Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents in lyophilized khat (Catha edulis Forsk) leaf extract from central Uganda

Phytochemical profiling and quantification of... | F1000Research "use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}!function(){var t=function(){var t,e,o=[],n=window,r=n;for(;r;){try{if(r.frames.__tcfapiLocator){t=r;break}}catch(t){}if(r===n.top)break;r=r.parent}t||(!function t(){var e=n.document,o=!!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator;if(!o)if(e.body){var r=e.createElement("iframe");r.style.cssText="display:none",r.name="__tcfapiLocator",e.body.appendChild(r)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!o}(),n.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),r=0;r 3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]("set",!0)):"ping"===n[0]?"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]({gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"}):o.push(n)},n.addEventListener("message",(function(t){var e="string"==typeof t.data,o={};if(e)try{o=JSON.parse(t.data)}catch(t){}else o=t.data;var n="object"===_typeof(o)&&null!==o?o.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(o,r){var a={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:o,success:r,callId:n.callId}};t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(e?JSON.stringify(a):a,"*")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t:t()}(); dataLayer = dataLayer || []; // Standard GTM initialization - Google Consent Mode handles consent automatically (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+ '>m_auth=hzk0Vc3qFsQYhCrIoHz68A>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWFK8L5J'); ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"438030",trustKey:"438030",agentID:"772317073",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073",sa:1} ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={5763:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>l,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>v,OP:()=>T,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var u=r(7056);const d=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},f={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");f[e]=(0,i.D)(t,d()),(0,n.Qy)(e,f[e],"config")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=l(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i {r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.236.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>u,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=""+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),d=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(2177),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u {let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(1284),a=r(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:v,get:x,listeners:w,context:m,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function m(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=m(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;fn,p:()=>i});var n=r(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s {r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(385),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(2177),i=r(5546),o=r(8e3),a=r(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;void 0===u[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>v,u5:()=>N,QU:()=>S,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>L,Lg:()=>M,gy:()=>U,BV:()=>Q,Kf:()=>ee});var n=r(2177);const i="nr@original";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c 2?n-2:0),o=2;o {r(A[T],e,w),r(E[T],e,w)})),r(l._A,"fetch",y),t.on(y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+"done",[e],n)})),t}const O={},j=["pushState","replaceState"];function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!l.il||O[t.debugId]++||(O[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,j,"-")),t}var P=r(3239);const C={},R=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!l.il||C[t.debugId])return t;C[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function c(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?c(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,s=a.match(i),s?s[1]:null);var a,s;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:c(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var k=r(5763);const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!l.il||H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=k.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,o=s(t),a=k.Yu.PR;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),i=o(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[i],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}l._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,i=r(e);i.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c e())),t};function m(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,J,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){m(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):u?u(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",m),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!u&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e {r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>x,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(5763);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",x="-end",A="-body",E="cb"+x,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(5763),i=r(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>m});var n=r(3325),i=r(5763),o=r(5546),a=r(2177),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),f=r(50),l=r(3081),h=r(8632);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i 1?r-1:0),i=1;i {e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(2587);function m(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},m=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,v=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:m},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(m,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0):A(),h}(e,v);return(0,h.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",p.T),T}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",733:"session_trace-aggregate",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"ac76d497",147:"3dc53903",148:"1a20d5fe",242:"2a64278a",317:"49e41428",348:"bd6de33a",412:"2f55ce66",439:"30bd804e",538:"1b18459f",590:"cf0efb30",675:"ae9f91a8",733:"83105561",786:"06482edd",860:"03a8b7a5",873:"e6b09d52",898:"998ef92b"}[e]+"-1.236.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d {s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=364,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={364:0,953:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u {i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),u=i(8e3),d=i(5938),f=i(3960),l=i(50);class h extends d.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,n&&(0,u.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const r=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:r}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await r(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),n(!0)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.(),n(!1)}};c.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(r,n){return r!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!n?.isNew||!!n?.state.sessionReplay)}}var g=i(7633),p=i(7894);class m extends h{static featureName=g.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,g.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[g.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>n[g.qw]=Math.max((0,p.z)()-n[g.Dz],0))),(0,f.b)((()=>{const t=(0,p.z)();n[g.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[g.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var v=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends v.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,b.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i t.max&&(t.max=e),e 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,N.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends h{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R,I=i(2210),k=i(1214),H=i(2177),L={};try{R=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==R.indexOf("dev")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==R.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function z(e){try{L.console&&z(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&H.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){z(e.stack)})),L.dev&&H.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){z(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(z("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),z("flags: "+(0,b.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var M=i(6660);class B extends h{static featureName=M.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,M.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(t,r,n){o.abortHandler&&!n[M.A]&&((0,I.X)(n,M.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,(0,s.p)("err",[n,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=c._A.onerror,c._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),c._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,D.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)("err",[r,(0,p.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,k.gy)(this.ee),(0,k.BV)(this.ee),(0,k.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:(0,s.p)("err",[o||new F(t,r,n),(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function F(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}let U=1;const q="nr@id";function G(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===c._A?0:(0,I.X)(e,q,(function(){return U++}))}function V(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var X=i(7243);class W{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,_.M)(),s=(0,_.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof c._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,D.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Z.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new W(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,k.u5)(this.ee),(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),c.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function u(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=V(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s 1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof Y?r=i.url:c._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof Y&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=V(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,p.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,p.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,_.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,l.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,l.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[J,m,S,class extends h{static featureName=oe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,oe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,k.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,k.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,p.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ce+ne,(function(e){this.time=(0,p.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ce+ie,(function(t){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(te,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},C,xe,B,class extends h{static featureName=de;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,k._L)(this.ee),s=(0,k.Lg)(this.ee),u=(0,k.BV)(this.ee),d=(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),f=this.ee.get("events"),l=(0,k.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,k.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,k.Gm)(this.ee);function m(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,p.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&m(0,!0);var e=(0,p.z)();this[pe]=~~this[pe]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,p.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,v),s.on(be,v),a.on(be,v),this.ee.on(ye,b),s.on(ge,b),a.on(ge,b),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),f.buffer([ve],this.featureName),u.buffer(["setTimeout"+le,"clearTimeout"+fe,ve],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+fe],this.featureName),l.buffer([me+fe,me+"-done",me+he+fe,me+he+le],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,ge,"executor-err","resolve"+fe],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,me+fe),y(l,me+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",m),h.on("replaceState-end",m),window.addEventListener("hashchange",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){m(0,i>1)}),(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); window.jQuery || document.write(' ') CKEDITOR_BASEPATH='https://f1000research.com/js/vendor/ckeditor/' window.reactTheme = 'research'; window.MathJax = { CommonHTML: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, 'HTML-CSS': { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, AuthorInit: function() { MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('End Process', function () { let timeout = false; // holder for timeout id const delay = 250; // delay after event is "complete" to run callback const reflowMath = function() { const dispFormulas = document.querySelectorAll('.disp-formula.panel'); if (!dispFormulas) { return; } for (const dispFormula of dispFormulas) { const child = dispFormula.querySelector('.MathJax_Preview').nextSibling.firstChild; const isMultiline = MathJax.Hub.getAllJax(dispFormula)[0].root.isMultiline; if (dispFormula.offsetWidth < child.offsetWidth || isMultiline) { MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub, dispFormula]); } } }; window.addEventListener('resize', function() { clearTimeout(timeout); // clear the timeout timeout = setTimeout(reflowMath, delay); // start timing for event "completion" }); }); }, }; if (window.location.hash == '#_=_'){ window.location = window.location.href.split('#')[0] } !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1641728616063202'); fbq('track', "PixelInitialized", {}); (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:2318163,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); search file_upload Submit your research search menu close search Browse Gateways & Collections How to Publish Submit your Research My Submissions Article Guidelines Article Guidelines (New Versions) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines Open Data and Accessible Source Materials Guidelines (HSS) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines (PSE) Prepublication Checks Production Process Posters and Slides Guidelines Document Guidelines Article Processing Charges Peer Review Finding Article Reviewers About How it Works For Reviewers Our Advisors Policies Glossary FAQs For Developers Newsroom Contact My Research Submissions Content and Tracking Alerts My Details Sign In file_upload Submit your research { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-681" }, "headline": "Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents in lyophilized khat (Catha edulis...", "datePublished": "2025-07-09T15:49:24", "dateModified": "2025-07-09T15:49:24", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Solomon Adomi Mbina" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Clement Olusoji Ajayi" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Shehu Dayyabu" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Saidi Odoma" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Ejike Daniel Eze" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Joan Chebet" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Michael Ben Okon" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Terkimbi Dominic Swase" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Ilemobayo Victor Fasogbon" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Patrick Maduabuchi Aja" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and volatile oils are only a few bioactive phytochemicals found in most plants including Catha edulis Forsk which is consumed daily in most regions of Uganda. Objective This study aimed to analyze and quantify the bioactive constituents in lyophilized leaf extract of Catha edulis (‘Kasenge’ variety) from central Uganda. Methods Total alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic and saponins contents were determined using spectrophotometric techniques. The bioactive compounds in the Catha edulis leaves were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Result The total alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids and saponins contents were 0.0063 mg/g atropine equivalent, 0.099 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, 0.047 mg/g quercetin equivalent and saponins 0.69 mg/g diosgenin equivalent. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting detected thirty-four characteristic phytochemical peaks while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified twenty-one bioactive compounds including essential fatty acids and diterpenoids known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties with 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (Z, Z, Z) constituting 35.01%, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester and methyl ester accounting for over 21% of the composition, phytol (10.38%), butyl 9,12-octadecadienoate (7.58%) and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (3.22%). Conclusion Although the alkaloid content in the Kasenge khat variety was lower than that reported in khat from other regions, the phenolic and flavonoid concentrations were comparable, suggesting the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits of this variety. Further research is recommended to explore its pharmacological properties and optimize cultivation practices to enhance the yield of bioactive compound. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-681/v1", "name": "Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents..." } } ] } Home Browse Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Mbina SA, Ajayi CO, Dayyabu S et al. Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents in lyophilized khat ( Catha edulis Forsk) leaf extract from central Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :681 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163345.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents in lyophilized khat ( Catha edulis Forsk) leaf extract from central Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] Solomon Adomi Mbina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9259-1175 1 , Clement Olusoji Ajayi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4208-1489 2,3 , Shehu Dayyabu 4 , [...] Saidi Odoma https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7460-4075 5,6 , Ejike Daniel Eze 7 , Joan Chebet 1 , Michael Ben Okon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5585-1134 1 , Terkimbi Dominic Swase https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4205-1880 1 , Ilemobayo Victor Fasogbon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4362-9004 1 , Patrick Maduabuchi Aja https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2450-9460 1,8 Solomon Adomi Mbina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9259-1175 1 , Clement Olusoji Ajayi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4208-1489 2,3 , [...] Shehu Dayyabu 4 , Saidi Odoma https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7460-4075 5,6 , Ejike Daniel Eze 7 , Joan Chebet 1 , Michael Ben Okon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5585-1134 1 , Terkimbi Dominic Swase https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4205-1880 1 , Ilemobayo Victor Fasogbon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4362-9004 1 , Patrick Maduabuchi Aja https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2450-9460 1,8 PUBLISHED 09 Jul 2025 Author details Author details 1 Biochemistry, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda 2 Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Western Region, Uganda 3 Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Center, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Western Region, Uganda 4 Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria 5 Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda 6 Pharmacology, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi, Nigeria 7 Physiology, Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Western Region, Uganda 8 Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria Solomon Adomi Mbina Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Clement Olusoji Ajayi Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Shehu Dayyabu Roles: Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Saidi Odoma Roles: Investigation, Visualization Ejike Daniel Eze Roles: Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Joan Chebet Roles: Investigation, Visualization Michael Ben Okon Roles: Software, Validation Terkimbi Dominic Swase Roles: Software, Validation Ilemobayo Victor Fasogbon Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Software Patrick Maduabuchi Aja Roles: Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Plant Science gateway. Abstract Background Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and volatile oils are only a few bioactive phytochemicals found in most plants including Catha edulis Forsk which is consumed daily in most regions of Uganda. Objective This study aimed to analyze and quantify the bioactive constituents in lyophilized leaf extract of Catha edulis (‘ Kasenge ’ variety) from central Uganda. Methods Total alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic and saponins contents were determined using spectrophotometric techniques. The bioactive compounds in the Catha edulis leaves were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Result The total alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids and saponins contents were 0.0063 mg/g atropine equivalent, 0.099 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, 0.047 mg/g quercetin equivalent and saponins 0.69 mg/g diosgenin equivalent. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting detected thirty-four characteristic phytochemical peaks while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified twenty-one bioactive compounds including essential fatty acids and diterpenoids known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties with 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (Z, Z, Z) constituting 35.01%, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester and methyl ester accounting for over 21% of the composition, phytol (10.38%), butyl 9,12-octadecadienoate (7.58%) and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (3.22%). Conclusion Although the alkaloid content in the Kasenge khat variety was lower than that reported in khat from other regions, the phenolic and flavonoid concentrations were comparable, suggesting the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits of this variety. Further research is recommended to explore its pharmacological properties and optimize cultivation practices to enhance the yield of bioactive compound. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Atropine, Bioactive compound, Catha edulis, Diosgenin, Gallic acid, Khat, Phytochemical. Corresponding Author(s) Solomon Adomi Mbina ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Solomon Adomi Mbina Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Mbina SA et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Mbina SA, Ajayi CO, Dayyabu S et al. Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents in lyophilized khat ( Catha edulis Forsk) leaf extract from central Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :681 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163345.1 ) First published: 09 Jul 2025, 14 :681 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163345.1 ) Latest published: 09 Jul 2025, 14 :681 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163345.1 ) 1. Introduction Plants contain bioactive substances known as phytochemicals which are produced by secondary plant metabolism in response to environmental changes ( Zaynab et al., 2018 ). Phytochemicals protect plants from eternal invasions by pests and insects as well as pollinator attractants ( Zaynab et al., 2018 ). Environmental conditions, soil type, altitude, agricultural practices, light moisture, temperature, plant portion, harvest season, and plant age constitute factors that affect the generation and quantity of bioactive chemicals ( Kirk et al., 2010 ; Mohamed et al., 2023 ). The biosynthesis of secondary metabolites shows increased production during times of environmental stress which occur during specific seasons. Secondary metabolite production responds either positively or negatively to environmental stress. The manner in which plants react to environmental stresses depends on both the severity of the stress factor and their individual genetic compositions ( Liu et al., 2023 ). Different biological activities have been attributed to secondary metabolites including phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. Phenolic compounds have well-known antioxidant actions that lower oxidative stress and decrease possibility of chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases ( Daglia, 2012 ). As a subclass of phenolics, flavonoids have three major therapeutic properties; anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antidiabetic properties ( Panche et al., 2016 ). Similarly, scientists recognize alkaloids for their antimicrobial characteristics along with their analgesic properties whereas, saponins are recognized for immune modulation and cholesterol regulation ( Francis et al., 2002 ). Catha edulis popularly referred to as ‘Khat’ is a stimulant and medicinal plant that has garnered a lot of interest. In the Celastraceae family, khat is widely cultivated in the Arabian Peninsula and several East African countries ( Kiros, 2020 ). Khat leaves have historically been chewed by people to achieve stimulating effects from their alkaloidal components, cathinone and cathine ( Tembrock et al., 2017 ). The plant possesses psychoactive properties along with various phytochemicals that contain flavonoids and phenolic compounds combined with tannins and saponins which produce antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects ( Engidawork, 2017 ). Although there are legal prohibitions in some countries, the production of khat, also generally known as “mairungi” in Uganda, has become a substantial agricultural activity in most places because of its economic significance ( Patel, 2015 ). The Eastern, Central and Western areas of Uganda are major hubs for khat plant ( Beckerleg, 2010 ). The central region of Uganda characterized by its equatorial climate and fertile soils, provides a unique environment for the growth of Catha edulis. Despite its widespread use, the bioactive potential of Catha edulis remains underexplored, particularly in terms of the context of its chemical composition and medicinal properties. Research in this area has been largely limited to regions outside Uganda, creating a need to investigate how environmental conditions and agricultural practices influence the phytochemical content of the plant. It has also been documented that the main alkaloid, cathinone present in khat is an unstable principle that can degrade after harvesting of the plant and during the pre-extraction processes ( Kelly, 2011 ; Feng et al., 2017 ). Hence, khat chewers prefer to immediately consume freshly harvested khat leaves to achieve the maximum psychostimulant effect of cathinone. Consequently, it is essential to use suitable pre-extraction procedures like freeze-drying that will minimize the loss of active volatile chemicals when been used for studies. Therefore, this study estimated the total alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic and saponin contents of freeze-dried (lyophilized) Kasenge khat leaf variety ( Figure 1 ) which is cultivated in the Bulyantete parish, Buikwe district in central Uganda. Figure 1. Freshly harvested ‘ Kasenge ’ khat variety leaves (Primary data). 2. Methods 2.1 Chemical reagents and instruments 2.1.1 Chemicals and reagents Quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA, Cas No: 117-39-5), gallic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, USA, Cas No: 5996-86-8), diosgenin (Toronto Research chemical, Canada, Cas No: orb1304570) and atropine (Sigma-Aldrich, USA, Cas No: 51-55-8) standards were used to estimate the total flavonoid, phenolic, saponins and alkaloids contents respectively. Ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH, 99.7%, EMSURE ® ACS, ISO, Reagent, Merck Specialities Private Ltd, India, Cat no: 64-17-5) was used for extraction. 2.1.2 Instrumentation Spectrophotometric measurements were performed using a Jenway ® UV-visible spectrophotometer (Biochrom Ltd, Germany, model: 6715), Labconco FreeZone 4,5 Liters Freeze Dry System by Labconco Corporation, Labconco ® (Kansas City USA, model: 7750020) was used for lyophilization. The fingerprinting of the Catha edulis leaf extract was performed using the Shimadzu Prominence UFLC High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, Shimadzu ® (Kyoto, Japan). A gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, Shimadzu ® (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan, model: GCMS-QP2020 NX) was used for characterization. All reagents were weighed using a RADWAG MYA.21.4Y. P microbalance produced by RADWAG Balances & Scales, RADWAG ® (Radom, Poland). 2.2 Plant collection and identification Fresh Catha edulis leaves were collected from a farm in Mayindo village in Bulyantete parish, Kawolo subcounty, Buikwe district in Central Uganda (0.377471, 32.975878(Lat/Lon) 345 o north ( UBOS, 2020 ; Figure 2 ). The leaf was authenticated by a taxonomist before its voucher specimen was deposited at the Herbarium unit of Makerere University, Uganda where accession number: MHU51321 was allocated. Figure 2. Map of Uganda showing the sub-regions ( Uganda National Beureau of Statistics (UBOS), 2020 ). Black arrow indicates the region where the khat plant (‘ Kasenge’ ) sample was collected. 2.3 Preparation of Catha edulis leaf extract Catha edulis leaf was extracted according to method described by Limenie et al. (2020) . Little modifications were made. Briefly, 500g of tender leaves were plucked and washed under running tap water with care. The leaves were then freeze-dried at −20 °C for 48h after which they chopped and crushed using a blender. Ethanol (70% v/v) was used in the extraction process to extract bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds without significant degradation and thus maintaining stability ( Nn, 2015 ). All the crushed leaf materials were placed into a 1000 mL conical flask and 1000 mL 70% v/v (700 mL ethanol and 300 mL of distilled water (7:3v/v ratio)) was poured into the flask to completely cover the crushed leaf materials and wrapped with aluminum foil. The mixture was then placed on 72g rotary shaker in the dark for 48h at 25°C. After shaking, the mixture was filtered using a grade-I Whatman filter paper. The filtrate was placed in a rotary evaporator to remove the organic solvents at a regulated 36°C temperature, 3g rotation, and 240 Pascals of negative pressure. 2.4 Freeze-drying (lyophilization) of Catha edulis extract The phytochemical content of khat plant materials can be altered by post-harvest operations and drying. Locally, after harvesting, growers wrap the harvested leaves in banana leaves to preserve their freshness and reduce the rapid decomposition of cathinone in the leaves preventing extraction because cathinone as the main alkaloid, undergoes decomposition during transportation ( Kelly, 2011 ; Feng et al., 2017 ). Consequently, it is essential to use suitable pre-extraction procedures to minimize the loss of active volatile chemicals. Freeze-drying (lyophilization) is a drying technique used to remove water from a sample by sublimation under vacuum ( Preethi Samyuktha et al., 2025 ). This process is suitable for drying unstable or heat-sensitive compounds that may be lost if allowed to dry for a long time ( Hazarika and Gosztola, 2020 ). Hence, lyophilization was used to dry the khat leaf extract used in this study. Lyophilized khat extract was obtained based on the method described by Ligor et al. (2022) using (Labconco FreeZone 4,5 Liters Freeze Dry System Model: 7750020). Briefly, the aqueous extract was placed in Falcon tubes and frozen for 12h at temperatures between 40 o C and 50 o C to prevent the formation of large ice crystals. A two-day freeze-drying method extracted approximately 95% of water from the solution using temperature control and vacuum pressure. After the desorption processing the sample was dried (desorption) to eliminate chemically bound water that remained in the dried substance. The dry (lyophilized) Catha edulis extract obtained from the process was kept at freezer at -20 o C until it was used for analysis. 2.5 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) The fingerprinting of the Catha edulis leaf extract was performed using a UFLC HPLC system Shimadzu ® (Kyoto, Japan). The system contains three main components; an online degasser DGU-20A5R, an ultraviolet (UV) detector and a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) alongside temperature-controlled sample trays and an LC-20AD pump. The reversed-phase HPLC test utilized binary isocratic elution at 1.0 flow rate, 30 °C column temperature and a mobile phase of methanol/acetonitrile/0.01% trifluoroacetic acid (6:1:3). At a detection wavelength of 254nm, the injection volume was 10L. All the solvents used were of HPLC grade. 2.6 Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) characterization of the Catha edulis extract The presence of various bioactive compounds in the ‘ Kasenge ’ khat variety was identified using GC-MS (Model: GCMS-QP2020 NX, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The machine used Helium gas (99.999%) as the carrier gas with viscosity compressor time of 0.2 seconds, total flow of 50.0 mL/min at a washing volume 8uL. The analytical conditions for the experiment were optimized as follows: the injection temperature was set at 250.00 °C, while the ion source temperature was maintained at 230.00 °C. The column flow rate was controlled at 1.69 mL/min, with a linear velocity of 47.2 cm/sec. Mass spectrometry was performed with a scan interval of 0.5 seconds, capturing fragments within the mass range of 50-500 m/z (Dalton). The total GC running time was 28.00 minutes and the compounds were identified based on their retention time, retention indices, and mass spectra. To interpret the names, molecular masses and structures of the identified bioactive compounds in khat samples, the spectrum of the unknown compounds was compared with that of the known compounds domiciled in the database of the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) library. The relative percentage concentration of each compound was determined by comparing its average peak area with the total area ( Sharma et al., 2015 ). 2.7 Spectrophotometric determination of compounds in the Catha edulis leaf extract 2.7.1 Preparation of standard solutions Atropine: A standard solution of atropine (1 mg/mL) of was prepared by mixing 10 mg of atropine with 10 mL of methanol. Quercetin: A standard solution of quercetin was prepared by mixing 10 mg quercetin with 10 mL methanol. Gallic acid: A standard solution of 1mg/mL was prepared by dissolving 10 mg gallic acid in 10 mL of distilled water. Diosgenin: A diosgenin standard solution was prepared by mixing 10 mg diosgenin in 10 mL of distilled water. 2.7.2 Determination of total alkaloid content (TAC) The TAC of the Catha edulis extract was determined based on the methods of Shamsa et al. (2008) and Seifried et al. (2007) . Briefly, 1 mg/mL of the Catha edulis extract was reconstituted with 2N HCl, filtered, and 1 mL of the mixture was added to a separating funnel along with 5 mL of bromocresol green (BCG) solution and phosphate buffer (pH 4.8). The complex formed was consecutively extracted into 1, 2, 3 and 4-mL chloroform with vigorous shaking in 10 mL volumetric flask and made to the volume. Chloroform-containing alkaloids were measured at 415 nm. The total alkaloid content was estimated as atropine (mg/g AE). 2.7.3 Atropine standard curve preparation Atropine standard solutions (0.01, 0.2, 0.4, 1 and 2 mL) were transferred to five separating funnels that were carefully positioned on the retort stands. To each aliquot in the separating funnel, 4 mL chloroform, 5 mL bromocresol green (BCG) solution and phosphate buffer were added. The complex formed was extracted into 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-mL chloroform in a 10 mL volumetric flask and made to volume. The absorbance of the complex was measured at 415 nm against a blank solution containing all solutions other than atropine. The unknown TAC in the Catha edulis extract was estimated using the linear regression curve y = 0.0027x – 0.0149; r 2 = 0.9823 from atropine following the measurement of absorbance. 2.7.4 Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) The TPC of the Catha edulis extract was estimated using gallic acid as the standard as described by Ainsworth and Gillespie (2007) . Aliquots of gallic acid standard solution were accurately measured and placed into 10 mL volumetric flasks at various concentrations (0.01, 0.2, 0.4, 1 and 2 mL). Sodium carbonate (7.5% w/v) and 10% Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were added to 1 ml of 0.5 mg/mL Catha edulis extract. Standard concentrations were prepared using similar procedures. All the tubes were incubated for 30 minutes at 40 o C. The absorbance was measured in triplicates at 760 nm. The line of regression, y = 0.0136x – 0.0585; r 2 = 0.957 from the gallic acid standard curve was used to determine the TPC. 2.7.5 Determination of total saponins content (TSC) TSC was determined using the method described by Senguttuvan et al. (2014) with modifications. Each tube contained a normal aliquot (0.01, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 mL) of diosgenin and a 0.25 mL aliquot of 1 mg/mL Catha edulis extract. Additionally, each tube received 0.25 mL of 8% vanillin reagent and 2.5 mL of 72% sulfuric acid. The mixtures were incubated in a water bath for 15 min at 60 °C and transferred to ice-cold water for 5 min. Absorbance was measured at 560 nm after cooling. The line of regression, y = 0.0015x + 0.0766; r 2 = 0.9746 from the diosgenin standard curve was used to determine the TSC. 2.7.6 Determination of total flavonoid content (TFC) TFC of Catha edulis was determined using a modified aluminium chloride colorimetric method described by Baba and Malik (2015) . A 1 mL aliquot of Catha edulis extract (1 mg/mL) was mixed with 3 mL of methanol and vortexed. Subsequently, 0.2 mL of a 10% aluminium chloride (AlCl 3 ) solution and 0.2 mL of 1 M sodium acetate solution were added to the mixture. The solution was incubated for 30 min. Absorbance was measured at 420nm (in triplicate). A calibration curve, y = 0.006x – 0.0267; r 2 = 0.9975 of standard quercetin at various concentrations (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/mL) was used to determine the total amount of flavonoids in the Catha edulis extract. 3. Results 3.1 Spectrophotometric determination of phytochemicals in Catha edulis extract Spectrophotometric determination of the total contents of alkaloids, phenols, saponins and flavonoids using the corresponding regression equation of the calibration curves indicated different concentrations in the “ Kasenge” khat variety. The total alkaloid content in the khat extract determined from the regression equation of the calibration curve (y = 0.0027x – 0.0149; R 2 = 0.9823) was 0.0063 mg/g AE. The total phenolic content determined using the regression equation of the calibration curve (y = 0.0136x-0.0585; R 2 = 0.957) was 0.099 mg/g GAE. Total saponins content was revealed to be 0.69mg/g DE using the regression equation of calibration curve (y = 0.0015x + 0.0766; R 2 = 0.9746). The total flavonoid content in the sample was 0.047 mg/g, and expressed as quercetin equivalents (QE). This value was calculated using the regression equation (y = 0.006x - 0.0267) derived from the calibration curve, which showed a strong correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.9975). The results are presented in Table 1 and are illustrated in Figures 3 - 6 . Table 1. Total alkaloids, phenolic, saponins and flavonoids contents of khat leaf extract. Phytochemicals TAC (in AEA) TPC (in GAE) TSC (in DES) TFC (in QEF) Concentration (mg/g) 0.006 ± 0.0011 0.099 ± 0.0001 0.69 ± 0.0007 0.047 ± 0.0004 Figure 3. Standard atropine sulphate calibration curve for TAC estimation. Figure 4. Standard gallic acid calibration curve for TPC estimation. Figure 5. Standard diosgenin calibration curve for TSC estimation. Figure 6. Standard quercetin calibration curve for TFC estimation. 3.2 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis HPLC analysis of the lyophilized Catha edulis extract showed a diverse mixture of phytochemical components in its chromatogram featuring 34 individual peaks ( Figure 7 ). The different phytochemicals in the extract correspond to specific peaks showing their relative abundance based on their retention times measured in minutes. This study used fingerprinting as a chemical characterization method essential for quality control, standardization and comparative analysis between different Catha edulis varieties. The examined compounds exhibited retention times ranging from 3.797 to 40.558 min demonstrating the presence of polar and non-polar phytochemicals. Multiple high-intensity peaks emerged during the analysis at retention times of 4.401, 5.685, 17.777, 26.806 and 31.624 min. This peak at 31.624 minutes demonstrated the highest area percentage (33.048%) indicating its dominant presence in the extract. The peak table showing the retention time of the identified phytochemicals in the khat extract is presented in Table 2 ( Mbina et al., 2025 ). Figure 7. HPLC chromatogram of chemical constituents in lyophilized Catha edulis extract. Table 2. HPLC Peak table showing the retention time of the identified phytochemicals in the khat extract. Peak# Retention time Area Height Area % Height % 1 3.797 131349 8585 1.490 2.834 2 4.037 23154 4259 0.263 1.406 3 4.401 920529 64888 10.442 21.421 4 4.750 327374 42846 3.714 14.145 5 5.036 362899 14344 4.117 4.735 6 5.685 868263 66949 9.850 22.102 7 6.759 135160 5459 1.533 1.802 8 7.407 32006 2026 0.363 0.669 9 7.631 63283 2604 0.718 0.860 10 8.124 24864 1849 0.282 0.610 11 8.414 106962 3991 1.213 1.317 12 9.257 90757 2356 1.030 0.778 13 9.862 44897 1854 0.509 0.612 14 10.327 66049 1889 0.749 0.624 15 10.928 49388 1609 0.560 0.531 16 11.543 59940 1636 0.680 0.540 17 12.253 67997 1524 0.771 0.503 18 13.248 117536 1790 1.333 0.591 19 14.567 106358 1428 1.207 0.471 20 17.075 401001 7821 4.549 2.582 21 17.777 454788 10790 5.159 3.562 22 19.137 30746 618 0.349 0.204 23 19.813 16501 494 0.187 0.163 24 20.958 2801 77 0.032 0.025 25 22.443 25484 463 0.289 0.153 26 23.407 42108 759 0.478 0.251 27 25.881 410182 6519 4.653 2.152 28 26.806 520466 9134 5.904 3.015 29 31.624 2913270 27705 33.048 9.146 30 35.205 30083 663 0.341 0.219 31 36.465 139074 1765 1.578 0.583 32 37.924 64706 1205 0.734 0.398 33 39.811 67957 1329 0.771 0.439 34 40.558 97316 1684 1.104 0.556 Total 8815246 302912 100.000 100.000 3.3 Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis GC-MS analysis of the lyophilized khat extract revealed a diverse profile of the bioactive compounds. The GC-MS analysis identified 21 peaks with corresponding area percentages. Among the major compounds identified in the Kasenge khat variety was 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (Z, Z, Z), a linolenic acid glycerol ester constituting 35.01% of the total peak area, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester and methyl ester, derivatives of palmitic acid collectively accounted for over 21% of the composition, phytol, a diterpene alcohol, constituting 10.38% area, butyl 9,12-octadecadienoate (7.58%) and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol with an area percentage of 3.22% ( Figure 8 and Table 3 ). Figure 8. GC-MS Chromatogram of Lyophilized Catha edulis leaf extract. Table 3. Details of phytochemical compounds identified by GC-MS analysis of khat extract. Peak R time Area Area % Name of identified compounds 1 5.500 421104 0.58 alpha. -d-Xylopyranoside, 2,4-O-(ethylboranediyl) 2 8.819 2354837 3.22 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol 3 9.692 290374 0.40 2-(2-(2-Butoxyethoxy) ethoxy) ethyl 3-methylbut-2-enoate 4 9.867 255130 0.35 Eicosane 5 10.215 1680841 2.30 Methyl 6-O-[1-methylpropyl]-. beta. -d-galactopyranoside 6 10.433 1900695 2.60 Trimethylsilyl 3-methyl-4-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy] benzoate 7 10.606 1229086 1.68 Eicosane 8 10.667 868739 1.19 Tetradecane, 4-ethyl- 9 12.015 224404 0.31 Neophytadiene 10 12.773 513011 0.70 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene 11 12.917 1057451 1.44 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 12 13.541 14970692 20.46 Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester 13 14.514 334990 0.46 Ethanol, 2-(9,12-octadecadienyloxy)-, (Z, Z)- 14 14.567 1025351 1.40 6-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)- 15 14.671 7593298 10.38 Phytol 16 14.792 1674166 2.29 Methyl stearate 17 15.097 5545626 7.58 Butyl 9,12-octadecadienoate 18 15.164 25621271 35.01 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (Z,Z,Z) 19 15.342 1763661 2.41 Dichloroacetic acid, tridec-2-ynyl ester 20 15.393 3436935 4.70 Ethyl 13-methyl-tetradecanoate 21 15.608 421283 0.58 (Z)6-Pentadecen-1-ol 4. Discussion The current study analyzed the phytochemical profile and quantification of bioactive constituents in the lyophilized khat ( Catha edulis ) leaf extract particularly, the ‘ Kasenge’ variety from Central Uganda. Spectrophotometric evaluation of the khat leaf extract showed varying amounts of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and saponins. The analysis revealed the total alkaloid content (TAC) as 0.063mg/g. Generally, documented evidence shows that khat contains alkaloids responsible for its pharmacological and psychostimulant properties ( Engidawork, 2017 ). The concentration of khat in this research fell below levels found in previous studies of 0.01 to 0.5 mg/g khat alkaloid values recorded in Ethiopia and Yemen ( Al-radaa and Abood, 2017 ). The low alkaloid content of ‘ Kasenge ’ khat could be attributed to environmental factor such as, altitude. The environment in Uganda is characterized by a varied range of altitudes spanning from the lowlands of the Albertine Rift at approximately 600 m above sea level to highland areas of the Rwenzori Mountains of over 5000 m ( Akankwasah et al., 2022 ). This altitudinal change had a significant effect on plants phytochemicals including alkaloids. High-altitude conditions are linked to increased UV radiation and lower temperatures hence, plants located at higher altitude accumulate more alkaloids because environmental stress triggers secondary metabolite synthesis ( Liu et al., 2023 ). Conversely, low-altitude plants may exhibit lower alkaloid levels because of reduced environmental stress. In particular, the central region of Uganda is mainly known to have a low or moderate altitude (1,000 and 1,300 meters above sea level) compared to the higher altitudes found in the western region of the country ( Akankwasah et al., 2022 ; UBOS, 2022 ). This altitudinal condition in the central region of Uganda may explain its low alkaloid content. The concentration of the main alkaloid, cathinone which is responsible for the stimulant effect of khat has been reported to be influenced by genetic variations, soil fertility, agricultural practices, and drying processes ( Kelly, 2011 ; Feng et al., 2017 ). The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoids content (TFC) were 0.099 and 0.047 mg/g, respectively. The reported values match earlier research discoveries that show khat is rich in phenolic and flavonoids compounds whose antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are well-documented ( Alsanosy et al., 2020 ). The TPC and TFC contents in this study were lower levels than those in Yemen khat (IB and TZ varieties) and Ethiopia khat (DMR and HAR varieties) which displayed elevated TPC (IB=0.278mg, TZ= 0.275mg, DMR= 0.333mg and HAR=0.338mg respectively). The Dhamar and Ethiopia varieties on the other hand contained the greatest TFC concentrations at levels of DMR= 88.27mg and HAR= 79.59mg whereas the Yemeni samples had lower TFC levels at IB= 69.50mg and TZ= 70.18mg ( Abdelwahab et al., 2015 ). These TPC and TFC variations can be attributed to earlier environmental conditions, agricultural practices and harvest season ( Kirk et al., 2010 ; Mohamed et al., 2023 ). The total saponin content (TSC) was highest among the quantified phytochemicals at 0.69 mg/g DES. This result corroborates with the findings by Francis et al. (2002) , who reported significant saponin levels in khat, attributing their presence to its potential medicinal benefits such as regulation of cholesterol and modulation the immunity. In this study, thirty-four (34) characteristic signals were detected by HPLC analysis of khat leaf extract indicating the presence of different chemical compounds in the sample ( Figure 7 and Table 2 ). Multiple peaks in the chromatographic profile show how the secondary metabolites in the extract consist of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins and other phytochemicals. The bioactivity properties of this plant stem from different metabolites that exhibit stimulant behavior alongside antimicrobial and antioxidant effects ( Engidawork, 2017 ; Patel, 2015 ). The differences in peak intensity together with retention time indicates potential variations in chemical substances. Additionally, GC-MS analysis identified twenty-one (21) bioactive compounds in the khat extract including, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (Z, Z, Z), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester and methyl ester, phytol, butyl 9,12-octadecadienoate and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol constituting major percentage areas ( Figure 8 , Table 3 ). 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (Z, Z, Z), is a linolenic acid glycerol ester reported for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties ( Abdullah et al., 2020 ) hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, methyl ester, derivatives of palmitic acid collectively contribute to antimicrobial activity of khat ( Daglia, 2012 ). Phytol is a diterpene alcohol with known anti-inflammatory properties ( Fatima et al., 2017 ), butyl 9,12-octadecadienoate and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol with an area percentage. Similar to previous studies, the GC-MS analysis in this study showed a variation in the number of bioactive constituents identified. For instance, sixteen (16) specific chemical compounds have been identified in khat leaf extract from Yemen ( Abdullah et al., 2020 ), twenty-two (22) identified by ( Fatima et al., 2017 ), twenty-six (26) each and twenty (20) bioactive compounds identified in three different varieties of ethanolic extracts of young leaves of Catha edulis from Saudi Arabia ( Alsanosy et al., 2020 ), thirty-nine (39) compounds in Catha edulis variety from Djibouti ( Fatouma et al., 2023 ). These variations in GC-MS identified bioactive compounds from the respective regions underscores the fact that types of analytical instrumentation, choice of extraction processes, harvest period, soil and climate could have an influence ( Do et al., 2014 ; Mohamed et al., 2023 ). The Spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses in this study detected alkaloids but the GC-MS analysis found trace amounts of alkaloids’ derivatives. The sample analysis and injection procedure using GC-MS generates high temperatures that can cause cathinone and cathine to degrade before detection ( Kelly, 2011 ). However, HPLC operates at lower temperatures to maintain the compound stability ( Tembrock et al., 2017 ). The spectrophotometric method detects lower concentrations better than GC-MS because it exhibits higher sensitivity however, GC-MS has a minimum detection threshold ( Seifried et al., 2007 ). The concentration of alkaloids in the Kasenge khat extract may have been too low for GC-MS detection but measurable via spectrophotometry. Environmental conditions along with post-harvest processes have been identified in this study to impact phytochemical yields. Moreover, the use of freeze-drying in this study helped preserve most bioactive compounds however, the low concentrations of some volatile compounds may have been due to the handling of the sample during the extraction and analytical processes ( Kelly, 2011 ). 5. Conclusion This study provides valuable insights into the phytochemical composition of the lyophilized Catha edulis leaf extract of the Kasenge variety from Central Uganda. The medicinal potential of this extract is more likely because they contain alkaloids at different concentrations along with phenolic compounds, flavonoids and saponins. Multiple compounds with established pharmacological properties were detected using a combination of HPLC and GC-MS. These findings underscore the need for further research on the therapeutic potential of khat, particularly in the development of standardized extracts for medicinal use. Future studies should explore the photochemistry of varieties of khat from different regions of the country to understand the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of various compounds, their mechanisms of action and potential health benefits. Ethics and consent Ethics and consent were not required. Data availability Underlying data Open science framework: Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents in lyophilized khat ( Catha edulis Forsk) leaf extract from central Uganda. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/6SMFX ( Mbina et al., 2025 ). The project contains the following underlying data: ▪ HPLC Peak table showing the retention time of the identified phytochemicals in Khat extract ▪ Khat_ total alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids & saponins contents. Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal (CC0-1.0 universal) Acknowledgements We thank Ms. Rehema Chirindo, Clinical Officer at Kawolo General Hospital, Kawolo, Buikwe district, central Uganda for her commitment and assistance in locating the local khat grower to collect the plant samples for this study from the source. References Abdelwahab SI, Hassan FA, Adam A, et al. : Catha Edulis Forsk. (Khat): Antioxidative Activities and Chemical Diversities Using Hplc- Dad-Ms/Ms Analysis of Some Ethiopian and Yemenis Varieties.2015; 30 (October): 299–323. Abdullah BM, Mehdi MAH, Fatema I, et al. : GC-MS Determination of Bioactive Compounds of Catha edulis Forsk, Growing in Yemen. Our Heritage. 2020; 68 (38): 375–385. Ainsworth EA, Gillespie KM: Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nat. Protoc. 2007; 2 (4): 875–877. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Akankwasah B, Nsereko M, Babikwa D, et al. : Strategic Advisory Team NEMA Management NEMA Board, Technical Committeee.2022. (Issue November). Reference Source Al-radaa ZA, Abood EK: GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds in alkaloid extract of leaves of Catha edulis and their efficacy against eggs and different larval instrae of Culex pipienes (Diptera: Culicidae).2017; 10 (2): 692–696. Alsanosy R, Alhazmi HA, Sultana S, et al. : Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Young and Mature Khat Leaves. J. Chem. 2020; 2020 : 1–9. Publisher Full Text Baba SA, Malik SA: Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. J. Taibah Univ. Sci. 2015; 9 (4): 449–454. Publisher Full Text Beckerleg S: ‘Idle and disorderly’ khat users in Western Uganda.2010; 17 (August): 303–314. Publisher Full Text Daglia M: Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2012; 23 (2): 174–181. Publisher Full Text Do QD, Angkawijaya AE, Tran-Nguyen PL, et al. : Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. J. Food Drug Anal. 2014; 22 (3): 296–302. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Engidawork E: Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of Catha edulis F. (Khat). Phytother. Res. 2017; 31 (7): 1019–1028. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Fatima N, Rizwan M, Hobani YH, et al. : Gas chromatography/Mass spectroscopy analysis of Catha edulis Forsk, A psycho stimulant revealed potent solvent dependent antimicrobial activity.2017; 6 (2): 197–204. Fatouma MA-L, Ayoub A, Ibrahim HA, et al. : Chemical composition of the essential oil of Catha edulis forsk from Djibouti and its toxicological investigations in vivo and in vitro. Processes. 2023; 11 (5): 1324. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Feng LY, Battulga A, Han E, et al. : New psychoactive substances of natural origin: A brief review. J. Food Drug Anal. 2017; 25 (3): 461–471. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Francis G, Kerem Z, Makkar HPS, et al. : The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. Br. J. Nutr. 2002; 88 (6): 587–605. Publisher Full Text Hazarika U, Gosztola B: Lyophilization and its Effects on the Essential Oil Content and Composition of Herbs and Spices - A Review. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria. 2020; 19 (4): 467–473. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Kelly JP: Cathinone derivatives: A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Drug Test. Anal. 2011; 3 (7–8): 439–453. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Kirk H, Vrieling K, van der Meijden E , et al. : Species by environment interactions affect pyrrolizidine alkaloid expression in senecio jacobaea, Senecio aquaticus, and their hybrids. J. Chem. Ecol. 2010; 36 (4): 378–387. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Kiros T: Non-Alkaloidal Compounds from Khat (Catha edulis) Leaves. Biol. Med. Nat. Prod. Chem. 2020; 9 (2): 81–89. Publisher Full Text Ligor M, Krakowska-sieprawska A, Kiełbasa A, et al. : Modern Methods of Pre-Treatment of Plant Material for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds. Molecules. 2022; 27 (730): 3–20. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Limenie AA, Tolessa T, Makonnen E, et al. : Rewarding effect of catha edulis (Khat) and the sex differences to the responses in swiss albino mice. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2020; 13 : 279–289. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Liu X, Li Y, Micallef SA: Natural variation and drought-induced differences in metabolite profiles of red oak-leaf and Romaine lettuce play a role in modulating the interaction with Salmonella enterica. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2023; 385 (October 2022): 109998. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Mbina SA, Ajayi CO, Dayyabu S, et al. : Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents in lyophilized khat (Catha edulis Forsk) leaf extract from central Uganda. Open Science Framework. 2025. Publisher Full Text Mohamed A, Saleh A, Mohammed G, et al. : Research Article Association Between Chronic Khat (Catha Edulis) Chewing And Plasma Lipid Profile Among Adult Males From Al Shuaib District Dhala Governurate. YEMEN. 2023; 4 (1): 84–89. Nn A: A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and Limitation. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants. 2015; 04 (03): 3–8. Publisher Full Text Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR: Flavonoids: An overview. J. Nutr. Sci. 2016; 5 : e47. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Patel NB: “Natural amphetamine” Khat: A cultural tradition or a drug of abuse? International Review of Neurobiology. Elsevier Inc.; 1st ed. 2015; Vol. 120 . . Publisher Full Text Preethi Samyuktha A, Ramesh Y, Chandra YP, et al. : A review of lyophilization. GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci. 2025; 30 (02): 007–021. Publisher Full Text Seifried HE, Anderson DE, Fisher EI, et al. : A review of the interaction among dietary antioxidants and reactive oxygen species. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2007; 18 (9): 567–579. Publisher Full Text Senguttuvan J, Paulsamy S, Karthika K: Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of leaf and root parts of the medicinal herb, Hypochaeris radicata L. for in vitro antioxidant activities. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2014; 4 (Suppl 1): S359–S367. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Shamsa F, Monsef H, Ghamooshi R, et al. : Spectrophotometric determination of total alkaloids in some Iranian medicinal plants Abstract. Thai J. Pharm. Sci. 2008; 32 : 17–20. Publisher Full Text Sharma MD, Rautela I, Sharma N, et al. : GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in Juice sample of India Cane: Saccharum barberi.2015; 6 (12): 5147–5153. Publisher Full Text Tembrock LR, Broeckling CD, Heuberger AL, et al. : Employing Two-stage Derivatisation and GC – MS to Assay for Cathine and Related Stimulant Alkaloids across the Celastraceae. November 2016.2017. Publisher Full Text Uganda Bureau of Statistics: Statistical Abstract 2022. Uganda Bureau of Statistics Statistics; 2022; 1–336. Reference Source Uganda National Beureau of Statistics (UBOS): Kampala Western Central Central.2020 May, 2020. Zaynab M, Fatima M, Abbas S, et al. : Role of secondary metabolites in plant defense against pathogens. Microb. Pathog. 2018; 124 : 198–202. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 09 Jul 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Biochemistry, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda 2 Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Western Region, Uganda 3 Pharm-Biotechnology and Traditional Medicine Center, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Western Region, Uganda 4 Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria 5 Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda 6 Pharmacology, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi, Nigeria 7 Physiology, Kabale University School of Medicine, Kabale, Western Region, Uganda 8 Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria Solomon Adomi Mbina Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Clement Olusoji Ajayi Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Shehu Dayyabu Roles: Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Saidi Odoma Roles: Investigation, Visualization Ejike Daniel Eze Roles: Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Joan Chebet Roles: Investigation, Visualization Michael Ben Okon Roles: Software, Validation Terkimbi Dominic Swase Roles: Software, Validation Ilemobayo Victor Fasogbon Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Software Patrick Maduabuchi Aja Roles: Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 09 Jul 2025, 14:681 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163345.1 Copyright © 2025 Mbina SA et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Mbina SA, Ajayi CO, Dayyabu S et al. Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents in lyophilized khat ( Catha edulis Forsk) leaf extract from central Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :681 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.163345.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 09 Jul 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Liu JCTL. Reviewer Report For: Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents in lyophilized khat ( Catha edulis Forsk) leaf extract from central Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :681 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179676.r411808 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-681/v1#referee-response-411808 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 23 Sep 2025 Jack Chun-Ting Liu Liu , Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179676.r411808 The article examines the phytochemical profile of the leaves of medicinally valuable plant, Catha edulis, using HPLC and GCMS. They quantify total alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic and saponins contents and found them to be different from those reported in khat from ... Continue reading READ ALL The article examines the phytochemical profile of the leaves of medicinally valuable plant, Catha edulis, using HPLC and GCMS. They quantify total alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic and saponins contents and found them to be different from those reported in khat from other regions, attributing to environmental factors. Details for the method section should be clarified: 2.4 - "-40°C and -50°C"? - “After the desorption processing the sample was dried (desorption)” What does the “desorption” process mean here? 2.5 - injection volume "10 μL"? - isocratic elution at 1.0 "mL/min"? 2.6 - m/z has no unit "Dalton" - column temperature during the run not specified Additional comments: While the authors identified 34 peaks and 21 peaks using HPLC and GCMS, respectively, additional verification of the identities of these compound would make the work more impactful. For example, using chemical standards to compared against the HPLC traces. Authors should also list the confidence score for the compounds identified by GCMS NIST library. These should be referred to "putatively identified compounds" unless standards are used for identification. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: natural product chemistry I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Liu JCTL. Reviewer Report For: Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents in lyophilized khat ( Catha edulis Forsk) leaf extract from central Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :681 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179676.r411808 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-681/v1#referee-response-411808 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 09 Jul 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 1 09 Jul 25 read Jack Chun-Ting Liu Liu , Stanford University, Stanford, USA Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Liu J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 23 Sep 2025 | for Version 1 Jack Chun-Ting Liu Liu , Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 0 Views copyright © 2025 Liu J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The article examines the phytochemical profile of the leaves of medicinally valuable plant, Catha edulis, using HPLC and GCMS. They quantify total alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic and saponins contents and found them to be different from those reported in khat from other regions, attributing to environmental factors. Details for the method section should be clarified: 2.4 - "-40°C and -50°C"? - “After the desorption processing the sample was dried (desorption)” What does the “desorption” process mean here? 2.5 - injection volume "10 μL"? - isocratic elution at 1.0 "mL/min"? 2.6 - m/z has no unit "Dalton" - column temperature during the run not specified Additional comments: While the authors identified 34 peaks and 21 peaks using HPLC and GCMS, respectively, additional verification of the identities of these compound would make the work more impactful. For example, using chemical standards to compared against the HPLC traces. Authors should also list the confidence score for the compounds identified by GCMS NIST library. These should be referred to "putatively identified compounds" unless standards are used for identification. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise natural product chemistry I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Liu JCTL. Peer Review Report For: Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents in lyophilized khat ( Catha edulis Forsk) leaf extract from central Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :681 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.179676.r411808) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-681/v1#referee-response-411808 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Stay Updated Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles Register with F1000Research Already registered? Sign in Not now, thanks close PLEASE NOTE If you are an AUTHOR of this article, please check that you signed in with the account associated with this article otherwise we cannot automatically identify your role as an author and your comment will be labelled as a “User Comment”. If you are a REVIEWER of this article, please check that you have signed in with the account associated with this article and then go to your account to submit your report, please do not post your review here. If you do not have access to your original account, please contact us . All commenters must hold a formal affiliation as per our Policies . The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions . Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. When criticisms of the article are based on unpublished data, the data should be made available. I accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Affiliation ✕ refresh Please enter your institution. Note: To add your institution or organisation, start typing the name and then select the correct name from the list. Where applicable, the name will appear in both the original language and in English. Do not paste in the name. If the name does not appear in the drop-down list, we will display the information you have entered. ✕ refresh Country/Region * USA UK Canada China France Germany Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Minor Outlying Islands of the United States Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia The Netherlands Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu UK USA Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna West Bank and Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Please select your country/region. You must enter a comment. Competing Interests Please disclose any competing interests that might be construed to influence your judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Please state your competing interests The comment has been saved. An error has occurred. Please try again. Cancel Post var lTitle = "Phytochemical profiling and quantification...".replace("'", ''); var linkedInUrl = "http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-681/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle) + "&summary=" + encodeURIComponent('Read the article by '); var deliciousUrl = "https://del.icio.us/post?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-681/v1&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); var redditUrl = "http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-681/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent('Mbina SA et al.'); var offsetTop = /chrome/i.test( navigator.userAgent ) ? 4 : -10; var addthis_config = { ui_offset_top: offsetTop, services_compact : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_expanded : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_custom : [ { name: "LinkedIn", url: linkedInUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_linkedin.svg" }, { name: "Mendeley", url: "http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-681/v1/mendeley", icon:"/img/icon/at_mendeley.svg" }, { name: "Reddit", url: redditUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_reddit.svg" }, ] }; var addthis_share = { url: "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-681", templates : { twitter : "Phytochemical profiling and quantification of bioactive constituents.... Mbina SA et al., published by " + "@F1000Research" + ", https://f1000research.com/articles/14-681/v1" } }; if (typeof(addthis) != "undefined"){ addthis.addEventListener('addthis.ready', checkCount); addthis.addEventListener('addthis.menu.share', checkCount); } $(".f1r-shares-twitter").attr("href", "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + addthis_share.templates.twitter); $(".f1r-shares-facebook").attr("href", "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + addthis_share.url); $(".f1r-shares-linkedin").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[0].url); $(".f1r-shares-reddit").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[2].url); $(".f1r-shares-mendelay").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[1].url); function checkCount(){ setTimeout(function(){ $(".addthis_button_expanded").each(function(){ var count = $(this).text(); if (count !== "" && count != "0") $(this).removeClass("is-hidden"); else $(this).addClass("is-hidden"); }); }, 1000); } close How to cite this report {{reportCitation}} Cancel Copy Citation Details $(function(){R.ui.buttonDropdowns('.dropdown-for-downloads');}); $(function(){R.ui.toolbarDropdowns('.toolbar-dropdown-for-downloads');}); $.get("/articles/acj/163345/179676") new F1000.Clipboard(); new F1000.ThesaurusTermsDisplay("articles", "article", "179676"); $(document).ready(function() { $( "#frame1" ).on('load', function() { var mydiv = $(this).contents().find("div"); var h = mydiv.height(); console.log(h) }); var tooltipLivingFigure = jQuery(".interactive-living-figure-label .icon-more-info"), titleLivingFigure = tooltipLivingFigure.attr("title"); tooltipLivingFigure.simpletip({ fixed: true, position: ["-115", "30"], baseClass: 'small-tooltip', content:titleLivingFigure + " " }); tooltipLivingFigure.removeAttr("title"); $("body").on("click", ".cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var ref = $(this).attr("data-ref"); $(this).closest(".living-figure-list-container").find("#" + ref).fadeIn(200); }); $("body").on("click", ".close-cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).closest(".popup-window-wrapper").fadeOut(200); }); $(document).on("mouseup", function(e) { var metricsContainer = $(".article-metrics-popover-wrapper"); if (!metricsContainer.is(e.target) && metricsContainer.has(e.target).length === 0) { $(".article-metrics-close-button").click(); } }); var articleId = $('#articleId').val(); if($("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics) { $("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics(articleId, { articleMetricsView: true }); } }); var figshareWidget = $(".new_figshare_widget"); if (figshareWidget.length > 0) { window.figshare.load("f1000", function(Widget) { // Select a tag/tags defined in your page. In this tag we will place the widget. _.map(figshareWidget, function(el){ var widget = new Widget({ articleId: $(el).attr("figshare_articleId") //height:300 // this is the height of the viewer part. [Default: 550] }); widget.initialize(); // initialize the widget widget.mount(el); // mount it in a tag that's on your page // this will save the widget on the global scope for later use from // your JS scripts. This line is optional. //window.widget = widget; }); }); } close Error Close Add Reset F1000.MICROSERVICES.AFFILIATION = ''; $(document).ready(function () { $('.js-affiliations-form').each((index, form) => { new AffiliationForm({ formId: form.id, institutionErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-institution', departmentErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-department', placeSelector: '.js-add-comment-place', stateSelector: '.js-add-comment-state', zipCodeSelector: '.js-add-comment-zipcode', countrySelector: '.js-add-comment-country', countryErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-country', }); }); }); $(document).ready(function () { var reportIds = { "411806": 0, "411807": 0, "411804": 0, "411805": 0, "411812": 0, "411813": 0, "411810": 0, "411811": 0, "411808": 6, "411809": 0, "412078": 0, "412079": 0, "412076": 0, "412077": 0, "412074": 0, "412075": 0, "412082": 0, "412083": 0, "412080": 0, "412081": 0, "401470": 0, "401471": 0, "401469": 0, "401478": 0, "401476": 0, "401477": 0, "401474": 0, "401475": 0, "401472": 0, "401473": 0, "409039": 0, "409046": 0, "409047": 0, "409044": 0, "409045": 0, "409042": 0, "409043": 0, "409040": 0, "409041": 0, "399326": 0, "399327": 0, "399324": 0, "399325": 0, "399322": 0, "399323": 0, "409048": 0, "399321": 0, "399330": 0, "399328": 0, "399329": 0, }; $(".referee-response-container,.js-referee-report").each(function(index, el) { var reportId = $(el).attr("data-reportid"), reportCount = reportIds[reportId] || 0; $(el).find(".comments-count-container,.js-referee-report-views").html(reportCount); }); var uuidInput = $("#article_uuid"), oldUUId = uuidInput.val(), newUUId = "7e26c5b9-404c-4ba3-9e84-067be536d665"; uuidInput.val(newUUId); $("a[href*='article_uuid=']").each(function(index, el) { var newHref = $(el).attr("href").replace(oldUUId, newUUId); $(el).attr("href", newHref); }); }); An innovative open access publishing platform offering rapid publication and open peer review, whilst supporting data deposition and sharing. Browse Gateways Collections How it Works Contact For Developers Cookie Notice Privacy Notice RSS Submit Your Research Follow us © 2012-2026 F1000 Research Ltd. ISSN 2046-1402 | Legal | Partner of Research4Life • CrossRef • ORCID • FAIRSharing R.templateTests.simpleTemplate = R.template(' $text $text $text $text $text '); R.templateTests.runTests(); var F1000platform = new F1000.Platform({ name: "f1000research", displayName: "F1000Research", hostName: "f1000research.com", id: "1", editorialEmail: "[email protected]", infoEmail: "[email protected]", usePmcStats: true }); $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-authors, .dropdown-for-about, .dropdown-for-myresearch');}); // $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-referees');}); $(document).ready(function () { if ($(".cookie-warning").is(":visible")) { $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "35px"); $(".devices").addClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); } $(".cookie-warning .close-button").click(function (e) { $(".devices").removeClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "0"); }); $("#tweeter-feed .tweet-message").each(function (i, message) { var self = $(message); self.html(linkify(self.html())); }); $(".partner").on("mouseenter mouseleave", function() { $(this).find(".gray-scale, .colour").toggleClass("is-hidden"); }); }); Sign In Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign In Cancel Email or password not correct. Please try again Please wait... $(function(){ // Note: All the setup needs to run against a name attribute and *not* the id due the clonish // nature of facebox... $("a[id=googleSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("GOOGLE"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=facebookSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("FACEBOOK"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=orcidSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("ORCID"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); }); If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000. Email address not valid, please try again You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here . You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here . Code not correct, please try again Reset password Cancel Email us for further assistance. Server error, please try again. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance. Please wait... Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($("#sign-in-form-gfb-popup")); $(".target-field").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split("/"); if (uris.pop() === "login") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(",","/")); } }); });