Correlations between photoreceptor cell and retinal blood flow parameters in low to moderate myopia by adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy

Correlations between photoreceptor cell and retinal blood flow parameters in low to moderate myopia by adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Correlations between photoreceptor cell and retinal blood flow parameters in low to moderate myopia by adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy Yu Zhang, Yingfan Wang, Changgeng Liu, Shuai Ming, Qingge Guo, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4288778/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: To study the association between photoreceptor cell and blood flow parameters of low to moderate myopia via novel adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). Design: A prospective study. Methods: The 158 subjects were divided into three groups according tospherical equivalent. AOSLO was used to quantify the spatial characteristics of photoreceptor cell, including density, spacing, regularity, and dispersion; to measure fundus vascular blood flow, including vessel wall thickness (VW), lumen diameter (LD), vessel diameter (VD), the wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR), the cross-sectional area of the vascular wall (WCSA), and blood flow velocity; and to evaluate the association between cells and blood flow parameters using ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Results: With the increase of diopter, the significant difference of photoreceptor cell spacing increased gradually (P<0.001), and was positively correlated with axial length (AL) and LD, it was negatively correlated with spherical equivalent (SE), cell density and WLR. The differences of LD, VD and WCSA increased with the increase of diopter (P=0.007; P=0.008; P=0.038). There was a positive correlation between LD, AL, VW, VD, WCSA, blood flow velocity and velocity standard deviation. LD, VD and WCSA were negatively correlated with SE. Conclusions: Photoreceptor cell spacing, LD, VD, and WCSA exhibited positive correlations with AL, while displaying negative correlations with SE. Cell spacing demonstrated a negative correlation with cell density. There was significant positive correlation between LD, VD, VW and WCSA, and they were positively correlated with blood flow velocity; whereas VD and WCSA were significantly positively with gender. The findings may help to understand the occurrence and development mechanism of myopia, and have potential value in clinical assessment of pathological changes in myopic retinopathy. myopia retinal photoreceptor cell blood flow adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Myopia is one of the most common diseases in the world, it has become a public health problem. [1-8] About 2 billion people worldwide suffer from myopia, and according to statistical projections, the number of people worldwide suffering from this eye disease is expected to grow to 4.76 billion by 2050 [9, 10] In many countries, myopia occurs in more than half of the population. Whether it is mild, moderate or high myopia, it increases the probability of eye tissue changes to varying degrees, and the increase in the number of people with myopia leads to the increase of myopic retinopathy. [11-13] Current studies have shown that the mechanism of retinopathy caused by myopia is mainly caused by the gradual growth of the eye axis or the degeneration of retinal neurons, the detection of retinal photoreceptor cells and blood vessels in early myopia is of potential significance for the prevention of later vision loss and even the diagnosis of early retinopathy. [13, 14] Slit lamp, direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3D MRI) are commonly used as fundus examinations for myopia. [15] OCT and 3D MRI can better assess the peripheral lesions and determine the extent of posterior staphyloma, fundus photography is also a clinical examination to detect the fundus damage caused by myopia, but the drawback is that it may not be possible to evaluate minor lesions. [16, 17] As for the hidden lesions of fundus blood vessels, the analysis of fundus fluorescein angiography may be required, but it requires a certain amount of contrast agent to be injected into the body, Doppler translation can also be used to examine fundus blood vessels, which has relatively strict requirements for vascular signals. [18, 19] Therefore, noninvasive and effective monitoring of retinal pathological changes including photoreceptor cell and blood flow in the early stage of myopic retinopathy is necessary. Adaptive optics systems have become superior techniques for producing high-contrast, high-resolution fundus retinal images, [20, 21] it has been applied to study the biological and functional principles of photoreceptors, as well as to the detection of photoreceptor cells and blood vessels in the fundus. [22, 23] Due to imperfections in the structure of the human eye, such as the cornea and lens, passing light can cause optical distortion, and the size and form of the optical distortion can change from person to person. This makes it impossible for traditional fundus cameras to achieve high-resolution retinal imaging, and adaptive optics can solve this problem. The novel AOSLO (Mona Ⅱa; Robotrak Technologies Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China) was used in this study to dynamically correct optical aberrations in the eyes, and it has a transverse optical resolution of 2 μm for noninvasive, rapid acquisition of retinal microstructure images, tracking of retinal microlesions, and quantitative analysis of biomarkers such as optic cell distribution and arteriolar wall thickness, the blood flow of specific fundus blood vessels can be selected for observation, including the measurement of blood vessel wall thickness and the determination of blood flow direction. In this study, we established the AOSLO database of Chinese Asian people with low and moderate myopia, and statistically analyzed the correlations between photoreceptor cell and retinal blood flow parameters in this population by a novel AOSLO. Methods Subjects One hundred and fifty-eight subjects aged 19 to 56 years were recruited from Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, from August 2023 to September 2023. This prospective study was approved by the Ethics Committees of Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Eye Institute and the Henan Provincial People’s Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (HNEEC-2023-31-03). This study has been registered in the National Healthcare Security Informmation Platform of China (MR-41-24-054550). This study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all patients and/or their guardians. 1.1 Subject Inclusion c riteria a: Age 19-56 (including 19 and 56 years old); sex not limited; b: Can fully cooperate with the instructions to complete the inspection. 1.2 Subject exclusion criter ia a: Hypertension (systolic > 140 mmHg, diastolic > 90 mmHg); b: Pregnant or lactating women; c: Subjects with high intraocular pressure (IOP) (>21 mmHg) or other reasons for not performing mydriatic surgery; d: The spherical exceeds ±5.0 D or the cylindrical exceeds ±2.0 D; e: Aphakic eye or intraocular lens eye; f: Those who received photodynamic therapy within 48 hours; g: Subjects who have a history of photosensitivity or who take drugs that may cause photosensitivity side effects; h: Those who cannot fully expose the pupil area, such as in ptosis; i: Subjects suffering from epidemic keratoconjunctivitis or in the active phase of other infectious diseases; j: The refractive medium is cloudy and cannot obtain a satisfactory image; k: Subjects who have poor fixed vision or cannot cooperate with the inspection for other reasons; l: Subjects with obvious skin lesions on the jaw or forehead who cannot contact the mandibular rest or forehead rest; m: Those who participated in clinical trials of other drugs/devices within the past three months; n: Subjects who were judged by the investigator to be unsuitable for participation in this clinical trial. 1.3 Clinical Examination All enrolled subjects underwent a general body and comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including blood pressure measurements (Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor [YE8800AR]; Jiangsu Yuyue Medical Equipment & Supply Co., Ltd.), urine pregnancy tests, general vision examinations (Wenzhou Xingkang Medical Technology Co., Ltd.), computer optometry Topcon KR•800), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (noncontact tonometer, NT-530; NIDEK, Gamagori, Japan), axial length examinations (IOL Master 500; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany), slit lamps (Chongqing KangHuaRMing S&T Co., Ltd.), swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) (Vision Micro Image (Henan) Technology Co., Ltd.), and adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (Mona Ⅱa; Robotrak Technologies Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China). 1 drop of tropicamide phenylephrine eye drops (Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shiga Plant, Japan) was used for pupil dilation in this study.The pupil diameter measured under room illumination was equal to or greater than 6 mm before starting the experiment. In addition, all subjects received subjective refraction (Wenzhou Xingkang Medical Technology Co., Ltd.) to ensure the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/20 or better. 1.4 Grouping of subjects The subjects were divided into three groups according to the results of the spherical equivalent (SE), which were calculated as diopter spherical powers plus half of the negative cylinder power: (1) the first group had normal vision (SE: +0.50 to -0.5 D); (2) the second group had low myopia (LM, SE: -0.50 to -3.0 D); and (3) the third group had moderate myopia (MM, SE: -3.0 to -6.0 D). AOSLO Measurements AOSLO (Mona Ⅱa; Robotrak Technologies Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China) was used to display the spatial features of photoreceptors and to evaluate the characteristics of blood flow in fundus vessels. It is designed telecentric，the refractive error correction of the AOSLO is not change the angular substance as viewed from the eye. AOSLO imaging and wavefront sensors used the same 840 nm light source (840 nm SLD, FWHM-40 nm); the field of view of the retina was 2.4 × 2.4° (~700x 700 µm), and the device was designed to image over a 7 mm exit pupil. A 8kHz resonant scanner mirror scans the beam horizontally, and a 14Hz galvo mirror scans vertically, yielding a 14Hz frame rate. A confocal pinhole of diameter equal to ~2 Airy disk is placed prior to a Avanlache Photo Diode detector. To correct ocular aberrations, the system uses a high-speed deformable mirror in combination with a customized Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. Imaging power entering subject pupil was below 600 uW, well below ANSI limits. The cell acquisition mode and a scanning field of view of 2.4°*2.4° were chosen. To acquire cell images at 3 degrees nasal to the macular center (assumed to be coincident with the locus of fixation), the horizontal angle in the fixed-vision navigation panel was modified to +3° or -3°. For the right eye, an angle of -3° was chosen, and for the left eye, a angle of +3° was chosen, while the vertical angle was kept at 0°. The position of the patient’s head was adjusted so that the pupil was in the center of the pupil camera frame, and the wavefront image of the wavefront camera was considered to be a nearly perfect circle before the adaptive optics process was ended. The focus of the AOSLO beam was manually fine-tuned to obtain the sharpest photoreceptor cell video, the red button was clicked, and the image was acquired for 3 seconds. Five images were captured at the same location repeatedly. Next, the acquisition mode was switched to vascular and blood flow measurements. The red box was dragged during fixed-vision navigation to adjust the subject's gaze direction to find the target blood vessel to wait for the adaptive optical imaging process to end. In addition, the secondary superior retinal artery vessels were the target vessels for collection. 2.1 Measurement of retinal cell acquisition with AOSLO The spatial characteristics of the photoreceptor cells, including density, spacing, regularity and dispersion, were recorded. Cell density was defined as the number of detected cells in the image divided by the actual area of the image, cell spacing was defined as the mean of the actual distance between all cells and their nearest neighbors, cell regularity was defined as the number of cells within a certain range (i.e., the percentage between 5-7 adjacent cells), and cell dispersion was defined as the ratio of the mean to the variance in the distance between photoreceptor cells and was used to measure the dispersion of photoreceptor cells ( Fig. 1 ). 2.2 Measurement of retinal blood vessel and blood flow with AOSLO The fundus blood vessels, including the VW, LD, VD, WLR, WCSA, blood flow velocity, and velocity standard deviation, were quickly scanned by a high-frequency galvanometer. Blood flow velocity is mainly used to capture the movement of blood cells in blood vessels, and the sampling time can last for several seconds. Algorithms process blood flow signals to automatically analyze the displacement and speed of millions of blood cells. Data such as the average blood flow velocity and blood flow of the collected vessels were also analyzed. We selected a single clearly imaged arteriole and manually calibrated the VD and LD ( Fig. 2 ). Blood vessel diameter and lumen diameter were previously measured by Baumbach and Heistad, but Heagerty et al. measured the cross-sectional area (WCSA). [24, 25] The velocity is the speed at which each cell flows relative to blood vessels, Δx is the displacement of the blood cells in space, Δt is the displacement in time, Δt is the ratio of the two velocities of the cells relative to the direction of the line sweep, k is the number of microns of retinal tissue represented by each pixel, and θ is the angle between the cell stripe and the spatial axis. Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed with SPSS (version 19.0.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA.). Photoreceptor cell spacing, LD, VD and WCSA were defined as categorical variables. Age, IOP, AL, SE, and remaining photoreceptor cells and vascular parameters were evaluated as categorical variables. ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation (i.e., 0-0.2 was very weak; 0.2-0.4 was weak; we did not include the final analysis) were used to compare the differences between groups and the correlations between fundus photoreceptor cell parameters and blood flow parameters. P values less than 0.050 indicated statistical significance. Results 1. General Information A total of 158 eyes were included. The demographic and ocular characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1 . There were 33 men and 125 women (male, n=33, 20.9%; female, n=125, 79.1%). The mean age of the participants was 27.5±0.707 years, the age ranged between 19 and 56 years, the mean IOP was 15.15±2.787 mmHg, and the mean AL was 24.54±0.899 mm. The visual acuity and diopter values of the study participants are shown in Table 2 . For 158 subjects, the mean sphere length was -2.339±1.586 D, the mean cylinder length was -0.542±0.379 D, and the mean axial was 92.065±59.767. The grouping of participants according to SE is shown in Table 3 . A total of 22 subjects in the first group had normal vision (SE: +0.50 to -0.5D of the sphere), 67 had low myopia (LM, SE: -0.50 to -3.0D of the sphere), 69 had moderate myopia (MM, SE: -3.0 to -6.0D of the sphere), and the mean SE was -2.604±1.624D. 2. Analysis of fundus cell spatial characteristics and v ascular flow parameters 2.1 Relationships between fundus cell parameters and different diopter groups We investigated the relationship between the spatial features of fundus photoreceptor cells during AOSLO examination and different diopters, as shown in Table 4 . The fundus photoreceptor cell characteristics, including density, spacing, regularity and dispersion, were measured. The mean cell spacing of the subjects was 6.854±0.326 µm. There were significant differences in cell spacing with the increase of diopter (P < 0.001) according to ANOVA. The remaining parameters, such as the mean cell density, regularity and dispersion, were 15865.614±4301.399/m 2 , 95.792±2.193%, and 12.532±1.044%, respectively, and there was no correlation between the different diopters (both P > 0.05). 2.2 Relationships between v ascular flow parameters and different diopter groups The relationships between vascular flow parameters and different diopter groups are shown in Table 5 . The mean LD and VD were 81.963±14.262 and 97.992±16.945 μm, the mean WCSA was 2332.231±893.656 µm 2 , and LD, VD, WCSA showed significant difference with the increase of diopter (P=0.007; P=0.008; P=0.038). The remaining fundus blood flow parameters, such as VW, WLR, blood flow velocity and standard deviation of flow velocity, were not significantly different among the different diopters (both P > 0.05). 2.3 Associations b etween AOSLO and clinical parameters We further analyzed the relationships between certain clinical parameters (i.e., age, sex, IOP, AL, and SE), fundus photoreceptor cells and vascular blood flow, as shown in Table 6 . 2.3.1 Associations between cell spacing and clinical parameters There were significant correlations between photoreceptor cell spacing and AL, SE, cell density, LD and WLR (P<0.05). Among these factors, cell spacing was positively correlated with AL and LD, and cell spacing increased significantly with increasing AL (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.545, P<0.001) and LD (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.161, P=0.043). SE, cell density and WLR were negatively correlated with cell spacing (Pearson correlation: -0.471, P<0.001; Pearson correlation: -0.266, P<0.001; Pearson correlation: -0.172, P=0.031); that is, cell spacing decreased as these indicators increased ( Table 6 ). 2.3.2 Associations between lumen diameter and clinical parameters According to the correlation analysis of LD and AOSLO with clinical parameters, LD was significantly correlated with AL, SE, VW, VD, the WCSA, blood flow velocity, and standard deviation (both P<0.05). LD was negatively correlated with SE (Pearson correlation: -0.268, P<0.001) but not with fundus cell spatial characteristics (P＞0.05) and was positively correlated with AL (Pearson correlation: 0.210, P=0.008), VW (Pearson correlation: 0.631, P<0.001), VD (Pearson correlation: 0.984, P<0.001), WCSA (Pearson correlation: 0.838, P<0.001), blood flow velocity (Pearson correlation: 0.300, P<0.001), and velocity standard deviation (Pearson correlation: 0.295, P<0.001) ( Table 6 ). 2.3.3 Associations between vessel diameter and clinical parameters We found that VD was positively correlated with sex (Pearson correlation: 0.188, P=0.018), AL (Pearson correlation: 0.203, P=0.011), VW (Pearson correlation: 0.758, P<0.001), LD (Pearson correlation: 0.984, P<0.001), WCSA (Pearson correlation: 0.918, P<0.001) blood flow velocity (Pearson correlation: 0.314, P<0.001), and flow standard deviation (Pearson correlation: 0.300, P<0.001). With decreasing SE, the VD also decreased (Pearson correlation: -0.262, P<0.001), and the results showed that the VD was most related to the LD ( Table 6 ). 2.3.4 Associations between the cross-sectional area of the vascular walland clinical parameters The WCSA was negatively correlated with the SE (Pearson correlation coefficient: -0.197, P=0.013), but the correlation was very weak. With increasing SE, the WCSA decreased. WCSA had weak positive correlation with sex, AL, WLR, blood flow velocity and the standard deviation of flow velocity (respective Pearson correlations: 0.239, P=0.003; 0.156, P=0.050; 0.406, P<0.001; 0.325, P<0.001; and 0.282, P<0.001). However, WCSA showed a strong positive correlation with VW, as did LD with VD, with the increase of VW; LD and VD also increased (respective Pearson correlations: 0.942, P<0.001; 0.838, P<0.001; and 0.918, P<0.001) ( Table 6 ). Discussion AO was used in the previous studies to analyze fundus photoreceptor cells, such as cone and rod cell receptors and retinal pigment epithelium. [26-28] A novel AOSLO was employed to establish a database of Asian with low to moderate myopia in this study. Changes in photoreceptor cells and blood flow AOSLO parameters between different diopters were analyzed comprehensively according to the SE. The variables of cell spacing, LD, VD, and WCSA exhibited positive correlations with AL while displaying negative correlations with SE. Additionally, cell spacing demonstrated a negative correlation with cell density. Moreover, LD, VD, VW, and WCSA displayed strong positive associations with blood flow velocity; whereas VD and WCSA were significantly positively associated with gender. We observed significant variations in the spacing of photoreceptor cells in different diopters, while no significant differences were found in terms of cell density, regularity, and dispersion. The increase in AL was significantly correlated with the increase in cell spacing. These findings are consistent with the results of previous studies, possibly due to the growth of the AL, mechanical tension in the fundus may increase, thereby altering the distribution of photoreceptor cells. [28] Previous studies have shown correlations between photoreceptor cell density and regularity in different diopters, however our findings did not find it, which could be attributed to multiple factors. [29-31] . Firstly, myopia causes elongation of the fovea of the retina, but the effect within its fovea is mainly influenced by factors other than cell density, which have a high degree of intersubjective variability, the results may differ from studies. Secondly, there exist multiple factors that influence the acquisition of clear fundus images using AOSLO. Although our subjects were excluded based on criteria such as age-related cataracts or vitreous turbidity due to various reasons, it should be noted that early mild spotty cataracts have not been completely ruled out. Thirdly, the effectiveness of the light entering the eye cannot be guaranteed due to interindividual variations in pupil and iris sizes among the subjects. We observed a weak correlation between the spacing of photoreceptor cells and both LD and the WLR, potentially attributed to potential inaccuracies in manual measurements. In previous studies, laser Doppler has been employed for the analysis of fundus blood vessels and LD, while AOSLO has emerged as a prevalent technique for assessing retinal blood vessel morphology and lumen. AOSLO may hold significant implications in evaluating aberrant changes in fundus vascular structure and hemodynamics under microscopic examination. [32] In our study, the results suggested significantly positive correlation with VD and the WLR, which is consistent with previous results. [33] Our results indicated that the WLR was weakly correlated with the AL, SE and blood flow velocity but was not significantly correlated with age. However, Koch et al. and Eva et al. found that age also had a significant impact on the WLR, and they found that blood pressure and age accounted for 43% of the variation in the WLR. [34, 35] This observation may be attributed to the predominantly young or middle-aged subjects enrolled in our study, resulting in relatively stable arterial blood pressure fluctuations. Our results showed that WCSA was significantly positively correlated with VW, WLR, VD and LD. It can potentially serve as a foundation for the initiation and progression of retinal blood vessel changes in early-stage hypertensive patients. With the increase of WCSA and WLR, vascular remodeling occurs in hypertensive patients. Previous studies have indicated a high likelihood of such remodeling occurring in patients with chronic moderate-to-severe hypertension. We also found that there was a weak correlation between blood flow velocity and LD, VD and WCSA. The results suggested the larger vascular lumen, the faster the vascular flow. Meanwhile, we investigated a weak positive correlation between VD, WCSA and sex. These results may provide basis for the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of myopic retinopathy, further research is needed on the relationship between AOSLO and other relevant parameters. There are several limitations to our study. Firstly, the novel AOSLO demands precise positioning and coordination of its subject matter. High-quality images were not obtained for some subjects with cataracts or vitreous opacity. Secondly, the significance of the findings could be further enhanced by including individuals with farsightedness and high myopia in our study. Finally, although five fundus images of blood vessels and flow were analyzed, only the same retinal artery was evaluated, which limited the accurate assessment of overall retinal condition, further research and improvement are needed. In conclusion, we established a database of AOSLO for healthy people and low to moderate myopia in Chinese Asian populations. Cell density decreased and cell spacing, LD, VD and WCSA increased with increasing degree of myopia. Vascular flow related parameters LD, VD and fundus photoreceptor cell related parameter cell spacing were positively correlated with AL, and negatively correlated with SE, LD and WCSA were positively correlated with gender. These findings may help to understand the occurrence and development mechanism of myopia, and have potential value in clinical assessment of pathological changes in myopic retinopathy. Declarations Data Statement The original contributions of this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors. Ethics approval and consent to participate Medical Ethics Committee approval was obtained (Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital; approval number: HNEEC-2023-31-03). The research adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Author Contributions YZ and YF W, CG L, QG G, SM, QL and BL performed the initial clinical database searches. YZ performed the statistical analysis. YZ and YF W prepared the first draft of the manuscript and table. All the authors contributed to the study revision and edited the manuscript. All the authors reviewed the manuscript. QL and BL were co-corresponding authors. QL and BL supervised the study and contributed to the final version of this manuscript for approval. Acknowledgments The authors thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. Financial support: This study received funding from the Henan Medical Science Foundation of China (no. SBGJ2018083), the Basic Research Project of Henan Provincial Eye Hospital (no. 21JCQN005), Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (222300420196), and 23456 Talent Project of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital. References DONG L, KANG Y K, LI Y, et al. PREVALENCE AND TIME TRENDS OF MYOPIA IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN CHINA: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis [J]. Retina, 2020, 40(3): 399-411. TSAI T H, LIU Y L, MA I H, et al. Evolution of the Prevalence of Myopia among Taiwanese Schoolchildren: A Review of Survey Data from 1983 through 2017 [J]. Ophthalmology, 2021, 128(2): 290-301. CHOY B N K, YOU Q, ZHU M M, et al. Prevalence and associations of myopia in Hong Kong primary school students [J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2020, 64(4): 437-49. 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RITT M, HARAZNY J M, OTT C, et al. Analysis of retinal arteriolar structure in never-treated patients with essential hypertension [J]. J Hypertens, 2008, 26(7): 1427-34. KOCH E, ROSENBAUM D, BROLLY A, et al. Morphometric analysis of small arteries in the human retina using adaptive optics imaging: relationship with blood pressure and focal vascular changes [J]. J Hypertens, 2014, 32(4): 890-8. MEIXNER E, MICHELSON G. Measurement of retinal wall-to-lumen ratio by adaptive optics retinal camera: a clinical research [J]. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2015, 253(11): 1985-95. BALEANU D, RITT M, HARAZNY J, et al. Wall-to-lumen ratio of retinal arterioles and arteriole-to-venule ratio of retinal vessels in patients with cerebrovascular damage [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2009, 50(9): 4351-9. Tables Table 1. Demographic and Ocular Characteristics of Study Participants Characteristic Summary Statistics (N=158 eyes in 158 participants ) Age (at time of examination) Mean (standard deviation) 27.5 (0.707) Gender Male 33 (20.9%) Female 125 (79.1%) IOP (mmHg) 15.15(2.787) AL (mm) 24.54 (0.899) Data are mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise indicated; AL:axial lengths; IOP: intraocular pressure. Table 2. Visual and Refractive Examination of Study Participants Parameter (Mean (SD), n=158) SPH (D) -2.339 (1.586) CYL (D) -0.542 (0.379) AX 92.065 (59.767) SE (D) -2.604 (1.624) BCVA (Log MAR) -0.009 (0.029) Data were showed in the form of Mean (SD, standard deviation); SPH:sphere; CYL:cylinder; AX:axial; SE:spherical equivalent; D:diopter; BCVA:best corrected visual acuity. Table 3. Grouping of Spherical Equivalent of Study Participants SE(D) n (%) -0.5D to +0.5D 22(0.14) -3.0D to <-0.5D 67(0.42) -6.0D to <-3.0D 69(0.44) SE:spherical equivalent; D:diopter. Table 4. Fundus Cell Analysis of AO Inspection in Different Dioptric Groups Fundus cell parameter G Groups (SE) F p value* -6.0D to ≤+0.5D (Mean(SD), n=158) Group A (Mean(SD),n=22) Group B (Mean(SD),n=67) Group C (Mean(SD),n=69) Cell density (/m²) 15865.614(4301.399) 16735.149(1591.156) 15870.392(1653.656) 15583.731(6241.56) 0.595 0.553 Cell spacing (µm) 6.854(0.326) 6.399 (0.269) 6.476 (0.293) 6.748 (0.301) 19.736 ＜0.001 * Regularity (%) 95.792(2.193) 95.571(3.801) 95.462(2.352) 96.182 (0.997) 1.983 1.141 Dispersion (%) 12.532(1.044) 12.250 (1.235) 12.755 (0.977) 12.407(1.015) 2.892 0.058 Data were showed in the form of Mean (standard deviation). SE:spherical equivalent; Group A:-0.5Dto+0.5D(SE); Group B:-3.0Dto<-0.5D(SE); Group C:-6.0Dto<-3.0D(SE); *ANOVA test for comparison of any difference; * Significant differences were found by p<0.05. Table 5. Vascular flow Analysis of AO inspection results in Different Dioptric Groups Vascular flow parameter Groups (SE) F p value* Group A (Mean(SD),n=22) Group B (Mean(SD),n=67) Group C (Mean(SD),n=69) -6.0D to≤+0.5D (Mean(SD),n=158) Wall thickness (µm) 14.671 (4.641) 15.832 (3.354) 16.670 (3.915) 16.036 (3.834) 2.477 0.087 Lumen diameter (µm) 77.178 (14.520) 79.492(12.359) 85.887(15.075) 81.963(14.262) 5.109 0.007 * Vessel diameter (µm) 91.813 (18.545) 95.325 (14.806) 102.553(17.422) 97.992 (16.945) 5.038 0.008 * WLR 0.188(0.037) 0.200(0.034) 0.196 (0.039) 0.197 (0.037) 0.918 0.401 WCSA (µm 2 ) 2047.604(1048.751) 2225.287(749.703) 2526.825(939.564) 2332.231(893.656) 3.327 0.038 * Blood flow velocity (mm/s) 37.955 (12.936) 41.225 (13.055) 42.290 (11.144) 41.234 (12.240) 1.047 0.354 Velocity standard deviation (mm/s) 11.853 (6.905) 13.092 (8.125) 12.905 (5.155) 12.837(6.768) 0.281 0.755 Confidence 0.887(0.129) 0.890 (0.110) 0.888(0.112) 0.888 (0.113) 0.006 0.994 Data were showed in the form of Mean (standard deviation). SE: spherical equivalent; Group A:-0.5Dto+0.5D(SE); Group B:-3.0Dto<-0.5D(SE); Group C:-6.0Dto<-3.0D(SE); WLR:the wall-to-lumen ratio; WCSA:the cross-sectional area of the vascular wall; ANOVA test for comparison of any difference; * Significant differences were found by p<0.05. Table 6. Correlation Analysis of Clinical and AO parameters Change in cell spacing Change in LD Change in VD Change in WCSA Pearson Correlation P value Pearson Correlation P value Pearson Correlation P value Pearson Correlation P value Risk Factors Multivariate analysis Multivariate analysis Multivariate analysis Multivariate analysis Age -0.133 0.097 0.014 0.857 0.031 0.699 0.059 0.465 Gender -0.097 0.226 0.154 0.053 0.188 ** 0.018 0.239 ** 0.003 IOP 0.018 0.177 0.029 0.721 0.040 0.616 0.042 0.599 AL 0.545 ** ＜0.001 0.210 ** 0.008 0.203 * 0.011 0.156 * 0.050 SE -0.471 ** ＜0.001 -0.268 ** ＜0.001 -0.262 ** ＜0.001 -0.197 * 0.013 Cell density -0.266 ** ＜0.001 -0.101 0.205 -0.080 0.319 -0.030 0.708 Regularity 0.068 0.393 -0.011 0.893 -0.033 0.677 -0.069 0.392 Dispersion -0.081 0.310 0.073 0.359 0.086 0.282 0.103 0.196 Cell spacing NA NA -0.029 0.887 0.125 0.177 0.031 0.703 Wall thickness -0.048 0.545 0.631 ** ＜0.001 0.758 ** ＜0.001 0.942 ** ＜0.001 Lumen diameter 0.161 * 0.043 NA NA 0.984 ** ＜0.001 0.838 ** ＜0.001 Vessel diameter 0.125 0.117 0.984 ** ＜0.001 NA NA 0.918 ** ＜0.001 WLR -0.172 * 0.031 -0.111 0.166 -0.022 0.802 0.406 ** ＜0.001 WCSA 0.031 0.703 0.838 ** ＜0.001 0.918 ** ＜0.001 NA NA Blood flow velocity -0.017 0.836 0.300 ** ＜0.001 0.314 ** ＜0.001 0.325 ** ＜0.001 Velocity standard deviation -0.101 0.205 0.295 ** ＜0.001 0.300 ** ＜0.001 0.282 ** ＜0.001 IOP:intraocular pressure; SE:spherical equivalent; AL:axial lengths; LD:lumen diameter; VD:vessel diameter; WLR:the wall-to-lumen ratio; WCSA:the cross-sectional area of the vascular wall; * :Significant differences were found by p<0.05; ** :Significant differences were found by p<0.01. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4288778","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":293837086,"identity":"0b9fb6c1-83a5-4cc0-bc89-845cc1f1d5f1","order_by":0,"name":"Yu Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yu","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":293837087,"identity":"463c9a14-3881-4901-b026-5c467c3017ce","order_by":1,"name":"Yingfan Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yingfan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":293837088,"identity":"4e04011d-7415-4f8c-8034-7d2dfa2d6ec9","order_by":2,"name":"Changgeng Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Changgeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":293837089,"identity":"d1c801b7-2f81-4bd7-b96f-2069ec3b15d4","order_by":3,"name":"Shuai Ming","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuai","middleName":"","lastName":"Ming","suffix":""},{"id":293837090,"identity":"b1b2807b-4627-4be9-8e6e-8c2fd3c5ee17","order_by":4,"name":"Qingge Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qingge","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":293837091,"identity":"5427a4ad-d153-4635-815d-c001b998f56e","order_by":5,"name":"Bo Lei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bo","middleName":"","lastName":"Lei","suffix":""},{"id":293837092,"identity":"71862129-ca3f-429a-afa8-c9df74a76428","order_by":6,"name":"Qian Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxv7mgw8kDCR4GNsbiNTCPONYsoFFhYUcc88BIrWwN+SYCVScqTBmn5FApBbehjNmDDfbJBJ7Zz7eeIOhxiaaoBbJ5rayhzOBWmbOTiu2YDiWlttASIthw+HtxpJALRtn55hJMDYcJqzF/kCCmfRfoJb9N88QqYWxIcVMQuKMhDHjDB5itYACWaJCQo6xB+iXBGL8Ao3KOmBUHt5440ONDWEtyMBAIoEU5RAtpOoYBaNgFIyCkQEAjyVDhNlAGc4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qian","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-18 15:32:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4288778/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4288778/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55245396,"identity":"57bd25f2-976f-4365-ac99-7d287be1ab03","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-24 16:04:05","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3049983,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRepresentative image of adaptive optics (AO). (A) Create a window with the fovea as the center and ROI as a white square to form one of the images of the AO montage. (B) The white squares are enlarged views of the ROI.ROI, region of interest.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4288778/v1/2df1c367675f0801c8d085b1.jpg"},{"id":55245395,"identity":"9dfd7515-409a-42dd-93a4-512e4334a5a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-24 16:04:05","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2536884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAdaptive optics (AO) representative images of fundus blood vessels. AB: vessel diameter (VD); CD: lumen diameter (LD); AB-CD: vessel wall thickness (VW); The red arrow indicates the direction of the selected blood vessel.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4288778/v1/110c42cbdc960b917428d5ab.jpg"},{"id":66624647,"identity":"ee273eac-7d1e-438b-88e5-95a05e89f49c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-15 03:17:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6798145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4288778/v1/58df6148-cb8e-4e50-873a-f5f1c4a349a2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Correlations between photoreceptor cell and retinal blood flow parameters in low to moderate myopia by adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMyopia is one of the most common diseases in the world, it has become a public health problem.\u003csup\u003e[1-8]\u003c/sup\u003e About 2 billion people worldwide suffer from myopia, and according to statistical projections, the number of people worldwide suffering from this eye disease is expected to grow to 4.76 billion by 2050\u003csup\u003e[9, 10]\u003c/sup\u003e In many countries, myopia occurs in more than half of the population. Whether it is mild, moderate or high myopia, it increases the probability of eye tissue changes to varying degrees, and the increase in the number of people with myopia leads to the increase of myopic retinopathy.\u003csup\u003e[11-13]\u003c/sup\u003e Current studies have shown that the mechanism of retinopathy caused by myopia is mainly caused by the gradual growth of the eye axis or the degeneration of retinal neurons,\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ethe detection of retinal photoreceptor cells and blood vessels in early myopia is of potential significance for the prevention of later vision loss and even the diagnosis of early retinopathy.\u003csup\u003e[13, 14]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSlit lamp, direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3D MRI) are commonly used as fundus examinations for myopia.\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003eOCT and 3D MRI can better assess the peripheral lesions and determine the extent of posterior staphyloma, fundus photography is also a clinical examination to detect the fundus damage caused by myopia, but the drawback is that it may not be possible to evaluate minor lesions.\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[16, 17]\u003c/sup\u003eAs for the hidden lesions of fundus blood vessels, the analysis of fundus fluorescein angiography may be required,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ebut it requires a certain amount of contrast agent to be injected into the body, Doppler translation can also be used to examine fundus blood vessels, which has relatively strict requirements for vascular signals.\u003csup\u003e[18, 19]\u003c/sup\u003eTherefore, noninvasive and effective monitoring of retinal pathological changes including photoreceptor cell and blood flow in the early stage of myopic retinopathy is necessary.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdaptive optics systems have\u0026nbsp;become\u0026nbsp;superior techniques for producing high-contrast, high-resolution fundus retinal images,\u003csup\u003e[20, 21]\u003c/sup\u003e it has been applied to study the biological and functional principles of photoreceptors, as well as to the detection of photoreceptor cells and blood vessels in the fundus.\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[22, 23]\u003c/sup\u003eDue to imperfections in the structure of the human eye, such as the cornea and lens, passing light can cause optical distortion,\u0026nbsp;and the size and form of the optical distortion can change from person to person. This makes it impossible for traditional fundus cameras to achieve high-resolution retinal imaging, and adaptive optics can solve this problem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe novel AOSLO (Mona Ⅱa; Robotrak Technologies Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China) was used in this study to dynamically correct optical aberrations in the eyes, and it has a transverse optical resolution of 2 \u0026mu;m for noninvasive, rapid acquisition of retinal microstructure images, tracking of retinal microlesions, and quantitative analysis of biomarkers such as optic cell distribution and arteriolar wall thickness, the blood flow of specific fundus blood vessels can be selected for observation, including the measurement of blood vessel wall thickness and the determination of blood flow direction. In this study, we established the AOSLO database of Chinese Asian people with low and moderate myopia, and statistically analyzed the correlations between photoreceptor cell and retinal blood flow parameters in this population by a novel AOSLO.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubjects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne hundred and fifty-eight subjects aged 19\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;56\u0026nbsp;years were recruited\u0026nbsp;from\u0026nbsp;Henan Provincial People\u0026rsquo;s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital,\u0026nbsp;from August 2023 to September 2023.\u0026nbsp;This prospective study was approved by the Ethics Committees of Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Eye Institute and the Henan Provincial People\u0026rsquo;s Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (HNEEC-2023-31-03). This study has been registered in the National Healthcare Security Informmation Platform of China (MR-41-24-054550). This study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all patients and/or their guardians.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubject Inclusion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eriteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAge 19-56 (including 19 and 56 years old); sex not limited;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCan fully cooperate with the instructions to complete the inspection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubject exclusion criter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHypertension (systolic \u0026gt; 140 mmHg, diastolic \u0026gt;\u0026nbsp;90 mmHg);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePregnant or lactating women;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSubjects with high intraocular pressure (IOP) (\u0026gt;21 mmHg) or other reasons for not performing mydriatic surgery;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe spherical\u0026nbsp;exceeds \u0026plusmn;5.0 D or the cylindrical\u0026nbsp;exceeds \u0026plusmn;2.0 D;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAphakic eye or intraocular lens eye;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThose who received photodynamic therapy within 48 hours;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSubjects who have a history of photosensitivity or who take drugs that may cause photosensitivity side effects;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eh:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThose who cannot fully expose the pupil area, such as in ptosis;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ei:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSubjects suffering from epidemic keratoconjunctivitis or in the active phase of other infectious diseases;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ej:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe refractive medium is cloudy and cannot obtain a satisfactory image;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ek:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSubjects who have poor fixed vision or cannot cooperate with the inspection for other reasons;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003el:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSubjects with obvious skin lesions on the jaw or forehead who cannot contact the mandibular rest or forehead rest;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThose who participated in clinical trials of other drugs/devices within the past three months;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSubjects who were judged by the investigator to be unsuitable for participation in this clinical trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3 Clinical Examination\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll enrolled subjects underwent a general body and comprehensive\u0026nbsp;ophthalmic\u0026nbsp;examination, including blood pressure measurements (Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor [YE8800AR]; Jiangsu Yuyue Medical Equipment \u0026amp; Supply Co., Ltd.), urine pregnancy\u0026nbsp;tests, general\u0026nbsp;vision examinations (Wenzhou Xingkang Medical Technology Co., Ltd.), computer optometry\u0026nbsp;Topcon KR\u0026bull;800),\u0026nbsp;best corrected visual\u0026nbsp;acuity (BCVA),\u0026nbsp;intraocular pressure\u0026nbsp;(noncontact tonometer, NT-530; NIDEK, Gamagori, Japan), axial length examinations\u0026nbsp;(IOL Master 500; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany), slit lamps\u0026nbsp;(Chongqing KangHuaRMing S\u0026amp;T Co., Ltd.), swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT)\u0026nbsp;(Vision Micro Image (Henan) Technology Co., Ltd.), and adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy\u0026nbsp;(Mona Ⅱa; Robotrak Technologies Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China).\u0026nbsp;1 drop of tropicamide phenylephrine eye drops (Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shiga Plant, Japan) was used for pupil dilation in this study.The pupil diameter measured under room illumination was equal to or greater than 6 mm before starting the experiment. In addition, all subjects received subjective refraction (Wenzhou Xingkang Medical Technology Co., Ltd.)\u0026nbsp;to ensure the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA)\u0026nbsp;of 20/20 or better.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.4 Grouping of subjects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe subjects were divided into three groups according to the results of the spherical\u0026nbsp;equivalent (SE),\u0026nbsp;which\u0026nbsp;were\u0026nbsp;calculated as diopter spherical\u0026nbsp;powers\u0026nbsp;plus half\u0026nbsp;of the negative cylinder power:\u0026nbsp;(1) the first group had normal vision\u0026nbsp;(SE: +0.50 to -0.5 D); (2) the second group had low myopia (LM, SE: -0.50 to -3.0 D); and (3) the third group had moderate myopia (MM, SE: -3.0 to -6.0 D).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOSLO Measurements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAOSLO\u0026nbsp;(Mona Ⅱa; Robotrak Technologies Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China) was used to display the spatial features of photoreceptors\u0026nbsp;and to evaluate the characteristics of blood flow in fundus vessels. It is designed telecentric，the refractive error correction of the AOSLO is not change the angular substance as viewed from the eye. AOSLO imaging and\u0026nbsp;wavefront sensors used the same 840 nm light source (840 nm SLD, FWHM-40 nm); the field of view of the retina was 2.4 \u0026times; 2.4\u0026deg; (~700x 700 \u0026micro;m), and the device was designed to image over a 7 mm exit pupil. A 8kHz resonant scanner mirror scans the beam horizontally, and a 14Hz galvo mirror scans vertically, yielding a 14Hz frame rate. A confocal pinhole of diameter equal to ~2 Airy disk is placed prior to a Avanlache Photo Diode detector. To correct ocular aberrations, the system uses a high-speed deformable mirror in combination with a customized Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. Imaging power entering subject pupil was below 600 uW, well below ANSI limits. The cell acquisition mode\u0026nbsp;and a scanning field of view of 2.4\u0026deg;*2.4\u0026deg;\u0026nbsp;were chosen. To acquire cell images at 3 degrees nasal to the macular center (assumed to be coincident with the locus of fixation), the horizontal angle in the fixed-vision navigation panel was modified to +3\u0026deg; or -3\u0026deg;. For the right eye, an angle of -3\u0026deg; was chosen, and for the left eye, a angle of +3\u0026deg; was chosen, while the vertical angle was kept at 0\u0026deg;. The position of the patient\u0026rsquo;s head was adjusted so that the pupil was in the center of the pupil camera frame, and the wavefront image of the wavefront camera was considered to be a nearly perfect circle before the adaptive optics process was ended. The focus of the AOSLO beam was manually fine-tuned to obtain the sharpest photoreceptor cell video, the red button was clicked, and the image was acquired for 3 seconds. Five images were captured at the same location repeatedly. Next, the acquisition mode was switched to vascular and blood flow measurements. The red box was dragged during fixed-vision navigation to adjust the subject\u0026apos;s gaze direction to find the target blood vessel\u0026nbsp;to wait for the adaptive optical imaging process to end. In addition, the secondary superior retinal artery vessels were the target vessels for collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eretinal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecell acquisition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOSLO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;spatial characteristics of the photoreceptor\u0026nbsp;cells, including density, spacing, regularity and dispersion, were recorded. Cell density was defined as the number of detected cells in the image divided by the actual area of the image, cell spacing was defined as the mean of the actual distance between all cells and their nearest neighbors, cell regularity was defined as the number of cells within a certain range (i.e.,\u0026nbsp;the percentage between 5-7 adjacent cells), and cell dispersion was defined as the ratio of the mean to the variance in\u0026nbsp;the distance between photoreceptor cells and\u0026nbsp;was used to measure the dispersion of photoreceptor cells (\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eretinal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eblood vessel and blood flow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewith\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOSLO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fundus blood vessels, including the VW, LD, VD,\u0026nbsp;WLR,\u0026nbsp;WCSA, blood flow velocity, and velocity\u0026nbsp;standard deviation, were quickly scanned by a high-frequency galvanometer.\u0026nbsp;Blood flow velocity is mainly used to capture the movement of blood cells in blood vessels, and the sampling time can last for several seconds. Algorithms process blood flow signals to automatically analyze the displacement and speed of millions of blood cells. Data such as the average blood flow velocity and blood flow of the collected vessels were also analyzed. We selected a single clearly imaged arteriole and manually calibrated the\u0026nbsp;VD\u0026nbsp;and LD (\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" style=\"width: 236px; height: 118px;\" width=\"236\" height=\"118\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood vessel diameter and lumen\u0026nbsp;diameter were previously measured by Baumbach and Heistad, but Heagerty et al. measured the cross-sectional area (WCSA).\u003csup\u003e[24, 25]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" style=\"width: 235px; height: 52.2222px;\" width=\"235\" height=\"52.2222\"\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe velocity is the speed at which each cell flows relative to blood vessels, \u0026Delta;x is the displacement of the blood cells in space, \u0026Delta;t is the displacement in time, \u0026Delta;t is the ratio of the two velocities of the cells relative to the direction of the line sweep, k is the number of microns of retinal tissue represented by each pixel, and \u0026theta; is the angle between the cell stripe and the spatial axis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAcIAAAAwCAYAAACCNXrjAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAABfaVRYdFNuaXBNZXRhZGF0YQAAAAAAeyJjbGlwUG9pbnRzIjpbeyJ4IjowLCJ5IjowfSx7IngiOjQ1MCwieSI6MH0seyJ4Ijo0NTAsInkiOjQ4fSx7IngiOjAsInkiOjQ4fV19gD1X7gAADmdJREFUeF7tnc3PHVMcx6f+AJSuRCyUhIgQ2kS8JRZVLKQLUWojIap2UpQiNoinkdh5aUjEQhFbjZeFhZcQJI+FWFTFyqqI+APqfs4z3/bX03Pmzp3n6r3X/X6S88wzZ86cl9/L+c3MvXPuhuMjGmOMMWZJOavdGmOMMUuJA6ExxpilxoHQGGPMUuNAaIwxZqlxIDTGGLPUOBAaY4xZahwIzbq55557mksuuaTdM8aYxcLvEZp18euvvzabN29O/6+urjZXXXVV+t8YYxYF3xGadfHhhx82+/fvbzZu3Nh88MEHba4xxiwODoRmXRw8eLB54IEH0uPR999/v809yR9//NHcdtttzYYNG5o33nijzW2ap59+OuUdOHCgzTHGmNngQGgGc/jw4XQnePHFFzc333xzc/To0ebHH39sj67x7LPPNisrK+mu8amnnkp5jzzySHPllVemvOuvvz7lGWPMrPBnhGYw3Ondf//96W6QO79Nmzal4PbCCy+0JU7y5ZdfNjfddFM6ftFFFzW7d+9ujxhjzGxxIDSD4EsyW7ZsaY4cOdKcf/75KY+A+P333ze//PJL2s/hUejOnTub9957r80xxpjZ40ejZhBvvfVWCnwKgrBjx47i41Egj8eoxhgzb5yxQMjnSTxKI51JaO+8885Lj+bM9HjttdeaXbt2tXtrbNu2LW3zb4/y2HTfvn3Nnj17mk8//bTNNUPgS0Zbt25t9+YL7viVuEgyZlZM6idnReNVqgUr8vOyfeDbgs8991zzySeftDlmkeHRJhcXN954Y5uzBneHPPrUt0eZDLkAue+++9IXZm6//fbmr7/+SnnUEb9FavrBBcjevXvbvfmCT1l4XA7XXHNN2pr+4BNM3ppb8Z/S0xUznon95NChQ8c3btzI54QpffHFF3xsWOTYsWPHRxNaKjcy+ONHjx5tj4yHejlv+/btbc7sef311zvHa8qMgt0Je6ml1dXVZFebN29O/wvshuP79+9vc0wJ/DKXM7JDpvMM/k1f7VeTsWfPniQ35iRgbsV30LmpMy0/4SruRHAjEey6wMBpZFy5nHkMhBiaHdbMG0yK+BiTovyMiwn56DxfROBTfeaR/yOaRyedU9An5zGpR5TvOarMNP0kBUIqocKSMnJoHIVPyrwFQoRnI1sMsEnsbhzYMfYV70AXDU1+H330UZuzBjIgyOjOYZyfzgLuYujbeu9iJtFjX9s4Ewy5G+6aFxVY++rafjLcT1IgBJ1IJTUUMCd5JCrmKRBiAAr8DoTzjx6ndjk5tqlyfY1/3ugKJOQxMcoHu/x0VjApjdNTH1QP4+yarNGz5IVcZon0Qn8mmVO6gqcm+743HvaT4X5yIhCqclIeZQV3UbmQaZCGaZBzabykuHGBkDZlFCQG1KUojkmhKp/3mzFhTPRJhkYZGWxMtB3bV4oGGo/XxmGmT3TekpMPdW4mWT5fiPaAHZOXk9s5CRuo+Qrl6Wssr7prF5J6SsE2It/UedTL/iQT7plAE3fsv4KVUj62GjoP3ZSCoY6jd2Q9CflcQ2I/75t0ns8zmmgFeohl8lSDcXGcc0uoj331TJ/Uj2n6Cefltoxe6F9uy5LZovnJKVrSiXS8BB2MlUqwnMf/GhR1sI1wXq1uyiJYCYuByAjyeoA82lVf4h2e6uAYCiGPlAtD9cd82pWhMFbGk4OzU6Z0bF6QrIekXE7zgmyNPkabiPmTBkHOwQ7kOIxddhRRGxyTfKKt5E7OMcpGf4l112SsD/3z49hcDM6ya7Z9kK1Pmkq+2kXJp0D5JV/uohYM1xMEFazZci6JfpEXxxvtShNuLMsxgb4ZcyzPvlIN9aWmx3H2UiL2exp+wnnYcbTlaPuxb2pjEf3kFI+nYk4sNcIgGFAEQefOgjBKA1HdeXnqJT9XjhSQH5MTlIRQqmecc+b5Ug7H6EMOMsgVOk0kp9gv+prLbRmRoyEfbC/uT+LcoAkt17/sK1KzLQVT7DRSsy3Vk+eL2nnYY7Q5jlOO+uYJ+kSKyL/zq/e+SB/IAHlrH72X/LMLyS33JerJ86Wr0iSqeSk/VtNfDdnuuDQp0/QTyTsfK/Mk+XGsi+wnp0lZjcTICuTHAcp4SoJVHbED6hTHIlJQyah1CxwFyP+c05ea0Gr5ULuSoGyuzGkiGcV+qZ+53GaJ+jjN1Jfo1LpgmdS5QYEQOy/ZXkTtlCCfxMQANafvQ8kmGVtel+xknmxCfYq+Sd/zyWkI1EPd0gNtjNNZCd1J9LEXtSW9RjQv5fNQ15xSgrKkErU2+jItP5HsscGSLCKL7CenrSzzzDPPpC0vRbOeJPBSJ+tHxtUifv7557S99957T3nBnqQX53/44Ye0rcGKI6xNCXGpLnHdddel7Uh4qS+U5/9S2WnCzwqNlNq89NJLqU3x7rvvNo8//ni7N314QX2kvHZvjY8//rgZKbLdM+heL+zzcj6yGbKKyWOPPZZ0TF2XXnppWolC9h7h5X/agdzOSeL3339P22+++SZtp/WL/W+//Xbz0EMPtXuncu2117b/zZ6ffvopbW+99dYkR+TJr4x8/vnnzR133JGODQX9ji5cTujhlVdeGTQHaFWjCy+8MG1rRJ3zyyo5V1xxRdpq7hqCVrqq+TZyA+Q5hGn5CeeMAmqad0eBJulUfY8sup+cFgiZjBkwvPzyy2nLCiC1RkZXe1wCFBOTeBcKpjXir50jwHHlpwVG9OSTTybF8jNCgHOzWsFdd92V9peZkq7Xm/rChcnoyj79j51y0YVzTgoTHBOZJtgXX3zxhKPHix/BRFLqt5JW2fn777/Tdgjnnntu+98a2Bzjy23u66+/TttzzjknbecBTdySo7bRh4fCiiv4nualO++8c9CKK5qo54lc54D9KYjdfffdaTsp0/ITYB5fWVlJF47ogV+RYZWxkg4W1U+Ka40+//zzacugGSxb7pJKfPXVV+1/k3PBBRe0/63ddXaBAFWeQZcmq2miu0LGjqD5JXYmzUmuRLna0RVRboRxubqhBlqDqzPVPWkqXe3NC+gcuRHADh061Hz77bfpahUdDQ2Gr776anPs2LFTHJ0l4XKwuf8aLUumuysWNmcyy+9Kfvvtt7Tt+1uOpaUR+yTO64vutlZXV5M8kSV6wnfWA0GQp07oGX2jdwLaLbfcMigYzguapEtL0THXAEFlyIXEtP2EOe+JJ55o/vzzz1SfAis6yOfhhfWTUZQuMhpser46Muj0eUoOz3p1nOe9OTyjjp+x1Z7Xqp3Sh+lqI55De7XykH+ux7mUz5/b1/Ij1EUZxl8bZw3Gpb5o7GqLtmO7HKuVBcpHGSwj8TMPPg8QMT/X/aTI3kiC+pXH8XHoyyHYy6TocxM+ywLqyD9foz/kY1/zQpwLBD5DXtTVpHAudaBfxi2UT3sxfxyyk9rcIaLOSz6v9nOf7DOnCH0GWLJZzYl96smh7/+1n0DexyizRfSTaiBEWBpYLQBI8TSI0GkcKI/QoyL5n7K58XQZtY7FetQvysd8zsX5ovKhZpx5fn4cJEzK5f3ugj7UFBAn25hUP/1gP/aHY5O0/38DPZScW4w7XoKypQlRDh6RrcjxIrQd/SPaTKn+3GFz1BZfNKOeHH2jblw9ZxL5abRRTXQlmfVBdaJXZJoz7ngJzR3oOD8HHcYJPOohR8dyW1N+DDS1oCA/z28y1Mc+33TMYUzT9hPGVNKhLnTyeYq8RfSTaiBUR2mwBkrWYPKUK1gdKxmhhIqSZDgImLpzg4jK1Dn0kbJ5m13CRlk6nzai8UZkmH0NBzinFggZV+0YyEFyA+vSw/+ZqO8uHfQtJyiHbURH0VV67sg4sOyINtAviXLk57qhfcqqLspiY+id8rn9R+I4Yj/og2y2NHHMEvk244wwVo0XOedyrSH5IYcuWfUtJ6Js0YX8XnKN/Y86l7w5X3NVPteA7IdE3STqqAVD2YOO036t7nHEsU3TT7BtyjI2yVhzM/1XHiyyn1QDIdCxccKiQyhOAmAQeQckzJioO0I7GhiJwdSiOW1yfmwzr4991aUUFYHAOI98hF9Dyp0EKbgERs+xmnM4EJ4O9tXHabEL5ITOxoHOc7uU85YcEH1FOydxfq1f2G60Z2yNNkt151An7eTn0360i3lB/cz7pnGQ6HufsQP6Q7Z9ZUXdfaHOXI+1uWZSnQM6jvV22SLHNGmTkGNX3eOgr33ORwZ9/YT6KBtlIFsszWGL6iedgdCsGXYeZPsgAxAYiOohH4VFUB44EBoce4jNGbNMTNNPHAg74KqEK47SlU8fdJWiK5UI+/E4bSgIKrFPANT+PAdDPRYaKiuzhmzAcjSmzrT9ZAN/RhWaFr6uffbZZ6eXgPVVY75ib7rhVZGRUTajgNjs3r27zT0V5MnX6ce9X2qMMWcSB8IA79DxsqgY3Q02R44cGbSKxTKB3B599NH0fhHB8LvvvmuPnIQAuGXLlrRQAe8kGWPMvFB8oX5Zufzyy9NkDTt37kwvpDoIjoel5/bu3dvs2LGj+BI1y20hV16E3rdv34kXttf7srUxxkwD3xGadcHKEps2bUqribBsEneFpcejBw4cSEGQcr64MMbMEw6EZl0Q4FjKSJ+jbt26NW3zx6Ms+UTQLD02NcaYWeJHo2ZdHDx4sNm1a1e71zQPPvhg8fEoaxAOXUnfGGP+SxwIzWAOHz6ctlpRHrZt25a2n332WdqCFvK+4YYb0tYYY+YJB0IzmHfeeee0n+diBXi+GPPmm2+2OSdX2r/sssvSNl+x3hhjZokDoRkEjz75zbTS7zPWHo/+888/KY+fOZrnn3syxiwXDoRmEHr0ybdE42/YkR5++OF0TGW2b9+eyl199dXppfqVlZVTHqcaY8ws8bdGjTHGLDW+IzTGGLPUOBAaY4xZahwIjTHGLDFN8y9zQfV6gfjK4AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" style=\"width: 382px; height: 40.7467px;\" width=\"382\" height=\"40.7467\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed with SPSS (version 19.0.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA.). Photoreceptor cell spacing, LD, VD and WCSA were defined as categorical variables. Age, IOP, AL, SE, and remaining photoreceptor cells and vascular parameters were evaluated as categorical variables. ANOVA and Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation (i.e., 0-0.2 was very weak; 0.2-0.4 was weak; we did not include the final analysis) were used to compare the differences between groups and the correlations between fundus photoreceptor cell parameters and blood flow parameters. P values less than 0.050 indicated statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. General Information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 158 eyes were included. The demographic and ocular characteristics of the participants are shown in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. There were 33 men and 125 women (male, n=33, 20.9%; female, n=125, 79.1%). The mean age of the participants\u0026nbsp;was 27.5\u0026plusmn;0.707 years, the age ranged\u0026nbsp;between 19 and 56\u0026nbsp;years, the mean IOP was 15.15\u0026plusmn;2.787 mmHg, and the mean AL was 24.54\u0026plusmn;0.899 mm. The visual acuity and diopter values of the study participants are shown\u0026nbsp;in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor 158 subjects, the mean sphere length was -2.339\u0026plusmn;1.586 D, the mean\u0026nbsp;cylinder length was\u0026nbsp;-0.542\u0026plusmn;0.379 D, and the mean axial was 92.065\u0026plusmn;59.767. The grouping of participants according to SE is shown in \u003cstrong\u003eTable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e. A total of 22\u0026nbsp;subjects in\u0026nbsp;the first group had normal vision\u0026nbsp;(SE: +0.50 to -0.5D of the sphere), 67 had\u0026nbsp;low myopia (LM, SE: -0.50 to -3.0D\u0026nbsp;of the sphere), 69 had moderate myopia (MM, SE: -3.0 to -6.0D\u0026nbsp;of the sphere), and the mean SE\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;-2.604\u0026plusmn;1.624D.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Analysis of\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efundus cell spatial characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and v\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eascular flow\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eparameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationships between fundus cell parameters\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eand\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edifferent diopter groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe investigated the relationship between the spatial features of fundus\u0026nbsp;photoreceptor\u0026nbsp;cells during AOSLO\u0026nbsp;examination and different diopters, as shown\u0026nbsp;in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e. The fundus\u0026nbsp;photoreceptor cell\u0026nbsp;characteristics, including\u0026nbsp;density, spacing, regularity and dispersion, were measured. The mean cell spacing of the subjects was 6.854\u0026plusmn;0.326 \u0026micro;m. There were significant differences in cell spacing with the increase of diopter (P \u0026lt; 0.001) according to ANOVA. The remaining parameters, such as the mean cell density, regularity and dispersion, were 15865.614\u0026plusmn;4301.399/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, 95.792\u0026plusmn;2.193%, and 12.532\u0026plusmn;1.044%,\u0026nbsp;respectively, and there was no correlation between the different diopters (both P \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationships between\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ev\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eascular flow\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eparameters\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eand\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edifferent diopter groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;relationships between\u0026nbsp;vascular flow\u0026nbsp;parameters and different diopter groups\u0026nbsp;are shown in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;The mean\u0026nbsp;LD\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;VD\u0026nbsp;were 81.963\u0026plusmn;14.262 and 97.992\u0026plusmn;16.945 \u0026mu;m, the mean\u0026nbsp;WCSA\u0026nbsp;was 2332.231\u0026plusmn;893.656\u0026nbsp;\u0026micro;m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and\u0026nbsp;LD, VD, WCSA showed significant difference with the increase of diopter\u0026nbsp;(P=0.007; P=0.008; P=0.038).\u0026nbsp;The remaining fundus blood flow parameters, such as\u0026nbsp;VW,\u0026nbsp;WLR, blood flow velocity and standard deviation of flow velocity, were not significantly different among the different diopters (both P \u0026gt; 0.05).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eetween\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;AOSLO and clinical parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe further analyzed the relationships between certain clinical parameters (i.e., age, sex, IOP, AL, and SE), fundus\u0026nbsp;photoreceptor cells and vascular blood flow, as shown\u0026nbsp;in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebetween cell spacing and clinical parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were significant correlations between photoreceptor cell spacing and AL, SE, cell density, LD and WLR (P\u0026lt;0.05). Among these factors,\u0026nbsp;cell spacing was positively correlated with AL and LD, and cell spacing increased significantly with\u0026nbsp;increasing AL (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.545, P\u0026lt;0.001) and LD (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.161, P=0.043). SE, cell density and WLR were negatively correlated with cell spacing (Pearson correlation:\u0026nbsp;-0.471, P\u0026lt;0.001;\u0026nbsp;Pearson correlation: -0.266, P\u0026lt;0.001; Pearson correlation: -0.172, P=0.031); that is, cell spacing decreased as these indicators increased (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebetween lumen diameter and clinical parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to\u0026nbsp;the correlation analysis of LD and AOSLO with\u0026nbsp;clinical parameters, LD was significantly correlated with AL, SE, VW, VD, the WCSA, blood flow velocity, and standard deviation (both P\u0026lt;0.05). LD was negatively correlated with SE (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: -0.268, P\u0026lt;0.001) but not with fundus cell spatial characteristics (P＞0.05) and was positively correlated with AL (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.210, P=0.008), VW (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.631, P\u0026lt;0.001), VD (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.984, P\u0026lt;0.001), WCSA (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.838, P\u0026lt;0.001), blood flow velocity (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.300, P\u0026lt;0.001), and velocity standard deviation (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.295, P\u0026lt;0.001)\u0026nbsp;(\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebetween vessel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ediameter and clinical parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe found that\u0026nbsp;VD\u0026nbsp;was positively correlated with\u0026nbsp;sex (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.188, P=0.018), AL (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.203, P=0.011),\u0026nbsp;VW (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.758, P\u0026lt;0.001),\u0026nbsp;LD (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.984, P\u0026lt;0.001),\u0026nbsp;WCSA (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.918, P\u0026lt;0.001)\u0026nbsp;blood flow velocity\u0026nbsp;(Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.314, P\u0026lt;0.001), and flow standard deviation\u0026nbsp;(Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: 0.300, P\u0026lt;0.001). With decreasing\u0026nbsp;SE, the\u0026nbsp;VD\u0026nbsp;also\u0026nbsp;decreased (Pearson\u0026nbsp;correlation: -0.262, P\u0026lt;0.001), and the results showed that\u0026nbsp;the VD was most related\u0026nbsp;to the LD\u0026nbsp;(\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebetween\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ethe cross-sectional area of the vascular walland clinical parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe WCSA was negatively correlated with the SE (Pearson correlation coefficient: -0.197, P=0.013), but the correlation was very weak. With increasing SE, the WCSA decreased. WCSA had weak positive correlation with sex, AL, WLR, blood flow velocity and the standard deviation of flow velocity (respective Pearson correlations: 0.239, P=0.003; 0.156, P=0.050; 0.406, P\u0026lt;0.001; 0.325, P\u0026lt;0.001; and 0.282, P\u0026lt;0.001). However, WCSA showed a strong positive correlation with VW, as did LD with VD, with the increase of VW; LD and VD also increased (respective Pearson correlations: 0.942, P\u0026lt;0.001; 0.838, P\u0026lt;0.001; and 0.918, P\u0026lt;0.001) (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAO was used in the previous studies to analyze fundus photoreceptor cells, such as cone and rod cell receptors and retinal pigment epithelium.\u003csup\u003e[26-28]\u003c/sup\u003e A novel AOSLO was employed to establish a database of Asian with low to moderate myopia in this study. Changes in photoreceptor cells and blood flow AOSLO parameters between different diopters were analyzed comprehensively according to the SE. The variables of cell spacing, LD, VD, and WCSA exhibited positive correlations with AL while displaying negative correlations with SE. Additionally, cell spacing demonstrated a negative correlation with cell density. Moreover, LD, VD, VW, and WCSA displayed strong positive associations with blood flow velocity; whereas VD and WCSA were significantly positively associated with gender.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe observed significant variations in the spacing of photoreceptor cells in different diopters, while no significant differences were found in terms of cell density, regularity, and dispersion. The increase in\u0026nbsp;AL was significantly correlated with the increase in\u0026nbsp;cell spacing.\u0026nbsp;These findings are\u0026nbsp;consistent with the results of previous studies, possibly due to the growth of the AL, mechanical tension in the fundus may increase, thereby altering the distribution of photoreceptor cells.\u003csup\u003e[28]\u003c/sup\u003ePrevious studies have shown correlations between photoreceptor\u0026nbsp;cell density and regularity in different diopters, however our findings did not find it, which could be attributed to multiple factors.\u003csup\u003e[29-31]\u003c/sup\u003e. Firstly, myopia causes elongation of the fovea of the retina, but the effect within its fovea is mainly influenced by factors other than cell density, which have a high degree of intersubjective variability, the results may differ from studies. Secondly, there exist multiple factors that influence the acquisition of clear fundus images using AOSLO. Although our subjects were excluded based on criteria such as age-related cataracts or vitreous turbidity due to various reasons, it should be noted that early mild spotty cataracts have not been completely ruled out. Thirdly, the effectiveness of the light entering the eye cannot be guaranteed due to interindividual variations in pupil and iris sizes among the subjects. We observed a weak correlation between the spacing of photoreceptor cells and both LD and the WLR, potentially attributed to potential inaccuracies in manual measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn previous studies, laser Doppler has been employed for the analysis of fundus blood vessels and LD, while AOSLO has emerged as a prevalent technique for assessing retinal blood vessel morphology and lumen. AOSLO may hold significant implications in evaluating aberrant changes in fundus vascular structure and hemodynamics under microscopic examination.\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[32]\u003c/sup\u003eIn our study, the results suggested significantly positive correlation\u0026nbsp;with VD and the WLR, which is consistent with previous results.\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[33]\u003c/sup\u003eOur\u0026nbsp;results indicated that the WLR was weakly correlated with the AL, SE and blood flow velocity but was not significantly correlated with age. However, Koch et al. and Eva et al. found that age also had a significant impact on the WLR, and they found that blood pressure and age accounted for 43% of the variation in the WLR.\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[34, 35]\u003c/sup\u003e This observation may be attributed to the predominantly young or middle-aged subjects enrolled in our study, resulting in relatively stable arterial blood pressure fluctuations. Our\u0026nbsp;results showed\u0026nbsp;that WCSA was significantly positively correlated\u0026nbsp;with VW, WLR, VD and LD. It can potentially serve as a foundation for the initiation and progression of retinal blood vessel changes in early-stage hypertensive patients. With the increase of WCSA and WLR, vascular remodeling occurs in hypertensive patients. Previous studies have indicated a high likelihood of such remodeling occurring in patients with chronic moderate-to-severe hypertension. We also found that there was a weak correlation between blood flow velocity and LD, VD and WCSA. The results suggested the larger vascular lumen, the faster the vascular flow.\u0026nbsp;Meanwhile, we investigated a weak positive correlation between VD, WCSA and sex. These results may provide basis for the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of myopic retinopathy, further research is needed on the relationship between AOSLO and other relevant parameters.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are several\u0026nbsp;limitations to our study. Firstly, the novel AOSLO demands precise positioning and coordination of its subject matter. High-quality images were not obtained for some subjects with cataracts or vitreous opacity. Secondly, the significance of the findings could be further enhanced by including individuals with farsightedness and high myopia in our study. Finally, although five fundus images of blood vessels and flow were analyzed, only the same retinal artery was evaluated, which limited the accurate assessment of overall retinal condition, further research and improvement are needed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, we established a database of AOSLO for healthy people and low to moderate myopia in Chinese Asian populations. Cell density decreased and cell spacing, LD, VD and WCSA increased with increasing degree of myopia. Vascular flow related parameters LD, VD and fundus photoreceptor cell related parameter cell spacing were positively correlated with AL, and negatively correlated with SE, LD and WCSA were positively correlated with gender. These findings may help to understand the occurrence and development mechanism of myopia, and have potential value in clinical assessment of pathological changes in myopic retinopathy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe original contributions of this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedical\u0026nbsp;Ethics Committee approval was obtained\u0026nbsp;(Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital; approval number: HNEEC-2023-31-03). The research\u0026nbsp;adhered to the tenets\u0026nbsp;of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYZ and\u0026nbsp;YF W, CG L, QG G, SM, QL and BL performed the initial clinical database searches. YZ performed the statistical analysis. YZ and YF W prepared the first draft of the manuscript and table. All the authors contributed to the study revision and edited the manuscript. All the authors reviewed the manuscript. QL and BL were co-corresponding authors. QL and BL supervised the study and contributed to the final version of this manuscript for approval.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial support:\u003c/strong\u003e This study received funding from the Henan Medical Science Foundation of China (no. SBGJ2018083), the Basic Research Project of Henan Provincial Eye Hospital (no. 21JCQN005), Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (222300420196), and 23456 Talent Project of Henan Provincial People\u0026rsquo;s Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDONG L, KANG Y K, LI Y, et al. PREVALENCE AND TIME TRENDS OF MYOPIA IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN CHINA: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis [J]. 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Images of cone photoreceptors in the living human eye [J]. Vision Res, 1996, 36(8): 1067-79.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCARROLL J, CHOI S S, WILLIAMS D R. In vivo imaging of the photoreceptor mosaic of a rod monochromat [J]. Vision Res, 2008, 48(26): 2564-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eROORDA A, ZHANG Y, DUNCAN J L. High-resolution in vivo imaging of the RPE mosaic in eyes with retinal disease [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2007, 48(5): 2297-303.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWANG Y, YE J, SHEN M, et al. Photoreceptor Degeneration is Correlated With the Deterioration of Macular Retinal Sensitivity in High Myopia [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2019, 60(8): 2800-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLI K Y, TIRUVEEDHULA P, ROORDA A. Intersubject variability of foveal cone photoreceptor density in relation to eye length [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2010, 51(12): 6858-67.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePARK S P, CHUNG J K, GREENSTEIN V, et al. A study of factors affecting the human cone photoreceptor density measured by adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope [J]. Exp Eye Res, 2013, 108: 1-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eROORDA A, ROMERO-BORJA F, DONNELLY III W, et al. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy [J]. Opt Express, 2002, 10(9): 405-12.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRITT M, HARAZNY J M, OTT C, et al. Analysis of retinal arteriolar structure in never-treated patients with essential hypertension [J]. J Hypertens, 2008, 26(7): 1427-34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKOCH E, ROSENBAUM D, BROLLY A, et al. Morphometric analysis of small arteries in the human retina using adaptive optics imaging: relationship with blood pressure and focal vascular changes [J]. J Hypertens, 2014, 32(4): 890-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMEIXNER E, MICHELSON G. Measurement of retinal wall-to-lumen ratio by adaptive optics retinal camera: a clinical research [J]. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2015, 253(11): 1985-95.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBALEANU D, RITT M, HARAZNY J, et al. Wall-to-lumen ratio of retinal arterioles and arteriole-to-venule ratio of retinal vessels in patients with cerebrovascular damage [J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2009, 50(9): 4351-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Demographic and Ocular Characteristics of Study Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.080882352941174%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.919117647058826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummary Statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=158 eyes in 158 participants )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.080882352941174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;(at\u0026nbsp;time\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;examination)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.919117647058826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.080882352941174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;(standard deviation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.919117647058826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5 (0.707)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.080882352941174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.919117647058826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.080882352941174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.919117647058826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (20.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.080882352941174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.919117647058826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (79.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.080882352941174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIOP (mmHg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.919117647058826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.15(2.787)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.080882352941174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAL (mm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.919117647058826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.54 (0.899)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData are mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise indicated;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAL:axial lengths;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIOP: intraocular pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eVisual and Refractive Examination of Study Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"557\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.194244604316545%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"67.80575539568345%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Mean (SD), n=158)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.194244604316545%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSPH (D)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"67.80575539568345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.339 (1.586)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.194244604316545%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCYL (D)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"67.80575539568345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.542 (0.379)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.194244604316545%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"67.80575539568345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.065 (59.767)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.194244604316545%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE (D)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"67.80575539568345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.604 (1.624)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.194244604316545%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBCVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Log MAR)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"67.80575539568345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009 (0.029)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData were showed in the form of Mean (SD, standard deviation); SPH:sphere; CYL:cylinder; AX:axial; SE:spherical equivalent; D:diopter; BCVA:best\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ecorrected visual acuity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eGrouping of Spherical Equivalent of Study Participants\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.174311926605505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE(D)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.825688073394495%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.174311926605505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0.5D to +0.5D\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.825688073394495%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(0.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.174311926605505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-3.0D to \u0026lt;-0.5D\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.825688073394495%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(0.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.174311926605505%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-6.0D to \u0026lt;-3.0D\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.825688073394495%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(0.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE:spherical equivalent; D:diopter.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Fundus Cell Analysis of AO Inspection in Different Dioptric Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"883\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.402714932126695%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFundus cell parameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.063348416289593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.34389140271493%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups (SE)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.972850678733032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.217194570135746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.215155615696887%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-6.0D to \u0026le;+0.5D\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Mean(SD), n=158)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.726657645466847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Mean(SD),n=22)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.591339648173207%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Mean(SD),n=67)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.726657645466847%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Mean(SD),n=69)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.74018944519621%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.402714932126695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCell density (/m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.063348416289593%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15865.614(4301.399)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.819004524886878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16735.149(1591.156)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.705882352941176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15870.392(1653.656)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.819004524886878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15583.731(6241.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.972850678733032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;0.595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.217194570135746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.553\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.402714932126695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCell spacing (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.063348416289593%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.854(0.326)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.819004524886878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.399 (0.269)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.705882352941176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.476 (0.293)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.819004524886878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.748 (0.301)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.972850678733032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.217194570135746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.402714932126695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegularity (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.063348416289593%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.792(2.193)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.819004524886878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.571(3.801)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.705882352941176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.462(2.352)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.819004524886878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.182 (0.997)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.972850678733032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.983\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.217194570135746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.402714932126695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDispersion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.063348416289593%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.532(1.044)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.819004524886878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.250 (1.235)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.705882352941176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.755 (0.977)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.819004524886878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.407(1.015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.972850678733032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.217194570135746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData were showed in the form of Mean (standard deviation). SE:spherical equivalent;\u0026nbsp;Group A:-0.5Dto+0.5D(SE); Group B:-3.0Dto\u0026lt;-0.5D(SE); Group C:-6.0Dto\u0026lt;-3.0D(SE); *ANOVA test for comparison of any difference;\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eSignificant differences were found by p\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Vascular flow Analysis of AO inspection results in Different Dioptric Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1014\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.61576354679803%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVascular flow parameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.21182266009852%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroups (SE)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.96551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep value*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.14569536423841%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Mean(SD),n=22)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.218543046357617%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup B\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Mean(SD),n=67)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.350993377483444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Mean(SD),n=69)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.6158940397351%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-6.0D to\u0026le;+0.5D\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Mean(SD),n=158)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.66887417218543%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.61576354679803%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWall thickness (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.497536945812808%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.671 (4.641)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.807881773399014%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.832 (3.354)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.9064039408867%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.670 (3.915)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.036 (3.834)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.96551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.61576354679803%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLumen diameter (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.497536945812808%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.178 (14.520)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.807881773399014%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.492(12.359)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.9064039408867%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.887(15.075)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.963(14.262)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.96551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.007\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.61576354679803%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVessel diameter (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.497536945812808%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.813 (18.545)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.807881773399014%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.325 (14.806)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.9064039408867%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102.553(17.422)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.992 (16.945)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.96551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.008\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.61576354679803%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWLR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.497536945812808%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.188(0.037)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.807881773399014%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200(0.034)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.9064039408867%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.196 (0.039)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197 (0.037)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.96551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.61576354679803%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWCSA (\u0026micro;m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.497536945812808%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2047.604(1048.751)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.807881773399014%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2225.287(749.703)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.9064039408867%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2526.825(939.564)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2332.231(893.656)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.96551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.038\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.61576354679803%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood flow velocity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(mm/s)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.497536945812808%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.955 (12.936)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.807881773399014%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.225 (13.055)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.9064039408867%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.290 (11.144)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.234 (12.240)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.96551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.354\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.61576354679803%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVelocity standard deviation (mm/s)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.497536945812808%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.853 (6.905)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.807881773399014%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.092 (8.125)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.9064039408867%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.905 (5.155)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.837(6.768)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.96551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.61576354679803%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConfidence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.497536945812808%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.887(0.129)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.807881773399014%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.890 (0.110)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.9064039408867%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.888(0.112)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.888 (0.113)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.96551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.10344827586207%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData were showed in the form of Mean (standard deviation). SE: spherical equivalent; Group A:-0.5Dto+0.5D(SE); Group B:-3.0Dto\u0026lt;-0.5D(SE); Group C:-6.0Dto\u0026lt;-3.0D(SE); WLR:the wall-to-lumen ratio; WCSA:the cross-sectional area of the vascular wall; ANOVA test for comparison of any difference; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eSignificant differences were found by p\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation Analysis of Clinical and AO parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1048\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.977099236641221%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.229007633587788%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChange in cell spacing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9083969465648856%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.32442748091603%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChange in LD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1946564885496183%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.133587786259543%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChange in VD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.2900763358778624%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.942748091603054%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChange in WCSA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk Factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.699\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.465\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIOP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.721\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.599\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.545\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.471\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.268\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.262\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.197\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCell density\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.266\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegularity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.893\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.677\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDispersion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCell spacing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.703\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWall thickness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.631\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.758\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.942\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLumen diameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.161\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.984\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.838\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVessel diameter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.984\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWLR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.172\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.802\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWCSA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.703\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.838\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood flow velocity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.314\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.325\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.989493791786055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVelocity standard deviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.5339063992359123%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.303724928366762%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.9102196752626552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.410697230181471%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.295\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.151862464183381%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.685768863419293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.1967526265520534%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.74785100286533%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.9608404966571156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.444126074498567%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.292263610315186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.506208213944603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.282\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.865329512893983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.590257879656161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1059\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIOP:intraocular pressure; SE:spherical equivalent; AL:axial lengths; LD:lumen diameter; VD:vessel diameter; WLR:the wall-to-lumen ratio; WCSA:the cross-sectional area of the vascular wall; \u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e :Significant differences were found by p\u0026lt;0.05; \u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e :Significant differences were found by p\u0026lt;0.01.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"myopia, retinal, photoreceptor cell, blood flow, adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4288778/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4288778/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose: \u003c/strong\u003eTo study the association between photoreceptor cell and blood flow parameters of low to moderate myopia via novel adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesign: \u003c/strong\u003eA prospective study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eThe 158 subjects were divided into three groups according tospherical equivalent. AOSLO was used to quantify the spatial characteristics of photoreceptor cell, including density, spacing, regularity, and dispersion; to measure fundus vascular blood flow, including vessel wall thickness (VW), lumen diameter (LD), vessel diameter (VD), the wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR), the cross-sectional area of the vascular wall (WCSA), and blood flow velocity; and to evaluate the association between cells and blood flow parameters using ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eWith the increase of diopter, the significant difference of photoreceptor cell spacing increased gradually (P\u0026lt;0.001), and was positively correlated with axial length (AL) and LD, it was negatively correlated with spherical equivalent (SE), cell density and WLR. The differences of LD, VD and WCSA increased with the increase of diopter (P=0.007; P=0.008; P=0.038). There was a positive correlation between LD, AL, VW, VD, WCSA, blood flow velocity and velocity standard deviation. LD, VD and WCSA were negatively correlated with SE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions: \u003c/strong\u003ePhotoreceptor cell spacing, LD, VD, and WCSA exhibited positive correlations with AL, while displaying negative correlations with SE. Cell spacing demonstrated a negative correlation with cell density. There was significant positive correlation between LD, VD, VW and WCSA, and they were positively correlated with blood flow velocity; whereas VD and WCSA were significantly positively with gender. The findings may help to understand the occurrence and development mechanism of myopia, and have potential value in clinical assessment of pathological changes in myopic retinopathy.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Correlations between photoreceptor cell and retinal blood flow parameters in low to moderate myopia by adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-24 16:04:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4288778/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1b1ab4db-f7ec-4acf-a235-000c0e5be78e","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 24th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-15T03:09:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-24 16:04:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4288778","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4288778","identity":"rs-4288778","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}