Kidney Stone Trends in Israel – The Relationship Between Patients’ Stone Type and Demographics – 10K Patients Analysis

Objectives: To analyze urinary stone composition in Israel and determine the effects of demographic parameters, such as gender, age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, medical history and geographic region, on stone composition. Patients and Methods The stone composition of 10633 consecutive patients from an Israeli database was analyzed between 2014 and 2019 by a central laboratory using the Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy. Chi-squared test was used to determine associations between stone composition and the different demographic parameters. Results: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) monohydrate was the predominant stone type (51.9%). 5776 stones had pure component (54%) and 4,857 (46%) had mixed components. Men had a higher frequency of CaOx stones (89.6% vs. 85.6%), whereas women had a higher frequency of calcium phosphate, infection, and cystine stones (27.2%, 17.7%, and 0.9% vs. 17.2%, 7.5%, and 0.5%, respectively). Cystine stones were more abundant in Arabs (1.2% vs. 0.5% in the Jewish population). Lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher prevalence of calcium phosphate, uric acid, and infectious stones and a lower prevalence of CaOx stones. Uric acid stones were associated with medical conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and obesity (28.3%, 24.9%, 25.7%, and 22.6% vs. 9.6%, 8.4%, 12.3%, and 10.3%, respectively). Conclusions: The most common stone type was CaOx monohydrate. Stone types are highly influenced by patients’ demographics.