The relationship between the occurrence of asthma and diabetes among a sample of patients attending Damascus Hospital

The relationship between the occurrence of asthma and diabetes among a sample of patients attending Damascus Hospital | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The relationship between the occurrence of asthma and diabetes among a sample of patients attending Damascus Hospital Ahmad Ghazi, Sara Al Zouhaily, Housam Bardan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3866151/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction: Diabetes is a major public health problem, and there is a continuing increase in the incidence and long-term complications. These complications are mainly sequelae of microvascular destruction in target organs. Many lung injuries occur in the context of diabetes due to the presence of abundant microcirculation and abundance of tissues. Macrophages, raising the possibility that lung tissue is a target organ in patients with diabetes. Research objectives: This research was designed to study the effect of diabetes, both the duration of infection with this disease, and control of diabetic status on lung function and the incidence of asthma. Methods and materials: A cross-sectional study, conducted on 100 diabetic patients attending Damascus Hospital in the period between 1/1/20217 and 1/1/2023. It was compared with a control group consisting of 100 healthy individuals without diabetes. It was recorded. Hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar, and a lung function test (spirometry) were measured for all participants in the study, and the following lung measurements were taken: maximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), ratio (FEV1/FVC). Analyze the results using: mean + standard deviation, Pearson's chi-square, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and ANOVA test. Results The average percentage of expected FEV1 and expected FVC in people with diabetes is lower compared to healthy non-diabetic controls (p smaller than 0.05), and these values were lower in patients without controlled blood sugar compared to patients with controlled blood sugar, and the values were also lower in patients with diabetes for a longer period of time, these values were lower in patients with type 1 diabetes, and all previous criteria led to the occurrence of asthma. Conclusion The findings in this study suggest that the lung is a target organ for diabetes, and that diabetic patients have a decline in lung function and the incidence of asthma compared to non-diabetics in a blockade lesion model. Lung function deteriorates the longer the duration of diabetes and the longer the diabetes is uncontrolled. Pulmonology diabetes lung function spirometry maximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (FEV1/FVC) Introduction Asthma is commonly associated with pulmonary and extrapulmonary comorbidities that are more common in patients with severe asthma than in patients with mild to moderate disease or in the general population. [ 1 ] These comorbidities may affect the clinical status and severity of asthma and, as a result, increase the health care costs associated with its treatment. On the other hand, diagnosis and appropriate treatment of these diseases appear to improve asthma prognosis while improving treatment by preventing the use of additional doses of medications in treating an asthma patient. Conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, allergic rhinitis, obesity, depression, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease are very common, although their prevalence varies widely between studies; However, many accompanying diseases may remain undiagnosed and are only discovered by experienced, specialized medical staff. Unfortunately, the pathogenic pathways linking asthma and many comorbidities remain unknown, which explains why they are often misdiagnosed as diseases associated with asthma treatment. However, asthma and comorbid conditions often have common risk factors, and some evidence suggests that they share inflammatory pathways that lead to asthma exacerbation. Inflammation has been shown to play an essential role in the emergence and development of various comorbidities. On the other hand, the role of systemic inflammation in asthma remains unknown. Understanding the mechanism(s) linking asthma and its associated disorders is crucial to developing an effective treatment strategy. Although the scheme varies between studies by population and methodology, it is clear that atopy and type 2 inflammation are absent in a significant minority of individuals with severe, uncontrolled asthma, highlighting the importance of non-allergic triggers for these individuals [ 2 , 3 ]. Disturbances of glucose metabolism (also referred to as dysglycemia, dysglycemia, and dysglycemia) may be implicated as potential triggers of asthma exacerbations and exacerbations of severe asthma. This refers to the level of hyperglycemia, which arises from clinically silent hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance, and progresses through prediabetes, substates of elevated fasting glucose (IFG) and other secondary conditions, and intolerance to glucose (IGT), which ends The occurrence of diabetes. This article will review the data supporting the deleterious role of these conditions in asthma health and the evidence for their treatment as a means of improving asthma, with particular attention to emerging evidence from recent studies. Unless otherwise explicitly stated, in this article diabetes mellitus refers to diabetes mellitus, Type 1, 2. Materials and methods Research importance : Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem with a high incidence and long-term complications, which are mainly sequelae of microvascular destruction in target organs. The presence of abundant microvascular circulation and abundant connective tissue in the lungs raises the possibility that pulmonary tissue may be a target organ in patients with diabetes. Study design A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study to determine the prevalence of asthma among diabetic patients who attended the endocrinology clinic or were admitted to the Endocrinology Department at Damascus Hospital in the period extending between 1/1/2017 and 1/1/2023. Patients The study included 200 patients who were admitted to Damascus Hospital with a diagnosis of diabetes. Methods : A group of patients admitted to Damascus Hospital was studied according to the following inclusion criteria, All adult patients over 18 years of age, Accepting patients with symptoms and signs suggesting a diagnosis of asthma and high clinical suspicion of the disease,While the exclusion criteria were as follows: Damaged patient records and records in which there is insufficient information to serve our study, Patients with lung diseases other than asthma. We divided the study individuals into two groups: Patient group It included patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes who met the inclusion criteria in the research, and their number reached 100 patients. Control group It included healthy, non-diabetic people to serve as a control group, and they numbered 100 individuals. Information was collected according to the research form to adjust the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the clinical history information was recorded in detail, which included: age, sex, occupation, residence, type of diabetes, duration of diabetes, previous diseases, chest symptoms, habits (alcohol, smoking), and conducting a clinical examination. Comprehensive for all patients. Laboratory analysis information was taken from the patients’ files, which included (general census and formula), kidney function, and a chest x-ray to rule out the presence of a lung lesion. The control status of serum glucose values was determined with two tests. Fasting blood sugar: Values less than or equal to 130 mg/dl are considered an indicator of good sugar control, while values greater than 130 mg/dl are considered an indicator of poor control. Glucose hemoglobin: A value less than or equal to 7% is considered an indicator of good control, while values greater than 7% are considered an indicator of poor control. A lung function test was conducted for all patients and individuals participating in the research, and a lung function meter (Spirometer) brand (COSMED - micro Quark) was used (electronically connected to a computer and is self-calibrated that meets the standard conditions for lung function tests), which is the device used in the detection unit. Respiratory diseases specialist at Damascus Hospital. This device is a type of spirometer that senses airflow. It is designed to be used with an electro-mechanical spirometer located in the mouthpiece that detects airflow. The electrical circuit converts the initial flow into real volume and flow rates that are measured. By inhaling by the patient to reach the total lung capacity (TLC) and then exhaling through the mouth as forcefully and as quickly as possible for at least 6 seconds to reach the residual volume (RV), the following measurements are recorded: Forced vital capacity (FVC) It is based on a percentage of the expected value, and a percentage greater than or equal to 80% of the expected value is considered the normal value. The maximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) is based on a percentage of the expected value, and a percentage greater than or equal to 80% of the expected value is considered the normal value. FEV1 relationship The relationship is considered normal if it is more than 80 and the best result is taken from three tests conducted by the patient (cases) and recorded in the form. We studied the effect of diabetes on the incidence of asthma and lung function and compared the results with the control group (healthy people who do not have diabetes). We studied the effect of the duration of diabetes on the incidence of asthma and lung function and compared the results with the control group (healthy people who do not have diabetes). We divided the cases into patients with diabetes for less than 10 years and patients with diabetes for more than 10 years, and we studied the effect of the type of diabetes in the group of cases on lung function and the incidence of asthma. We studied the effect of blood sugar control, determined by HbA1c on lung function and the incidence of asthma. We divided the group of patients (Group 1) into two categories: patients with diabetes with a HbA1 less than or equal to 7, and patients with diabetes mellitus with a HbA1 greater than 7. We studied the effect of blood sugar control, determined by measuring fasting blood sugar, on the incidence of asthma and lung function. We divided the group of patients into two categories: patients with diabetes with a fasting blood sugar less than or equal to 130 mg/dL, and a group of patients with diabetes with a fasting blood sugar more than 130 mg/dl. statistical analysis: The data was completed from the forms into an Excel file, simple statistics were conducted, the results were summarized and explained with tables and graphs, and the descriptive statistics were reviewed based on percentages and graphical shapes in addition to measures of central tendency (arithmetic mean and standard deviation). To test the statistical relationships between the basic characteristics, we used methods The following statistics: Pearson's chi-square test (chi-square) to compare categorical variables with a normal distribution, Pearson's correlation coefficient, one-sided One Anova test, and the t-test. The Spss-28 statistical program was used and the predictive value was less than 0.05 (p.value). <0.05) is a statistically significant value. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) Faculty of Medicine, Syrian Private University and director of Damascus Hospital. Results Basic characteristics of patients who have a high clinical suspicion of asthma based on clinical symptoms and clinical examination. Our study included 200 male and female patients who were distributed into two groups: the first was diabetes patients, numbering 100 patients, and the second was a group of healthy people, numbering 100 people. The average age of all patients was 48 years. With a standard deviation of 12.6 years, with a range between 20 and 75 years. The average age of diabetes patients was 49 years, with a standard deviation of 12.8 years, with a range between 20 and 75 years. The number of males in the two groups was 144 (72%), and the number of females was 56 in the two groups (28%). The number of males in the patient group was 67 patients (67%), while the number of females was 33 (33%). The percentage of rural residents is (37.5%), while the percentage of city residents in the study is (62.5%), the percentage of smokers is (44.5%), while the percentage of non-smokers is (55.5%), and the percentage of those who drink alcohol is (13%), while the percentage of those who do not drink alcohol (87%), the average number of packets smoked among smokers was 1.3 packets with a standard deviation of 0.6 packets, and the average amount of alcohol among alcohol consumers was (1 liter) with a standard deviation of 0.3 litres. The percentage of retirees, housewives, farmers, and employees was (15%, 13%, 23%, and 49%, respectively). The average morning blood sugar measurement among people with diabetes was 197.5 ± 55 mg/dL. The average morning blood sugar measurement for the controls was 90 ± 8 mg/dL. Comparison between the group of patients with diabetes and the group of healthy controls according to FVC The average percentage of FVC from the expected value in the study group was calculated, and the results were as follows: The average percentage of FVC from the expected value in patients with diabetes is 70%, with a standard deviation of 9.5%. The percentage of FVC is from the expected value in healthy people, 90.1%, with a standard deviation of 3.9%.. The average percentage of the expected value of FVC in patients with diabetes is less than the average percentage of the expected value of FVC in healthy people, where (p = 0.001), that is, smaller than 0.05. Comparison between the group of patients with diabetes and the group of healthy controls according to FEV1 The average percentage of FEV1 from the expected value in the study group was calculated, and the results were as follows: The average percentage of FEV1 from the expected value in patients with diabetes is 68%, with a standard deviation of 10%. The percentage of FEV1 is from the expected value in healthy people, 85%, with a standard deviation of 4.1%. The average percentage of the expected value of FEV1 in patients with diabetes is less than the average percentage of the expected value of FEV1 in healthy people, where (P = 0.000), that is, smaller than 0.05. Comparison between the group of patients with diabetes and the group of healthy controls according to the TAFNO relationship The average value of the T-VNO relationship was calculated for both patients and healthy people, and it was found that the average value of the T-VNO relationship (FEV1/FVC) in diabetes patients was 90, with a standard deviation of 5.2, the average value of the T-VNO relationship (FEV1/FVC) in healthy patients was 93, with a standard deviation of 4.2. The Tefno relationship in patients with diabetes is slightly smaller than the average Tefno relationship in healthy people (or barely close to it), where (p = 0.45). The prevalence of asthma among study patients with diabetes was 28.5%, with a statistically significant significance (P = 0.000).It was found that there is a statistically significant relationship between the duration of diabetes and the incidence of asthma in patients with diabetes.It was found that there is a statistically significant relationship between the type of diabetes and the incidence of asthma in patients with diabetes. The infection rate of patients with type 1 diabetes is 33% higher than it is in type 2.The effect of blood sugar control, defined as HbA1c, on the incidence of asthma was studied, and it was found that there is a statistically significant relationship between the occurrence of asthma and uncontrolled blood sugar, as defined by HbA1c. We found a statistically significant relationship.We studied the effect of the occurrence of asthma in diabetic patients with controlled and non-diabetic control, and we found that there is a statistically significant relationship between the occurrence of asthma and blood sugar control, as it was shown that the incidence of asthma is higher among patients without controlled diabetes, significance (P = 0.036). Discussion We showed in our study that the lung is considered a target organ for diabetes in its type, and that diabetes causes a significant disturbance in dynamic lung function, as it leads to a decrease in the rates of airflow volumes, FEVI and FVC, while maintaining the tpheno rate, that is, it causes a defect in the blocker type. Our study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the duration of diabetes and damage to lung function. That is, the longer the duration of diabetes, the greater the impact on lung function. Our study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the type of diabetes and the incidence of asthma, meaning that the incidence of asthma in patients with type 1 diabetes is higher than the incidence rate in those with type 2 diabetes. That is, lung damage in type 1 diabetes is higher than in type 2. We showed that the state of control of blood sugar numbers plays a prominent role in affecting lung function and the incidence of asthma, as the worse the diabetes control (measured by high levels of hemoglobin or fasting blood sugar), the greater the negative effect. Recommendations Conduct a routine lung function test for all patients with typical diabetes, even in the presence of pulmonary symptoms, to serve as a reference value. The necessity of conducting tests in order to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellitus, in the event of an unexplained obstructive type respiratory disorder in patients. The necessity of good control of blood sugar numbers, given that lung damage worsens in the event of poor control of blood sugar numbers. It is necessary to conduct more future studies on the effect of diabetes on other pulmonary functions, such as static volume, gas exchange, and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity. The need to conduct future studies on the prevalence of other lung diseases (respiratory insufficiency, obstructive respiratory syndrome, pulmonary embolus) in patients with diabetes. List of Abbreviations maximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), ratio (FEV1/FVC) Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: The Research Ethics Committee in the Syrian Private University and the ethical committees in the concerned Syrian private university approved the study protocol. Verbal informed consent was obtained from every participant before participation. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were by the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Availability of data and materials: All data related to this paper’s conclusion are available and stored by the authors. All data are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest Funding: This research received no specific grant from SPU or any other funding agency in the public, commercial or non-profit sectors. Authors’ contributions: A.G and S.A conceptualized the study, A.G and S.A wrote the study protocol, performed the statistical analysis, participated in data collection, and did the literature search. A.G and S.A participated in the literature search, interpret the results, wrote the main manuscript H.B. revised the draft. All authors read and approved the final draft. Acknowledgments: We are thankful to the management of the Syrian Private University and for their support in the field of medical training and research. And the medical staff at Al-Mujtahid Hospital We would also like to thank Dr. Housam Bardan for his help and supervision in the paper. References Cazzola M, Rogliani P, Ora J, et al. Asthma and comorbidities: recent a vances. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2022; 132: 16250. doi:10.20452/pamw.16250. Moore WC, Meyers DA, Wenzel SE, et al. Identification of asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis in the Severe Asthma Research Program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:315 323. Loza MJ, Djukanovic R, Chung KF, et al. Validated and longitudinally stable asthma phenotypes based on cluster analysis of the ADEPT study. Respir Res 2016; 17:165. "Asthma Fact sheet №307". WHO. November 2013. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2016. Drazen GM, Bel EH (2020). "81. Asthma". In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 527–535. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. Lemanske RF, Busse WW (February 2010). "Asthma: clinical expression and molecular mechanisms". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (2 Suppl 2): S95-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.047. PMC 2853245. PMID 20176271. Yawn BP (September 2008). "Factors accounting for asthma variability: achieving optimal symptom control for individual patients" (PDF). Primary Care Respiratory Journal . 17 (3): 138–147. doi:10.3132/pcrj.2008.00004. PMC 6619889. PMID 18264646. A chived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-26. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention" (PDF). Global Initiative for Asthma. 2011. Archived Reports. Jindal SK, ed. (2011). Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. p. 242. ISBN 978-93-5025-073-0. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Additional Declarations The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: no Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3866151","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":267151709,"identity":"05793e75-7859-46d4-ac13-81f26c2c48b9","order_by":0,"name":"Ahmad Ghazi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSBOYDgAJJMPPvhQAaSZmRuI1ZKWbDjjDEgLIxFaGMBacsykedtAHAJa5KObH394UHMnmr8dpGVeLZAB1PKjYhtOLYZ3jhkYJBx7ljvjzLNiy7nbjufOOMzYwNhz5jZuLTMSDBIS2A7nNtxI3njj7bZjuQ1ALcyMbfi0pH84kPDvcO78GwkGErxzjuXOJ6RFXiLHsCGx7XDuhhspRpK8DTW5GwhpMZDIKWZI7Ducu/HMM2AgHzuQuxGo5SA+v8jPSN/88ce3w7nzjoOisqYud975wwcf/KjAY8sBVP5hMHkAQx2yLQ2o/Dp8ikfBKBgFo2CEAgAOYmxONTKXaQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of medicine, Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria.","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmad","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghazi","suffix":""},{"id":267151710,"identity":"807ded9b-e1da-47e7-bcc2-6e73b0582506","order_by":1,"name":"Sara Al Zouhaily","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIie3QvYrCQBDA8VlW1kZMO8cVvkLEKpg3sdlwkDRqY5NCZEGIjWBrpa9w9waRAasctrG0sY5dSjf4gU1yKQ/cf7NT7A92FsBk+od11O2UwLmCTE9tAF5J7PhJmGJrABR/EngQYIq3apHm7+mShzS2Fiz6dEOaieacbJi6g9JdlkEPMaEJkibDhFC09l8S9v5IlZnYB+xG5KmCjCJNcNiLmaJycjjz3NNkWxCnFkl9gTtNvgvC7kRWETs9C0clgfdDbO4sk+Aj0rvYsmKXzsrnxzzse5sD7VI9WJb+McymbvnDXmrgc5Q1rhfxrOZFk8lkerOunahY/V8c1UUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of medicine, Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria.","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sara","middleName":"Al","lastName":"Zouhaily","suffix":""},{"id":267151711,"identity":"8caf2140-bf74-4cbf-9cca-e9a0b33f5eb4","order_by":2,"name":"Housam Bardan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACewYeNiDFzMDA3gMW4OEjpMWwAaaF5wwDwwEGiAl4gcEBmBaJHLAWBsJabp899uDnHmt5c8m3Bx9/zLGTYWNgfvjoBj4t5/LSDXuepRvunJ2XbHBwWzLQUjZj4xx8Ws7wmEnwHDjMuOF2jpnEwW3MQC08bNKEtEj+OXDYfsPNMyAt9cRpkQbakrjhBg9Iy2HCWgx7eMyNZQ6kJ284k2NscHbbcR42ZgJ+sefhMXv45oC17YbjZwwfVG6rtudnb374GJ8WLICZNOWjYBSMglEwCrAAAPBZSGCywoUkAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Internal Medicine at the Syrian Private University, Department of Internal Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Housam","middleName":"","lastName":"Bardan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-15 10:24:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":true,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3866151/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3866151/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49679562,"identity":"cc9cab0c-188a-4cab-8d1f-c72f069422ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-16 11:01:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":416827,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3866151/v1/679b05ab-b153-421c-bae5-45b63e6524cb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: no","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe relationship between the occurrence of asthma and diabetes among a sample of patients attending Damascus Hospital\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAsthma is commonly associated with pulmonary and extrapulmonary comorbidities that are more common in patients with severe asthma than in patients with mild to moderate disease or in the general population. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese comorbidities may affect the clinical status and severity of asthma and, as a result, increase the health care costs associated with its treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, diagnosis and appropriate treatment of these diseases appear to improve asthma prognosis while improving treatment by preventing the use of additional doses of medications in treating an asthma patient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, allergic rhinitis, obesity, depression, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease are very common, although their prevalence varies widely between studies; However, many accompanying diseases may remain undiagnosed and are only discovered by experienced, specialized medical staff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, the pathogenic pathways linking asthma and many comorbidities remain unknown, which explains why they are often misdiagnosed as diseases associated with asthma treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, asthma and comorbid conditions often have common risk factors, and some evidence suggests that they share inflammatory pathways that lead to asthma exacerbation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInflammation has been shown to play an essential role in the emergence and development of various comorbidities. On the other hand, the role of systemic inflammation in asthma remains unknown.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the mechanism(s) linking asthma and its associated disorders is crucial to developing an effective treatment strategy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the scheme varies between studies by population and methodology, it is clear that atopy and type 2 inflammation are absent in a significant minority of individuals with severe, uncontrolled asthma, highlighting the importance of non-allergic triggers for these individuals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisturbances of glucose metabolism (also referred to as dysglycemia, dysglycemia, and dysglycemia) may be implicated as potential triggers of asthma exacerbations and exacerbations of severe asthma.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis refers to the level of hyperglycemia, which arises from clinically silent hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance, and progresses through prediabetes, substates of elevated fasting glucose (IFG) and other secondary conditions, and intolerance to glucose (IGT), which ends The occurrence of diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis article will review the data supporting the deleterious role of these conditions in asthma health and the evidence for their treatment as a means of improving asthma, with particular attention to emerging evidence from recent studies. Unless otherwise explicitly stated, in this article diabetes mellitus refers to diabetes mellitus, Type 1, 2.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch importance\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem with a high incidence and long-term complications, which are mainly sequelae of microvascular destruction in target organs. The presence of abundant microvascular circulation and abundant connective tissue in the lungs raises the possibility that pulmonary tissue may be a target organ in patients with diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study to determine the prevalence of asthma among diabetic patients who attended the endocrinology clinic or were admitted to the Endocrinology Department at Damascus Hospital in the period extending between 1/1/2017 and 1/1/2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study included 200 patients who were admitted to Damascus Hospital with a diagnosis of diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: A group of patients admitted to Damascus Hospital was studied according to the following inclusion criteria, All adult patients over 18 years of age, Accepting patients with symptoms and signs suggesting a diagnosis of asthma and high clinical suspicion of the disease,While the exclusion criteria were as follows: Damaged patient records and records in which there is insufficient information to serve our study, Patients with lung diseases other than asthma.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eWe divided the study individuals into two groups:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt included patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes who met the inclusion criteria in the research, and their number reached 100 patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt included healthy, non-diabetic people to serve as a control group, and they numbered 100 individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation was collected according to the research form to adjust the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the clinical history information was recorded in detail, which included: age, sex, occupation, residence, type of diabetes, duration of diabetes, previous diseases, chest symptoms, habits (alcohol, smoking), and conducting a clinical examination. Comprehensive for all patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLaboratory analysis information was taken from the patients\u0026rsquo; files, which included (general census and formula), kidney function, and a chest x-ray to rule out the presence of a lung lesion. The control status of serum glucose values was determined with two tests.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFasting blood sugar: Values less than or equal to 130 mg/dl are considered an indicator of good sugar control, while values greater than 130 mg/dl are considered an indicator of poor control.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlucose hemoglobin: A value less than or equal to 7% is considered an indicator of good control, while values greater than 7% are considered an indicator of poor control.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lung function test was conducted for all patients and individuals participating in the research, and a lung function meter (Spirometer) brand (COSMED - micro Quark) was used (electronically connected to a computer and is self-calibrated that meets the standard conditions for lung function tests), which is the device used in the detection unit. Respiratory diseases specialist at Damascus Hospital. This device is a type of spirometer that senses airflow. It is designed to be used with an electro-mechanical spirometer located in the mouthpiece that detects airflow. The electrical circuit converts the initial flow into real volume and flow rates that are measured. By inhaling by the patient to reach the total lung capacity (TLC) and then exhaling through the mouth as forcefully and as quickly as possible for at least 6 seconds to reach the residual volume (RV), the following measurements are recorded:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForced vital capacity (FVC)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is based on a percentage of the expected value, and a percentage greater than or equal to 80% of the expected value is considered the normal value.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe maximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1)\u003c/strong\u003e is based on a percentage of the expected value, and a percentage greater than or equal to 80% of the expected value is considered the normal value.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFEV1 relationship\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe relationship is considered normal if it is more than 80 and the best result is taken from three tests conducted by the patient (cases) and recorded in the form.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe studied the effect of diabetes on the incidence of asthma and lung function and compared the results with the control group (healthy people who do not have diabetes). We studied the effect of the duration of diabetes on the incidence of asthma and lung function and compared the results with the control group (healthy people who do not have diabetes). We divided the cases into patients with diabetes for less than 10 years and patients with diabetes for more than 10 years, and we studied the effect of the type of diabetes in the group of cases on lung function and the incidence of asthma.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe studied the effect of blood sugar control, determined by HbA1c on lung function and the incidence of asthma. We divided the group of patients (Group 1) into two categories: patients with diabetes with a HbA1 less than or equal to 7, and patients with diabetes mellitus with a HbA1 greater than 7. We studied the effect of blood sugar control, determined by measuring fasting blood sugar, on the incidence of asthma and lung function. We divided the group of patients into two categories: patients with diabetes with a fasting blood sugar less than or equal to 130 mg/dL, and a group of patients with diabetes with a fasting blood sugar more than 130 mg/dl.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003estatistical analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data was completed from the forms into an Excel file, simple statistics were conducted, the results were summarized and explained with tables and graphs, and the descriptive statistics were reviewed based on percentages and graphical shapes in addition to measures of central tendency (arithmetic mean and standard deviation). To test the statistical relationships between the basic characteristics, we used methods The following statistics: Pearson\u0026apos;s chi-square test (chi-square) to compare categorical variables with a normal distribution, Pearson\u0026apos;s correlation coefficient, one-sided One Anova test, and the t-test. The Spss-28 statistical program was used and the predictive value was less than 0.05 (p.value). \u0026lt;0.05) is a statistically significant value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eEthical considerations:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) Faculty of Medicine, Syrian Private University and director of Damascus Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBasic characteristics of patients who have a high clinical suspicion of asthma based on clinical symptoms and clinical examination.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study included 200 male and female patients who were distributed into two groups: the first was diabetes patients, numbering 100 patients, and the second was a group of healthy people, numbering 100 people. The average age of all patients was 48 years. With a standard deviation of 12.6 years, with a range between 20 and 75 years. The average age of diabetes patients was 49 years, with a standard deviation of 12.8 years, with a range between 20 and 75 years. The number of males in the two groups was 144 (72%), and the number of females was 56 in the two groups (28%). The number of males in the patient group was 67 patients (67%), while the number of females was 33 (33%). The percentage of rural residents is (37.5%), while the percentage of city residents in the study is (62.5%), the percentage of smokers is (44.5%), while the percentage of non-smokers is (55.5%), and the percentage of those who drink alcohol is (13%), while the percentage of those who do not drink alcohol (87%), the average number of packets smoked among smokers was 1.3 packets with a standard deviation of 0.6 packets, and the average amount of alcohol among alcohol consumers was (1 liter) with a standard deviation of 0.3 litres. The percentage of retirees, housewives, farmers, and employees was (15%, 13%, 23%, and 49%, respectively). The average morning blood sugar measurement among people with diabetes was 197.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;55 mg/dL. The average morning blood sugar measurement for the controls was 90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8 mg/dL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eComparison between the group of patients with diabetes and the group of healthy controls according to FVC\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average percentage of FVC from the expected value in the study group was calculated, and the results were as follows: The average percentage of FVC from the expected value in patients with diabetes is 70%, with a standard deviation of 9.5%. The percentage of FVC is from the expected value in healthy people, 90.1%, with a standard deviation of 3.9%.. The average percentage of the expected value of FVC in patients with diabetes is less than the average percentage of the expected value of FVC in healthy people, where (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), that is, smaller than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eComparison between the group of patients with diabetes and the group of healthy controls according to FEV1\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average percentage of FEV1 from the expected value in the study group was calculated, and the results were as follows: The average percentage of FEV1 from the expected value in patients with diabetes is 68%, with a standard deviation of 10%. The percentage of FEV1 is from the expected value in healthy people, 85%, with a standard deviation of 4.1%. The average percentage of the expected value of FEV1 in patients with diabetes is less than the average percentage of the expected value of FEV1 in healthy people, where (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), that is, smaller than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eComparison between the group of patients with diabetes and the group of healthy controls according to the TAFNO relationship\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average value of the T-VNO relationship was calculated for both patients and healthy people, and it was found that the average value of the T-VNO relationship (FEV1/FVC) in diabetes patients was 90, with a standard deviation of 5.2, the average value of the T-VNO relationship (FEV1/FVC) in healthy patients was 93, with a standard deviation of 4.2. The Tefno relationship in patients with diabetes is slightly smaller than the average Tefno relationship in healthy people (or barely close to it), where (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.45).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of asthma among study patients with diabetes was 28.5%, with a statistically significant significance (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000).It was found that there is a statistically significant relationship between the duration of diabetes and the incidence of asthma in patients with diabetes.It was found that there is a statistically significant relationship between the type of diabetes and the incidence of asthma in patients with diabetes. The infection rate of patients with type 1 diabetes is 33% higher than it is in type 2.The effect of blood sugar control, defined as HbA1c, on the incidence of asthma was studied, and it was found that there is a statistically significant relationship between the occurrence of asthma and uncontrolled blood sugar, as defined by HbA1c. We found a statistically significant relationship.We studied the effect of the occurrence of asthma in diabetic patients with controlled and non-diabetic control, and we found that there is a statistically significant relationship between the occurrence of asthma and blood sugar control, as it was shown that the incidence of asthma is higher among patients without controlled diabetes, significance (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe showed in our study that the lung is considered a target organ for diabetes in its type, and that diabetes causes a significant disturbance in dynamic lung function, as it leads to a decrease in the rates of airflow volumes, FEVI and FVC, while maintaining the tpheno rate, that is, it causes a defect in the blocker type.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the duration of diabetes and damage to lung function. That is, the longer the duration of diabetes, the greater the impact on lung function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the type of diabetes and the incidence of asthma, meaning that the incidence of asthma in patients with type 1 diabetes is higher than the incidence rate in those with type 2 diabetes. That is, lung damage in type 1 diabetes is higher than in type 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe showed that the state of control of blood sugar numbers plays a prominent role in affecting lung function and the incidence of asthma, as the worse the diabetes control (measured by high levels of hemoglobin or fasting blood sugar), the greater the negative effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e"},{"header":"Recommendations","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConduct a routine lung function test for all patients with typical diabetes, even in the presence of pulmonary symptoms, to serve as a reference value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe necessity of conducting tests in order to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellitus, in the event of an unexplained obstructive type respiratory disorder in patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe necessity of good control of blood sugar numbers, given that lung damage worsens in the event of poor control of blood sugar numbers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is necessary to conduct more future studies on the effect of diabetes on other pulmonary functions, such as static volume, gas exchange, and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe need to conduct future studies on the prevalence of other lung diseases (respiratory insufficiency, obstructive respiratory syndrome, pulmonary embolus) in patients with diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"List of Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003emaximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), ratio (FEV1/FVC)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Research Ethics Committee in the Syrian Private University and the ethical committees in the concerned Syrian private university approved the study protocol. Verbal informed consent was obtained from every participant before participation. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were by the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data related to this paper\u0026rsquo;s conclusion are available and stored by the authors. All data are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from SPU or any other funding agency in the public, commercial or non-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.G and S.A conceptualized the study, A.G and S.A wrote the study protocol, performed the statistical analysis, participated in data collection, and did the literature search. A.G and S.A participated in the literature search, interpret the results, wrote the main manuscript H.B. revised the draft. All authors read and approved the final draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are thankful to the management of the Syrian Private University and for their support in the field of medical training and research. And the medical staff at Al-Mujtahid Hospital We would also like to thank Dr. Housam Bardan for his help and supervision in the paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCazzola M, Rogliani P, Ora J, et al. Asthma and comorbidities: recent a vances. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2022; 132: 16250. doi:10.20452/pamw.16250.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoore WC, Meyers DA, Wenzel SE, et al. Identification of asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis in the Severe Asthma Research Program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:315 323.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLoza MJ, Djukanovic R, Chung KF, et al. Validated and longitudinally stable asthma phenotypes based on cluster analysis of the ADEPT study. Respir Res 2016; 17:165.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026quot;Asthma Fact sheet №307\u0026quot;. WHO. November 2013. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDrazen GM, Bel EH (2020). \u0026quot;81. Asthma\u0026quot;. In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 527\u0026ndash;535. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLemanske RF, Busse WW (February 2010). \u0026quot;Asthma: clinical expression and molecular mechanisms\u0026quot;. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. \u003cstrong\u003e125\u003c/strong\u003e (2 Suppl 2): S95-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.047. PMC 2853245. PMID 20176271.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYawn BP (September 2008). \u0026quot;Factors accounting for asthma variability: achieving optimal symptom control for individual patients\u0026quot; (PDF). \u003cem\u003ePrimary Care Respiratory Journal\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e (3): 138\u0026ndash;147. doi:10.3132/pcrj.2008.00004. PMC 6619889. PMID 18264646. A\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003echived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-26.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGlobal Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention\u0026quot; (PDF). Global Initiative for Asthma. 2011. Archived Reports.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJindal SK, ed. (2011). Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. p. 242. ISBN 978-93-5025-073-0. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[{"identity":"a4f0f36f-b6a6-4013-a0e1-344b32ffb825","identifier":"10.13039/501100003108","name":"Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung","awardNumber":"0996066591","order_by":0}],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Syrian Private University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"diabetes, lung function, spirometry, maximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), ratio (FEV1/FVC)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3866151/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3866151/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes is a major public health problem, and there is a continuing increase in the incidence and long-term complications. These complications are mainly sequelae of microvascular destruction in target organs. Many lung injuries occur in the context of diabetes due to the presence of abundant microcirculation and abundance of tissues. Macrophages, raising the possibility that lung tissue is a target organ in patients with diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch objectives:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was designed to study the effect of diabetes, both the duration of infection with this disease, and control of diabetic status on lung function and the incidence of asthma.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods and materials:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study, conducted on 100 diabetic patients attending Damascus Hospital in the period between 1/1/20217 and 1/1/2023. It was compared with a control group consisting of 100 healthy individuals without diabetes. It was recorded. Hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar, and a lung function test (spirometry) were measured for all participants in the study, and the following lung measurements were taken: maximum expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), ratio (FEV1/FVC). Analyze the results using: mean\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;standard deviation, Pearson's chi-square, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and ANOVA test.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average percentage of expected FEV1 and expected FVC in people with diabetes is lower compared to healthy non-diabetic controls (p smaller than 0.05), and these values were lower in patients without controlled blood sugar compared to patients with controlled blood sugar, and the values were also lower in patients with diabetes for a longer period of time, these values were lower in patients with type 1 diabetes, and all previous criteria led to the occurrence of asthma.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings in this study suggest that the lung is a target organ for diabetes, and that diabetic patients have a decline in lung function and the incidence of asthma compared to non-diabetics in a blockade lesion model. Lung function deteriorates the longer the duration of diabetes and the longer the diabetes is uncontrolled.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The relationship between the occurrence of asthma and diabetes among a sample of patients attending Damascus Hospital","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-16 10:53:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3866151/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7eaafa1c-b571-4e2e-b5d0-ad821bd5f01e","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":28141109,"name":"Pulmonology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-16T10:53:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-16 10:53:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3866151","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3866151","identity":"rs-3866151","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}