Enterococcus hirae QT4713-derived dopamine ameliorates intestinal inflammation and MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in mice

Enterococcus hirae QT4713-derived dopamine ameliorates intestinal inflammation and MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in mice | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Enterococcus hirae QT4713-derived dopamine ameliorates intestinal inflammation and MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in mice Tingting Zhao, Bin Li, Yiming Liu, Jiarui Zhang, Xueni Fan, Mingyang Ao, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7202018/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Gut microbiota dysbiosis regulates Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology by altering dopamine metabolism in the brain and gut. Although probiotics and other functional strains offer new strategies to enhance host health via the microbiome-gut-brain axis, few naturally occurring gut microbes have shown potential for PD treatment. A strain of Enterococcus hirae QT4713 (QT4713) was isolated from the low-pressure and oxygen environment of the Qinghai-Tibet region at an altitude of 4713 meters. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that QT4713 carried a typical tyrosine decarboxylase gene (TyrDc), enabling the conversion of L-tyrosine into dopamine in vitro. QT4713 enhances antioxidant enzyme activity, reduces inflammatory factor levels, increases the relative abundance of Prevotella and Lachnospiraceae, and promotes short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in mice. Notably, QT4713 significantly enriched the L-tyrosine metabolic pathway, elevating L-dopa and dopamine in the colon and feces while improving the motor performance of mice. An MPTP-induced PD mouse model was used to assess the therapeutic potential of QT4713. Remarkably, QT4713 alleviated motor and gastrointestinal dysfunction (e.g., constipation), mitigated histopathological alterations in the colon and brain, and reduced inflammation and oxidative damage in PD mice. These findings indicate that QT4713 can mitigate motor dysfunction, gastrointestinal disturbances, and dopaminergic neuron loss in PD mice, potentially by increasing dopamine levels through its intrinsic enzymatic activity and by modulating the intestinal microbiota. Health sciences/Gastroenterology Biological sciences/Microbiology Health sciences/Neurology Biological sciences/Neuroscience Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryFile.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 24 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7202018","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":495690150,"identity":"b4f93e7e-7689-401d-bda9-65db9db621ea","order_by":0,"name":"Tingting Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jilin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tingting","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":495690151,"identity":"14816492-1247-4877-8207-56977e4da5a1","order_by":1,"name":"Bin Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural 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Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lanzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaodan","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-24 06:23:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7202018/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7202018/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88469527,"identity":"dcda4e88-8cbb-4da1-8b3d-858733de8108","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 18:27:32","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1142389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsolation and identification of QT4713, whole genome sequencing, and metabolite identification. a \u003c/strong\u003eFlow chart of QT4713 strain isolation and screening. \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003eQT4713 genome circle map of whole genome sequencing. \u003cstrong\u003ec \u003c/strong\u003eGene line map of \u003cem\u003eTyrDC \u003c/em\u003ein the QT4713 genome. \u003cstrong\u003ed \u003c/strong\u003ePart of the process of L-tyrosine metabolism. \u003cstrong\u003ee \u003c/strong\u003ePhylogenetic tree of \u003cem\u003eTyrDC \u003c/em\u003ein microbiota. \u003cstrong\u003ef \u003c/strong\u003eQuantitative detection results of tyrosine and dopamine in different groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7202018/v1/429c743096a2b8dd76804e26.png"},{"id":88469528,"identity":"85075166-3776-4e5e-9071-ef03aed6ad62","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 18:27:32","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":702125,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQT4713 regulates the tyrosine metabolic pathway and promotes the production of L-dopa and dopamine. a \u003c/strong\u003eMouse experimental protocol. \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003eLine graph of mouse weight changes from day 0 to day 21. \u003cstrong\u003ec \u003c/strong\u003ePCA plot showing the variability of fecal metabolites between the Control group and the QT4713 group. \u003cstrong\u003ed \u003c/strong\u003eMetabolite contents and statistical differences between the two groups were displayed using volcano plots. The greater the absolute value of the abscissa, the greater the difference in the relative content of the substance between the two groups. And the ordinate represents the significance level of the difference. Each origin represents a substance. \u003cstrong\u003ee \u003c/strong\u003eBar graph of relative contents of L-tyrosine, L-dopa, and dopamine in feces between two groups. \u003cstrong\u003ef \u003c/strong\u003eQuantitative analysis of L-tyrosine and dopamine in mice colon tissue. \u003cstrong\u003eg \u003c/strong\u003eThe annotated amino acid KEGG metabolic pathway. The number represents the number of differential metabolites annotated in the pathway. (*\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7202018/v1/96cf530693430bbf53b888f6.png"},{"id":88469530,"identity":"be126a6a-5d7f-4c57-9572-fa35d8169db1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 18:27:32","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1542466,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQT4713 enhances motor function and reduces oxidative stress and inflammatory responses of mice. a \u003c/strong\u003eMovement trajectory of mice in the open field test. The movement distance of two groups of mice in the open field test distinguishes the sex of the two groups of mice. \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003eBar graph comparing the SOD and MDA contents in the colon of mice between the two groups. \u003cstrong\u003ec \u003c/strong\u003eThe contents of inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α in colon tissue. \u003cstrong\u003ed \u003c/strong\u003eThe contents of SOD and MDA in serum. \u003cstrong\u003ee \u003c/strong\u003eThe contents of SOD and MDA in the brain. \u003cstrong\u003ef \u003c/strong\u003eH\u0026amp;E staining and AB-PAS staining of mouse colon tissue, the length of the scale is 500μm. \u003cstrong\u003ei \u003c/strong\u003eimmunofluorescence staining, including ZO-1 and Claudin-1 of mouse colon tissue, the length of the scale is 200μm. (*\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, ***\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7202018/v1/342b07a020a1cdb7c85944b7.png"},{"id":88469726,"identity":"6dabf239-a0b8-4b61-8d83-a350b427db9e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 18:35:32","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":672346,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQT4713 reshapes the intestinal microbiota structure and influences L-dopa, dopamine, and SCFAs production in mice. a \u003c/strong\u003eVenn diagram based on OTUs of the control and QT4713 groups. \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003eAlpha diversity index, including ACE and Chao 1 index. \u003cstrong\u003ec \u003c/strong\u003ePCoA diagram of beta diversity between Control and QT4713. \u003cstrong\u003ed \u003c/strong\u003eStacked histograms of gut microbiota at the phylum level. \u003cstrong\u003ee \u003c/strong\u003eDistribution bar graph of LDA values of microbiome between the Control group and QT4713 group at family, genus, and species level. \u003cstrong\u003ef \u003c/strong\u003eHistogram of the differential microbiota between the two groups. \u003cstrong\u003eg \u003c/strong\u003eCorrelation analysis between gut microbiota and L-dopa, dopamine. (*\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, ***\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7202018/v1/25c9d928ecd59e64ea0ca1ef.png"},{"id":88469536,"identity":"7e9f9246-e8d2-4233-9593-9151f2bc07ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 18:27:32","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3083190,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQT4713 alleviates intestinal dysfunction and impairments in the MPTP-induced PD mice model. a \u003c/strong\u003eThe flow chart of animal treatments, the PD mouse model was established by MPTP (20 mg/day for 7 days), and the QT4713 intervention time was 28 days. \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003eWeight change line graph during the experiment. \u003cstrong\u003ec \u003c/strong\u003eFecal water content percentage. \u003cstrong\u003ed \u003c/strong\u003eThe total number of fecal particles excreted by mice within 20 minutes. \u003cstrong\u003ee \u003c/strong\u003eThe cumulative number of particles excreted by mice every 5 minutes within 20 minutes. \u003cstrong\u003ef \u003c/strong\u003eThe representative captures of H\u0026amp;E and AB-PAS staining in the colon (scale is 200 μm). \u003cstrong\u003eg \u003c/strong\u003ethe representative captures of immunofluorescence in the colon of ZO-1 and Claudin-1. (scale is 100 μm). \u003cstrong\u003eh \u003c/strong\u003eContents of oxidation indicators, including SOD, MDA, and GpX in colon tissue. \u003cstrong\u003ei \u003c/strong\u003eContents of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in colon tissue. (*\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, ***\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7202018/v1/a3a5f32822e6554af75ce560.png"},{"id":88470095,"identity":"1aa31c56-f3d5-4387-99ea-86d2fd03f2d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 18:43:32","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2664154,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQT4713 inhibits the decrease of TH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e in the striatum and reduces inflammation and oxidative stress. a-c \u003c/strong\u003eThe results of behavioral tests, \u003cstrong\u003ea \u003c/strong\u003ePole test, \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003eWire hang test, \u003cstrong\u003ec \u003c/strong\u003eTail suspension test. \u003cstrong\u003ed-e \u003c/strong\u003eImmunohistochemical detection of TH\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e in SN and quantification of TH\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e neuron numbers, the length of the scale represents 200 μm. \u003cstrong\u003eh \u003c/strong\u003eDetection of oxidative stress-related indices in mouse brain tissue. \u003cstrong\u003eg \u003c/strong\u003eInflammatory factors in the brain tissue of three groups of mice. (*\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e***\u003cem\u003e13 \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7202018/v1/fb10ddd2806a60bb18659d2f.png"},{"id":88469533,"identity":"c2070e8c-f8bd-4c1f-9dd7-74f886a04cdd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 18:27:32","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":770353,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQT4713 reshapes the structure of the intestinal microbiota and alters metabolite profiles in PD mice. a \u003c/strong\u003eOTU-based Venn diagram among the three groups. \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003ePCoA based on Bray–Curtis of beta diversity between groups among the three groups. \u003cstrong\u003ec \u003c/strong\u003eBox plot of Alpha Diversity, Observed OTUs, and Chao 1 index. \u003cstrong\u003ed \u003c/strong\u003eHistogram of differential microbiota between MPTP and MPTP+QT4713 groups. \u003cstrong\u003ee \u003c/strong\u003eSample hierarchical clustering tree of fecal metabolomics between the MPTP group and the MPTP+QT4713 group. Samples clustered in the same cluster had a higher similarity between samples. \u003cstrong\u003ef \u003c/strong\u003eHistogram of differential metabolites. \u003cstrong\u003eg \u003c/strong\u003eDifferential abundance score (DA Score) plot between Control and MPTP group. \u003cstrong\u003eh \u003c/strong\u003eDA Score plot between MPTP and MPTP+QT4713 group. DA Score reflects the overall changes of all metabolites in the metabolic pathway. The size of the dots indicates the number of differential metabolites in the pathway. DA Score= (Number of up-regulated differential metabolites in the pathway - Number of down-regulated differential metabolites in the pathway) / Number of all metabolites annotated to the pathway. (*\u003cem\u003e13 \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003cem\u003e13 \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7202018/v1/4f2abdfc5ac166d73831c63b.png"},{"id":88470268,"identity":"9174cd6d-8bb3-4f53-a59e-54a88378fc27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 18:51:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3060721,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptzhao0724.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7202018/v1_covered_e1783fd3-fbd1-4ec2-8b7c-8e83707e507e.pdf"},{"id":88469728,"identity":"fcb97292-48a9-4871-b495-92625f6f2a48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 18:35:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":4305782,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFile.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7202018/v1/b14e6c411f99260f9d1e3dda.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEnterococcus hirae QT4713-derived dopamine ameliorates intestinal inflammation and MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in mice\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-parkinsons-disease","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"npjparkd","sideBox":"Learn more about [npj Parkinson's Disease](http://www.nature.com/npjparkd/)","snPcode":"41531","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41531/3","title":"npj Parkinson's Disease","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"NPJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7202018/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7202018/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis regulates Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology by altering dopamine metabolism in the brain and gut. Although probiotics and other functional strains offer new strategies to enhance host health via the microbiome-gut-brain axis, few naturally occurring gut microbes have shown potential for PD treatment. A strain of Enterococcus hirae QT4713 (QT4713) was isolated from the low-pressure and oxygen environment of the Qinghai-Tibet region at an altitude of 4713 meters. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that QT4713 carried a typical tyrosine decarboxylase gene (TyrDc), enabling the conversion of L-tyrosine into dopamine in vitro. QT4713 enhances antioxidant enzyme activity, reduces inflammatory factor levels, increases the relative abundance of Prevotella and Lachnospiraceae, and promotes short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in mice. Notably, QT4713 significantly enriched the L-tyrosine metabolic pathway, elevating L-dopa and dopamine in the colon and feces while improving the motor performance of mice. An MPTP-induced PD mouse model was used to assess the therapeutic potential of QT4713. Remarkably, QT4713 alleviated motor and gastrointestinal dysfunction (e.g., constipation), mitigated histopathological alterations in the colon and brain, and reduced inflammation and oxidative damage in PD mice. These findings indicate that QT4713 can mitigate motor dysfunction, gastrointestinal disturbances, and dopaminergic neuron loss in PD mice, potentially by increasing dopamine levels through its intrinsic enzymatic activity and by modulating the intestinal microbiota.","manuscriptTitle":"Enterococcus hirae QT4713-derived dopamine ameliorates intestinal inflammation and MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in mice","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-06 18:27:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7202018/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-17T02:19:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-11T10:19:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"157067779655687941057407539454564033376","date":"2025-10-09T17:23:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-07T20:27:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"116923761287675242514098048770125015055","date":"2025-10-07T16:38:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"165148820407033421167492998805163357514","date":"2025-08-27T21:16:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-04T15:52:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-25T01:39:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-24T08:16:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"npj Parkinson's Disease","date":"2025-07-24T06:13:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-parkinsons-disease","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"npjparkd","sideBox":"Learn more about [npj Parkinson's Disease](http://www.nature.com/npjparkd/)","snPcode":"41531","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41531/3","title":"npj Parkinson's Disease","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"NPJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"35a8e0ed-bd1d-4bfd-88be-70f0c9d4ac41","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":52767401,"name":"Health sciences/Gastroenterology"},{"id":52767402,"name":"Biological sciences/Microbiology"},{"id":52767403,"name":"Health sciences/Neurology"},{"id":52767404,"name":"Biological sciences/Neuroscience"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-11T14:08:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-06 18:27:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7202018","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7202018","identity":"rs-7202018","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}