Healing Hands, Heavy Hearts: Social Workers’ Journey with Abused Women in Shelters in Gauteng Province, South Africa

Healing Hands, Heavy Hearts: Social Workers’ Journey with Abused Women in Shelters in Gauteng Province, South Africa | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Healing Hands, Heavy Hearts: Social Workers’ Journey with Abused Women in Shelters in Gauteng Province, South Africa Rebecca M Skhosana, Anna Sithole This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7706623/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive global crisis, with South Africa facing one of the world's highest rates, with reports that 28% of women face violence from an intimate partner. Shelters are critical safe havens, yet their sustainability is threatened by funding cuts and systemic constraints. While research often focuses on survivors, a significant gap exists regarding the frontline social workers who deliver these essential services. This study explores the lived experiences and professional challenges of these social workers in the Tshwane and Johannesburg regions. Methods A qualitative, exploratory design was employed. Using purposive sampling, 16 social workers were recruited from 10 shelters (6 in Johannesburg, 4 in Tshwane). Semi-structured interviews were conducted, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis. Trustworthiness was ensured through Guba's criteria, including member checking and thick description. Findings: The analysis yielded three central themes. First, social workers described their role as a dual reality of profound emotional challenge coupled with deep professional fulfilment from witnessing client recovery. Second, they detailed empowerment-oriented services, such as structured 9-week healing programs and community outreach. Third, and most critically, they faced severe systemic barriers: clients returning to perpetrators due to economic dependency, a dire lack of resources (e.g., shared office space, no transport), a critical shortage of second-stage housing, and chronic underfunding leading to operational instability. Conclusion Social workers are pivotal in combating GBV, yet their efficacy is severely undermined by systemic failures. The study underscores an urgent need for structural interventions, including reliable, increased funding, the development of affordable long-term housing, and strengthened professional support networks. Addressing these barriers is essential to translate the strengths-based and social development ideals of social work into tangible realities for survivors in South Africa and similar global contexts. Gender-based violence social workers shelters South Africa strengths-based approach social development social support services 1. Introduction Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive global crisis, with South Africa facing one of the world's highest rates. The South African Medical Research Council ( 2021 ) reports that 28% of women face violence from an intimate partner. Shelters are critical safe havens, yet their sustainability is threatened by funding cuts and systemic constraints (Asha & Ramasela, 2024 ). Gender-based violence (GBV) represents a critical global public health, human rights, and social welfare issue (World Health Organisation, 2021). The situation in South Africa is particularly acute, characterised by some of the highest rates of violence against women globally. Disturbing statistics from the South African Medical Research Council ( 2021 ) indicate that one in four women experiences physical violence and 28% face violence from an intimate partner. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated this "shadow pandemic," with the Gauteng Provincial Government ( 2022 ) reporting a significant increase in cases during lockdown periods, a trend mirrored globally (Peterman et al., 2020 ; United Nations Women, 2021 ). Within this crisis, shelters for abused women serve as indispensable frontline responses, providing immediate safety, crisis intervention, and comprehensive support services. However, the ecosystem supporting these shelters is fragile. Recent studies highlight that Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in South Africa face closure due to inadequate funding from the Department of Social Development (DSD) and government budget cuts, directly reducing service availability for vulnerable populations (Asha & Ramasela, 2024 ; Ngubane, 2023 ). While existing research has valuably examined shelter effectiveness from the perspective of survivor outcomes (Fisher, 2021 ; Johnson, 2020 ) and program efficacy (Sullivan & Rumptz, 2020 ), a critical gap remains: the voices of the social workers who are the primary agents of service delivery are largely absent from the literature. These professionals operate at the critical juncture where national policies, such as the DSD's National Strategy for Sheltering Services (2013–2018), meet the complex, traumatic realities of survivors. They are tasked with implementing empowering, strengths-based interventions while navigating profound systemic constraints. Understanding their experiences is not merely an academic exercise; it is essential for diagnosing systemic failures and designing effective supports. This study, therefore, aims to qualitatively explore the experiences and challenges of social workers providing social support services to abused women in shelters in the Tshwane and Johannesburg regions of Gauteng Province, South Africa. By centering the voices of these frontline practitioners, this research seeks to illuminate the often-invisible barriers to effective care and contribute evidence-based recommendations for strengthening the support system for both survivors and the professionals dedicated to their empowerment and recovery. 2. Literature Review The epidemic of violence against women in South Africa is a deeply rooted societal issue, fueled by a complex interplay of socioeconomic disparities, pervasive poverty, historical legacies of political violence, and entrenched patriarchal norms (Ngubane, 2023 ). A Statistics South Africa report (2022) highlights persistently high violent crime rates, emphasising the urgent need for effective support systems. The national policy response includes frameworks like the Integrated Programme of Action (DSD, 2013–2018) and the *National Strategy for Sheltering Services, which outline a multi-pillar approach focusing on prevention, protection, response, care, and support. International and local research underscores the vital role of shelters. They are recognised not merely as temporary refuges but as crucial sites for empowerment, trauma recovery, and fostering long-term independence (Sullivan & Rumptz, 2020 ). Studies have shown that robust advocacy services within shelters can lead to significantly improved outcomes for women (Sullivan & Rumptz, 2020 ). Furthermore, research by Akin and Haskins ( 2023 ) emphasises that access to transitional housing substantially enhances survivors' health and overall well-being, highlighting the need for multifaceted support mechanisms beyond immediate crisis intervention. However, the literature reveals significant gaps. Firstly, there is a noted lack of studies focusing on the experiences of social workers within GBV shelters (Johnson & Lee, 2023 ). These professionals are responsible for translating policy into practice, yet the challenges they face, such as high rates of burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and navigating resource limitations, are underexplored in this specific context (Coffey et al., 2021 ). Secondly, there is an ongoing debate about the cultural translation of shelter models. As Bowers ( 2023 ) notes, the Western-derived shelter model may not be fully suited to all cultural contexts, particularly in many African societies where the extended family traditionally acts as a mediator in disputes. This suggests that South African social workers may navigate unique tensions between formal shelter protocols and informal community-based support systems. Moreover, a significant gap often exists between policy intention and implementation. As Akin and Haskins ( 2023 ) point out, structural obstacles to the realisation of policy goals are widely documented. In South Africa, this is compounded by funding inconsistencies and a complex web of socioeconomic challenges (Zuma & Dube, 2023 ). This study directly addresses these gaps by investigating the specific, ground-level experiences of social workers, thereby providing critical insights into the systemic barriers that hinder effective service delivery and the practical realities of implementing empowerment-oriented models in a resource-constrained environment. 3. Theoretical Framework This study is guided by an integrated theoretical framework combining the social development approach with the strengths-based perspective. These complementary lenses provide a robust foundation for analysing the work of social workers in shelters.The social development approach is a normative theory that emphasises improving social well-being through integrated social and economic policies. It focuses on enhancing human capabilities, fostering social inclusion, and promoting equitable growth to achieve sustainable development (Sharma, 2022 ). In the context of this study, this approach frames the shelter not as an isolated service but as a node within a broader developmental system. It draws attention to the macro-level structures necessary for long-term survivor success, such as access to housing, employment opportunities, and community reintegration support, all areas highlighted as deficient in the South African context. The strengths-based perspective, a cornerstone of modern social work practice, directs focus away from pathologies and deficits towards the inherent strengths, resilience, and resources of individuals, families, and communities (Saleebey, 2021 ; Weick et al., 2020 ). This approach posits that clients are the experts in their own lives and have the capacity for growth and change. Empowerment occurs when practitioners recognise and mobilise these inherent competencies. In a shelter setting, this translates to practices that foster survivor autonomy, validate their coping strategies, and involve them in decision-making processes. Together, these frameworks create a powerful lens for analysis. The social development approach provides the macro context, highlighting the systemic supports required for effective intervention, while the strengths-based perspective informs the micro-level interactions between the social worker and the survivor. This study's research questions are designed to explore how these theoretical ideals are enacted in practice. For example, how does a strengths-based approach manifest in counselling sessions? Conversely, how do systemic failures, such as the lack of second-stage housing (a social development issue), directly constrain a social worker's ability to practice from a strengths-based perspective by limiting a client's viable options for a safe future? This theoretical integration allows for a critical examination of the interplay between individual practice and the broader social welfare system. 4. Methodology 4.1. Research Design and Rationale A qualitative, exploratory research design was adopted to gain a rich, contextual, and in-depth understanding of the experiences and challenges of social workers (Lincoln & Guba, 2019 ). Given the limited research-based knowledge on this specific topic, this approach was deemed most appropriate for capturing the complex nuances of professional practice and generating insightful, thick descriptions. The aim was to explore the experiences and challenges of social workers in rendering social support services to abused women in shelters in the Tshwane and Johannesburg regions, Gauteng Province, South Africa. The following research questions were proposed: What are the social workers’ experiences and challenges regarding the social support services for abused women in shelters?” The following research objectives were formulated: To explore the experiences and challenges of social workers in rendering social support services to abused women in the shelters. To describe the experiences and challenges of social workers in rendering social support services to abused women in the shelters. 4.2. Participant Selection and Sampling A purposive sampling strategy was employed to select participants who could provide rich, relevant information based on their firsthand experience. The study population consisted of all social workers providing services in accredited shelters for abused women in the Tshwane and Johannesburg regions of Gauteng Province. The final sample comprised 16 registered social workers drawn from a total of 10 shelters (6 in the Johannesburg region and 4 in the Tshwane region). Purposive sampling enabled the researchers to judge who would present the best information about the phenomenon under study to meet its objectives. Stringent inclusion criteria were applied. Participants had to: Be registered as a social worker under the South African Social Service Professions Act (Act 110 of 1978). Be currently employed and providing direct social support services to abused women in one of the identified shelters. Have a minimum of three years of working experience in these shelters to ensure they have a substantial background on the challenges and effectiveness of services. Be willing and available to provide informed consent to participate. Social auxiliary workers, house mothers, and shelter managers were excluded to maintain a sharp focus on the professional experiences of qualified social workers. 4.3. Data Collection Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. An interview guide was used to ensure consistency, with key opening questions such as: “ Tell me more about your experiences providing social support services to abused women in shelters ” and “ Share with me the kind of social support services you offer in the shelters.” Probing questions were used to explore emerging themes in depth. Interviews were conducted in English, Sotho, or Zulu, based on participant preference, and lasted approximately 60–90 minutes each. They were audio-recorded and subsequently transcribed verbatim. Ethical approval was granted by the Departmental Research and Ethics Committee of the University of South Africa (#Ref 24/11/16/7882718_01). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after explaining the study's purpose, procedures, and their right to withdraw. 4.4. Data Analysis The transcribed data were analysed using thematic analysis following the six-phase approach outlined by Braun and Clarke ( 2021 ): 1) familiarising with the data; 2) generating initial codes; 3) searching for themes; 4) reviewing potential themes; 5) defining and naming themes; and 6) producing the report. The analysis was inductive, allowing themes to emerge organically from the data rather than being forced into a pre-existing coding frame. NVivo software was used to facilitate the coding and thematic organisation process. 4.5. Ensuring Trustworthiness To ensure the rigour and credibility of the findings, Guba's model of trustworthiness was systematically applied: Credibility: This was achieved through prolonged engagement with the data during transcription and analysis, and member checking, where preliminary findings were shared with participants for verification. Dependability: A detailed audit trail of the research process, including interview guides, raw data, and analytical memos, was maintained to allow for external scrutiny. Transferability: Thick, descriptive accounts of the research context, participant characteristics, and findings are provided to enable readers to assess the applicability of the results to other settings. Confirmability: The researchers practised reflexivity, continually bracketing their own assumptions and biases to ensure that the findings were rooted in the participants' experiences and the data, rather than researcher preconceptions. 5. Findings The analysis of the interview data revealed three overarching themes that capture the essence of the social workers' experiences. These themes, with their constituent sub-themes, are summarised in Table 1 below. Table 1 Overview of Themes and Sub-themes Themes Sub-themes 1. The Dual Reality of Shelter Work 1.1. Emotionally Demanding yet Enriching Work 1.2. Confronting the Multifaceted Needs of Survivors 2. Empowerment in Practice: modalities of support 2.1. Structured Healing and Restoration Programs 2.2. Family Therapy and Preparation for Reintegration 2.3. Community-Oriented Awareness and Outreach 3. Systemic Barriers Undermining Efficacy 3.1. The Vicious Cycle: Economic Dependency and Return to Perpetrators 3.2. Inadequate Resources and Professional Infrastructure 3.3. Critical Lack of Second-Stage Housing and Aftercare 3.4. Insufficient and Unreliable Funding 5.1. Theme 1: The Dual Reality of Shelter Work This theme encapsulates the profound emotional and professional paradox that defines the daily lives of shelter social workers. Sub-theme 1.1: Emotionally Demanding yet Enriching Work This theme was derived from information provided by participants in response to the researchers' request: "Tell me more about your experiences providing social support services to abused women in shelters." The following two sub-themes emerged from theme 1. Participants universally described the work as intensely challenging due to the complex trauma presented by clients. One social worker poignantly stated, " Supporting victims of domestic violence in shelters is challenging due to complex cases and fluctuating emotional states. Individuals often struggle to share their stories." Another highlighted the emotional risk: "It highlights the intense emotions involved and the risk some women face, with some being saved by their children or neighbours." However, this challenge was consistently balanced by a deep sense of professional fulfilment. The most frequently cited reward was witnessing client transformation: "Ultimately, the most rewarding part of the experience is witnessing clients recover and regain their confidence." This duality underscores the high-stakes nature of their work. This duality, the challenges of navigating complex situations alongside the rewarding experience of helping individuals rebuild their lives, highlights the high-stakes nature of their work. It is a field that demands both emotional resilience and compassion, reflecting the critical impact that support services have on the lives of survivors of domestic violence. Sub-theme 1.2: Confronting the Multifaceted Needs of Survivors Social workers are confronted daily with the consequences of women's unemployment, a lack of shelter, emotional and physical trauma, and the physical scars of abuse. Participants reported having housed several abused women from impoverished communities; many of them are unemployed and unable to afford even the most necessities. Social workers detailed the complex profiles of the women they serve, who often arrive with intersecting challenges. A key issue was economic vulnerability. One participant reported, "Participants reported having housed several abused women from impoverished communities; many of them are unemployed and unable to afford even the most basic necessities." Another explained the shelter's role in addressing this: " Many unemployed women seek shelter here to change their lives and regain their independence. This place empowers them to improve their circumstances." Beyond the lack of material resources, many women arrive at the shelter with deep emotional scars and significant physical trauma, requiring comprehensive and individualised support that addresses their unique histories and experiences. Social workers strive to create a safe, nurturing environment that fosters healing and personal growth, equipping these women with the tools they need to rebuild their lives. 5.2. Theme 2: Empowerment in Practice as Modalities of Support The following sub-themes and categories emanated from the researchers’ request: “Share with me the kind of social support services you offer in the shelters.” According to the participants, all of the programs offered contribute to the empowerment of abused women who are willing to actively participate in the services available. Accommodation, safe and individual therapy, group sessions, skill development and community work, and spiritual support were all mentioned. Participants described a range of services designed to empower women, reflecting a strengths-based approach. Sub-theme 2.1: Structured Healing and Restoration Programs All shelters implemented formal programs. Participants reported having received training in the healing and restorative program. This program is currently being implemented because it covers a broader spectrum of empowerment for abused women, from the individual to groups and communities. One participant described a "healing program approved by the DSD, focusing on counselling, group therapy, and life skills training, including parenting and communication." Another detailed "9-week restoration and healing program that covers life skills, including discussions on abuse and boundaries." The organisation provides a healing and restoration program in partnership with the DSD, focusing on psychosocial services like counselling and group therapy. It includes life skills training in areas such as parenting and communication. Additionally, the program addresses topics like abuse and personal boundaries while promoting skill development. These structured interventions aimed to address trauma and build practical skills for independent living. Sub-theme 2.2: Family Therapy and Preparation for Reintegration Participants noted that some women requested their partners be included in counselling sessions to help discourage abuse. Additionally, when preparing women to leave shelters, social workers sometimes send letters to abusers inviting them to joint sessions. Home visits are also conducted to provide intervention services and prepare families for the return of abused women. Some social workers engaged in cautious efforts at family reintegration. A participant explained, "We prepare individuals for future engagement with their partners, but do not include partners in our safe space. Family therapy often requires three or more sessions for partners to improve communication and reunite." The narrative outlines the process for individuals admitted to a shelter, emphasising that partners will be engaged in therapeutic sessions designed to foster communication and understanding. This process was carefully managed, with the shelter always maintaining its role as a safe space for the survivor. Sub-theme 2.3: Community-Oriented Awareness and Outreach Participants reported that one of their interventions is community work in schools, churches, clinics, and community events, which social auxiliary workers and volunteers carry out. Social workers actively worked to prevent violence and raise awareness. One stated, "We hold workshops and raise awareness in schools and communities. Social auxiliary workers hold the workshops three times a week, and once a month in the communities." Another described "awareness campaigns... in various public spaces, such as clinics, hospitals, shopping malls, and taxi ranks," though they maintained the shelter's address as confidential for safety. The organisation conducts workshops three times a week in schools and once a month in communities, facilitated by social auxiliary workers. They also run education and awareness campaigns in various public spaces, such as clinics, hospitals, shopping malls, and taxi ranks. Occasionally, they participate in events to showcase crafts made by women in their program and discuss shelter services, while keeping the shelter's address confidential. These public education activities occur twice a month and are organised by social auxiliary workers and volunteers . 5.3. Theme 3: Systemic Barriers Undermining Efficacy Although participants recognised the potential empowerment effect of programs, they also reported the following challenges that impede their effective implementation. This theme represents the most significant finding, detailing the structural obstacles that severely hinder social workers' effectiveness. Sub-theme 3.1: The Vicious Cycle: Economic Dependency and Return to Perpetrators A major source of frustration was the recurrence of women returning to abusive partners. Participants attributed this primarily to a lack of viable economic alternatives. One social worker shared a poignant case: "This woman, sold by her father, is in a violent relationship and sought help at a shelter. She may say she's coping, but clearly, she is not." Another contextualised the systemic failure: "The brief stays in shelters hinder comprehensive support for abused women. Without adequate community resources, they may lack the means for survival and feel compelled to return to their abusers." The social workers shared that a woman who was sold by her father to his friend and is currently being abused by him sought refuge in a shelter. Despite the abuse, she returned to the relationship and may claim she is coping when checked on. The temporary nature of the shelter makes it challenging to provide complete support services, and without community assistance, many women face survival challenges that lead them back to their abusers. Sub-theme 3.2: Inadequate Resources and Professional Infrastructure Participants reported a dire lack of basic resources necessary for professional practice. The lack of private space was a critical issue: "We share an office space, and when a client comes in for counselling, the social auxiliary worker and the house mother must leave the office," which compromises confidentiality. They pleaded for essential tools: "Increase resources for social workers in shelter services, including laptops, office space, phones, and vehicles. These tools are essential for us to work effectively." Participants highlighted a significant shortage of essential resources for effective professional practice, particularly the need for private space to ensure client confidentiality. They called for increased resources for social workers in shelter services, including laptops, office space, phones, and vehicles, to enhance their ability to work effectively. Sub-theme 3.3: Critical Lack of Second-Stage Housing and Aftercare The most frequently cited barrier was the absence of safe, affordable long-term housing. This gap directly sabotages long-term success. It is imperative to recognise that some women do not have families to return to, which makes the availability of accessible housing for employed women essential. One participant explained, "Some women choose not to return to their families or may lack families altogether. The province also faces a shortage of affordable long-term housing for employed women." Another was more blunt about systemic neglect: "The government does not take gender-based violence seriously, and NGOs lack sufficient funding for long-term housing for abused women, relying on inadequate donations and social support." The challenges faced by women affected by gender-based violence were described. Many women do not want to return to their families, some lack families altogether, and there is a shortage of long-term housing in the province, often available only for employed women who can pay rent. It also highlights the government's insufficient response to gender-based violence and the lack of financial support for non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which struggle to secure enough funding to provide adequate housing for abused women. Sub-theme 3.4: Insufficient and Unreliable Funding Funding from the DSD was described as the root of many problems. It was consistently reported as being both insufficient and unreliable. "We are facing challenges due to limited funding from DSD, which affects our ability to transport women to clinics and courts. Delays in payments add stress as we must operate on a tight budget when funds are unavailable," one participant stated. This financial precarity led to feelings of political abandonment: "Politicians must prioritise abused women's needs, as our participation in forums has not led to any changes." The participants emphasised that the government must take gender-based violence seriously; the current level of support is inadequate. The demand increased funding for NGOs that provide long-term housing for abused women. Relying on insufficient donations and social support is unacceptable. Immediate action is needed to establish a robust support system that effectively addresses these challenges. 6. Discussion The challenges faced by women affected by gender-based violence were described. Many women do not want to return to their families; some lack families altogether, and there is a shortage of long-term housing in the province, often available only for employed women who can pay rent. It also highlights the government's insufficient response to gender-based violence and the lack of financial support for non-governmental organisations (NGOs), which struggle to secure enough funding to provide adequate housing for abused women. This study provides a stark, ground-level perspective on the realities of providing social work services within the GBV shelter system in South Africa. The findings illuminate a profound disconnect between the empowering, strengths-based ideals of social work practice and the constraining realities of a severely under-resourced system, with direct implications for global social welfare practice in similar contexts. The first theme confirms that social workers are deeply committed to their roles, deriving significant meaning from facilitating survivor empowerment, a core objective of the strengths-based perspective (Saleebey, 2021 ). Their description of services like healing programs and community outreach demonstrates an active application of this approach, aiming to build on survivors' resilience. However, the systemic barriers detailed in the third theme reveal how these efforts are systematically thwarted. The critical lack of second-stage housing is not just a logistical failure; it represents a fundamental breakdown in the social development approach. This approach necessitates long-term strategies for social and economic integration (Sharma, 2022 ). When a survivor is forced to choose between homelessness and returning to her abuser because no safe, affordable housing exists, any strengths-based progress made in the shelter is effectively nullified. This finding resonates strongly with global research emphasising that economic empowerment and housing stability are the most critical factors in enabling survivors to achieve permanent safety (Hetling et al., 2018 ; NCADV, 2021). The situation described by participants, where brief stays hinder comprehensive support, highlights a system that manages crisis but fails to enable lasting recovery. Similarly, the inadequate resources (e.g., shared office spaces, lack of transport) prevent social workers from practising with the professionalism and confidentiality required by their ethical code. This creates conditions ripe for burnout and secondary trauma, aligning with global literature on the challenges faced by social workers in high-stress, low-resource environments (Coffey et al., 2021 ; Zuma & Dube, 2023 ). The reported insufficient and unreliable funding is the thread that ties all these challenges together, reflecting a broader political and social devaluation of both the issue of GBV and the profession of social work itself. The challenges identified, while acute in South Africa, are not unique. They reflect a global pattern where social welfare services, particularly those supporting marginalised groups like GBV survivors, are chronically underfunded. This study, therefore, underscores that effective interventions must be twofold: they must continue to support micro-level, strengths-based practices while simultaneously advocating for macro-level structural investment. Strengths-based practice cannot thrive in a vacuum; it requires a supportive ecosystem that includes affordable housing, living-wage employment opportunities, and reliable funding for essential services. 7. Conclusion and Recommendations This study demonstrates that social workers in shelters are essential, compassionate, and skilled agents of healing for abused women. They are dedicated to implementing empowering, strengths-based interventions that align with best practices in social work. However, their ability to effect lasting change is critically compromised by systemic barriers, most notably a dire lack of resources, unreliable funding, and a catastrophic shortage of safe, affordable long-term housing. The "heavy hearts" referenced in the title are not solely a result of the trauma they witness, but also a product of the systemic frustration and moral distress experienced when they lack the tools to secure a safe future for their clients. The strengths-based approach is rendered impotent when the social development infrastructure is absent. Therefore, the following evidence-based recommendations are proposed: The South African government, particularly the Department of Social Development and National Treasury, must prioritise consistent, increased, and ring-fenced funding for GBV services. This funding must explicitly include allocations for the development and maintenance of second-stage housing programs and cover essential operational costs like transportation, technology, and competitive salaries to retain skilled professionals. There is an urgent need for inter-departmental collaboration (e.g., between Social Development, Human Settlements, and Health) to create integrated support pathways for survivors. This includes policies that fast-track access to affordable housing, psychosocial support, and economic opportunities, recognising that GBV is a complex issue requiring a multi-sectoral response. Creating formalised, well-resourced professional support networks and mandatory clinical supervision structures for shelter-based social workers is crucial. This is necessary to mitigate burnout, combat isolation, facilitate complex case consultation, and promote professional resilience and sustainability. In conclusion, supporting abused women requires more than the dedication of individual social workers; it requires a system that actively supports their efforts. By addressing these systemic challenges, policymakers and stakeholders can help ensure that shelters evolve from being temporary refuges to becoming true springboards for sustainable recovery. Ultimately, healing hands can only be effective if they are supported by a strong, responsive, and adequately resourced system. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors sincerely thank all the research participants who willingly offered their time to share the rich and unique experiences that informed this study. Great appreciation goes to the Gauteng Provincial DSD Research Unit for granting permission to conduct the research interviews in the shelters. Furthermore, the authors thank the reviewers for their constructive comments. Conflicts of Interest The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Data availability statement Data presented in this study is available at request. Please contact the corresponding author for additional data access or usage information. Authors' contribution statements Author 1 contributed to the data collection, methodology, data analysis, data validation and writing of the second draft. Author 2 was the supervisor and contributed to the article structure, writing the first draft review and finalising the article. References Asha, A. 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Retrieved from www.ncadv.org(http://https://ncadv.org/statistics). Nelson, K. (2021). The Strengths of Survivors: Resilience among Women in Shelters. Social Work Review, 45(3), 87-102. Ngubane, L. (2023). Poverty and Social Work: The Impact of Budget Cuts. South African Journal of Social Work. Peterman, A., Potts, A., O'Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, M., Oertwig, M., & O'Leary, C. (2020). Pandemic domestic violence: The impact of COVID-19 on domestic violence incidents. COVID-19 Insights, World Bank Group. Rogers, T., & Duffy, K. (2021). Social Development and Empowerment: A Framework for Supporting Vulnerable Populations. International Journal of Social Work , 58(2), 215-230. Saleebey, D. (2021). The Strengths Perspective in Social Work Practice. 7th Edition. Pearson. Schmitt, M. (2023). Challenges and Innovations in Addressing Domestic Violence in South Africa. Journal of Family Violence , 38(1), 15-30. Sharma, R. & Ali, S. (2022). The Role of Social Development in Achieving Economic Growth: An Analysis of Recent Trends. Development Studies Research , 9(2), 85-100. Smith, A., & Jones, B. (2022). A strengths-based approach in social work: Assessment and outcomes. Journal of Social Work , 18 (4), 445-460. Smith, J., Brown, L., & Taylor, M. (2022). Evaluating Shelter Programs: A Review of Support Services for Domestic Violence Survivors. Journal of Community Practice, 29(4), 410-426. Smith, T., & Lee, A. (2019). Moving Forward: The Journey After Leaving Abuse. Journal of Social Work. South African Medical Research Council. (2021). The South African Gender-Based Violence and Femicide National Dialogues. Retrieved from www.samrc.ac.za(http://www.samrc.ac.za). Statistics South Africa. (2018). Crime against women in South Africa: An in-depth analysis of the Victims of Crime Survey data. Retrieved from: www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-03-40-05/Report-03-40-05June2018.pdf . Statistics South Africa. (2022). Victims of Crime Survey. Retrieved from: https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0341/GPSJS%202022_23%20Final.pdf Sullivan, C. M., & Rumptz, M. H. (2020). The Role of Advocacy in Domestic Violence Shelters. Journal of Family Violence , 35(2), 187-197. United Nations Women. (2021). The Shadow Pandemic: Violence Against Women During COVID-19. Retrieved from: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/in-focus-gender-equality-in-covid-19-response/violence-against-women-during-covid-19 United Nations Women. (2022). Support for survivors of violence: A toolkit for practitioners. Retrieved from: https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/5/a-practitioners-toolkit-on-womens-access-to-justice-programming. Weick, A., Rapp, C., Sullivan, W. & Sullivan, J. (2020). The Strengths Perspective in Social Work Practice, 7th Edition. Pearson. Woods, L., Sweeney, A., & Paterson, P. (2021). Evaluating the impact of shelters for survivors of domestic abuse: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Violence. World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Violence Against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018. Retrieved from [WHO website](https://www.who.int). World Health Organisation. (2022). Global status report on violence against children. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240061970. Zuma, F., & Dube, P. (2023). Mental Health Services Post-COVID: Challenges for Social Workers. Health and Social Care in the Community Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive global crisis, with South Africa facing one of the world's highest rates. The South African Medical Research Council (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) reports that 28% of women face violence from an intimate partner. Shelters are critical safe havens, yet their sustainability is threatened by funding cuts and systemic constraints (Asha \u0026amp; Ramasela, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Gender-based violence (GBV) represents a critical global public health, human rights, and social welfare issue (World Health Organisation, 2021). The situation in South Africa is particularly acute, characterised by some of the highest rates of violence against women globally. Disturbing statistics from the South African Medical Research Council (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) indicate that one in four women experiences physical violence and 28% face violence from an intimate partner. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated this \"shadow pandemic,\" with the Gauteng Provincial Government (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reporting a significant increase in cases during lockdown periods, a trend mirrored globally (Peterman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; United Nations Women, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithin this crisis, shelters for abused women serve as indispensable frontline responses, providing immediate safety, crisis intervention, and comprehensive support services. However, the ecosystem supporting these shelters is fragile. Recent studies highlight that Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in South Africa face closure due to inadequate funding from the Department of Social Development (DSD) and government budget cuts, directly reducing service availability for vulnerable populations (Asha \u0026amp; Ramasela, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Ngubane, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). While existing research has valuably examined shelter effectiveness from the perspective of survivor outcomes (Fisher, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Johnson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and program efficacy (Sullivan \u0026amp; Rumptz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), a critical gap remains: the voices of the social workers who are the primary agents of service delivery are largely absent from the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese professionals operate at the critical juncture where national policies, such as the DSD's National Strategy for Sheltering Services (2013\u0026ndash;2018), meet the complex, traumatic realities of survivors. They are tasked with implementing empowering, strengths-based interventions while navigating profound systemic constraints. Understanding their experiences is not merely an academic exercise; it is essential for diagnosing systemic failures and designing effective supports.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study, therefore, aims to qualitatively explore the experiences and challenges of social workers providing social support services to abused women in shelters in the Tshwane and Johannesburg regions of Gauteng Province, South Africa. By centering the voices of these frontline practitioners, this research seeks to illuminate the often-invisible barriers to effective care and contribute evidence-based recommendations for strengthening the support system for both survivors and the professionals dedicated to their empowerment and recovery.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Literature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe epidemic of violence against women in South Africa is a deeply rooted societal issue, fueled by a complex interplay of socioeconomic disparities, pervasive poverty, historical legacies of political violence, and entrenched patriarchal norms (Ngubane, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). A Statistics South Africa report (2022) highlights persistently high violent crime rates, emphasising the urgent need for effective support systems. The national policy response includes frameworks like the Integrated Programme of Action (DSD, 2013\u0026ndash;2018) and the *National Strategy for Sheltering Services, which outline a multi-pillar approach focusing on prevention, protection, response, care, and support.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational and local research underscores the vital role of shelters. They are recognised not merely as temporary refuges but as crucial sites for empowerment, trauma recovery, and fostering long-term independence (Sullivan \u0026amp; Rumptz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Studies have shown that robust advocacy services within shelters can lead to significantly improved outcomes for women (Sullivan \u0026amp; Rumptz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, research by Akin and Haskins (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) emphasises that access to transitional housing substantially enhances survivors' health and overall well-being, highlighting the need for multifaceted support mechanisms beyond immediate crisis intervention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, the literature reveals significant gaps. Firstly, there is a noted lack of studies focusing on the experiences of social workers within GBV shelters (Johnson \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These professionals are responsible for translating policy into practice, yet the challenges they face, such as high rates of burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and navigating resource limitations, are underexplored in this specific context (Coffey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Secondly, there is an ongoing debate about the cultural translation of shelter models. As Bowers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) notes, the Western-derived shelter model may not be fully suited to all cultural contexts, particularly in many African societies where the extended family traditionally acts as a mediator in disputes. This suggests that South African social workers may navigate unique tensions between formal shelter protocols and informal community-based support systems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, a significant gap often exists between policy intention and implementation. As Akin and Haskins (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) point out, structural obstacles to the realisation of policy goals are widely documented. In South Africa, this is compounded by funding inconsistencies and a complex web of socioeconomic challenges (Zuma \u0026amp; Dube, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This study directly addresses these gaps by investigating the specific, ground-level experiences of social workers, thereby providing critical insights into the systemic barriers that hinder effective service delivery and the practical realities of implementing empowerment-oriented models in a resource-constrained environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Theoretical Framework","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study is guided by an integrated theoretical framework combining the social development approach with the strengths-based perspective. These complementary lenses provide a robust foundation for analysing the work of social workers in shelters.The social development approach is a normative theory that emphasises improving social well-being through integrated social and economic policies. It focuses on enhancing human capabilities, fostering social inclusion, and promoting equitable growth to achieve sustainable development (Sharma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In the context of this study, this approach frames the shelter not as an isolated service but as a node within a broader developmental system. It draws attention to the macro-level structures necessary for long-term survivor success, such as access to housing, employment opportunities, and community reintegration support, all areas highlighted as deficient in the South African context.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe strengths-based perspective, a cornerstone of modern social work practice, directs focus away from pathologies and deficits towards the inherent strengths, resilience, and resources of individuals, families, and communities (Saleebey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Weick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This approach posits that clients are the experts in their own lives and have the capacity for growth and change. Empowerment occurs when practitioners recognise and mobilise these inherent competencies. In a shelter setting, this translates to practices that foster survivor autonomy, validate their coping strategies, and involve them in decision-making processes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTogether, these frameworks create a powerful lens for analysis. The social development approach provides the macro context, highlighting the systemic supports required for effective intervention, while the strengths-based perspective informs the micro-level interactions between the social worker and the survivor. This study's research questions are designed to explore how these theoretical ideals are enacted in practice. For example, how does a strengths-based approach manifest in counselling sessions? Conversely, how do systemic failures, such as the lack of second-stage housing (a social development issue), directly constrain a social worker's ability to practice from a strengths-based perspective by limiting a client's viable options for a safe future? This theoretical integration allows for a critical examination of the interplay between individual practice and the broader social welfare system.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1. Research Design and Rationale\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA qualitative, exploratory research design was adopted to gain a rich, contextual, and in-depth understanding of the experiences and challenges of social workers (Lincoln \u0026amp; Guba, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Given the limited research-based knowledge on this specific topic, this approach was deemed most appropriate for capturing the complex nuances of professional practice and generating insightful, thick descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe aim was to explore the experiences and challenges of social workers in rendering social support services to abused women in shelters in the Tshwane and Johannesburg regions, Gauteng Province, South Africa.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe following research questions were proposed:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWhat are the social workers\u0026rsquo; experiences and challenges regarding the social support services for abused women in shelters?\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe following research objectives were formulated:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTo explore the experiences and challenges of social workers in rendering social support services to abused women in the shelters.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTo describe the experiences and challenges of social workers in rendering social support services to abused women in the shelters.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2. Participant Selection and Sampling\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA purposive sampling strategy was employed to select participants who could provide rich, relevant information based on their firsthand experience. The study population consisted of all social workers providing services in accredited shelters for abused women in the Tshwane and Johannesburg regions of Gauteng Province. The final sample comprised 16 registered social workers drawn from a total of 10 shelters (6 in the Johannesburg region and 4 in the Tshwane region).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePurposive sampling enabled the researchers to judge who would present the best information about the phenomenon under study to meet its objectives. Stringent inclusion criteria were applied. Participants had to:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eBe registered as a social worker under the South African Social Service Professions Act (Act 110 of 1978).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eBe currently employed and providing direct social support services to abused women in one of the identified shelters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave a minimum of three years of working experience in these shelters to ensure they have a substantial background on the challenges and effectiveness of services.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e Be willing and available to provide informed consent to participate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial auxiliary workers, house mothers, and shelter managers were excluded to maintain a sharp focus on the professional experiences of qualified social workers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3. Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. An interview guide was used to ensure consistency, with key opening questions such as: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eTell me more about your experiences providing social support services to abused women in shelters\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eShare with me the kind of social support services you offer in the shelters.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e Probing questions were used to explore emerging themes in depth. Interviews were conducted in English, Sotho, or Zulu, based on participant preference, and lasted approximately 60\u0026ndash;90 minutes each. They were audio-recorded and subsequently transcribed verbatim. Ethical approval was granted by the Departmental Research and Ethics Committee of the University of South Africa (#Ref 24/11/16/7882718_01). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after explaining the study's purpose, procedures, and their right to withdraw.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.4. Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe transcribed data were analysed using thematic analysis following the six-phase approach outlined by Braun and Clarke (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e): 1) familiarising with the data; 2) generating initial codes; 3) searching for themes; 4) reviewing potential themes; 5) defining and naming themes; and 6) producing the report. The analysis was inductive, allowing themes to emerge organically from the data rather than being forced into a pre-existing coding frame. NVivo software was used to facilitate the coding and thematic organisation process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.5. Ensuring Trustworthiness\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo ensure the rigour and credibility of the findings, Guba's model of trustworthiness was systematically applied:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e Credibility: This was achieved through prolonged engagement with the data during transcription and analysis, and member checking, where preliminary findings were shared with participants for verification.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eDependability: A detailed audit trail of the research process, including interview guides, raw data, and analytical memos, was maintained to allow for external scrutiny.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransferability: Thick, descriptive accounts of the research context, participant characteristics, and findings are provided to enable readers to assess the applicability of the results to other settings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eConfirmability: The researchers practised reflexivity, continually bracketing their own assumptions and biases to ensure that the findings were rooted in the participants' experiences and the data, rather than researcher preconceptions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Findings","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the interview data revealed three overarching themes that capture the essence of the social workers' experiences. These themes, with their constituent sub-themes, are summarised in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverview of Themes and Sub-themes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThemes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSub-themes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. The Dual Reality of Shelter Work\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1. Emotionally Demanding yet Enriching Work\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2. Confronting the Multifaceted Needs of Survivors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Empowerment in Practice: modalities of support\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1. Structured Healing and Restoration Programs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2. Family Therapy and Preparation for Reintegration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3. Community-Oriented Awareness and Outreach\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Systemic Barriers Undermining Efficacy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1. The Vicious Cycle: Economic Dependency and Return to Perpetrators\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2. Inadequate Resources and Professional Infrastructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3. Critical Lack of Second-Stage Housing and Aftercare\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4. Insufficient and Unreliable Funding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.1. Theme 1: The Dual Reality of Shelter Work\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis theme encapsulates the profound emotional and professional paradox that defines the daily lives of shelter social workers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSub-theme 1.1: Emotionally Demanding yet Enriching Work\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis theme was derived from information provided by participants in response to the researchers' request: \u003cem\u003e\"Tell me more about your experiences providing social support services to abused women in shelters.\"\u003c/em\u003e The following two sub-themes emerged from theme 1. Participants universally described the work as intensely challenging due to the complex trauma presented by clients. One social worker poignantly stated,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"\u003cem\u003eSupporting victims of domestic violence in shelters is challenging due to complex cases and fluctuating emotional states. Individuals often struggle to share their stories.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother highlighted the emotional risk: \u003cem\u003e\"It highlights the intense emotions involved and the risk some women face, with some being saved by their children or neighbours.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, this challenge was consistently balanced by a deep sense of professional fulfilment. The most frequently cited reward was witnessing client transformation:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Ultimately, the most rewarding part of the experience is witnessing clients recover and regain their confidence.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis duality underscores the high-stakes nature of their work. This duality, the challenges of navigating complex situations alongside the rewarding experience of helping individuals rebuild their lives, highlights the high-stakes nature of their work. It is a field that demands both emotional resilience and compassion, reflecting the critical impact that support services have on the lives of survivors of domestic violence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSub-theme 1.2: Confronting the Multifaceted Needs of Survivors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial workers are confronted daily with the consequences of women's unemployment, a lack of shelter, emotional and physical trauma, and the physical scars of abuse. Participants reported having housed several abused women from impoverished communities; many of them are unemployed and unable to afford even the most necessities. Social workers detailed the complex profiles of the women they serve, who often arrive with intersecting challenges. A key issue was economic vulnerability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne participant reported, \u003cem\u003e\"Participants reported having housed several abused women from impoverished communities; many of them are unemployed and unable to afford even the most basic necessities.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother explained the shelter's role in addressing this: \"\u003cem\u003eMany unemployed women seek shelter here to change their lives and regain their independence. This place empowers them to improve their circumstances.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeyond the lack of material resources, many women arrive at the shelter with deep emotional scars and significant physical trauma, requiring comprehensive and individualised support that addresses their unique histories and experiences. Social workers strive to create a safe, nurturing environment that fosters healing and personal growth, equipping these women with the tools they need to rebuild their lives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.2. Theme 2: Empowerment in Practice as Modalities of Support\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe following sub-themes and categories emanated from the researchers\u0026rsquo; request: \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Share with me the kind of social support services you offer in the shelters.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e According to the participants, all of the programs offered contribute to the empowerment of abused women who are willing to actively participate in the services available. Accommodation, safe and individual therapy, group sessions, skill development and community work, and spiritual support were all mentioned. Participants described a range of services designed to empower women, reflecting a strengths-based approach.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSub-theme 2.1: Structured Healing and Restoration Programs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll shelters implemented formal programs. Participants reported having received training in the healing and restorative program. This program is currently being implemented because it covers a broader spectrum of empowerment for abused women, from the individual to groups and communities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne participant described a \u003cem\u003e\"healing program approved by the DSD, focusing on counselling, group therapy, and life skills training, including parenting and communication.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother detailed \u003cem\u003e\"9-week restoration and healing program that covers life skills, including discussions on abuse and boundaries.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe organisation provides a healing and restoration program in partnership with the DSD, focusing on psychosocial services like counselling and group therapy. It includes life skills training in areas such as parenting and communication. Additionally, the program addresses topics like abuse and personal boundaries while promoting skill development. These structured interventions aimed to address trauma and build practical skills for independent living.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSub-theme 2.2: Family Therapy and Preparation for Reintegration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Participants noted that some women requested their partners be included in counselling sessions to help discourage abuse. Additionally, when preparing women to leave shelters, social workers sometimes send letters to abusers inviting them to joint sessions. Home visits are also conducted to provide intervention services and prepare families for the return of abused women. Some social workers engaged in cautious efforts at family reintegration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA participant explained, \u003cem\u003e\"We prepare individuals for future engagement with their partners, but do not include partners in our safe space. Family therapy often requires three or more sessions for partners to improve communication and reunite.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe narrative outlines the process for individuals admitted to a shelter, emphasising that partners will be engaged in therapeutic sessions designed to foster communication and understanding. This process was carefully managed, with the shelter always maintaining its role as a safe space for the survivor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSub-theme 2.3: Community-Oriented Awareness and Outreach\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants reported that one of their interventions is community work in schools, churches, clinics, and community events, which social auxiliary workers and volunteers carry out. Social workers actively worked to prevent violence and raise awareness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne stated, \u003cem\u003e\"We hold workshops and raise awareness in schools and communities. Social auxiliary workers hold the workshops three times a week, and once a month in the communities.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother described \u003cem\u003e\"awareness campaigns... in various public spaces, such as clinics, hospitals, shopping malls, and taxi ranks,\"\u003c/em\u003e though they maintained the shelter's address as confidential for safety.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe organisation conducts workshops three times a week in schools and once a month in communities, facilitated by social auxiliary workers. They also run education and awareness campaigns in various public spaces, such as clinics, hospitals, shopping malls, and taxi ranks. Occasionally, they participate in events to showcase crafts made by women in their program and discuss shelter services, while keeping the shelter's address confidential. These public education activities occur twice a month and are organised by social auxiliary workers and volunteers\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.3. Theme 3: Systemic Barriers Undermining Efficacy\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough participants recognised the potential empowerment effect of programs, they also reported the following challenges that impede their effective implementation. This theme represents the most significant finding, detailing the structural obstacles that severely hinder social workers' effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSub-theme 3.1: The Vicious Cycle: Economic Dependency and Return to Perpetrators\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA major source of frustration was the recurrence of women returning to abusive partners. Participants attributed this primarily to a lack of viable economic alternatives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne social worker shared a poignant case: \u003cem\u003e\"This woman, sold by her father, is in a violent relationship and sought help at a shelter. She may say she's coping, but clearly, she is not.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother contextualised the systemic failure: \u003cem\u003e\"The brief stays in shelters hinder comprehensive support for abused women. Without adequate community resources, they may lack the means for survival and feel compelled to return to their abusers.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe social workers shared that a woman who was sold by her father to his friend and is currently being abused by him sought refuge in a shelter. Despite the abuse, she returned to the relationship and may claim she is coping when checked on. The temporary nature of the shelter makes it challenging to provide complete support services, and without community assistance, many women face survival challenges that lead them back to their abusers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSub-theme 3.2: Inadequate Resources and Professional Infrastructure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants reported a dire lack of basic resources necessary for professional practice. The lack of private space was a critical issue: \u003cem\u003e\"We share an office space, and when a client comes in for counselling, the social auxiliary worker and the house mother must leave the office,\"\u003c/em\u003e which compromises confidentiality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThey pleaded for essential tools: \u003cem\u003e\"Increase resources for social workers in shelter services, including laptops, office space, phones, and vehicles. These tools are essential for us to work effectively.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants highlighted a significant shortage of essential resources for effective professional practice, particularly the need for private space to ensure client confidentiality. They called for increased resources for social workers in shelter services, including laptops, office space, phones, and vehicles, to enhance their ability to work effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSub-theme 3.3: Critical Lack of Second-Stage Housing and Aftercare\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most frequently cited barrier was the absence of safe, affordable long-term housing. This gap directly sabotages long-term success. It is imperative to recognise that some women do not have families to return to, which makes the availability of accessible housing for employed women essential.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne participant explained, \u003cem\u003e\"Some women choose not to return to their families or may lack families altogether. The province also faces a shortage of affordable long-term housing for employed women.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother was more blunt about systemic neglect: \u003cem\u003e\"The government does not take gender-based violence seriously, and NGOs lack sufficient funding for long-term housing for abused women, relying on inadequate donations and social support.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe challenges faced by women affected by gender-based violence were described. Many women do not want to return to their families, some lack families altogether, and there is a shortage of long-term housing in the province, often available only for employed women who can pay rent. It also highlights the government's insufficient response to gender-based violence and the lack of financial support for non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which struggle to secure enough funding to provide adequate housing for abused women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSub-theme 3.4: Insufficient and Unreliable Funding\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunding from the DSD was described as the root of many problems. It was consistently reported as being both insufficient and unreliable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"We are facing challenges due to limited funding from DSD, which affects our ability to transport women to clinics and courts. Delays in payments add stress as we must operate on a tight budget when funds are unavailable,\"\u003c/em\u003e one participant stated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis financial precarity led to feelings of political abandonment: \u003cem\u003e\"Politicians must prioritise abused women's needs, as our participation in forums has not led to any changes.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe participants emphasised that the government must take gender-based violence seriously; the current level of support is inadequate. The demand increased funding for NGOs that provide long-term housing for abused women. Relying on insufficient donations and social support is unacceptable. Immediate action is needed to establish a robust support system that effectively addresses these challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe challenges faced by women affected by gender-based violence were described. Many women do not want to return to their families; some lack families altogether, and there is a shortage of long-term housing in the province, often available only for employed women who can pay rent. It also highlights the government's insufficient response to gender-based violence and the lack of financial support for non-governmental organisations (NGOs), which struggle to secure enough funding to provide adequate housing for abused women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study provides a stark, ground-level perspective on the realities of providing social work services within the GBV shelter system in South Africa. The findings illuminate a profound disconnect between the empowering, strengths-based ideals of social work practice and the constraining realities of a severely under-resourced system, with direct implications for global social welfare practice in similar contexts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first theme confirms that social workers are deeply committed to their roles, deriving significant meaning from facilitating survivor empowerment, a core objective of the strengths-based perspective (Saleebey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Their description of services like healing programs and community outreach demonstrates an active application of this approach, aiming to build on survivors' resilience. However, the systemic barriers detailed in the third theme reveal how these efforts are systematically thwarted.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe critical lack of second-stage housing is not just a logistical failure; it represents a fundamental breakdown in the social development approach. This approach necessitates long-term strategies for social and economic integration (Sharma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). When a survivor is forced to choose between homelessness and returning to her abuser because no safe, affordable housing exists, any strengths-based progress made in the shelter is effectively nullified. This finding resonates strongly with global research emphasising that economic empowerment and housing stability are the most critical factors in enabling survivors to achieve permanent safety (Hetling et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; NCADV, 2021). The situation described by participants, where brief stays hinder comprehensive support, highlights a system that manages crisis but fails to enable lasting recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the inadequate resources (e.g., shared office spaces, lack of transport) prevent social workers from practising with the professionalism and confidentiality required by their ethical code. This creates conditions ripe for burnout and secondary trauma, aligning with global literature on the challenges faced by social workers in high-stress, low-resource environments (Coffey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zuma \u0026amp; Dube, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The reported insufficient and unreliable funding is the thread that ties all these challenges together, reflecting a broader political and social devaluation of both the issue of GBV and the profession of social work itself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe challenges identified, while acute in South Africa, are not unique. They reflect a global pattern where social welfare services, particularly those supporting marginalised groups like GBV survivors, are chronically underfunded. This study, therefore, underscores that effective interventions must be twofold: they must continue to support micro-level, strengths-based practices while simultaneously advocating for macro-level structural investment. Strengths-based practice cannot thrive in a vacuum; it requires a supportive ecosystem that includes affordable housing, living-wage employment opportunities, and reliable funding for essential services.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. Conclusion and Recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrates that social workers in shelters are essential, compassionate, and skilled agents of healing for abused women. They are dedicated to implementing empowering, strengths-based interventions that align with best practices in social work. However, their ability to effect lasting change is critically compromised by systemic barriers, most notably a dire lack of resources, unreliable funding, and a catastrophic shortage of safe, affordable long-term housing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \"heavy hearts\" referenced in the title are not solely a result of the trauma they witness, but also a product of the systemic frustration and moral distress experienced when they lack the tools to secure a safe future for their clients. The strengths-based approach is rendered impotent when the social development infrastructure is absent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the following evidence-based recommendations are proposed:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe South African government, particularly the Department of Social Development and National Treasury, must prioritise consistent, increased, and ring-fenced funding for GBV services. This funding must explicitly include allocations for the development and maintenance of second-stage housing programs and cover essential operational costs like transportation, technology, and competitive salaries to retain skilled professionals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is an urgent need for inter-departmental collaboration (e.g., between Social Development, Human Settlements, and Health) to create integrated support pathways for survivors. This includes policies that fast-track access to affordable housing, psychosocial support, and economic opportunities, recognising that GBV is a complex issue requiring a multi-sectoral response.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCreating formalised, well-resourced professional support networks and mandatory clinical supervision structures for shelter-based social workers is crucial. This is necessary to mitigate burnout, combat isolation, facilitate complex case consultation, and promote professional resilience and sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, supporting abused women requires more than the dedication of individual social workers; it requires a system that actively supports their efforts. By addressing these systemic challenges, policymakers and stakeholders can help ensure that shelters evolve from being temporary refuges to becoming true springboards for sustainable recovery. Ultimately, healing hands can only be effective if they are supported by a strong, responsive, and adequately resourced system.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors sincerely thank all the research participants who willingly offered their time to share the rich and unique experiences that informed this study. Great appreciation goes to the Gauteng Provincial DSD Research Unit for granting permission to conduct the research interviews in the shelters. Furthermore, the authors thank the reviewers for their constructive comments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData presented in this study is available at request. \u0026nbsp;Please contact the corresponding author for additional data access or usage information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contribution statements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Author 1 contributed to the data collection, methodology, data analysis, data validation and writing of the second draft. Author 2 was the supervisor and contributed to the article structure, writing the first draft review and finalising the article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsha, A. A., \u0026amp; Ramasela, J. M. (2024). Community Perceptions on Violence against Women in Rural Areas of South Africa: Experience from a Village in Limpopo Province. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Gender, Society \u0026amp; Development\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(4), 53.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkin, M. K., \u0026amp; Haskins, R. (2023). Transitional Housing and the Recovery Journey: The Impact on Domestic Violence Survivors\u003cem\u003e. Journal of Social Work\u003c/em\u003e, 18(1), 24-39.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBowers, A. (2023). Cultural Contexts of Domestic Violence Interventions in Africa. African \u003cem\u003eJournal of Social Work\u003c/em\u003e, 13(2), 75-90.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBraun, V., \u0026amp; Clarke, V. 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Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240061970.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZuma, F., \u0026amp; Dube, P. (2023). Mental Health Services Post-COVID: Challenges for Social Workers. Health and Social Care in the Community\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Gender-based violence, social workers, shelters, South Africa, strengths-based approach, social development, social support services","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7706623/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7706623/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender-based violence (GBV) is a pervasive global crisis, with South Africa facing one of the world's highest rates, with reports that 28% of women face violence from an intimate partner. Shelters are critical safe havens, yet their sustainability is threatened by funding cuts and systemic constraints. While research often focuses on survivors, a significant gap exists regarding the frontline social workers who deliver these essential services. This study explores the lived experiences and professional challenges of these social workers in the Tshwane and Johannesburg regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA qualitative, exploratory design was employed. Using purposive sampling, 16 social workers were recruited from 10 shelters (6 in Johannesburg, 4 in Tshwane). Semi-structured interviews were conducted, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis. Trustworthiness was ensured through Guba's criteria, including member checking and thick description.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFindings:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis yielded three central themes. First, social workers described their role as a dual reality of profound emotional challenge coupled with deep professional fulfilment from witnessing client recovery. Second, they detailed empowerment-oriented services, such as structured 9-week healing programs and community outreach. Third, and most critically, they faced severe systemic barriers: clients returning to perpetrators due to economic dependency, a dire lack of resources (e.g., shared office space, no transport), a critical shortage of second-stage housing, and chronic underfunding leading to operational instability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial workers are pivotal in combating GBV, yet their efficacy is severely undermined by systemic failures. The study underscores an urgent need for structural interventions, including reliable, increased funding, the development of affordable long-term housing, and strengthened professional support networks. Addressing these barriers is essential to translate the strengths-based and social development ideals of social work into tangible realities for survivors in South Africa and similar global contexts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Healing Hands, Heavy Hearts: Social Workers’ Journey with Abused Women in Shelters in Gauteng Province, South Africa","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-15 08:58:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7706623/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f28f5c9d-bfd7-47e8-8e43-a9207df68db2","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-05T16:41:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-15 08:58:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7706623","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7706623","identity":"rs-7706623","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}