Exploring the impact of digestive physicochemical parameters of adults and infants on the pathophysiology ofCryptosporidium parvumusing the dynamic TIM-1 gastrointestinal model

ABSTRACT Background Human cryptosporidiosis is distributed worldwide, and it is recognised as a leading cause of acute diarrhoea and death in infants in low- and middle-income countries. Besides immune status, the higher incidence and severity of this gastrointestinal disease in young children could also be attributed to the digestive environment. For instance, human gastrointestinal physiology undergoes significant changes with age, however the role this variability plays in Cryptosporidium parvum pathogenesis is not known. In this study, we analysed for the first time the impact of digestive physicochemical parameters on C. parvum infection in a human and age-dependent context using a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model. Results Our results showed that the parasite excystation, releasing sporozoites from oocysts, occurs in the duodenum compartment after one hour of digestion in both child (from 6 months to 2 years) and adult experimental conditions. In the child small intestine, slightly less sporozoites were released from excystation compared to adult, however they exhibited a higher luciferase activity, suggesting a better physiological state. Sporozoites collected from the child jejunum compartment also showed a higher ability to invade human intestinal epithelial cells compared to the adult condition. Global analysis of the parasite transcriptome through RNA-sequencing demonstrated a more pronounced modulation in ileal effluents compared to gastric ones, albeit showing less susceptibility to age-related digestive condition. Further analysis of gene expression and enriched pathways showed that oocysts are highly active in protein synthesis in the stomach compartment, whereas sporozoites released in the ileum showed downregulation of glycolysis as well as strong modulation of genes potentially related to gliding motility and secreted effectors. Conclusions Digestion in a sophisticated in vitro gastrointestinal model revealed that invasive sporozoite stages are released in the small intestine, and are highly abundant and active in the ileum compartment, supporting reported C. parvum tissue tropism. Our comparative analysis suggests that physicochemical parameters encountered in the child digestive environment can influence the amount, physiological state and possibly invasiveness of sporozoites released in the small intestine, thus potentially contributing to the higher susceptibility of young individuals to cryptosporidiosis.