Free WIll Belief Predicts Individual and Societal Punitiveness Across 44 Countries

Free WIll Belief Predicts Individual and Societal Punitiveness Across 44 Countries | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Free WIll Belief Predicts Individual and Societal Punitiveness Across 44 Countries Aaron J Walton, Brock Bastian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6719954/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Belief in free will has been linked to more punitive and retributive responses to wrongdoing. While past research has focused on North American samples and criminal contexts, this study tested whether free will belief predicts punitiveness across diverse cultural and moral contexts (everyday and criminal transgressions). We surveyed 8,917 participants from 44 countries using a validated measure of free will belief and a vignette-based measure of punitiveness. Multilevel analysis revealed that individuals with stronger free will belief were more punitive toward everyday moral transgressions. At the country level, average free will belief predicted greater support for the death penalty and higher incarceration rates. These findings suggest that free will belief is a cross-culturally robust predictor of punitiveness, both at the personal and societal levels. Implications are discussed for the potential benefits of mitigating free will belief in specific contexts to promote more humane and forward-looking approaches to justice. Psychology free will punitiveness punishment retribution incarceration death penalty Introduction Free will is the belief that individuals are ultimately free to choose their actions, that in a past moment of choice, they could have chosen differently in a way that was up to them (O’Connor & Franklin, 2022). The common antithesis to free will is determinism, which suggests that all events follow the laws of nature and arise from past events and states of the universe (Hoefer, 2024). Whether free will exists has long been debated among philosophers and psychologists. Beliefs about free will have important societal implications, and much research has demonstrated potential harms to flow from lower levels of free will belief, including increased cheating (Vohs & Schooler, 2008), increased aggression, and reduced helpfulness (Baumeister et al., 2009). Such outcomes have been used to argue that the public should be protected from the idea that free will is an illusion (Dennett, 2014; Vohs & Schooler, 2008). There are, however, also downsides to a stronger belief in free will, one of which is a focus on retribution and punitiveness rather than rehabilitation in response to transgressions (e.g., Carey & Paulhus, 2013; Gill & Cerce, 2017; Martin et al., 2017; Nettler, 1959; Tygart, 1994; Shariff et al., 2014). Understanding the link between free will belief and harsh retribution or punitiveness in response to transgressions has important implications for whether we should aim to protect such a belief, or potentially mitigate it, at least within certain contexts. Here we examine the relationship between free will belief and punitiveness drawing on a large multi-national sample and examining punitive responses both within the context of everyday transgressions and criminal contexts. Free Will, Moral Responsibility, and Punitiveness There is substantial evidence that free will belief is related to moral responsibility and outcomes that depend on it (e.g., Carey & Paulhus, 2013; Gill & Cerce, 2017; Krueger et al., 2014; Murray & Lombrozo, 2017; Nadelhoffer et al., 2020; Sarkissian et al., 2010). Lower free will belief can lead to negative moral consequences including increased cheating and aggression, and reduced helpfulness (Baumeister et al., 2009; Vohs & Schooler, 2008). Yet emerging research has identified that reducing free will belief can also lead to greater forgiveness of self and others, and less hatred (Author(s), under review). Similarly, it has been demonstrated that higher free will belief is related to harsher punishment attitudes (e.g., Carey & Paulhus, 2013; Gill & Cerce, 2017; Martin et al., 2017; Nettler, 1959; Shariff et al., 2014; Tygart, 1994), and eagerness for retribution rather than rehabilitation in response to criminal behaviour (Netter, 1959; Carey & Paulhus, 2013). Providing additional support for this relationship, experimental studies have shown that reducing free will belief leads to reductions in endorsement of spiteful and retributive punishment and harsh blame (Gill & Cerce, 2017; Shariff et al., 2014). The relationship between free will belief and punitiveness also extends to endorsement of the death penalty, with several studies showing free will belief relates to stronger endorsement of the death penalty (Martin, 2017; Nettler, 1959; Tygart, 1994). The finding that free will belief is generally related to higher endorsement of punishment, particularly retributive punishment, is consistent with theoretical formulations, suggesting that the goal of retributive justice is to give people their “just deserts”, and that “any circumstance that mitigates responsibility for the action would also mitigate the moral severity of the offense” (Carlsmith & Darley, 2008). High levels of free will imply that a person is able to do otherwise, and therefore blameworthy for their actions, providing a justification for retributive punishment. The Current Study While existing evidence suggests a relationship between free will belief and retributive or punitive responses to transgressions there is little robust evidence showing this relationship exists across a range of national contexts and in response to both everyday and more extreme forms of transgression. Our aim was to provide a robust test of this association drawing on a large multinational data set and examining both country-level and individual-level indicators of punitiveness. Previous research in this area has largely focused on criminal transgressions within North American samples, with only two exceptions. One study by Gill and Cerce (2017) explored a non-criminal context, investigating how information about an office bully’s difficult past influenced retributive attitudes toward him. Their findings showed that reducing perceptions of the bully’s “control of self-formation”—a proposed facet of free will belief—lowered punitiveness. However, this study focused on a narrow aspect of free will belief and relied on participants from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, a platform heavily weighted toward U.S. respondents. Another study by Martin et al. (2017) examined a more culturally diverse sample, but used a limited two-item proxy measure to assess free will belief and focused exclusively on endorsement of the death penalty – hence focusing on an extreme criminal context. The current study builds on and extends this prior work by examining, for the first time, whether general belief in free will predicts punitive responses to everyday minor moral transgressions. We do so using a large, diverse sample spanning 44 countries and employing a validated measure of free will belief. Furthermore, and to replicate and extend previous research, we examined relationships between free will belief and country-level indicators of punitiveness: endorsement of the death penalty and incarceration rates. Despite incarceration also having non-punitive motivations like deterrence and rehabilitation, much evidence suggests incarceration rates are largely driven by punitive, retributive attitudes (Caruso & Pereboom, 2020; Enns, 2016; Fondacaro & O’Toole, 2015; Labutta, 2016). This is partly why in countries where attitudes toward criminal justice are more consequentialist, like Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Sweden, there are very low rates of incarceration (Lappi-Seppala, 2007). The current study therefore sought to provide a comprehensive test of the free will – punitiveness relationship, covering a range of indicators and contexts – from individuals’ more everyday transgression responses to countries’ responses to serious crimes. We predicted that higher belief in free will would be related to greater punitiveness across both everyday and criminal contexts. Method This study was preregistered with AsPredicted. We preregistered the main hypotheses that free will belief would predict punitiveness and endorsement of the death penalty.[1] We only later included incarceration rates in our analysis and therefore treat this finding as more exploratory. Participants A total of 8917 participants were recruited across 44 countries using Dynata, a global data collection company. Participants were required to be at least 18 years old and fluent in the primary language of their country. The final sample included individuals from a wide range of cultural, economic, and political contexts, providing a robust basis for cross-national comparisons. Materials & Procedure Participants were invited to complete an online survey hosted on Dynata’s data collection platform. The survey comprised multiple measures for this and several other unrelated studies. For this study, materials included were the Free Will and Determinism subscales of the Free Will Inventory and a measure of punitive attitudes. Participants provided informed consent before beginning the survey and were compensated according to Dynata’s standard rates for their country. The survey was translated into the primary language of each country using a rigorous back-translation procedure to ensure linguistic and conceptual equivalence. Free Will Belief : The Free Will subscale of the The Free Will Inventory (Nadelhoffer et al., 2014) was used to assess participants’ belief in free will. Items include “People have complete free will. Participants rated each item on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The Free Will subscale has demonstrated reliability and validity and in the current study, demonstrated sound internal consistency (α = 0.78). Punitive Attitudes : To measure punitive attitudes, participants were presented with a series of ten short vignettes detailing relatively everyday moral transgressions, e.g., “ I was on vacation and rented a car. I paid for the parking fee and the guy gave me the wrong change back. I knew he gave me too much, but I kept it anyway.” and “As I was backing out of a parking lot, I bumped a parked car and left a minor dent. I didn’t even feel the impact when I hit the car, but it left a little bit of damage. I drove away without leaving a message or trying to contact the person.” At the end of each vignette they were asked three questions, including the question used for our measure: “How deserving is this person of punishment?”. These vignettes were sourced from Kruepke et al. (2018). Participants answered on a 7-point Likert scale from, “Not at all” to “Very much. (The full three items measure Moralising, which was not the focus of our work). Endorsement of the Death Penalty : Data on countries’ endorsement of the death penalty were obtained from the latest wave of the World Values Survey (WVS, 2022), which included a single item: “ Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between, using this card. Death penalty ”. Responses were recorded on a 10-point scale (1 = Never justifiable, 10 = Always justifiable, with an option to select “Don’t know”). This item was included to examine the relationship between free will belief and support for capital punishment. Incarceration Rates : Incarceration rates (number of individuals incarcerated per 100,000 population) for each country were obtained from The World Prison Brief (www.prisonstudies.org). This variable was used to examine the relationship between country-level free will belief and punitive societal outcomes. Data Analysis Data analysis was conducted separately for analyses focused on individual survey responses and analysis that then related these responses to existing country-level data. Individual-Level Analyses : At the individual level, a random intercept multilevel model was used to examine the relationship between free will belief and punitive attitudes, controlling for relevant demographic variables (age, gender, religiosity, and political ideology). Country-level variance was accounted for by including a random intercept for country. Country-Level Analyses : To examine the relationship between free will belief and death penalty attitudes, as well as between free will belief and incarceration rates, country-level aggregates of free will belief were calculated by averaging individual scores within each country. These aggregates were then used as predictors in separate regression models for death penalty endorsement and incarceration rates, controlling for relevant country-level variables (age, gender, religiosity, and political ideology). [1] We also pre-registered that free will belief would predict a measure of moralizing that included the punitiveness item. This result was also significant as hypothesized (See supplementary materials). Results The descriptive statistics for all variables can be found in Table 1 below. Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of All Variables Variable Scale Range M SD Free will belief 1 – 5 3.70 0.76 Punitiveness 1 – 7 4.30 1.12 Death penalty endorsement (country-level) 1 – 10 7.52 2.75 Incarceration rate (per 100,000) 30 – 700 179.26 129.66 Note . N = 8,917 individuals across 44 countries. Free will belief and punitiveness are individual-level variables. Death penalty endorsement and incarceration rate are country-level variables. Death penalty endorsement data are from the World Values Survey (2022). Individual-Level Results The multilevel model examining the relationship between free will belief and punitiveness revealed a significant positive association both without controlling for demographic variables (β = 1.43, SE = .11, p < .001) and with demographic variables in the model (Table 2). Individuals with stronger belief in free will endorsed harsher punitive attitudes, even after controlling for demographic variables (Age, Gender, Political Affiliation, Religiosity) and accounting for country-level variance. [2] Country-Level Results Free will belief was significantly related to endorsement of the death penalty both without demographic controls (β = 0.23, SE = .02, p < .001), and with demographic controls (Table 2). Free will belief also significantly predicted incarceration rates both without demographic controls (β = 63.16, SE = 2.84, p < .001) and with demographic controls (Table 2). Note. **p < .01. ***p < .001. N = 8,917 individuals across 44 countries. Free will belief and punitiveness are individual-level variables. Death penalty endorsement and incarceration rate are country-level variables. Death penalty endorsement data are from the World Values Survey (2022). [2] The full 3-item moralising measure (from which our measure of punitiveness was taken) was also significantly related to free will belief. The result is available in the supplementary materials. Discussion In the current study, we examined the relationship between free will belief and punitiveness across a diverse, multinational sample. Surveying 8,917 participants across 44 countries, we found that individual differences in free will belief predict more punitive responses to everyday moral transgressions. At the societal level we replicated and extended prior research (which demonstrated that individual-level free will belief predicts support for the death penalty; Martin et al., 2017) by demonstrating that country-level mean free will belief (using a validated measure of free will belief) predicts national attitudes toward the death penalty (using data from the World Values Survey). We also found that country-level free will belief predicts higher national incarceration rates. These findings provide the first cross-cultural evidence that stronger belief in free will is associated with both harsher punitive attitudes toward everyday wrongdoing and more punitive societal attitudes and practices. Our findings align with previous research showing that stronger belief in free will is associated with greater punitiveness (Carey & Paulhus, 2013; Gill & Cerce, 2017; Martin et al., 2017; Nettler, 1959; Shariff et al., 2014; Tygart, 1994). This effect appears to be driven by heightened attributions of moral responsibility (Carey & Paulhus, 2013; Roskies & Nichols, 2008; Sarkissian et al., 2010). Our findings extend on this prior work by examining this association across 44 countries and assessing punitiveness in response to a broad range of everyday transgressions as well as in response to criminal behaviour. Our findings replicate those of Martin et al. (2017), finding that free will belief is associated with endorsement of the death penalty, however our use of a validated measure of free will provides a more robust test of this relationship. Furthermore, we supplement this finding by showing that free will belief is also associated with higher incarceration rates. Importantly, this also moves beyond self-reported endorsement to actual rates of incarceration within a particular country. This adds further weight to the notion that free will belief leads to more punitive responses to criminal behaviour. Our findings also extend on this past work by moving beyond the context of criminal behaviour and showing that free will belief is also associated with punitive responses to minor everyday transgressions. Whereas Gill and Cerce (2017) have also shown the free will – punitiveness link in non-criminal contexts, our work extends on this by examining a larger range of everyday transgressions and demonstrating this across 44 national contexts. Together, our results align with growing evidence that free will belief is associated with more punitive, retributive attitudes toward transgressors. Retributive justice is grounded in the principle of just deserts —the notion that wrongdoers deserve to be punished purely because they have committed a moral transgression, independent of any forward-looking outcomes such as deterrence or rehabilitation (Walen, 2024; Carlsmith & Darley, 2008). Prior studies have shown that higher belief in free will predicts increased endorsement of retributive punishment aiming only to harm the transgressor, but does not predict punishment aimed at strategic benefit (Shariff et al., 2014), and that reducing belief in free will reduces endorsement of retributive, spiteful punishment, but not instrumental punishment (Gill & Cerce, 2017). Higher levels of punitive attitudes and behaviours like those in our study are indicative of more retributive orientations, reflecting a prioritization of moral blame and deserved punishment over consequentialist aims (Carlsmith, 2006; Darley & Pittman, 2003). Endorsement of the death penalty is widely recognized as a prototypical expression of retributive thinking, and research demonstrates that retribution is the most commonly offered rationale for supporting the death penalty (Bohm, 2016). Likewise, whilst incarceration is also justifiable on consequentialist grounds, much evidence suggests that retributive motives are a major driver of incarceration (Caruso & Pereboom, 2020; Enns, 2016; Fondacaro & O’Toole, 2015). Our individual-level measure of punitiveness also strongly suggests retributive attitudes - participants were asked to indicate “How deserving is this person of punishment?” for each vignette, directly capturing the core criterion of retributive judgment – deserving punishment (Walen, 2024). Our findings thus contribute to the literature on the relationship between free will belief and retribution by demonstrating that free will predicts more punitive responses within both minor and criminal contexts. This suggests that societies in which free will belief is more entrenched may be more likely to justify punishment on retributive grounds, that is, based on the belief that offenders deserve to suffer for their actions (Walen, 2024). On a practical level, our findings suggest that strong belief in free will may support harsh and potentially excessive punitive responses to wrongdoing. Reducing belief in free will could encourage more rational, consequentialist approaches to justice. At the individual level, this could foster forgiveness over vengeance, defusing destructive cycles of revenge. At the societal level, questioning the notion of desert-based punishment may enable justice systems to pursue more humane, evidence-based policies focused not on enacting harm but on improving future outcomes for all. These implications help counter the concern that exposure to arguments against the existence of free will is only harmful, suggesting instead that mitigating free will belief may have benefits in certain contexts. Limitations and Future Directions Several limitations should be noted. First, while our study utilized a large and diverse sample, it remains correlational in nature. This means that while we have demonstrated robust associations between free will belief and punitive attitudes, we cannot establish causal relationships. Future experimental and longitudinal research could clarify the causal mechanisms underlying these associations. It should, however, be noted that our results are consistent with previous experimental work showing undermining free will belief reduces endorsement of spiteful, retributive punishment (Gill & Cerce, 2017; Shariff et al., 2014). A further limitation is that while we employed a validated measure of free will belief, this belief is complex and difficult to measure. Future studies should seek to more clearly examine how different varieties of free will belief (specifically, belief in libertarian vs. compatibilist free will) may differentially influence punitive attitudes. Moreover, while we examined two key national indicators of punitiveness (endorsement of the death penalty and incarceration rates), other important metrics of punitiveness, such as sentencing severity and rehabilitation efforts, were not examined. This was due to lack of standardisation in defining crimes and rehabilitation, and lack of available data. Future research should explore how free will belief relates to a broader array of justice system outcomes by seeking to clarify and gather these data. Furthermore, as noted previously, incarceration rates are not an entirely ideal measure of punitiveness or retribution, given they also reflect consequentialist considerations to some extent (e.g., deterrence and rehabilitation). Drawing on indicators of punitiveness that can more clearly distinguish this from consequentialist motives would add confidence to our findings. Finally, our country-level analyses used aggregated data and simple regressions. Whilst suitable for our aims, these results should be interpreted carefully as group-level patterns may not reflect individual-level patterns. Conclusion The present study provides evidence that free will belief is positively associated with harsher punitive attitudes across both minor everyday transgressions and in response to criminal behaviour. These findings suggest that free will belief not only shapes how individuals respond to everyday moral transgressions, but may also play a role in shaping broader cultural and institutional approaches to punishment. Furthermore, they point to a potential upside of mitigating free will belief, at least within certain contexts. As the idea that free will is an illusion continues to gain mainstream exposure, understanding both the risks and benefits of this challenge to our worldview has implications not only for justice systems, but for how we conceive of agency, accountability, and the moral foundations of society. Open Practices Pre-registration: Our studies were pre-registered before data collection began, anonymous preregistration is available here: https://aspredicted.org/kpbz-phtp.pdf All study materials, primary data, and analysis scripts are publicly available (https://osf.io/9z4mr/?view_only=908d25917e884d61b6d93ca050b5dda9). Declarations Author Contributions: Conceptualization: AW, BB Methodology: AW, BB Data Collection: AW, BB Formal Analysis: AW Investigation: AW, BB Resources: BB Data Curation: AW Writing – Original Draft: AW Writing – Review & Editing: AW, BB Supervision: BB Competing Interest Statement: The authors declare no competing interests. Data and Supplementary Materials Available Here: https://osf.io/9z4mr/?view_only=908d25917e884d61b6d93ca050b5dda9 References Author(s) (under review). Manuscript under review. Baumeister RF, Masicampo EJ, DeWall CN (2009) Prosocial benefits of feeling free: Disbelief in free will increases aggression and reduces helpfulness. 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Nodelman (Eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024 Edition). Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/justice-retributive/ Weiner B (2006) Social motivation, justice, and the moral emotions: An attributional approach. Psychology. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410615749 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6719954","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":460676010,"identity":"e11ff24b-8372-49b3-a805-b53c53d71a07","order_by":0,"name":"Aaron J Walton","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8ElEQVRIie2PPQrCMBhAEz7QJdJVUPQKSo7j5KJTQbcO/kQEXQquFUSvoEvnlkC7VLoW7KAUeoaOJlW62ToK5kHCC+SRfAgpFD8LcRCqSzHEAmBfJgBCApngbxL0TvBGHioSbXt9JJN2PNytNTeZHucDbSuSzLA/Js1gTKlF0qHFAeje9nWLY4bN4FbypVGtRQjXGYdaq2F7QjADvPmcdMP0lZzy5OAJqUh60fuVc56wmZCKpB+lQAlJlxcOlBLP0S8icctm6YQjnDTMmHb81SMhs4V+DLl7z4yS8SXYLJTnu1N+X5IVtqi+rFAoFH/HE22pWRyWM0b7AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7505-679X","institution":"The University of Melbourne","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aaron","middleName":"J","lastName":"Walton","suffix":""},{"id":460676011,"identity":"c035b7c7-b983-426b-99b1-79bbcbfec698","order_by":1,"name":"Brock Bastian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Melbourne","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Brock","middleName":"","lastName":"Bastian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-22 00:56:36","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6719954/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6719954/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83428860,"identity":"c7966577-d0ca-44e0-b468-698974f942d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-26 06:12:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":549700,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6719954/v1/db50db54-4688-42c3-a640-f4a17541e0f5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eFree WIll Belief Predicts Individual and Societal Punitiveness Across 44 Countries\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFree will is the belief that individuals are ultimately free to choose their actions, that in a past moment of choice, they could have chosen differently in a way that was up to them (O\u0026rsquo;Connor \u0026amp; Franklin, 2022). The common antithesis to free will is determinism, which suggests that all events follow the laws of nature and arise from past events and states of the universe (Hoefer, 2024). Whether free will exists has long been debated among philosophers and psychologists. Beliefs about free will have important societal implications, and much research has demonstrated potential harms to flow from lower levels of free will belief, including increased cheating (Vohs \u0026amp; Schooler, 2008), increased aggression, and reduced helpfulness (Baumeister et al., 2009). Such outcomes have been used to argue that the public should be protected from the idea that free will is an illusion (Dennett, 2014; Vohs \u0026amp; Schooler, 2008). There are, however, also downsides to a stronger belief in free will, one of which is a focus on retribution and punitiveness rather than rehabilitation in response to transgressions (e.g., Carey \u0026amp; Paulhus, 2013; Gill \u0026amp; Cerce, 2017; Martin et al., 2017; Nettler, 1959; Tygart, 1994; Shariff et al., 2014). Understanding the link between free will belief and harsh retribution or punitiveness in response to transgressions has important implications for whether we should aim to protect such a belief, or potentially mitigate it, at least within certain contexts. Here we examine the relationship between free will belief and punitiveness drawing on a large multi-national sample and examining punitive responses both within the context of everyday transgressions and criminal contexts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFree Will, Moral Responsibility, and Punitiveness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is substantial evidence that free will belief is related to moral responsibility and outcomes that depend on it\u0026nbsp;(e.g., Carey \u0026amp; Paulhus, 2013; Gill \u0026amp; Cerce, 2017; Krueger et al., 2014; Murray \u0026amp; Lombrozo, 2017; Nadelhoffer et al., 2020; Sarkissian et al., 2010). Lower\u0026nbsp;free will belief can lead to negative moral consequences including increased cheating and aggression, and reduced helpfulness (Baumeister et al., 2009; Vohs \u0026amp; Schooler, 2008). Yet emerging research has identified that reducing free will belief can also lead to greater forgiveness of self and others, and less hatred (Author(s), under review). Similarly, it has been demonstrated that higher free will belief is related to harsher punishment attitudes (e.g., Carey \u0026amp; Paulhus, 2013; Gill \u0026amp; Cerce, 2017; Martin et al., 2017; Nettler, 1959; Shariff et al., 2014; Tygart, 1994), and eagerness for retribution rather than rehabilitation in response to criminal behaviour (Netter, 1959; Carey \u0026amp; Paulhus, 2013). Providing additional support for this relationship, experimental studies have shown that reducing free will belief leads to reductions in endorsement of spiteful and retributive punishment and harsh blame (Gill \u0026amp; Cerce, 2017; Shariff et al., 2014). The relationship between free will belief and punitiveness also extends to endorsement of the death penalty, with several studies showing free will belief relates to stronger endorsement of the death penalty (Martin, 2017; Nettler, 1959; Tygart, 1994).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe finding that free will belief is generally related to higher endorsement of punishment, particularly retributive punishment, is consistent with theoretical formulations, suggesting that the goal of retributive justice is to give people their \u0026ldquo;just deserts\u0026rdquo;, and that \u0026ldquo;any circumstance that mitigates responsibility for the action would also mitigate the moral severity of the offense\u0026rdquo; (Carlsmith \u0026amp; Darley, 2008). High levels of free will imply that a person is able to do otherwise, and therefore blameworthy for their actions, providing a justification for retributive punishment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Current Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile existing evidence suggests a relationship between free will belief and retributive or punitive responses to transgressions there is little robust evidence showing this relationship exists across a range of national contexts and in response to both everyday and more extreme forms of transgression. Our aim was to provide a robust test of this association drawing on a large multinational data set and examining both country-level and individual-level indicators of punitiveness. Previous research in this area has largely focused on criminal transgressions within North American samples, with only two exceptions. One study by Gill and Cerce (2017) explored a non-criminal context, investigating how information about an office bully\u0026rsquo;s difficult past influenced retributive attitudes toward him. Their findings showed that reducing perceptions of the bully\u0026rsquo;s \u0026ldquo;control of self-formation\u0026rdquo;\u0026mdash;a proposed facet of free will belief\u0026mdash;lowered punitiveness. However, this study focused on a narrow aspect of free will belief and relied on participants from Amazon\u0026rsquo;s Mechanical Turk, a platform heavily weighted toward U.S. respondents. Another study by Martin et al. (2017) examined a more culturally diverse sample, but used a limited two-item proxy measure to assess free will belief and focused exclusively on endorsement of the death penalty \u0026ndash; hence focusing on an extreme criminal context. The current study builds on and extends this prior work by examining, for the first time, whether general belief in free will predicts punitive responses to everyday minor moral transgressions. We do so using a large, diverse sample spanning 44 countries and employing a validated measure of free will belief.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, and to replicate and extend previous research, we examined relationships between free will belief and country-level indicators of punitiveness: endorsement of the death penalty and incarceration rates. Despite incarceration also having non-punitive motivations like deterrence and rehabilitation, much evidence suggests incarceration rates are largely driven by punitive, retributive attitudes (Caruso \u0026amp; Pereboom, 2020; Enns, 2016; Fondacaro \u0026amp; O\u0026rsquo;Toole, 2015; Labutta, 2016). This is partly why in countries where attitudes toward criminal justice are more consequentialist, like Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Sweden, there are very low rates of incarceration (Lappi-Seppala, 2007).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study therefore sought to provide a comprehensive test of the free will \u0026ndash; punitiveness relationship, covering a range of indicators and contexts \u0026ndash; from individuals\u0026rsquo; more everyday transgression responses to countries\u0026rsquo; responses to serious crimes. We predicted that higher belief in free will would be related to greater punitiveness across both everyday and criminal contexts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was preregistered with AsPredicted. We preregistered the main hypotheses that free will belief would predict punitiveness and endorsement of the death penalty.[1] We only later included incarceration rates in our analysis and therefore treat this finding as more exploratory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eA total of 8917 participants were recruited across 44 countries using Dynata, a global data collection company. Participants were required to be at least 18 years old and fluent in the primary language of their country. The final sample included individuals from a wide range of cultural, economic, and political contexts, providing a robust basis for cross-national comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials \u0026amp; Procedure\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eParticipants were invited to complete an online survey hosted on Dynata\u0026rsquo;s data collection platform. The survey comprised multiple measures for this and several other unrelated studies. For this study, materials included were the Free Will and Determinism subscales of the Free Will Inventory and a measure of punitive attitudes. Participants provided informed consent before beginning the survey and were compensated according to Dynata\u0026rsquo;s standard rates for their country. The survey was translated into the primary language of each country using a rigorous back-translation procedure to ensure linguistic and conceptual equivalence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFree Will Belief\u003c/strong\u003e: The Free Will subscale of the The Free Will Inventory (Nadelhoffer et al., 2014) was used to assess participants\u0026rsquo; belief in free will. Items include \u0026ldquo;People have complete free will. Participants rated each item on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The Free Will subscale has demonstrated reliability and validity and in the current study, demonstrated sound internal consistency (\u0026alpha; = 0.78).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePunitive Attitudes\u003c/strong\u003e: To measure punitive attitudes, participants were presented with a series of ten short vignettes detailing relatively everyday moral transgressions, e.g., \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eI was on vacation and rented a car. I paid for the parking fee and the guy gave me the wrong change back. I knew he gave me too much, but I kept it anyway.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026ldquo;As I was backing out of a parking lot, I bumped a parked car and left a minor dent. I didn\u0026rsquo;t even feel the impact when I hit the car, but it left a little bit of damage. I drove away without leaving a message or trying to contact the person.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the end of each vignette they were asked three questions, including the question used for our measure: \u0026ldquo;How deserving is this person of punishment?\u0026rdquo;. \u0026nbsp;These vignettes were sourced from Kruepke et al. (2018). Participants answered on a 7-point Likert scale from, \u0026ldquo;Not at all\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;Very much. (The full three items measure Moralising, which was not the focus of our work).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEndorsement of the Death Penalty\u003c/strong\u003e: Data on countries\u0026rsquo; endorsement of the death penalty were obtained from the latest wave of the World Values Survey (WVS, 2022), which included a single item: \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ePlease tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between, using this card. Death penalty\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. Responses were recorded on a 10-point scale (1 = Never justifiable, 10 = Always justifiable, with an option to select \u0026ldquo;Don\u0026rsquo;t know\u0026rdquo;). This item was included to examine the relationship between free will belief and support for capital punishment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncarceration Rates\u003c/strong\u003e: Incarceration rates (number of individuals incarcerated per 100,000 population) for each country were obtained from The World Prison Brief (www.prisonstudies.org). This variable was used to examine the relationship between country-level free will belief and punitive societal outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData analysis was conducted separately for analyses focused on individual survey responses and analysis that then related these responses to existing country-level data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndividual-Level Analyses\u003c/strong\u003e: At the individual level, a random intercept multilevel model was used to examine the relationship between free will belief and punitive attitudes, controlling for relevant demographic variables (age, gender, religiosity, and political ideology). Country-level variance was accounted for by including a random intercept for country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry-Level Analyses\u003c/strong\u003e: To examine the relationship between free will belief and death penalty attitudes, as well as between free will belief and incarceration rates, country-level aggregates of free will belief were calculated by averaging individual scores within each country. These aggregates were then used as predictors in separate regression models for death penalty endorsement and incarceration rates, controlling for relevant country-level variables (age, gender, religiosity, and political ideology).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[1] We also pre-registered that free will belief would predict a measure of moralizing that included the punitiveness item. This result was also significant as hypothesized (See supplementary materials).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe descriptive statistics for all variables can be found in Table 1 below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive Statistics of All Variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScale Range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFree will belief\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 \u0026ndash; 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePunitiveness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 \u0026ndash; 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeath penalty endorsement (country-level)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 \u0026ndash; 10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncarceration rate (per 100,000)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 \u0026ndash; 700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e = 8,917 individuals across 44 countries. Free will belief and punitiveness are individual-level variables. Death penalty endorsement and incarceration rate are country-level variables. Death penalty endorsement data are from the World Values Survey (2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndividual-Level Results\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe multilevel model examining the relationship between free will belief and punitiveness revealed a significant positive association both without controlling for demographic variables (\u0026beta; = 1.43, SE = .11, p \u0026lt; .001) and with demographic variables in the model (Table 2). Individuals with stronger belief in free will endorsed harsher punitive attitudes, even after controlling for demographic variables (Age, Gender, Political Affiliation, Religiosity) and accounting for country-level variance. [2]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry-Level Results\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFree will belief was significantly related to endorsement of the death penalty both without demographic controls (\u0026beta; = 0.23, SE = .02, p \u0026lt; .001), and with demographic controls (Table 2). Free will belief also significantly predicted incarceration rates both without demographic controls (\u0026beta; = 63.16, SE = 2.84, p \u0026lt; .001) and with demographic controls (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" alt=\"image\" style=\"width: 700px; height: 435.532px;\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e**p \u0026lt; .01. ***p \u0026lt; .001. \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e = 8,917 individuals across 44 countries. Free will belief and punitiveness are individual-level variables. Death penalty endorsement and incarceration rate are country-level variables. Death penalty endorsement data are from the World Values Survey (2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2] \u0026nbsp;The full 3-item moralising measure (from which our measure of punitiveness was taken) was also significantly related to free will belief. The result is available in the supplementary materials.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, we examined the relationship between free will belief and punitiveness across a diverse, multinational sample. Surveying 8,917 participants across 44 countries, we found that individual differences in free will belief predict more punitive responses to everyday moral transgressions. At the societal level we replicated and extended prior research (which demonstrated that individual-level free will belief predicts support for the death penalty; Martin et al., 2017) by demonstrating that country-level mean free will belief (using a validated measure of free will belief) predicts national attitudes toward the death penalty (using data from the World Values Survey). We also found that country-level free will belief predicts higher national incarceration rates. These findings provide the first cross-cultural evidence that stronger belief in free will is associated with both harsher punitive attitudes toward everyday wrongdoing and more punitive societal attitudes and practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings align with previous research showing that stronger belief in free will is associated with greater punitiveness (Carey \u0026amp; Paulhus, 2013; Gill \u0026amp; Cerce, 2017; Martin et al., 2017; Nettler, 1959; Shariff et al., 2014; Tygart, 1994). This effect appears to be driven by heightened attributions of moral responsibility (Carey \u0026amp; Paulhus, 2013; Roskies \u0026amp; Nichols, 2008; Sarkissian et al., 2010). Our findings extend on this prior work by examining this association across 44 countries and assessing punitiveness in response to a broad range of everyday transgressions as well as in response to criminal behaviour. Our findings replicate those of Martin et al. (2017), finding that free will belief is associated with endorsement of the death penalty, however our use of a validated measure of free will provides a more robust test of this relationship. Furthermore, we supplement this finding by showing that free will belief is also associated with higher incarceration rates. Importantly, this also moves beyond self-reported endorsement to actual rates of incarceration within a particular country. This adds further weight to the notion that free will belief leads to more punitive responses to criminal behaviour.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings also extend on this past work by moving beyond the context of criminal behaviour and showing that free will belief is also associated with punitive responses to minor everyday transgressions. Whereas Gill and Cerce (2017) have also shown the free will \u0026ndash; punitiveness link in non-criminal contexts, our work extends on this by examining a larger range of everyday transgressions and demonstrating this across 44 national contexts.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTogether, our results align with growing evidence that free will belief is associated with more punitive, retributive attitudes toward transgressors. Retributive justice is grounded in the principle of \u003cem\u003ejust deserts\u003c/em\u003e\u0026mdash;the notion that wrongdoers deserve to be punished purely because they have committed a moral transgression, independent of any forward-looking outcomes such as deterrence or rehabilitation (Walen, 2024; Carlsmith \u0026amp; Darley, 2008). Prior studies have shown that higher belief in free will predicts increased endorsement of retributive punishment aiming only to harm the transgressor, but does not predict punishment aimed at strategic benefit (Shariff et al., 2014), and that reducing belief in free will reduces endorsement of retributive, spiteful punishment, but not instrumental punishment (Gill \u0026amp; Cerce, 2017).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher levels of punitive attitudes and behaviours like those in our study are indicative of more retributive orientations, reflecting a prioritization of moral blame and deserved punishment over consequentialist aims (Carlsmith, 2006; Darley \u0026amp; Pittman, 2003). Endorsement of the death penalty is widely recognized as a prototypical expression of retributive thinking, and research demonstrates that retribution is the most commonly offered rationale for supporting the death penalty (Bohm, 2016). Likewise, whilst incarceration is also justifiable on consequentialist grounds, much evidence suggests that retributive motives are a major driver of incarceration (Caruso \u0026amp; Pereboom, 2020; Enns, 2016; Fondacaro \u0026amp; O\u0026rsquo;Toole, 2015). Our individual-level measure of punitiveness also strongly suggests retributive attitudes - participants were asked to indicate \u0026ldquo;How deserving is this person of punishment?\u0026rdquo; for each vignette, directly capturing the core criterion of retributive judgment \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003edeserving\u003c/em\u003e punishment (Walen, 2024).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings thus contribute to the literature on the relationship between free will belief and retribution by demonstrating that free will predicts more punitive responses within both minor and criminal contexts. This suggests that societies in which free will belief is more entrenched may be more likely to justify punishment on retributive grounds, that is, based on the belief that offenders deserve to suffer for their actions (Walen, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn a practical level, our findings suggest that strong belief in free will may support harsh and potentially excessive punitive responses to wrongdoing. Reducing belief in free will could encourage more rational, consequentialist approaches to justice. At the individual level, this could foster forgiveness over vengeance, defusing destructive cycles of revenge. At the societal level, questioning the notion of desert-based punishment may enable justice systems to pursue more humane, evidence-based policies focused not on enacting harm but on improving future outcomes for all. These implications help counter the concern that exposure to arguments against the existence of free will is only harmful, suggesting instead that mitigating free will belief may have benefits in certain contexts.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations and Future Directions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral limitations should be noted. First, while our study utilized a large and diverse sample, it remains correlational in nature. This means that while we have demonstrated robust associations between free will belief and punitive attitudes, we cannot establish causal relationships. Future experimental and longitudinal research could clarify the causal mechanisms underlying these associations. It should, however, be noted that our results are consistent with previous experimental work showing undermining free will belief reduces endorsement of spiteful, retributive punishment (Gill \u0026amp; Cerce, 2017; Shariff et al., 2014).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA further limitation is that while we employed a validated measure of free will belief, this belief is complex and difficult to measure. Future studies should seek to more clearly examine how different varieties of free will belief (specifically, belief in libertarian vs. compatibilist free will) may differentially influence punitive attitudes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, while we examined two key national indicators of punitiveness (endorsement of the death penalty and incarceration rates), other important metrics of punitiveness, such as sentencing severity and rehabilitation efforts, were not examined. This was due to lack of standardisation in defining crimes and rehabilitation, and lack of available data. Future research should explore how free will belief relates to a broader array of justice system outcomes by seeking to clarify and gather these data. Furthermore, as noted previously, incarceration rates are not an entirely ideal measure of punitiveness or retribution, given they also reflect consequentialist considerations to some extent (e.g., deterrence and rehabilitation). Drawing on indicators of punitiveness that can more clearly distinguish this from consequentialist motives would add confidence to our findings.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, our country-level analyses used aggregated data and simple regressions. Whilst suitable for our aims, these results should be interpreted carefully as group-level patterns may not reflect individual-level patterns.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study provides evidence that free will belief is positively associated with harsher punitive attitudes across both minor everyday transgressions and in response to criminal behaviour. These findings suggest that free will belief not only shapes how individuals respond to everyday moral transgressions, but may also play a role in shaping broader cultural and institutional approaches to punishment. Furthermore, they point to a potential upside of mitigating free will belief, at least within certain contexts. As the idea that free will is an illusion continues to gain mainstream exposure, understanding both the risks and benefits of this challenge to our worldview has implications not only for justice systems, but for how we conceive of agency, accountability, and the moral foundations of society.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpen Practices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePre-registration: Our studies were pre-registered before data collection began, anonymous preregistration is available here:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehttps://aspredicted.org/kpbz-phtp.pdf\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll study materials, primary data, and analysis scripts are publicly available (https://osf.io/9z4mr/?view_only=908d25917e884d61b6d93ca050b5dda9).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: AW, BB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethodology:\u0026nbsp;AW, BB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Collection: AW, BB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormal Analysis: AW\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInvestigation: AW, BB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResources: BB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Curation:\u0026nbsp;AW\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting \u0026ndash; Original Draft: AW\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing:\u0026nbsp;AW, BB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupervision: BB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData and Supplementary Materials Available Here:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehttps://osf.io/9z4mr/?view_only=908d25917e884d61b6d93ca050b5dda9\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAuthor(s) (under review). \u003cem\u003eManuscript under review.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaumeister RF, Masicampo EJ, DeWall CN (2009) Prosocial benefits of feeling free: Disbelief in free will increases aggression and reduces helpfulness. 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Psychology. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4324/9781410615749\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4324/9781410615749\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of Melbourne","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"free will, punitiveness, punishment, retribution, incarceration, death penalty","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6719954/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6719954/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBelief in free will has been linked to more punitive and retributive responses to wrongdoing. While past research has focused on North American samples and criminal contexts, this study tested whether free will belief predicts punitiveness across diverse cultural and moral contexts (everyday and criminal transgressions). We surveyed 8,917 participants from 44 countries using a validated measure of free will belief and a vignette-based measure of punitiveness. Multilevel analysis revealed that individuals with stronger free will belief were more punitive toward everyday moral transgressions. At the country level, average free will belief predicted greater support for the death penalty and higher incarceration rates. These findings suggest that free will belief is a cross-culturally robust predictor of punitiveness, both at the personal and societal levels. Implications are discussed for the potential benefits of mitigating free will belief in specific contexts to promote more humane and forward-looking approaches to justice.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Free WIll Belief Predicts Individual and Societal Punitiveness Across 44 Countries","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-26 06:04:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6719954/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ddd528fa-bf69-4e4a-9e18-bc719a312df1","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":48939449,"name":"Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-26T06:04:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-26 06:04:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6719954","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6719954","identity":"rs-6719954","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}