, resources, and schedules to improve project results (Benegahutu, 2020). Sustainable development is regarded as being made up of a broad concept and is commonly defined in terms of three pillars; the economic, social and the environmental, which all strive to ensure that current generations get their needs met without compromising the capacity of other future generations to do so as well. These dimensions aim at avoiding negative effects on the natural environment and promoting the responsible use of resources seeking at protecting the biological, the air and water ecosystem. The economic dimension seeks to enhance peoples’ welfare to bring about humane and reasonable employment and fairness. This dimension aims at actuating opportunities while also supporting the community participation with respect to the basic needs of the populace with a main aim of improving the living standards of people The impact of crude oil exploration in Nigeria economy cannot be overemphasised. However, the nation that depends on petroleum products for over 90% of its foreign exchange witness severe socioeconomic, and environmental degradation (Albert et al, 2018 ). Communities that produce oil in the Niger Delta (Nigeria's oil-producing states) are still plagued by frequent oil spills, which have detrimental effects on the environment. The International Oil Companies (IOCs) nevertheless continue to function with increased impunity. In Nigeria's Niger Delta, oil spills are common; as of 2018, there had been up to 9500 oil spills in a ten-year period (Ndimele et al., 2017). About 115, 000 barrels, or roughly $ 5 million, are released into the environment each year on average (Ndimele et al., 2017). Regularly occurring large-scale oil spills have ruined the ecology, harming mangroves and marine life. Oil spills damage human health and undermine indigenous peoples' means of subsistence by contaminating waterways and farmlands (Oladipupo et al., 2016). Oil and Gas projects have special characters and require different project management technique from other industries (Menhat & Yusuf, 2018 ). Yang and Yin (2019) stated that oil and gas projects are generally associated with complex situations during execution, hence it requires some set of rules, laws, methodologies. Oil and Gas projects entail high risks and the main challenges are in assessing, managing and proactively mitigating identified risks. Hence, Project management practices and sustainable development help to integrate environmental, social, and economic sustainability considerations into all stages of a project, from planning and execution to evaluation, ensuring that projects not only achieve their primary goals but also minimize negative impacts on the environment while maximizing positive outcomes for future generations; essentially, managing projects with a focus on long-term sustainability rather than just short-term gains. Recent studies has shown that incorporating sustainability into project management can lead to improved project outcomes, increased stakeholder satisfaction, and reduced environmental impacts (Silvius & Schipper, 2022). Ogbu et al. (2022) carried out qualitative research to highlight the importance of collaboration in project management practices for promoting sustainable development in Niger Delta oil communities. The study concluded that project management practices play a critical role in promoting sustainable development, emphasizing the need for a collaborative approach involving all stakeholders. Nwachukwu et al. ( 2021 ) conducted a mixed-methods study, combining surveys and focus group discussions with 120 participants, to investigate the effect of oil spill management in the Niger Delta, examining the effectiveness of project management strategies in promoting environmental sustainability and community engagement. The findings revealed that effective project management can integrate local communities and promote environmental sustainability by implementing efficient spill response strategies, and highlighted the focus of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives by international oil companies (IOCs) on environmental restoration, educational support, and healthcare. Aderonke and Adeniyi (2020), as well as Ogunyemi (2016), conducted a qualitative study utilizing in-depth interviews to examine stakeholders' experiences and perceptions regarding environmental degradation, social challenges, and project management practices in the Niger Delta region. The study aimed to investigate environmental and social effect of oil exploration and extraction activities in the area. The findings highlighted the need for project management practices to incorporate environmental responsibility, adopting clean technologies, rehabilitating polluted areas, and addressing social issues such as poverty, unemployment, and poor healthcare. While the theory of triple bottom line introduced by Elkington ( 1994 ) maintained that businesses should evaluate their performance based on their social and environmental effects in addition to their financial performance. Profit, people, and the environment should be the three bottom lines, he suggested. His goal was to encourage businesses to adopt sustainable methods, which take into account the effects their operations have on the economy, society, and environment as well as on current and future generations. Riding on this theory, the study seeks to examine the level of PMP by oil firms and assess the effect of PMP of oil firms on sustainable development of Ilaje community in Ondo state, Nigeria. 3.0 Data and Methods Survey research design was used to gather quantitative data about project management practices and dimensions of sustainable developments (social, economic and environmental) vis-à-vis project management practices adopted on sustainable development in Nigeria's Ondo State's oil-producing communities. The study area are the communities in Nigeria's Ondo State that produce oil. The oil producing communities include Obenla, Oju-Imole, Opuama Sekelewu, Awoye, Eseodo, Igbokoda in Ondo State, Nigeria's Ilaje local government area. The targeted population for this study household heads in these oil producing communities with a total population of 250 from which a sample size of 154 was derived utilising Yamane's statistical distribution formula \(\:formula\:n=\:\frac{N}{1+N\:\left({e}^{2}\right)}\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\) Primary method of data collection which involved use of a carefully designed survey was utilised to gather relevant data collected from the participants on the subject matter. The study employed both descriptive statistics like frequency, standard deviation, mean ranking and Relative Importance Index (RII) to determine extent of project management practices (PMP). While multiple linear regression, an inferential statistical method, was employed to ascertain the relative relevance and contribution of the independent variable constructions to the dependent variables. The data was examined using software called the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). 4.0 Results 4. 1 . Current State of Project Management Practices in Oil Producing Communities Table 1 shows the descriptive analysis (minimum and maximum value, mean) on the state of project management practices (PMP) in the study area. This seeks to unravel whether oil firms adopt the project management methodologies when carrying out developmental projects in host communities in the study area. Respondents’ (community household heads) perception were ranked based on mean rank 1.0-1.79 = strongly disagree (SD); 1.80–2.59 = Disagree (D); 2.60–3.39 = moderately agree (MA); 3.40–4.19 = Agree (A); 4.20-5.00 = strongly agree (SA). A minimum value (1) and a maximum value (5) across all items of state of PMP shows that the respondents have diverged opinion on the subject matter. Nevertheless the pattern of opinion of the respondents was predetermined by the standard deviation range of 0.93–1.32 indicating the similarity in opinion of the respondents due to standard deviation values distance from one (1). Mean values range of 2.14–2.44 indicates a consensus among the respondents on CPM practices in the study area. Mean Item Scores (MIS) attributed to “evaluation” (2.44) as adjudged by the respondents revealed that host community are informed of the outcome of the thorough post-project evaluations carry out by oil firms in conjunction with selected community representatives. Closely followed is “ implementation ” with MIS of 2.30. This owes to the fact that oil firms engage willing community members in project tasks and performed in such a way that meets the host community needs. The respondents also commend the manner of project works in that it avoids disruption to community’s day-to-day activities with considerations to preserving the environment. Findings likewise showed that “ planning” (2.14) of projects is done with utmost consideration for plight of the host community by reflecting on their immediate needs and priorities. The respondents also attest their involvement in project planning process. Similarly, the respondents adjudged that “monitoring” with MIS of 2.16, affirms the respondents’ view that information about project monitoring results and commends transparency in monitoring process. Table 1 Current State of Project Management Practices Min Max Std. Dev. Mean Remarks PLANNING 2.17 Moderately agree Oil firms involve us in their project planning processes. 1 5 1.12 2.24 Project plans reflect our community's needs and priorities. 1 5 1.08 2.18 Oil firms consider our community's concerns during project planning. 1 5 1.13 2.29 We are informed about project plans and timeliness. 1 5 1.03 2.20 Oil firms' project planning processes are transparent to our community. 1 5 .99 1.96 IMPLEMENTATION 2.30 Moderately agree Oil firms implement projects in a way that meets our community's needs. 1 5 1.02 2.48 We are engaged and involved in project implementation. 1 5 1.23 2.59 Oil firms minimize disruptions to our community during project implementation. 1 5 .93 2.11 Projects are implemented with consideration for environmental sustainability. 1 5 1.03 2.15 Oil firms are responsive to our community's concerns during project implementation. 1 5 1.00 2.14 MONITORING 2.16 Moderately agree Oil firms regularly update us on project progress. 1 5 1.11 2.33 We are informed about the project's impact on our community. 1 5 1.07 2.22 Oil firms' monitoring processes are transparent to our community. 1 5 1.05 2.14 We have access to information about project monitoring results. 1 5 .95 2.02 Oil firms involve us in monitoring project progress and impact. 1 5 1.11 2.07 EVALUATION 2.44 Moderately agree Oil firms conduct thorough evaluations of project outcomes and impacts. 1 5 1.22 2.80 We are informed about the results of project evaluations. 1 5 1.21 2.51 Oil firms involve us in evaluating project outcomes and impacts. 1 5 1.20 2.26 Evaluation findings are used to improve project implementation. 1 5 1.17 2.29 Oil firms are accountable for project outcomes and impacts. 1 5 1.32 2.35 Source: Researcher’s survey, 2025 Mean rank : 0.00–0.99 = strongly disagree; 1.00–1.99 = disagree; 2.00–2.99 = moderately agree; 3.00–3.99 = agree; 4.00–5.00 = strongly agree 4.2 Effect of Project Management Practices on Sustainable Development of Oil Producing Communities. Multiple linear regression, which assesses the relative contributions of independent variable constructs to the dependent variable, was used to accomplish this objective. The independent variable, project management practices (measured by planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation) was regressed on the dependent variable, sustainable development (proxy by economic, social and environmental dimensions). The model summary is shown in Table 2 , which shows R 2 values of 0.210, 0.280 and 0.324 for economic, social and environmental aspects of oil-producing communities' sustainable development in the research field. This indicates that PMP explains 32.4% variance in environmental dimension than social and economic dimensions with 28.0% and 21.0% respectively. This revealed that although there is low effect of PMP across the three dimensions of sustainable development however, PMP by oil firms has much effect on environmental sustainability of oil producing communities than economic and social sustainability in the study area. Tables 3 – 5 show the coefficient table revealing the relative contribution and significant P-values of each of the constructs of PMP on dimensions of sustainable development of oil producing communities in the study area. Table 3 shows the column under standardized for economic dimension found out that “implementation” has the highest relative contribution, as indicated by the beta value ( \(\:\beta\:\) = 0.431; P-values = 0.003). This is followed by “evaluation” ( \(\:\beta\:\) = .250; P-value = 0.031) while “monitoring” ( \(\:\beta\:\) = − .215; P-value = 0.094) and “planning” ( \(\:\beta\:\) = − .079; P-value = 0.461) have negative beta (-) values and insignificant P-values. This connotes that involvement of unskilled labour in projects task as created employment opportunities in the community. More so, fair compensation for land use is attributed to economic prosperity witnessed in the study area. Furthermore, Table 4 column shows standardized beta for environmental dimension shows that “planning” has most significant relative contribution in terms of beta value ( \(\:\beta\:\) = 0.373; P-value = .000). This is followed by “implementation” ( \(\:\beta\:\) = .294; P-value = .025), however, “monitoring” ( \(\:\beta\:\) = 0.012; P-value = .918) and “evaluation” ( \(\:\beta\:\) = − .067; P-value = .527) are insignificant. This interprets oil firms consider community's environmental concerns during project planning and likewise aim to minimize environmental disruptions to their host community during project implementation. This is in tandem with Zadeh et al. (2014) whose findings highlighted the significance of responsible project planning practices in addressing the Niger Delta's ecological challenges through integration of sustainability goals into project planning to lessen the environmental effects of oil exploration and extraction activities. Nevertheless, there has been negligence by the oil firms when it comes to “implementation” and “evaluation” with regards to environmental sustainability of the host community. Going further, Table 5 likewise reveals the standardized beta for social dimension shows “implementation” has the greatest relative contribution with a beta value ( \(\:\beta\:\) = 0.396; P-value = 0.004). This is followed by “evaluation” ( \(\:\beta\:\) = .194; P-value = 0.078), “planning” ( \(\:\beta\:\) = .097; P-value = .344) and “monitoring” ( \(\:\beta\:\) = − .109; P-value = 0.371) with significant P-values of .001 and .035 for tangible and assurance respectively while other constructs of urban infrastructural quality are insignificant. This interprets that oil firms are responsive to the community's concerns during project implementation and carry out projects in a way that meets our community's needs. Similarly, involvement of community stakeholders and communication of the outcome result in deep sense of belonging among the host community of oil firms. However, the reverse is the case with regards to planning and monitoring aspects of PMP and social dimensions. Table 2 Model summary of Effect of Project Management Practices on Sustainable Development Model Summary b Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .459 a .210 . 183 1.01459 2 .529 a .280 .255 .98224 3 .569 a .324 .301 .60547 a. Predictors: (Constant), Evaluation, Planning, Monitoring, Implementation, b. Dependent Variable: Economic 1 , social 2 , Environmental 3 Source: Researcher’s survey, 2025 Table 3 Relative Contribution of PMP on Economic Dimension of Sustainable Development Coefficients a Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) 1.566 .311 5.034 .000 Planning − .111 .149 − .079 − .740 .461 .599 1.668 Implementation .603 .196 .431 3.079 .003 .348 2.878 Monitoring − .285 .169 − .215 -1.690 .094 .422 2.368 Evaluation .279 .128 .250 2.187 .031 .519 1.925 a. Dependent Variable: Economic factor Table 4 Relative Contribution of PMP on Social Dimension of Sustainable Development Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF 2 (Constant) .980 .301 3.253 .001 Planning .138 .145 .097 .951 .344 .599 1.668 Implementation .562 .190 .396 2.963 .004 .348 2.878 Monitoring − .147 .163 − .109 − .898 .371 .422 2.368 Evaluation .220 .124 .194 1.778 .078 .519 1.925 a. Dependent Variable: Social factor Table 5 Relative Contribution of PMP on Environmental Dimension of Sustainable Development Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF 3 (Constant) .828 .186 4.459 .000 Planning .337 .089 .373 3.778 .000 .599 1.668 Implementation .266 .117 .294 2.274 .025 .348 2.878 Monitoring .010 .101 .012 .103 .918 .422 2.368 Evaluation − .048 .076 − .067 − .634 .527 .519 1.925 a. Dependent Variable: Environmental factor Source: Researcher’s survey, 2025 4.3 Test of Hypotheses H O1 There is no significant difference between project management practices and sustainable development of oil producing communities in the study area. The H O1 shown in Table 6 is rejected when P-value is less than 0.05 at 95% significant level. PMP having four constructs namely; planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation is hypothesized across sustainable development dimensions of social, environmental and economic indicators. Sig. value across three dimensions of sustainable development shows that planning has P-value less of 0.000 for environmental dimension (reject) while 0.334 and 461 for social dimension (retained) and economic dimension (retained) respectiv11ely greater than 0.05 are considered non-significant, hence, null hypothesis retained. However, P-values, 0.004, 0.025 and 0.003 for social, environment and economic dimension respectively are all rejected with respect to the construct, implementation. Furthermore, there is rejection of null hypothesis with respect to monitoring as all P-values for social (0.371), environment (0.918) and economic (0.094) dimensions are all greater than 0.05. In the case for evaluation , economic dimension (0.031) is only rejected hypothesized construct while social dimension (0.078) and environmental dimension (0.527) are retained. Summarily, it is observed that among all project management practices of planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation across all social, economic and environmental dimension of sustainable development, only the construct, “implementation” has significant P-value less than 0.05, hence rejection of the null hypothesis that implementation does not have significant effect on sustainable development of oil producing communities in the study area. Thus, the place of effective implantation of development or mitigating interventions by oil firms cannot be overemphasized towards ensuring the livelihood of the community dwellers. This is in support of the study of Kucharska-Stasiak and Olbińska's (2018) findings that sustainability can be achieved in Niger Delta oil communities by highlighting the need for more effective management practices prioritizing environmental and social sustainability, revealing that current contaminated land valuation approaches are insufficient for sustainable development, hence, adopting management practices integrating environmental, social, and economic considerations is crucial for promoting sustainable development in Niger Delta oil communities. Table 6 Test of Hypotheses Model SOCIAL DIMENSION ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION ECONOMIC DIMENSION Standardized Beta Sig. Standardized Beta Sig. Standardized Beta Sig. 1 (Constant) .002 .000 .085 Planning .138 .334 .373 .000 − .079 .461 Implementation .562 .004 .294 .025 .431 .003 Monitoring .147 .371 .012 .918 − .215 .094 Evaluation .220 .078 − .067 .527 .250 .031 Source: Researcher’s survey, 2025 5.0: Discussion Going by the above MIS values on current state of PMP by oil firms in the study area, it is discovered that there is moderate agreement among the respondents on the state of project management practices during oil firm’s developmental projects in host communities. This is an indication that oil firms sparingly involve the host communities in crucial matters before, during and after execution of major projects in the community. This synonymous to the findings of Olawale and Sun (2014) who found out that involving indigenous communities and local leaders in decision-making processes enhances sustainability hence, stakeholder engagement is crucial for project success and sustainability. The study likewise observed that PMP by oil firms has mild effect on sustainable development of the host communities. This is because PMP by oil firms is not sufficient enough to guarantee the socio-economic prosperity and environmental conservation of these communities. As such better developmental interventions aimed at alleviating the suffering of the community people will be a step in the right direction. This outcome of the study confirms the findings of Aderonke and Adeniyi (2020) whose study highlighted the need for project management practices to incorporate and prioritize environmental and social sustainability, supporting local development programs, building infrastructure, and creating employment opportunities to improve the quality of life in communities. 6.0 Conclusion The study has established that state of PMP by oil firms in the study area is unanimously agreed to be moderate going by the perception of the community stakeholders in the study area. On a broad note, the study found out that the implementation strategy by oil firms relatively brought about the mild effect (over planning, monitoring and evaluation) of PMP on sustainable development of the host communities. This sequel to the fact that PMP is only a small fraction of required interventions by oil firms to ascertain socio-economic prosperity and environmental conservation of oil producing communities in the study area. Declarations Informed consent was duly obtained from all participants involved in this study and that all ethical protocols were observed. During the preparation of this work the authors used Quillbot to rephrase and improve language readability. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and we take full responsibility for the content of the publication. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding Not applicable. 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In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 342 (012091). IOP Publishing O'Rourke D, Connolly S (2003) Just oil? The distribution of environmental and social impacts of oil production and consumption. Annu Rev Environ Resour 28(1):587–617 Ogbu AD, Ozowe W, Ikevuje AH (2024) Oil spill response strategies: A comparative conceptual study between the USA and Nigeria. GSC Adv Res Reviews 20(1):208–227 Oladipupo AO, Ibadin PO (2016) Indirect taxes and infrastructural development in Nigeria. Igbinedion Univ J Acc 2(1):331–353 Olawale YA, Sun M (2010) Cost and time control of construction projects: inhibiting factors and mitigating measures in practice. Constr Manage Econ 28(5):509–526 Owino KO, Omwenga J (2022) Project management practices and performance of non-governmental organizations in Migori County, Kenya. Strategic J Bus Change Manage 9(4):568–581 Pinto JK, Slevin DP (1988) Project success: definitions and measurement techniques. Project Management Institute Rui Z, Cui K, Wang X, Chun JH, Li Y, Zhang Z, Patil S (2018) A comprehensive investigation on performance of oil and gas development in Nigeria: Technical and non-technical analyses. Energy 158:666–680 Rwanda Governance Board (RGB) (2018) Assessing Girinka Project (2006–2016 Citizen Perspectives. Kigali: Rwanda Governance Board (RGB) Silvius G, SchIpper RON, Planko J (2012) Sustainability in project management. Gower Publishing, Ltd. Zabbey N, Uyi H (2014) Community responses of intertidal soft-bottom macrozoobenthos to oil pollution in a tropical mangrove ecosystem, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Mar Pollut Bull 82(1–2):167–174 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Project management has grown in prominence as a distinct management paradigm that is utilised to accomplish both business goals and economic advancement in emerging nations. Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating, and managing resources to fulfil specific project objectives and goals (Jarrah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Planning, organising, staffing, coordinating, and managing resources to meet project goals and objectives is the discipline of project management (Jarrah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, project management is considered strategic since it aligns project performance with project goals (Asare, 2021). Similar to a \"work breakdown structure,\" project management follows a life cycle that includes defining tasks, assigning people, resources, and responsibilities, establishing objectives and milestones, choosing reviewers and auditors, and defining control, monitoring, and evaluation procedures (Pinto, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to maintain the project's timeliness, budget, and quality, project management techniques entail supervising day-to-day operations, including planning, risk management, and administrative tasks (Rwanda et al., 2018). According to Ershadi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), project management practices encourage sustainability and offer guidance on putting sustainable practices into action in project execution hence by applying these practices, organisations and communities can increase the likelihood of project success, improve efficiency, and enhance communities\u0026rsquo; satisfaction. Projects can have significant impacts on the environment and local communities and seeks to minimize these impacts while maximizing economic benefits. (Asgari \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020). Project management practices and sustainable development are closely intertwined, as incorporating sustainability considerations into project management can significantly impact the environment, society, and the economy. Recent studies has shown that incorporating sustainability into project management can lead to improved project outcomes, increased stakeholder satisfaction, and reduced environmental impacts in oil producing regions.(Silvius \u0026amp; Schipper, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of Nigeria's Niger Delta states is Ondo State which is richly endowed with natural resources, particularly gas and oil. However, the investigating and exploiting of these resources have had devastating environmental, economic and social impacts on the region (EIA, 2020). Oil communities encompass the diverse range of people and places affected by oil extraction, production, and consumption, including indigenous communities, coastal towns, urban centers, and rural areas, whose lives are shaped by the social, economic, and environmental consequences of oil development (O'Rourke \u0026amp; Connolly, 2020). Numerous environmental disasters, including oil spills, gas flaring, and pollution, which have severely affected the livelihoods of local communities (Elenwo \u0026amp; Akankali, 2015). The region's illegal gas flaring has resulted in acid rain, which has detrimental impacts on the local population, ecosystem, and vegetation's ability to survive. Environmental degradation is one of the main issues facing oil-producing regions today. The Niger Delta's environment has been severely polluted, which has had a devastating impact on the people's economy and overall quality of life. According to research by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), the region's drinking water has carcinogen levels that were 900 times higher than the World Health Organization's recommended threshold (Adekola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Gas flaring, a byproduct of oil exploration activities, is another significant contributor to environmental deterioration. With an average of 800,000m3 of gas flare per day, the Niger Delta is arguably the area with the largest volume of gas flaring worldwide. This raises the risk of climate change and global warming and results in long-term illnesses like cancer and respiratory problems (Onwuka et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver the years, the Nigerian government and the international oil corporations that operate in these regions have not made a determined or successful attempt to manage the environmental issue brought on by oil exploitation. Instead, oil-producing towns have been exposed to ecological and social threats, which have manifested themselves in the recent violence and people's struggles in the area. Although the Niger Delta region has seen the development and implementation of numerous complex poverty strategies, each of which has its own merits based on the local conditions, the harsh reality in the oil-producing regions is that ten years of these programs and schemes have not lessened the pressing issues of human deprivation and exclusion. The destruction of the terrestrial and aquatic flora of oil producing communities in Ilaje LGA is without a doubt of a genocidal magnitude (Imobighe \u0026amp; Bassey, 2023). Ilaje in Ondo State, Nigeria is rich in oil resources, but its communities have faced significant environmental degradation, social unrest, and economic inequality due to oil extraction activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere has been an increasing awareness in recent years of the necessity to adopt sustainable practices in the management of projects in the state. However, the unique challenges and complexities of Ondo State context often hinder project success. The purpose of this study is to explore the connection between project management practices adopted by oil firms and sustainable development in Ilaje LGA in Ondo state, Nigeria. By examining the current state of project management practices in the region, this research seeks to identify best practices, gaps, and opportunities for improvement, ultimately contributing to sustainable development and improved quality of life for the oil communities in the Ondo State.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.0 Related Works","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of humanity's oldest achievements, project management has attracted the attention of designers, builders, and constructors (Owino, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Archaeological wonders like the Egyptian pyramids and ancient towns serve as excellent examples of this. Modern project management ideas that enable the best possible project implementation have been modelled after these early examples. However, until the creation of what are now known as project management practices and tools in the middle of the 1950s, there were very few publications and records on the application of the techniques and methodologies used (Njau, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Since then, people from many ethnicities and backgrounds have accepted the idea, and it has spread around the world. Accordingly, project management is considered strategic since it aligns project performance with project goals (Asare, 2021). According to contractor firms that operate on short-term implementations, project management involves the capacity to manage resources in a way that emphasises time and restricted costs in order to deliver satisfactory performance and fruitful working relationships with beneficiaries (Dyason, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProject management practices (PMP) is the dynamic capabilities and technical competencies used to plan, execute, and deliver projects effectively. Thus, several stages are necessary to accomplish successful project performance, including planning, control, monitoring, and coordination need to be handled well. All these phases of PMP play a crucial part in coordinating personnel, resources, and schedules to improve project results (Benegahutu, 2020). Sustainable development is regarded as being made up of a broad concept and is commonly defined in terms of three pillars; the economic, social and the environmental, which all strive to ensure that current generations get their needs met without compromising the capacity of other future generations to do so as well. These dimensions aim at avoiding negative effects on the natural environment and promoting the responsible use of resources seeking at protecting the biological, the air and water ecosystem. The economic dimension seeks to enhance peoples\u0026rsquo; welfare to bring about humane and reasonable employment and fairness. This dimension aims at actuating opportunities while also supporting the community participation with respect to the basic needs of the populace with a main aim of improving the living standards of people\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe impact of crude oil exploration in Nigeria economy cannot be overemphasised. However, the nation that depends on petroleum products for over 90% of its foreign exchange witness severe socioeconomic, and environmental degradation (Albert et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Communities that produce oil in the Niger Delta (Nigeria's oil-producing states) are still plagued by frequent oil spills, which have detrimental effects on the environment. The International Oil Companies (IOCs) nevertheless continue to function with increased impunity. In Nigeria's Niger Delta, oil spills are common; as of 2018, there had been up to 9500 oil spills in a ten-year period (Ndimele et al., 2017). About 115, 000 barrels, or roughly \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e5\u0026nbsp;million, are released into the environment each year on average (Ndimele et al., 2017). Regularly occurring large-scale oil spills have ruined the ecology, harming mangroves and marine life. Oil spills damage human health and undermine indigenous peoples' means of subsistence by contaminating waterways and farmlands (Oladipupo et al., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil and Gas projects have special characters and require different project management technique from other industries (Menhat \u0026amp; Yusuf, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Yang and Yin (2019) stated that oil and gas projects are generally associated with complex situations during execution, hence it requires some set of rules, laws, methodologies. Oil and Gas projects entail high risks and the main challenges are in assessing, managing and proactively mitigating identified risks. Hence, Project management practices and sustainable development help to integrate environmental, social, and economic sustainability considerations into all stages of a project, from planning and execution to evaluation, ensuring that projects not only achieve their primary goals but also minimize negative impacts on the environment while maximizing positive outcomes for future generations; essentially, managing projects with a focus on long-term sustainability rather than just short-term gains. Recent studies has shown that incorporating sustainability into project management can lead to improved project outcomes, increased stakeholder satisfaction, and reduced environmental impacts (Silvius \u0026amp; Schipper, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOgbu et al. (2022) carried out qualitative research to highlight the importance of collaboration in project management practices for promoting sustainable development in Niger Delta oil communities. The study concluded that project management practices play a critical role in promoting sustainable development, emphasizing the need for a collaborative approach involving all stakeholders. Nwachukwu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) conducted a mixed-methods study, combining surveys and focus group discussions with 120 participants, to investigate the effect of oil spill management in the Niger Delta, examining the effectiveness of project management strategies in promoting environmental sustainability and community engagement. The findings revealed that effective project management can integrate local communities and promote environmental sustainability by implementing efficient spill response strategies, and highlighted the focus of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives by international oil companies (IOCs) on environmental restoration, educational support, and healthcare. Aderonke and Adeniyi (2020), as well as Ogunyemi (2016), conducted a qualitative study utilizing in-depth interviews to examine stakeholders' experiences and perceptions regarding environmental degradation, social challenges, and project management practices in the Niger Delta region. The study aimed to investigate environmental and social effect of oil exploration and extraction activities in the area. The findings highlighted the need for project management practices to incorporate environmental responsibility, adopting clean technologies, rehabilitating polluted areas, and addressing social issues such as poverty, unemployment, and poor healthcare.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile the theory of triple bottom line introduced by Elkington (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e) maintained that businesses should evaluate their performance based on their social and environmental effects in addition to their financial performance. Profit, people, and the environment should be the three bottom lines, he suggested. His goal was to encourage businesses to adopt sustainable methods, which take into account the effects their operations have on the economy, society, and environment as well as on current and future generations. Riding on this theory, the study seeks to examine the level of PMP by oil firms and assess the effect of PMP of oil firms on sustainable development of Ilaje community in Ondo state, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.0 Data and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eSurvey research design was used to gather quantitative data about project management practices and dimensions of sustainable developments (social, economic and environmental) vis-\u0026agrave;-vis project management practices adopted on sustainable development in Nigeria's Ondo State's oil-producing communities. The study area are the communities in Nigeria's Ondo State that produce oil. The oil producing communities include Obenla, Oju-Imole, Opuama Sekelewu, Awoye, Eseodo, Igbokoda in Ondo State, Nigeria's Ilaje local government area. The targeted population for this study household heads in these oil producing communities with a total population of 250 from which a sample size of 154 was derived utilising Yamane's statistical distribution formula \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:formula\\:n=\\:\\frac{N}{1+N\\:\\left({e}^{2}\\right)}\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary method of data collection which involved use of a carefully designed survey was utilised to gather relevant data collected from the participants on the subject matter. The study employed both descriptive statistics like frequency, standard deviation, mean ranking and Relative Importance Index (RII) to determine extent of project management practices (PMP). While multiple linear regression, an inferential statistical method, was employed to ascertain the relative relevance and contribution of the independent variable constructions to the dependent variables. The data was examined using software called the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.0 Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. 1\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eCurrent State of Project Management Practices in Oil Producing Communities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the descriptive analysis (minimum and maximum value, mean) on the state of project management practices (PMP) in the study area. This seeks to unravel whether oil firms adopt the project management methodologies when carrying out developmental projects in host communities in the study area. Respondents\u0026rsquo; (community household heads) perception were ranked based on mean rank 1.0-1.79\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree (SD); 1.80\u0026ndash;2.59\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Disagree (D); 2.60\u0026ndash;3.39\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;moderately agree (MA); 3.40\u0026ndash;4.19\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Agree (A); 4.20-5.00\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree (SA). A minimum value (1) and a maximum value (5) across all items of state of PMP shows that the respondents have diverged opinion on the subject matter. Nevertheless the pattern of opinion of the respondents was predetermined by the standard deviation range of 0.93\u0026ndash;1.32 indicating the similarity in opinion of the respondents due to standard deviation values distance from one (1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean values range of 2.14\u0026ndash;2.44 indicates a consensus among the respondents on CPM practices in the study area. Mean Item Scores (MIS) attributed to \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;evaluation\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (2.44) as adjudged by the respondents revealed that host community are informed of the outcome of the thorough post-project evaluations carry out by oil firms in conjunction with selected community representatives. Closely followed is \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eimplementation\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; with MIS of 2.30. This owes to the fact that oil firms engage willing community members in project tasks and performed in such a way that meets the host community needs. The respondents also commend the manner of project works in that it avoids disruption to community\u0026rsquo;s day-to-day activities with considerations to preserving the environment. Findings likewise showed that \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eplanning\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e (2.14) of projects is done with utmost consideration for plight of the host community by reflecting on their immediate needs and priorities. The respondents also attest their involvement in project planning process. Similarly, the respondents adjudged that \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;monitoring\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e with MIS of 2.16, affirms the respondents\u0026rsquo; view that information about project monitoring results and commends transparency in monitoring process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent State of Project Management Practices\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Dev.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRemarks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePLANNING\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerately agree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms involve us in their project planning processes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProject plans reflect our community's needs and priorities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms consider our community's concerns during project planning.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe are informed about project plans and timeliness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms' project planning processes are transparent to our community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIMPLEMENTATION\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerately agree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms implement projects in a way that meets our community's needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe are engaged and involved in project implementation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms minimize disruptions to our community during project implementation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProjects are implemented with consideration for environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms are responsive to our community's concerns during project implementation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMONITORING\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerately agree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms regularly update us on project progress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe are informed about the project's impact on our community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms' monitoring processes are transparent to our community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe have access to information about project monitoring results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms involve us in monitoring project progress and impact.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEVALUATION\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.44\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerately agree\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms conduct thorough evaluations of project outcomes and impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe are informed about the results of project evaluations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms involve us in evaluating project outcomes and impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluation findings are used to improve project implementation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOil firms are accountable for project outcomes and impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSource: Researcher\u0026rsquo;s survey, 2025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean rank\u003c/b\u003e: 0.00\u0026ndash;0.99\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree; 1.00\u0026ndash;1.99\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;disagree; 2.00\u0026ndash;2.99\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;moderately agree; 3.00\u0026ndash;3.99\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;agree; 4.00\u0026ndash;5.00\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.2 Effect of Project Management Practices on Sustainable Development of Oil Producing Communities.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultiple linear regression, which assesses the relative contributions of independent variable constructs to the dependent variable, was used to accomplish this objective. The independent variable, project management practices (measured by planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation) was regressed on the dependent variable, sustainable development (proxy by economic, social and environmental dimensions). The model summary is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, which shows R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values of 0.210, 0.280 and 0.324 for economic, social and environmental aspects of oil-producing communities' sustainable development in the research field. This indicates that PMP explains 32.4% variance in environmental dimension than social and economic dimensions with 28.0% and 21.0% respectively. This revealed that although there is low effect of PMP across the three dimensions of sustainable development however, PMP by oil firms has much effect on environmental sustainability of oil producing communities than economic and social sustainability in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e show the coefficient table revealing the relative contribution and significant P-values of each of the constructs of PMP on dimensions of sustainable development of oil producing communities in the study area. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the column under standardized for \u003cem\u003eeconomic dimension\u003c/em\u003e found out that \u0026ldquo;implementation\u0026rdquo; has the highest relative contribution, as indicated by the beta value (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = 0.431; P-values\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003). This is followed by \u0026ldquo;evaluation\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = .250; P-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.031) while \u0026ldquo;monitoring\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.215; P-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.094) and \u0026ldquo;planning\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.079; P-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.461) have negative beta (-) values and insignificant P-values. This connotes that involvement of unskilled labour in projects task as created employment opportunities in the community. More so, fair compensation for land use is attributed to economic prosperity witnessed in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e column shows standardized beta for \u003cem\u003eenvironmental dimension\u003c/em\u003e shows that \u0026ldquo;planning\u0026rdquo; has most significant relative contribution in terms of beta value (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = 0.373; P-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.000). This is followed by \u0026ldquo;implementation\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = .294; P-value = .025), however, \u0026ldquo;monitoring\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e= 0.012; P-value =\u0026thinsp;.918) and \u0026ldquo;evaluation\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.067; P-value = .527) are insignificant. This interprets oil firms consider community's environmental concerns during project planning and likewise aim to minimize environmental disruptions to their host community during project implementation. This is in tandem with Zadeh et al. (2014) whose findings highlighted the significance of responsible project planning practices in addressing the Niger Delta's ecological challenges through integration of sustainability goals into project planning to lessen the environmental effects of oil exploration and extraction activities. Nevertheless, there has been negligence by the oil firms when it comes to \u0026ldquo;implementation\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;evaluation\u0026rdquo; with regards to environmental sustainability of the host community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoing further, Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e likewise reveals the standardized beta for \u003cem\u003esocial dimension\u003c/em\u003e shows \u0026ldquo;implementation\u0026rdquo; has the greatest relative contribution with a beta value (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = 0.396; P-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004). This is followed by \u0026ldquo;evaluation\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = .194; P-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.078), \u0026ldquo;planning\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = .097; P-value = .344) and \u0026ldquo;monitoring\u0026rdquo; (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\beta\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.109; P-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.371) with significant P-values of .001 and .035 for tangible and assurance respectively while other constructs of urban infrastructural quality are insignificant. This interprets that oil firms are responsive to the community's concerns during project implementation and carry out projects in a way that meets our community's needs. Similarly, involvement of community stakeholders and communication of the outcome result in deep sense of belonging among the host community of oil firms. However, the reverse is the case with regards to planning and monitoring aspects of PMP and social dimensions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel summary of Effect of Project Management Practices on Sustainable Development\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel Summary\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR Square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted R Square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Error of the Estimate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.459\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e. 183\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01459\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.529\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.280\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.255\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.98224\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.569\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.324\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.301\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.60547\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea. Predictors: (Constant), Evaluation, Planning, Monitoring, Implementation,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb. Dependent Variable: Economic\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e, social\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, Environmental\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSource: Researcher\u0026rsquo;s survey, 2025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative Contribution of PMP on Economic Dimension of Sustainable Development\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoefficients\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnstandardized Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandardized Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollinearity Statistics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTolerance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.566\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.311\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlanning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.740\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.461\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.599\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.668\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplementation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.603\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.196\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.431\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.348\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.878\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonitoring\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.285\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.215\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.690\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.279\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.128\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.187\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.519\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.925\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea. Dependent Variable: Economic factor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative Contribution of PMP on Social Dimension of Sustainable Development\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnstandardized Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandardized Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollinearity Statistics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTolerance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.980\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.301\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.253\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlanning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.097\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.951\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.344\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.599\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.668\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplementation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.562\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.190\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.396\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.963\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.348\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.878\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonitoring\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.163\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.898\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.194\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.778\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.078\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.519\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.925\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea. Dependent Variable: Social factor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative Contribution of PMP on Environmental Dimension of Sustainable Development\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnstandardized Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandardized Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollinearity Statistics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTolerance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.828\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.459\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlanning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.373\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.778\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.599\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.668\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplementation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.266\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.274\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.348\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.878\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonitoring\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.918\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.067\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.634\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.527\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.519\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.925\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea. Dependent Variable: Environmental factor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSource: Researcher\u0026rsquo;s survey, 2025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3 Test of Hypotheses\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH\u003csub\u003eO1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is no significant difference between project management practices and sustainable development of oil producing communities in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eH\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e is rejected when P-value is less than 0.05 at 95% significant level. PMP having four constructs namely; planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation is hypothesized across sustainable development dimensions of social, environmental and economic indicators. Sig. value across three dimensions of sustainable development shows that \u003cem\u003eplanning\u003c/em\u003e has P-value less of 0.000 for environmental dimension (reject) while 0.334 and 461 for social dimension (retained) and economic dimension (retained) respectiv11ely greater than 0.05 are considered non-significant, hence, null hypothesis retained. However, P-values, 0.004, 0.025 and 0.003 for social, environment and economic dimension respectively are all rejected with respect to the construct, \u003cem\u003eimplementation.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, there is rejection of null hypothesis with respect to \u003cem\u003emonitoring\u003c/em\u003e as all P-values for social (0.371), environment (0.918) and economic (0.094) dimensions are all greater than 0.05. In the case for \u003cem\u003eevaluation\u003c/em\u003e, economic dimension (0.031) is only rejected hypothesized construct while social dimension (0.078) and environmental dimension (0.527) are retained.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummarily, it is observed that among all project management practices of planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation across all social, economic and environmental dimension of sustainable development, only the construct, \u0026ldquo;implementation\u0026rdquo; has significant P-value less than 0.05, hence rejection of the null hypothesis that implementation does not have significant effect on sustainable development of oil producing communities in the study area. Thus, the place of effective implantation of development or mitigating interventions by oil firms cannot be overemphasized towards ensuring the livelihood of the community dwellers. This is in support of the study of Kucharska-Stasiak and Olbińska's (2018) findings that sustainability can be achieved in Niger Delta oil communities by highlighting the need for more effective management practices prioritizing environmental and social sustainability, revealing that current contaminated land valuation approaches are insufficient for sustainable development, hence, adopting management practices integrating environmental, social, and economic considerations is crucial for promoting sustainable development in Niger Delta oil communities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest of Hypotheses\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSOCIAL DIMENSION\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eECONOMIC DIMENSION\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandardized Beta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandardized Beta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandardized Beta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.085\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlanning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.334\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.373\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.461\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImplementation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.562\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.431\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonitoring\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.918\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.215\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.078\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.067\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.527\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSource: Researcher\u0026rsquo;s survey, 2025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5.0: Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eGoing by the above MIS values on current state of PMP by oil firms in the study area, it is discovered that there is moderate agreement among the respondents on the state of project management practices during oil firm\u0026rsquo;s developmental projects in host communities. This is an indication that oil firms sparingly involve the host communities in crucial matters before, during and after execution of major projects in the community. This synonymous to the findings of Olawale and Sun (2014) who found out that involving indigenous communities and local leaders in decision-making processes enhances sustainability hence, stakeholder engagement is crucial for project success and sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study likewise observed that PMP by oil firms has mild effect on sustainable development of the host communities. This is because PMP by oil firms is not sufficient enough to guarantee the socio-economic prosperity and environmental conservation of these communities. As such better developmental interventions aimed at alleviating the suffering of the community people will be a step in the right direction. This outcome of the study confirms the findings of Aderonke and Adeniyi (2020) whose study highlighted the need for project management practices to incorporate and prioritize environmental and social sustainability, supporting local development programs, building infrastructure, and creating employment opportunities to improve the quality of life in communities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6.0 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study has established that state of PMP by oil firms in the study area is unanimously agreed to be moderate going by the perception of the community stakeholders in the study area. On a broad note, the study found out that the implementation strategy by oil firms relatively brought about the mild effect (over planning, monitoring and evaluation) of PMP on sustainable development of the host communities. This sequel to the fact that PMP is only a small fraction of required interventions by oil firms to ascertain socio-economic prosperity and environmental conservation of oil producing communities in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was duly obtained from all participants involved in this study and that all ethical protocols were observed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the preparation of this work the authors used Quillbot to rephrase and improve language readability. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and we take full responsibility for the content of the publication.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdekola J, Fischbacher-Smith M, Fischbacher-Smith D, Adekola O (2017) Health risks from environmental degradation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environ Plann C: Politics Space 35(2):334\u0026ndash;354\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlbert ON, Amaratunga D, Haigh RP (2018) Evaluation of the impacts of oil spill disaster on communities and its influence on restiveness in Niger Delta, Nigeria. 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Mar Pollut Bull 82(1\u0026ndash;2):167\u0026ndash;174\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of South Africa","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Project Management, Sustainable development, exploration, exploitation, Niger Delta","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7842826/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7842826/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates how project management practices (PMP) influence the sustainable development of oil-producing communities in Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. It explores the extent to which the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation dimensions of PMP contribute to environmental, economic, and social sustainability outcomes. A survey research design was employed using a structured questionnaire administered to 154 household heads drawn from a population of 250 in oil-producing communities. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including multiple linear regression, to assess the relationships between PMP constructs and dimensions of sustainable development. Results revealed a moderate level of project management practice, with Mean Index Scores (MIS) ranging from 2.14 to 2.44, indicating limited community engagement throughout project cycles. Regression analysis showed that only the \u003cem\u003eimplementation\u003c/em\u003e construct significantly influenced environmental (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.025), economic (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003), and social (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.004) dimensions of sustainability. The study is geographically limited to Ilaje, which may affect the generalizability of findings to other oil-producing regions. Further comparative studies across multiple localities are recommended to validate and extend these findings. The findings underscore the need for oil firms to institutionalize inclusive project management frameworks that prioritize stakeholder participation and community engagement, thereby promoting socio-economic advancement and environmental conservation in host communities.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Project Management Practices and Sustainable Development of Oil Producing Communities: A tale of Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-16 17:46:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7842826/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0c0bf47e-9d6f-4203-b4db-c6e8e0962dae","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":56161181,"name":"Management"},{"id":56161182,"name":"Environmental Policy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-16T17:46:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-16 17:46:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7842826","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7842826","identity":"rs-7842826","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}