Based on the refined hierarchical population algorithm, it is applied to the research of photovoltaic array MPPT

Based on the refined hierarchical population algorithm, it is applied to the research of photovoltaic array MPPT | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Based on the refined hierarchical population algorithm, it is applied to the research of photovoltaic array MPPT Kou Qi, Wei Liming This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7535803/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the challenge of slow convergence rate in the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT). A novel MPPT control methodology is proposed, which incorporates an enhanced hierarchical population algorithm. The methodology involves three key innovations: firstly, a particle population suspension mechanism is implemented; secondly, a collaborative optimization framework between sparrow and particle populations is established, employing a refined hierarchical sequence to generate uniformly distributed initial populations; finally, boundary constraint functions and symbolic matrices are integrated to enhance tracking precision and efficiency. These improvements significantly reduce power output oscillations and effectively mitigate tracking errors and power losses. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach ensures both stability and rapid response in maximum power point tracking, even under dynamic environmental conditions, thereby enhancing the overall performance of photovoltaic power generation systems. photovoltaic power generation local shadows population algorithm Refinement and layering Maximum power tracking Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7535803","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":533441987,"identity":"af83151e-3a76-47a6-b2fb-be3eed063030","order_by":0,"name":"Kou Qi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACfvaGxMd/DGyY2dibDxCnRbLnwGMDnoo0dn6eYwnEaTG4kfhMgufMYX7JGT4GRLrsQHKChGQbs7TBDZ6PN94w2MnpNhDQwdhwLMHAsI3N2OB272bLOQzJxmYHCGhhZuxJSEhs40k2uHN2mzQPw4HEbYS0sDHzfzhwsE2ifsONnGfEaeFhY0hsbDhjwCw5I4eNOC0SPAzJzAwVCczAQDa2nGNAhF/s7z9I/81g8B8UlQ9vvKmwkyOoBc1KYqMG2ZWjYBSMglEwCjABAPGQQ7MSEVnZAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Jilin Jianzhu University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kou","middleName":"","lastName":"Qi","suffix":""},{"id":533441988,"identity":"1bf616d2-aad2-464f-a241-3c407c27d69d","order_by":1,"name":"Wei Liming","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jilin Jianzhu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wei","middleName":"","lastName":"Liming","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-04 11:53:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7535803/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7535803/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94445430,"identity":"1797dba2-26a6-4939-8af2-02a6dc2dc1ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:11","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":895253,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BasedontherefinedhierarchicalpopulationalgorithmitisappliedtotheresearchofphotovoltaicarrayMPPT.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/250bf1b1e2bc168b841c4ad9.docx"},{"id":94445865,"identity":"a980af7b-1904-47aa-96ab-0157eac8b62f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:40","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3784,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"90ec146d0e6a4d06bb3e6119d7a83e6f.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/9dbb4c1b5822674773f36cee.json"},{"id":94445868,"identity":"42f7d8b6-8b26-4861-80a1-c4cc0a0c196b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:41","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":90523,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"90ec146d0e6a4d06bb3e6119d7a83e6f1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/746e6fef91cf58be9d012e35.xml"},{"id":94445809,"identity":"24fa71ea-84b5-4c3a-b221-e53bb7f5ab75","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:39","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":65792,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/1a38e6f5166c2b0f921cca4f.jpeg"},{"id":94446016,"identity":"9b7af5c1-e2ad-4072-b381-dd455d30dba9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:57","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35077,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/a8f101f126c81b93924d3f03.jpeg"},{"id":94445684,"identity":"417981df-304a-41e2-ae15-ba21a85861ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:26","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/c40488b8a7fad556c65e64bd.jpeg"},{"id":94446079,"identity":"9147e1ad-591e-4b2a-9a6d-ddc9375830f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:34:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35455,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/4f14a241fde35c7692284200.jpeg"},{"id":94446019,"identity":"9e624a22-9e4e-48f4-846e-08c24c656c6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:57","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/8b1ece591e192ada5d1f604f.jpeg"},{"id":94445425,"identity":"c7525cb2-1ac4-4111-9bf7-55e985e94ec5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/546ffc5bb5499398f4bac937.jpeg"},{"id":94445739,"identity":"1f432047-d0aa-4d7c-bfd8-4f2d874a86af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:34","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":36281,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/e08ce573ae6831110052a3a9.jpeg"},{"id":94489303,"identity":"f2877e5e-5fdb-47d7-8f53-5007e7b8df2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:04:08","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/be8dc27c113cc9cbace47264.jpeg"},{"id":94445937,"identity":"d38019f6-fd17-4b02-a80e-a023fd1bc4b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:47","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35587,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/87508bdd1c0618462779cf41.jpeg"},{"id":94490041,"identity":"b133ef2f-2b9e-41eb-b4a0-6cd3104ddeb4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:07:08","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":65503,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage18.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/549863d0e45acf2807eaf7eb.jpeg"},{"id":94446083,"identity":"85230f7b-866c-4674-819d-af7e37bc70a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:34:02","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33162,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage19.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/fb5c242bfaf86b717502cc61.jpeg"},{"id":94445648,"identity":"c70bc00a-7233-49a3-8aee-9cf05b824da9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:22","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/b1f0c400cdc5eaa3b3f59771.png"},{"id":94445679,"identity":"bc56da72-0f71-4107-af58-458b3364f624","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage20.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/7e85c147dfe01ae9e478af3c.jpeg"},{"id":94445943,"identity":"f4ccea51-5183-4f44-9eef-347cf5bf4082","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37090,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/43a893f99357a823a0ad0987.jpeg"},{"id":94445664,"identity":"954dcbf5-f2b6-4a4b-9302-5a0d41774569","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13327,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/baa3aefa1a98c6177683c89a.jpeg"},{"id":94445473,"identity":"28e8ad40-93d8-4166-ac86-35f2313d1542","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13745,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/0850f13ea2d2611784b10ac6.jpeg"},{"id":94445104,"identity":"c709e158-686a-4ca0-939f-e763d01468fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:32:45","extension":"jpeg","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22317,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/fbe940a8fc6860cafd1937c8.jpeg"},{"id":94445600,"identity":"9d97a45c-0151-43d9-95e9-406dc0dd8a7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:18","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":66357,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/e99bf7935764c855f318f66b.png"},{"id":94445659,"identity":"057d04c6-f680-4410-81fa-98c900241ba4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":140738,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/706c241f470d446b7ae29001.jpeg"},{"id":94444980,"identity":"66ab998f-9156-401a-8272-11fee128e227","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:32:35","extension":"jpeg","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50108,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/6ef88a694a5a7dd1f591c663.jpeg"},{"id":94445866,"identity":"5e22f05f-96e3-4eb2-b9dd-85d4bae7e5b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:40","extension":"wmf","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":184,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image2.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/cbeb374612f585c85e5b766c.wmf"},{"id":94489767,"identity":"1be7abd7-a8ed-4bb9-a464-e1cd3e958ce1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:05:54","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9279,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/a73cd0e7e3b7f9d9a83c126e.png"},{"id":94445810,"identity":"085ff142-0729-4a68-bbc4-6b248248cd58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:39","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46595,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/e8793d85fcfa42e62d3a84cd.png"},{"id":94445680,"identity":"ffc05b69-42b8-4162-842e-f3a62cb5c1f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:26","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":36336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/ea1b6e114d5d3ddde0c8b817.png"},{"id":94445714,"identity":"ef19f5f5-2812-4d90-925f-0c60e39071a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:26","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/c4b41214b9178f464eab42f6.png"},{"id":94445613,"identity":"074241c6-7ee6-4566-a6e4-440f1e905e11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:21","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21423,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/62714aa7f8183115d16fb443.png"},{"id":94444979,"identity":"7f651b67-991c-4311-b346-a43f57063d8b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:32:35","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11873,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/ad8eeb6d0d2c86e945cdf4bc.png"},{"id":94445172,"identity":"f7d564f9-49e1-41c3-9672-a039b0aaeb4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:32:51","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15227,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/383da8d3b2a75a2250e7a19b.png"},{"id":94445106,"identity":"5d7c025d-be89-449f-bee7-6e75c1a50d03","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:32:45","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16499,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/db824dd42a5d40c9a97c46e2.png"},{"id":94445863,"identity":"6d6f01a5-9d8c-416c-81f2-d1b8d7a79824","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:40","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24610,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/94b351f22d8d1ea2273b11a5.png"},{"id":94445831,"identity":"dea08a01-d5a5-4875-898e-fb07aafc3cf1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:40","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37887,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/d3ccadb8aa10aa329d594995.png"},{"id":94445690,"identity":"b4989a06-96b2-4f6c-8ca8-359e38c0a50e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:26","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/37ddce8e27b307f544061047.png"},{"id":94445107,"identity":"d0e0854e-ac2c-444b-956f-ab35104b14e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:32:45","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4554,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/070b62a4489d7f43596c481a.png"},{"id":94445652,"identity":"0261b4d1-f5bd-45bb-90e1-126682be4341","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:23","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":26221,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/e7a4a4674efc8d0ccbf4adcb.png"},{"id":94444978,"identity":"9a74dc90-d65e-42ca-990d-1ce9751cc204","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:32:35","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21217,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/12f544ee17f6dc657c8e5e3b.png"},{"id":94445603,"identity":"3ef2464e-e822-4ba3-b299-e9219dfe13d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:19","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8654,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/330ece474f8fb39b101e7b4b.png"},{"id":94445599,"identity":"2e68a33c-5d43-4c0b-8093-0cc0352baee3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:18","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9193,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/bffb5d86fa7f90875c51504d.png"},{"id":94445941,"identity":"4e5bd608-bd88-4a30-b5ad-5f718d314057","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:47","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21628,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/57a169e239133796bb6f0ed7.png"},{"id":94445475,"identity":"570018f2-e549-4217-b68e-8069b64c82cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:13","extension":"png","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17668,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/5151b5502eb432d113049625.png"},{"id":94445350,"identity":"a6de7199-ce22-44e7-9ce2-f158ae4e556d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:01","extension":"png","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19571,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/e2a8eb51e2eadbf17b58c2f4.png"},{"id":94446017,"identity":"8d3c4aaa-3471-4120-8528-381a6e2918d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37845,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/e3da9a49090c881000323d37.png"},{"id":94445939,"identity":"82cd813a-138e-46a2-baa2-af95b3ed9ef0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:47","extension":"png","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":136,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/90f9d14d0181474648e07ec5.png"},{"id":94445174,"identity":"c739f604-e7af-49c3-81c4-2e7ab631ab78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:32:52","extension":"xml","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":89143,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"90ec146d0e6a4d06bb3e6119d7a83e6f1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/78462b729d4a83d489408d96.xml"},{"id":94445661,"identity":"9df4e8da-f92c-4b63-89e2-8f41d5ccce58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:33:25","extension":"html","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":102383,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1/6660326c11bfc7ea4975e2e0.html"},{"id":101305283,"identity":"c252f92b-4e23-4c1b-ad3b-22d2e71ce826","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-28 10:05:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":984765,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BasedontherefinedhierarchicalpopulationalgorithmitisappliedtotheresearchofphotovoltaicarrayMPPT.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7535803/v1_covered_9a3d1f5d-306d-424f-a584-90702362ab90.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Based on the refined hierarchical population algorithm, it is applied to the research of photovoltaic array MPPT","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"photovoltaic power generation, local shadows, population algorithm, Refinement and layering, Maximum power tracking","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7535803/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7535803/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the challenge of slow convergence rate in the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT). A novel MPPT control methodology is proposed, which incorporates an enhanced hierarchical population algorithm. The methodology involves three key innovations: firstly, a particle population suspension mechanism is implemented; secondly, a collaborative optimization framework between sparrow and particle populations is established, employing a refined hierarchical sequence to generate uniformly distributed initial populations; finally, boundary constraint functions and symbolic matrices are integrated to enhance tracking precision and efficiency. These improvements significantly reduce power output oscillations and effectively mitigate tracking errors and power losses. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach ensures both stability and rapid response in maximum power point tracking, even under dynamic environmental conditions, thereby enhancing the overall performance of photovoltaic power generation systems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Based on the refined hierarchical population algorithm, it is applied to the research of photovoltaic array MPPT","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-27 11:12:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7535803/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"70e16682-50cb-43c5-b11e-41a122264f0b","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-28T10:01:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-27 11:12:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7535803","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7535803","identity":"rs-7535803","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}