Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Pressure Ulcers in Patients with Pelvic Fractures: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Pressure Ulcers in Patients with Pelvic Fractures: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Pressure Ulcers in Patients with Pelvic Fractures: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study Xiaodan Li, Jian Wang, Zimeng Xu, Qinfeng Yang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538232/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose Patients with pelvic fractures often experience pain and bed immobilization, and they are at risk of developing pressure ulcer. In the existing literature, there is a lack of information on this aspect. Therefore, this study aims to explore and determine the risk factors for pressure injury in patients with pelvic fractures during hospitalization. Methods A retrospective database analysis was conducted based on the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2013 to 2022, enrolling patients hospitalized for pelvic fractures. The study evaluated the patients' demographic data, hospital characteristics, length of stay, total hospital costs, hospital mortality rates, comorbidities, and complications.[[i]] Results A total of 239,407 patients with pelvic fractures were included, of which 5141 experienced pressure injuries during hospitalization. The total incidence rate is 2.15%, showing an increasing trend year by year. Patients who experience pressure injuries are typically older and it often occurs in small to medium-sized hospitals, and it is usually paid for with health insurance. Its occurrence is related to more comorbidities, longer hospital stay, higher hospitalization mortality rate, and higher hospitalization costs. Risk factors related to stress injury include teaching hospitals, selective admission, anemia, multiple comorbidities, chronic heart failure, diabetes (including those without chronic complications and those with chronic complications), electrolyte disorder, metastatic cancer, other neurological diseases, mental diseases, paralysis, peripheral vascular diseases, chronic renal failure, weight loss, and dermatitis. In addition, pressure injury was associated with urinary tract infection, acute renal failure, deep vein thrombosis, acute myocardial infarction, pneumonia. Self-financing, private insurance, women and alcohol abuse were protective factors. Conclusions The results of the study showed that the incidence of pressure injury in patients with pelvic fractures during hospitalization was 2.15%. The occurrence of pressure injury was related to comorbidities, complications, total hospitalization costs, length of hospital stay, and small and medium-sized hospitals. It is beneficial to study the risk factors associated with pelvic fractures to mitigate their consequences. Health sciences/Diseases Health sciences/Health care Health sciences/Medical research Health sciences/Risk factors Pelvic fracture Nationwide Inpatient Sample pressure ulcer Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 07 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 06 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 15 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7538232","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":571632926,"identity":"0d2abe6c-990e-4b79-91da-a5f9b18a3f1b","order_by":0,"name":"Xiaodan Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanfang Hospital Zengcheng Campus, Southern Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaodan","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":571632929,"identity":"2f397ba3-fdde-4d07-8c15-e0a80ba69ea1","order_by":1,"name":"Jian 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Study","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Pelvic fracture, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, pressure ulcer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538232/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538232/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients with pelvic fractures often experience pain and bed immobilization, and they are at risk of developing pressure ulcer. In the existing literature, there is a lack of information on this aspect. Therefore, this study aims to explore and determine the risk factors for pressure injury in patients with pelvic fractures during hospitalization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA retrospective database analysis was conducted based on the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2013 to 2022, enrolling patients hospitalized for pelvic fractures. The study evaluated the patients' demographic data, hospital characteristics, length of stay, total hospital costs, hospital mortality rates, comorbidities, and complications.[[i]]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 239,407 patients with pelvic fractures were included, of which 5141 experienced pressure injuries during hospitalization. The total incidence rate is 2.15%, showing an increasing trend year by year. Patients who experience pressure injuries are typically older and it often occurs in small to medium-sized hospitals, and it is usually paid for with health insurance. Its occurrence is related to more comorbidities, longer hospital stay, higher hospitalization mortality rate, and higher hospitalization costs. Risk factors related to stress injury include teaching hospitals, selective admission, anemia, multiple comorbidities, chronic heart failure, diabetes (including those without chronic complications and those with chronic complications), electrolyte disorder, metastatic cancer, other neurological diseases, mental diseases, paralysis, peripheral vascular diseases, chronic renal failure, weight loss, and dermatitis. In addition, pressure injury was associated with urinary tract infection, acute renal failure, deep vein thrombosis, acute myocardial infarction, pneumonia. Self-financing, private insurance, women and alcohol abuse were protective factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the study showed that the incidence of pressure injury in patients with pelvic fractures during hospitalization was 2.15%. The occurrence of pressure injury was related to comorbidities, complications, total hospitalization costs, length of hospital stay, and small and medium-sized hospitals. It is beneficial to study the risk factors associated with pelvic fractures to mitigate their consequences.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Pressure Ulcers in Patients with Pelvic Fractures: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-09 12:06:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538232/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-07T12:32:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-06T11:32:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T08:47:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-11T13:46:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-09-11T13:42:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1c0a47da-a173-4149-a75b-c77d8e16b286","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 9th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":60832600,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases"},{"id":60832601,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":60832602,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"},{"id":60832603,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-09T12:06:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-09 12:06:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7538232","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7538232","identity":"rs-7538232","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}