Behavioral Feedback and Heterogeneous Network Model of Monkeypox Disease Based on a Case Study of Reported Data from the United States

Behavioral Feedback and Heterogeneous Network Model of Monkeypox Disease Based on a Case Study of Reported Data from the United States | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Behavioral Feedback and Heterogeneous Network Model of Monkeypox Disease Based on a Case Study of Reported Data from the United States Mohammad Sharif Ullah, K M Ariful Kabir, Jin Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7863636/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The potential for epidemics in both human and animal populations has made monkeypox (mpox), a viral disease that spreads between animals and humans, a significant public health concern. Analyzing the complex interaction between human and animal hosts is crucial to understanding the transmission mechanisms. This research employs a method that combines Barabasi-Albert scale-free (BA-SF) and Erdos-Renyi random (ER-R) heterogeneous networks, with four network settings (BA(h)-BA(a), ER(h)-ER(a), BA(h)-ER(a), and ER(h)-BA(a)) in humans and animals, to replicate the complex dynamics of the mpox epidemic in detail. By incorporating behavioral dynamics (quarantine-based intervention game), we clarify the influence of human and animal behavior on virus transmission. Our results demonstrate that network structure and individual behavior are crucial in the spread and control of mpox disease in different parts of the world. Additionally, we investigate the primary causes contributing to the ongoing and increasing spread of the epidemic, providing valuable insights for developing targeted intervention strategies. To validate our results, we analyzed the reported USA mpox cases from the 2022–2023 outbreak (May 10, 2022, to February 13, 2023), briefly explaining how network topology and behavioral gameplay significantly contribute to the mpox epidemic. This novel, unique, and comprehensive methodology provides a significant framework for policymakers and public health authorities, helping to mitigate the impact of mpox and other zoonotic outbreaks and enhance readiness for future emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. Quarantine game behavioral dynamics data-fitting network combination social-benefit Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7863636","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":538361762,"identity":"d750720d-4786-49ee-bfb9-d7aa4d31a3e3","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammad Sharif Ullah","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSBOsGFjYGxvPsDA2EC0ljQ2BuaeYwkkaGFIY2Bgn5FjQJwW+dnNzz48SOBL7J2R803i5w4bOQb2w0c34NNicOeY8YyEBLbEmT1vt0n2nkkzZuBJS7uBV4tEgjFD4g+2xI3tudskeNsOJzZI8Jjh1SI/I/0zA8iW/Qdynkn+JUYLw40cY7CWxo4cNmmibDG4kVMM0mLc2HPM2Fq2Lc2YjZBfgA7bzPgj4ZhsY3vzw5tv22zk+NkPH8PvMAg4BiJYwHHERoRyEKgBEcwfiFQ9CkbBKBgFIwwAAJJETtxOKqe4AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tennesse at Chattanooga","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Sharif","lastName":"Ullah","suffix":""},{"id":538361763,"identity":"771daeac-3638-415b-9311-da966f476a63","order_by":1,"name":"K M Ariful Kabir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"K","middleName":"M Ariful","lastName":"Kabir","suffix":""},{"id":538361764,"identity":"ca426271-b1ff-4478-96dc-5f3a443e2221","order_by":2,"name":"Jin Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tennesse at Chattanooga","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jin","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-15 04:38:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7863636/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7863636/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95049007,"identity":"5e6f6453-6db9-40b3-9ef8-a27c65476c96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6258976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"MpoxnetworkDatafitting.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/c95bfde033374c2d110038b9.docx"},{"id":95048987,"identity":"620519c9-7561-45fe-b191-6309de670902","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5415,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"15475cca2d4b46c5866c546996056231.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/99da77c311ec51fed9a9df81.json"},{"id":95222431,"identity":"4e9fbcc9-7cb8-463c-a8b9-6faa2d104864","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:20:39","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":161373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"15475cca2d4b46c5866c5469960562311enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/68d3820c16bc5758a4607a5a.xml"},{"id":95222073,"identity":"b8ff651b-76f2-466e-99a3-baa300f49868","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:20:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":675328,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/9afc2db6732012cd37eab17a.jpeg"},{"id":95048993,"identity":"caa30ac0-5fca-465d-af96-6fb55d3c623e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1048293,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/86060125d2b4dc03dc140ac2.jpeg"},{"id":95048989,"identity":"dc8cb6a7-3d69-46ec-b79b-6eb61fb09acd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1060404,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/f2bca145dd2c877c75031cac.jpeg"},{"id":95222132,"identity":"6c61eff7-ec74-4b9d-9881-9c7a76a72246","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:20:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":572007,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/8334523d6c37cda2fb23dc85.jpeg"},{"id":95223129,"identity":"75cbb405-d607-4f9f-b353-eb0651cfa7df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:21:42","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":229127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/c0ea61c51b1662607bf2f4d2.jpeg"},{"id":95048992,"identity":"64dd18f0-cbf5-43ce-b9ae-5c26984eb7b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1477562,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/16f499a61dfb92615d6e718b.jpeg"},{"id":95221874,"identity":"b1de975f-13be-4510-a0ee-0a12ead9d7b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:19:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1308231,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/5b3ed56ed0060ee95d475f8d.jpeg"},{"id":95222075,"identity":"fe396b3d-0b7d-4391-b121-37f639793b4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:20:06","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1427526,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/24da1a0f395212a80744d08c.jpeg"},{"id":95049004,"identity":"41568af1-dd67-448a-a698-a9d761bf8e11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1305468,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/a4041f34eceea373a185a54a.jpeg"},{"id":95222972,"identity":"ece7c856-24cb-4627-b0c3-6d97376a0c3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:21:26","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1313133,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/b5ea26bc2a146bd8f1cb42fb.jpeg"},{"id":95048995,"identity":"a631c31a-5001-4b10-971e-1fea5afacb25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1394744,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/f868504a56bac8a89931aab3.jpeg"},{"id":95222255,"identity":"e5eb95dc-4fcd-48e0-8a06-535a57fd68f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:20:22","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1414956,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/1b7d52e673686022d3c793cd.jpeg"},{"id":95223181,"identity":"0ba88f71-0fc4-4635-a3e7-23ce7dca339e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:21:47","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1461719,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/ab86d330fc7266738509c09a.jpeg"},{"id":95222055,"identity":"19c1d524-583b-4386-8d64-13ae02674062","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:20:05","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":149442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/8fd4315921d6e414b28a31cb.png"},{"id":95222638,"identity":"1b64185c-6402-4564-823b-5ee20fc3b6b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:20:54","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":153582,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/7ba28d6987919413cf5f490f.png"},{"id":95049010,"identity":"087e9073-b8fd-4f59-94b4-c0881fb42ede","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":183061,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/e6305d87e6bf518e0a3954f2.png"},{"id":95222412,"identity":"86457413-51b3-4191-821f-f565b153f1e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:20:37","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":110374,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/5f669ee3c2ca8cec70fda37e.png"},{"id":95222697,"identity":"62430ce3-23b7-462c-8e53-c429f784a420","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:21:01","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/78e84e190dcda1351b3e270f.png"},{"id":95049002,"identity":"266bafa8-399c-44d7-ae91-a6ffb8ddd4ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":208088,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/912beb9bc8912aabce221dc4.png"},{"id":95049014,"identity":"b00e2970-123e-461d-aa9d-0abae9bf2ea9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":229282,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/640fa462ab0ac9a377c10888.png"},{"id":95222358,"identity":"1a83d192-563a-40a4-81e5-7c8985eb0f1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:20:31","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":170032,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/25ee676ba88747160504af37.png"},{"id":95048999,"identity":"2337b58f-1504-4734-ba0b-dba8f6531c90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":216390,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/eff84a1aa081098164926916.png"},{"id":95223117,"identity":"cb44032a-a716-458a-95e5-2f4d5ef73977","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:21:41","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":186179,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/e7ee86219fc9cbb1ae00d52d.png"},{"id":95222879,"identity":"04939f8e-d700-49f6-8cf3-2aabb26d0761","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:21:17","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":262348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/9aadadea4bbc7dd4ae1054cf.png"},{"id":95049012,"identity":"fb965abc-820f-4627-bbdf-d005044bdc6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":200869,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/d1f70206927ec5b3fb8dcbd3.png"},{"id":95222587,"identity":"e012cbcf-73da-46ec-b146-827564a004a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:20:51","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":271504,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/568107ea7837b5d3d00d3cb9.png"},{"id":95049016,"identity":"5f2ae4de-40bc-4a10-ac4c-63a5a1a59b23","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"xml","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":161099,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"15475cca2d4b46c5866c5469960562311structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/666c4b9f7eddea049ed25176.xml"},{"id":95049017,"identity":"b1b7b0a9-019a-497f-952b-6f9c5c9d3d0a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 17:39:24","extension":"html","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1/a1ab0faef4737b0eeeec31b9.html"},{"id":96055894,"identity":"f078d085-1af1-400f-b097-1f5a4bfaee5e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 07:39:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3014203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"MpoxnetworkDatafitting.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7863636/v1_covered_12c5c318-6b58-4cf2-a19f-79a4a9e43255.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Behavioral Feedback and Heterogeneous Network Model of Monkeypox Disease Based on a Case Study of Reported Data from the United States","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Quarantine game, behavioral dynamics, data-fitting, network combination, social-benefit","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7863636/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7863636/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe potential for epidemics in both human and animal populations has made monkeypox (mpox), a viral disease that spreads between animals and humans, a significant public health concern. Analyzing the complex interaction between human and animal hosts is crucial to understanding the transmission mechanisms. This research employs a method that combines Barabasi-Albert scale-free (BA-SF) and Erdos-Renyi random (ER-R) heterogeneous networks, with four network settings (BA(h)-BA(a), ER(h)-ER(a), BA(h)-ER(a), and ER(h)-BA(a)) in humans and animals, to replicate the complex dynamics of the mpox epidemic in detail. By incorporating behavioral dynamics (quarantine-based intervention game), we clarify the influence of human and animal behavior on virus transmission. Our results demonstrate that network structure and individual behavior are crucial in the spread and control of mpox disease in different parts of the world. Additionally, we investigate the primary causes contributing to the ongoing and increasing spread of the epidemic, providing valuable insights for developing targeted intervention strategies. To validate our results, we analyzed the reported USA mpox cases from the 2022\u0026ndash;2023 outbreak (May 10, 2022, to February 13, 2023), briefly explaining how network topology and behavioral gameplay significantly contribute to the mpox epidemic. This novel, unique, and comprehensive methodology provides a significant framework for policymakers and public health authorities, helping to mitigate the impact of mpox and other zoonotic outbreaks and enhance readiness for future emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Behavioral Feedback and Heterogeneous Network Model of Monkeypox Disease Based on a Case Study of Reported Data from the United States","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-03 17:39:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7863636/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"55f4c528-1d7e-4c9f-99a5-99c95f4f24b4","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-17T07:39:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-03 17:39:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7863636","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7863636","identity":"rs-7863636","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}