Traps suitability to monitor the above- and below-ground insect diversity in different forage production systems of the semi-arid regions of India

Traps suitability to monitor the above- and below-ground insect diversity in different forage production systems of the semi-arid regions of India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Traps suitability to monitor the above- and below-ground insect diversity in different forage production systems of the semi-arid regions of India Prabhu Govindasamy, Keerthi MC, G.K. Sujayanand, H.A. Bhargavi, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5365696/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Insects play vital roles in ecological processes and are recognized as fundamental elements of global biodiversity. Assessments of insect biodiversity from different ecosystems are essential to knowing the status of insect diversity. Therefore, the insect biodiversity of three different forage production systems (annual, perennial, and grassland) in the Bundelkhand region of India was assessed by employing three sampling methods: manual insect sweep net collection, yellow sticky traps, and pitfall traps. The experiment runs for three seasons (rainy, winter, and summer) from 2019 to 2021. The findings from this study indicate that the choice of insect traps significantly influences the assessment of insect diversity. Yellow sticky traps were more efficient in documenting species richness, abundance, and Shannon-Wiener diversity. However, all three traps were comparable in terms of measuring insect dominance. Seasonal variations were observed, with the summer season exhibiting higher species numbers (16.6±1.3) and abundance (409.7 ±76.4). The study also highlighted the influence of climatic factors and study years on insect diversity, emphasizing the need for suitable sampling techniques to estimate abundance accurately. The interaction effect of year-by-traps showed that yellow sticky traps were more effective than sweep nets and pitfall traps in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. The study identified the most suitable meteorological weeks for each trapping method. Yellow sticky traps were effective during the 4–12 th , 21 st , 24 th , 35 th , and 38 th standard meteorological week (SMW), while sweep nets and pitfall traps showed efficacy during the 23 rd , 24 th , 35 th , and 36 th SMW. The research emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate sampling methods and considering seasonal and yearly variations in estimating insect diversity. Our study findings contribute valuable insights into insect biodiversity in the forage production systems of the Bundelkhand region, providing a foundation for future conservation strategies. Biological sciences/Biological techniques Biological sciences/Zoology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Annual fodder system Biodiversity Bundelkhand Diversity indices Grassland Sampling trap. Yellow sticky trap Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction Insects are one of the largest and most diverse groups of organisms in the world. The fossilized specimens indicate that they had colonized the earth 400 million years ago. Insects, constituting approximately 80% (1,241,855 species) of the reported 1,552,319 species in the Animalia kingdom and Arthropoda phylum globally, are highly interconnected in ecological terms. They engage with virtually every element in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, making them a predominant group that comprises 66% (1,020,007 species) of all animals and 82% of the earth's arthropods 1,2 . The insect order Coleoptera represents about 38% (3, 87,100 species) of the insect species, and they are the most successful insect order on the planet 3 . Despite their diminutive size, they play a crucial role in maintaining natural balance. For instance, the terrestrial insect indicates the soil fertility status. Similarly, ground dwelling carabid beetles serve as bio-indicators for environmental changes as they are more sensitive to their habitat 4 . Furthermore, some butterflies serve as indicators of pollinator richness. The insects are widely used as bio-indicators as they are involved in multi-faceted ecosystem services such as predation, parasitism, pollination decomposition, and nutrient cycling 5,6 . Several recent findings suggest that the diversity of insects is diminishing at an accelerated pace, as documented reports of declines in flying, ground, and aquatic lineages are emerging worldwide 7 . The higher grazing intensity, bare ground, exotic plant ground cover, and high-intensity cultivation have resulted in lower species richness and diversity of ants’ species in Australia 8 . Over 27 years, the flying insect biomass declined by 76% in Germany 7,9 . Likewise, Van Klink et al. 10 reported that the global loss of insect abundance and biomass was 9% per decade. The biodiversity loss is reported in crop fields and grassland ecosystems 11 . Studying the insect diversity and abundance of an ecosystem is crucial for maintaining its health. Moreover, many terrestrial insects like antions act as bio-indicators 12 . Insect population structure, abundance, and diversity are highly influenced by climatic factors such as rainfall, sunshine, and wind speed; host availability and more recently, anthropogenic activities. Sweeping net, yellow sticky trap, pitfall trap, and yellow pan trap were deployed for studying insect abundance and diversity in the rice ecosystem of Indonesia by Trisnawati et al. 13 , and they found that hemipterans are the most abundant insect order in that ecosystem. Due to the dominant insect presence, the study of plant-insect interaction helps in crucial carbon and other nutrient cycling and also influences the succession and competition patterns in plant communities and organic phenomenon interactions 2 . Long term insect monitoring data is scanty for grassland, while it is available in plenty for agricultural and forest ecosystems 14 . Naman et al. 15 reported that Odonata dominated over Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and Hemiptera in three different Savannahs of Kaduna State University situated between Guinea Savannah and Sudan Savannah using sweep net catches and pitfall traps. However, in terms of individual population, the Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera outnumbered the rest. Preserving insect abundance and richness is the primary step in conservation strategies in any grassland. Therefore, a robust monitoring system for estimating insect abundance and richness in grassland ecosystems must be developed. Very scanty reports are available on insect diversity in grasslands and the different fodder production systems of the Indian subcontinent. Furthermore, there is a lack of an appropriate methodology for documenting the diversity of insects in both fodder and natural grassland ecosystems, specifically in India. Additionally, there is a need for suitable sampling techniques to estimate insect diversity in these environments accurately. In order to record the insect diversity and standardize the sampling techniques for the grassland of the Bundelkhand region in India, the present study was taken up with sweep nets, sticky traps, and pitfall traps to record the aerial and terrestrial insect diversity. We hypothesized that different traps, times of observations, cropping seasons, and years would significantly influence the estimation of insect diversity in three different annual and long-term forage production systems. To check the hypothesis, the following objective was set: to assess the suitability of various traps, seasons, years, and meteorological weeks for estimating insect biodiversity in the Bundelkhand region of India. Results and Discussions Traps suitability for different systems A two-year study found that the assessment of insect diversity in different fodder production systems was significantly influenced by the types of insect traps (p<0.05, Table 1). In comparison to sweep nets and pitfall traps, the yellow sticky traps were ideal for determining the number of species (19.7 and 19.8 units greater, respectively), abundance (634.3 and 572.3), and Shannon-Wiener index (0.7 and 0.7). Our findings corroborate with Domingue et al. 16 , who found that yellow sticky traps were commonly used to monitor insects and estimate species richness and abundance in natural and agro-ecosystems. Yellow sticky traps are also recommended for parasitoids and phytophagous dipteran trapping, as well as in IPM trials 17 . Studying insect abundance and the richness of an ecosystem is necessary in the changing climatic scenario 18,19 . The present investigation reports the effectiveness of yellow sticky traps for studying insect abundance and richness in fodder production systems. However, all the traps were comparable when determining insect dominance (0.3-0.4, p=0.1). Sweep nets and pit fall traps performed significantly better (0.7 units higher) than the yellow sticky traps at measuring insect evenness. On the other hand, pit fall traps and sweep nets were superior to yellow sticky traps for evaluating insect evenness. However, when determining insect dominance, all three traps performed equally (p=0.41). Individual effects of forage systems did not influence any insect diversity parameters (p>0.05, Table 1). Bozdogan and Satar 12 also reported the efficacy of the pitfall trap in studying the abundance of 2 antlion species influenced by the habitat. The antlions are more adapted to the wetland ecosystem and oak forests than the shrubbery, pine and Fagus forests. The present result corroborates that of Abdel-Wahab et al. 20 , wherein they reported that an aerial net trap was most suitable for studying the species diversity and relative abundance in the Saluga, Ghazal area of Egypt. The next best traps were the yellow sticky trap and the pitfall trap. They also opined that for continuous monitoring of a large number of individual insects, a yellow sticky trap was the best, followed by an aerial net trap and a pitfall trap. The pitfall traps and aerial sweep net traps were deployed by Pyrke et al 21 to study the dung beetle diversity, grasshopper diversity and butterfly diversity in a protected areas and ecological networks of South Africa’s grassland. Interestingly, authors found a huge interaction between the grazing regimen and dung beetle diversity. Furthermore, they concluded that wild grazers very much influence species richness, assemblage composition, and beta diversity. Traps suitability for different seasons The number of species, abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and evenness assessment in different seasons was influenced by the types of insect traps, except for the estimation of insect dominance (Table 2). Comparing to sweep nets and pitfall traps, the yellow sticky trap was able to capture a higher diversity (44 and 44%, respectively), abundance (88.57 and 98.53%, respectively), and number of insect species (87.06 and 87.93% greater, respectively). However, no differences were observed for insect dominance (p=0.98). Sweep nets and pit fall traps were more appropriate for assessing the insect evenness than the yellow sticky trap (p<0.0001). Among the seasons, the summer season (16.6 species) was a suitable season for estimating insect species numbers, followed by the winter season (15.1). The least number of insect species was observed during the rainy season. The highest insect abundance was registered during the summer season, followed by the rainy season, although they are statistically non-significant (p=0.09). Similar observations were reported by Bozdogan and Satar 12 , wherein two antlion species Myrmeleon formicarius and Euroleon nostras were more abundant during October 2015 but very meagre during October 2016 at Amanos Mountain, Turkey. Further, they also reported that temperature and rainfall played significant roles in the antlion abundance using pitfall traps. However, insect dominance, diversity, and evenness were comparable between seasons (p > 0.05). Traps suitability for different years Different types of insect traps greatly influenced the assessment of a number of species, abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and evenness in different years, except for the estimation of insect dominance (Table 3). A higher number of insect species (19.7 and 19.6 numbers greater, respectively), abundance (635.5 and 573.6, respectively), and diversity (0.8 and 0.8, respectively) were observed for yellow sticky traps compared to sweep nets and pitfall traps. The present finding corroborates with that of Sial et al 22 who reported that trap type and season affect the abundance of insect population. However, no differences were observed for insect dominance (p=0.84). Sweep nets and pit fall traps were more appropriate for assessing insect evenness than the yellow sticky traps (p<0.01). When compared to 2021–22, 2019–2020 had a higher number of insect species, abundance, diversity, and evenness. The reason for lower insect species, diversity, and abundance during 2021–22 may be due to the higher amount of rainfall received during the rainy season of 2021–22 (852.6 mm) than the rainy season of 2019–20 (650.8mm) (supplementary tables 1 and 2). The higher rainfall during 2021–22 might have resulted in the washing away of some insects due to a rain flash that trapped them in the yellow sticky trap (Table 2 interaction effect). Whereas, the sweep net and pit fall stand undisturbed due to the rainfall, which may be the reason for their on-par effect for both years; this was reflected in the interaction effect (Table 3). Moreover, the mean summer minimum (21.30°C) and maximum temperature (41.88 °C) during 2021–22 were a bit higher than in 2019–20 minimum (19.7) and maximum temperature (37.7) respectively. The higher temperature during the summer might also have reduced insect activity during 2021–22 (supplementary table 2). Further, all the weekly (14–19 th SMW) averages of maximum temperature during summer 2021–22 were recorded at >40°C, whereas the same period during 2019–20 was 20°C in 5 weeks during summer 2021–22, whereas it was only 3 weeks during 2019–20. The present finding corroborates with that of García-Robledo et al 23 and Lehman et al 24 wherein they reported that the temperature rise of 3-6°C will result in insect species to push to their thermal extremities in lower latitudes further in some cases range contraction, reduction in pest abundance or extinction. Further, the humidity (RH1: 52.83%) during summer 2021–22 was lower than in summer 2019–20 (RH1: 62.33%). Relative humidity is a very crucial abiotic factor in the insect life cycle. However, the year effect was comparable for insect dominance (p=0.99). The interaction effect of year-by-traps also showed that the yellow sticky trap was more effective than the sweep nets and pit fall traps for measuring the number of species, abundance, and Shannon-Wiener diversity in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 (Table 3). The insect evenness in the sweep net and pit fall trap was higher because of the habit of the insect they were trapping, as the pit fall trap can efficiently trap only terrestrial insects belonging to hymenoptera, coleoptera, isoptera, and neuroptera, whereas sweep net catches are highly influenced by the timing of the sweep net used; hence, it also recorded higher evenness in the insect they had trapped or caught. Whereas the yellow sticky trap can catch all aerial insects irrespective of time, thus, it had lower insect evenness during both years. Aminah et al. 25 also reported a similar finding that the yellow sticky trap is more suitable for monitoring insect pests of spinach (63.4%) and water spinach (43.7%) rather than pitfall trap (0.4% & 37.5%). They concluded that the yellow sticky trap captured more insect pests than predators (26.6%) while the pitfall trap captured more predators (belonging to Carabidae and Formicidae) and fewer insect pests (belonging to Acrididae, Chrysomelidae and Itermites). Further, they concluded that recycled plastic could be more useful in insect monitoring when it is fabricated as a yellow sticky trap rather than pitfall trap. On the other hand, pit fall traps and sweep nets were superior to yellow sticky traps for evaluating insect evenness for both years. However, when determining insect dominance, all three traps performed equally (p = 0.41) across the years. Similarly, Liu et al. 26 reported that pitfall traps deployed to study the species abundance and richness of carabid beetles showed a decreasing trend from 2008 to 2018 in the Yanchi and Guyuan regions of China. The Figure 1- 9, displays the dominant insect groups observed across various sampling methods during different cropping seasons. In the rainy season, Collembola (97.66%- BNH) was predominant in PFT sampling, while Homoptera (69.16%- natural grassland) dominated in both sweep net collection and yellow sticky trap sampling. Pitfall traps are primarily utilized for studying soil arthropods, such as collembolans 27 . The increased abundance of collembolans in the bajra napier hybrid fodder ecosystem may result from reduced disturbance in the crop habitat. Furthermore, collembolans have a soft cuticle and less pigmentation, making them less adapted to withstand direct sunlight. Consequently, they tend to seek shelter under fallen leaves of napier grass 28 . During the summer season, Coleoptera (47.50%- BNH) prevailed in PFT sampling, whereas Homoptera (53.25%- sorghum; 85.72%- natural grassland) was dominant in both sweep net collection and yellow sticky trap sampling, respectively. Yellow sticky traps were widely exploited for management of homopteran pest in agricultural ecosystems 29 . In the winter season, Homoptera emerged as the dominant insect group across all sampling methods, except for yellow sticky trap sampling, where Diptera (47.71%- oat) was predominant. Suitable time for yellow sticky trap, sweep net, and pit fall traps The suitability of yellow sticky traps and pit fall traps for estimating insect diversity is significantly influenced by the meteorological week (time) of the year, except for the use of sweep nets (Tables 4, 5, and 6). The best meteorological week to use the yellow sticky traps to determine the number, abundance, diversity, and evenness of insect species varied substantially. For example, the appropriate meteorological week for estimating insect species numbers was the 24 th week (11 Jun to 17 Jun), followed by the 12 th week (19 Mar to 25 Mar) and the 38 th week (17 Sep to 23 Sep). For insect abundance, the suitable meteorological week was the 21 st (21 May to 27 May) and 35 th (27 Aug to 02 Sep), followed by the 24 th (11 Jun to 17 Jun). The appropriate weeks for diversity estimation were 4–12 th (22 Jan to 25 Mar), 22 nd (28 May to 03 Jun), 25 th (18 Jun to 24 Jun), and 38 th weeks (17 Sep to 23 Sep), and for evenness, 5 th (29 Jan to 04 Feb) and 6 th weeks (05 Feb to 11 Feb). The present findings here confirm the reports of Sial et al. 22 who reported that the summer season records two times higher insect abundance than the winter season. In the present study, the summer season (1389 during the 21 st SMW) records five times higher insect abundance than the winter season (258.1 during the 4 th SMW). Higher insect abundance during the summer is mainly attributed to the fact that the summer season supports the rapid reproduction of the insects 30 . Additionally, the commencement of summer reactivates hibernated insects that were dormant during the preceding winter 31 . Suneela et al 32 also confirmed the higher Shannon index in the berseem crop during May at Sialkot. Overall, 4–12 th , 21 st , 24 th , 35 th , and 38 th weeks were more appropriate for the insect diversity study using the yellow sticky traps in the Bundelkhand region of India. Small insects’ diversity (especially from Hemiptera) is more efficiently trapped by yellow sticky traps during both summer and winter, as concluded by Sial et al 22 . The variations in the dynamics of insects might be due to the seasonal effect on the organisms which was likely due to the variations in the lifecycle of the organisms and/or environmental conditions 30 . Sweep nets can be used throughout the year to study the insect diversity in the Bundelkhand region of India (Table 5). However, the number of insect species, abundance, dominance, diversity, and evenness were observed during the 23 rd , 24 th , 35 th , and 36 th weeks. In this study, both sweep nets, and pitfall traps were only used for a limited number of successful weeks (4 th , 5 th , 22 nd , 23 rd , 35 th , 36 th , and 37 th ) due to high soil temperatures during the summer, low soil temperatures during the winter, and rainfall during the rainy season. The present report contradicts Sial et al 22 , who had reported that pitfall traps placed in Mango orchards were effective for estimating taxa richness and Shannon wiener’s diversity index during both the summer and winter seasons at Multan, Pakistan. The probable reason may be due to the assured irrigation source, i.e. through the tube well, and the micro-climate prevailing inside the orchard might have contributed to the performance of the pitfall trap. Hence, the success of the trap depends on the habitat, where it is deployed, the micro-environment of that habitat and also the downpour. The downpour might washout the collected insects in the pitfall trap 33 . Likewise, for sweep nets the 23 rd , 24 th , 35 th , and 36 th weeks of the year were more appropriate for estimating the number of insect species (Table 6). Meanwhile, for assessment of insect dominance, the 5 th and 36 th weeks were suitable for the pitfall traps. Other parameters, such as insect abundance, diversity, and evenness, were not influenced by the time (meteorological week) of observation. Majeed et al 34 reported that insect abundance and species richness have a significant positive correlation with temperature and relative humidity. Conclusion The present study concludes that the yellow sticky trap is best for determining the insect species numbers, abundance, and Shannon Weiner diversity in annual, grassland, and perennial systems. However, sweep net and pitfall traps performed better than yellow sticky traps for estimating the insect evenness. In the case of estimation of insect dominance, all the traps performance was on par with each other in the three forage systems in the Bundelkhand region of India. The season-based analysis shows that, the summer season has recorded the highest number of insect species, followed by the winter and rainy season. In estimating insect species number, abundance, diversity, and evenness, the interaction of trap type and seasonal effect was conspicuous. The yellow sticky trap was more suitable for estimating the species number, diversity, and insect abundance across the seasons. During all three years of the experiment, the yellow sticky trap performance was higher than the remaining 2 traps for estimating the species number, diversity, and abundance. While in the case of estimating insect evenness, the sweep net and pitfall trap outperformed the yellow sticky trap. The yellow sticky trap can be deployed for species number estimation during the 24th SMW followed by the 12th SMW & 22nd SMW, i.e. during summer (March-June) in the Bundelkhand region. Hence, ecologists can choose this time for long-term monitoring of insect species numbers. Similarly, the 21st SMW (May) is suitable for estimating insect abundance, and the 11th, 12th, and 38th SMW are ideal for estimating diversity. 5th and 6th SMW (February) is more suitable for estimating the insect evenness. In the case of insect dominance, it can be observed at any time of the year. Overall, choosing appropriate traps for different seasons, years, and cropping systems is essential for collecting high-quality data on insect diversity. Materials and Methods Experimental site The insect diversity was observed in three distinct fodder production systems at the ICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, during the rainy (June–October), winter (November–March), and summer (April-June)] seasons of 2019 and 2021. Forage systems include annual [sorghum (rainy season) –– oats (winter season), and fallow (summer season)], perennial [Bajra Napier hybrid (rainy season) – Bajra Napier hybrid + Egyptian clover (winter season), and Bajra Napier hybrid (summer season)], and natural grassland systems. The study area is located in the Bundelkhand region of India. The region is known for its harsh conditions, characterized by severe droughts, infertile soil, and extreme climatic variations. In 2020, the mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures were 32.6 °C and 18.2 °C, respectively, while in 2021, they were 33.3°C and 16.6°C. Annual rainfall in 2020 was 786.5 mm, and in 2021, it increased to 816.9 mm, with a 21% and 9% rainfall deficit for the respective years. During the rainy season in 2020, the mean morning and evening relative humidity were 74.5% and 88.3%, respectively, while in 2021, they were 76.2% and 85.5%. Insect biodiversity To assess the insect diversity, three different sampling methods, like manual insect sweep net collection, yellow sticky traps, and pitfall traps, were employed (Fig 10). The observations on insects were taken between August and September of 2019 and 2020 (rainy season), February and March of 2020 (winter season), January and February of 2022 (winter season), and May and June of 2020 and 2021 (summer). The peak vegetative growth stages (maximum tillering) of annual crops were chosen to record the observations. All three sampling methods were used to record insects weekly for a month. Traps placement For insect sweeping, two sampling lines of at least 10 meters in length were established, and ten sweeps were conducted per line. Collected insects were identified, and unknown specimens were placed in glass vials for further microscopic examination and identification. Yellow sticky traps were placed at the height of the existing crops in all production systems and adjusted their position as the crop grew. Five traps were evenly distributed across the study area. In the perennial and natural grassland systems, traps were attached to sturdy plants grown within the study area. These traps were replaced every seven days over a continuous four-week period. Insects adhering to the sticky traps were counted under the microscope and documented. Simultaneously, pitfall traps were deployed in each cropping system (five traps per system). These traps were plastic boxes (15×15×20 Centimetres) buried in the ground, with their rims at the surface level, strategically positioned to capture falling insects. After 24 hours, the trapped insects were collected and preserved in absolute alcohol for subsequent identification. For all the sampling methods, attempts were made to identify insects up to the genus level. However, some specimens remained unidentified and were categorized as "unknown." Following identification, the insects were classified into three groups based on their ecological roles: pests, defenders, and neutrals within each ecosystem. Statistical analysis All the observations on insect activity in three different forage production systems were used for the diversity analysis. The combined insect population observed across all three seasons in both years was pooled and represented as a percentage. The diversity parameters such as species number, abundance, dominance, diversity, and evenness were estimated using the PAST software (Version 4.0). All these diversity parameters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SAS software (version 9.4). A mixed ANOVA was performed using the package PROC GLIMMIX, where forage systems, traps, seasons, years, meteorological weeks, and their possible interactions were considered fixed effects, and replications were random effects. The significance of mean differences between treatments was tested using the Fisher's least significant difference method (LS means) at α 0.05. Declarations Acknowledgments: Authors are thankful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Director, ICAR- IGFRI, Jhansi, Head, Division of Crop Production and Head, Crop improvement Division, for providing the facilities. Data Availability The data will be made available upon reasonable request. For further data inquiries, requests may be sent to [email protected] . Funding The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Conflict of interest The authors hereby state that they do not have any conflicts of interest. Authors have taken necessary permissions from the corresponding author (KMC) for publishing his image in the manuscript. Author’s contribution : P.G. and K.M.C. conceived the idea; K.M.C., B.H.A., M.H.S., conducted the experiments; P.G., S.G.K., S.R., Mu.C., Ma.C., M.P., S.K.M., helped in statistical analysis. P.G., K.M.C., and S.G.K. wrote the main manuscript, to which T.V.C., D.D., and S.U. also contributed. References Samways, M. J., Insect conservation for the twenty-first century. In Insect Science-Diversity, Conservation and Nutrition, IntechOpen, London, 2018, p. 98.4. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73864. Weisser, W. W., Siemann, E., 2008. The various effects of insects on ecosystem functioning. 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Insect Faunal diversity and relative abundance associated with Trifolium alexandrinum (Berseem) in District Sialkot, Pakistan. Biologia (Lahore), 69(2), 40-47. Doi: 10.17582/journal.Biologia/2023/69.2.40.47. Porter, S. D. (2005). A simple design for a rain-resistant pitfall trap. Insectes Soc. 52 , 201-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-004-0783-8. Majeed, W., Khawaja, M., Rana, N., de Azevedo Koch, E. B., Naseem, R., Nargis, S., 2022. Evaluation of insect diversity and prospects for pest management in agriculture. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 42(3), 2249-2258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-022-00747-0. Tables Table 1. Traps suitability for different forage systems at Bundelkhand region, India. Treatment Species (No.) Abundance (No.) Dominance Diversity Evenness Trap Yellow sticky 22.6 (±0.59‡)aǂ 643.4 (±50.6)a 0.4 (±0.14)a 1.7 (±0.04)a 0.3 (±0.01)b Sweep net 2.9 (±0.09)b 71.1 (±8.6)b 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.0 (±0.03)b 1.0 (±0.02)a Pit fall 2.8 (±0.09)b 9.1 (±0.6)b 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.0 (±0.04)b 1.0(±0.03)a P value <0.0001† <0.0001 0.1 <0.0001 <0.0001 Interaction effect Forage system Trap Annual Yellow sticky 23.1 (±1.14)a 772.6 (±70.2)a 0.7 (±0.41)a 1.8 (±0.09)a 0.3 (±0.09)b Sweep net 2.9 (±0.13)b 9.3 (±1.0)c 0.4 (±0.03)a 0.9 (±0.06)b 0.9 (±0.06)a Pit fall 2.8 (±0.14)b 13.3 (±4.0)c 0.4 (±0.05)a 0.9 (±0.08)b 0.9 (±0.08)a Grassland Yellow sticky 23.2 (±0.94)a 678.2 (±73.6)a 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.6 (±0.07)a 0.2 (±0.07)b Sweep net 2.9 (±0.14)b 8.3 (±0.14)c 0.3 (±0.03)a 0.9 (±0.05)b 1.0 (±0.05)a Pit fall 3.4 (±0.17)b 20.6 (±1.0)c 0.3 (±0.03)a 1.1 (±0.07)b 0.9 (±0.07)a Perennial Yellow sticky 21.5 (±0.96)a 479.2 (±65.3)b 0.2 (±0.01)a 1.8 (±0.07)a 0.3 (±0.07)b Sweep net 3.1 (±0.18)b 9.8 (±1.3)c 0.4 (±0.03)a 1.0 (±0.05)b 0.9 (±0.05)a Pit fall 3.0 (±0.16)b 179.4 (±20.0)c 0.3 (±0.05)a 1.0 (±0.09)b 1.0 (±0.09)a P value 0.05 0.04 0.41 0.05 0.05 Forage System 0.71 0.83 0.6 0.50 0.38 ‡ standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at α ≤0.05, † bold p values indicate significance Table 2. Traps suitability for different seasons at Bundelkhand region, India. Treatment Species (No.) Abundance (No.) Dominance Diversity Evenness Trap Yellow sticky 23.2 (±0.6‡)aǂ 622.2 (±50.6)a 0.4 (±0.14)a 1.8 (±0.04)a 0.3 (±0.01)b Sweep net 3.0 (±0.09)b 9.7 (±0.6)b 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.0 (±0.03)b 1.0 (±0.02)a Pit fall 2.8 (±0.09)b 71.6 (±22.0)b 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.0 (±0.04)b 1.0(±0.03)a P value 0.007† <0.0001 0.98 <0.0001 <0.0001 Season Rainy 10.0 (±0.73)b 360.3 (±44.5)a 0.4 (±0.14)a 1.3 (±0.04)a 0.7 (±0.03)a Winter 15.1 (±1.2)ab 224.0 (±30.6)a 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.6 (±0.07)a 0.6 (±0.03)a Summer 16.6 (±1.3)a 409.7 (±76.4)a 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.5 (±0.06)a 0.6(±0.04)a P value <0.0001 0.09 0.89 0.63 0.50 Interaction effect Season Trap Rainy Yellow sticky 19.9 (±0.96)c 793.9 (±76.2)a 0.6 (±0.33)a 1.6 (±0.08)b 0.3 (±0.02)c Sweep net 2.9 (±0.13)d 7.8 (±0.8)c 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.0 (±0.04)cd 1.0 (±0.02)a Pit fall 2.9 (±0.12)d 98.2 (±18.2)bc 0.3 (±0.03)a 1.1 (±0.06)c 1.0 (±0.03)a Winter Yellow sticky 22.7 (±0.92)b 352.2 (±39.8)b 0.2 (±0.01)a 2.0 (±0.05)a 0.4 (±0.02)b Sweep net 2.8 (±0.16)d 10.0 (±1.2)c 0.4 (±0.04)a 1.0 (±0.06)cd 1.0 (±0.03)a Pit fall 2.2 (±0.18)d 16.7 (±9.5)bc 0.4 (±0.12)a 0.7 (±0.12)d 0.9 (±0.10)a Summer Yellow sticky 27.0 (±0.90)a 720.6 (±80.1)a 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.7 (±0.08)b 0.2 (±0.01)c Sweep net 3.2 (±0.17)d 11.3 (±1.6)c 0.4 (±0.04)a 1.0 (±0.06)cd 0.9 (±0.05)a Pit fall 2.9 (±0.13)d 7.0 (±0.8)c 0.3 (±0.04)a 1.1 (±0.06)cd 1.0 (±0.05)a P value <0.0001 0.03 0.81 0.0009 0.03 ‡ standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at α ≤0.05, † bold p values indicate significance Table 3. Traps suitability for different years at Bundelkhand region, India. Treatment Species (No.) Abundance (No.) Dominance Diversity Evenness Trap Yellow sticky 22.7 (±0.6‡)aǂ 645.2 (±50.6)a 0.4 (±0.14)a 1.8 (±0.04)a 0.3 (±0.01)b Sweep net 3.0 (±0.09)b 9.7 (±0.6)b 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.0 (±0.03)b 1.0 (±0.02)a Pit fall 3.1 (±0.09)b 71.6 (±22.0)b 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.0 (±0.04)b 1.0 (±0.03)a P value <0.0001† 0.01 0.84 0.001 0.01 Year 2019-20 15.7 (±0.82)a 460.3 (±46.4)a 0.4 (±0.11)a 1.5 (±0.04)a 0.6 (±0.02)a 2021-22 8.8 (±0.71)b 165.4 (±29.5)b 0.3 (±0.01)a 1.3 (±0.05)b 0.7 (±0.03)b P value <0.0001 <0.0001 0.99 <0.0001 <0.0001 Interaction effect Year Trap 2019-20 Yellow sticky 25.9 (±0.49)a 806.3 (±67.2)a 0.5 (±0.21)a 1.9 (±0.04)a 0.3 (±0.01)d Sweep net 2.8 (±0.12)c 7.4 (±0.8)c 0.3 (±0.03)a 1.0 (±0.04)de 1.0 (±0.02)a Pit fall 3.2 (±0.13)c 56.6 (±19.2)c 0.3 (±0.03)a 1.2 (±0.05)c 1.0 (±0.03)a 2021-22 Yellow sticky 16.5 (±1.07)b 335.6 (±54.4)b 0.2 (±0.02)a 1.6 (±0.10)b 0.3 (±0.03)c Sweep net 3.2 (±0.12)c 10.9 (±0.9)c 0.4 (±0.02)a 1.0 (±0.04)cd 0.9 (±0.03)b Pit fall 2.9 (±0.14)c 94.8 (±29.5)c 0.4 (±0.05)a 0.9 (±0.07)e 0.9 (±0.05)b P value <0.0001 <0.0001 0.49 0.001 0.0002 ‡ standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at α ≤0.05, † bold p values indicate significance Table 4. Suitable time (meteorological week) of observation for yellow sticky trap at Bundelkhand region, India. Treatment Species (No.) Abundance (No.) Dominance Diversity Evenness Meteorological week 4 th week† 21.9 (±1.42‡)defǂ 258.1 (±11.60)cd 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.9 (±0.07)abcd 0.3 (±0.02)bcd 5 th week 11.6 (±2.04)g 59.6 (±9.22)d 0.2 (±0.008)a 2.0 (±0.09)abc 0.7 (±0.06)a 6 th week 14.8 (±0.74)fg 118.5 (±19.9)cd 0.2 (±0.02)a 2.1 (±0.10)abc 0.6 (±0.08)a 9 th week 24.0 (±0.83)cde 394.5 (±38.0)bcd 0.2 (±0.02)a 1.8 (±0.06)abcd 0.3 (±0.01)bcd 10 th week 26.7 (±1.24)bcd 670.1 (±80.2)bcd 0.3 (±0.08)a 1.8 (±0.24)abcd 0.3 (±0.05)bcd 11 th week 24.4 (±1.10)bcd 308.6 (±25.0)cd 0.2 (±0.01)a 2.5 (±0.08)ab 0.4 (±0.02)bc 12 th week 30.5 (±1.45)ab 461.5 (±37.3)bcd 0.2 (±0.02)a 2.2 (±0.08)ab 0.3 (±0.02)bcd 21 st week 22.1 (±1.75)cde 1389.0 (±129.6)a 0.5 (±0.10)a 1.3 (±0.28)de 0.2 (±0.05)cd 22 nd week 27.4 (±1.65)bc 515.8 (±70.3)bcd 0.3 (±0.02)a 1.9 (±0.11)abcd 0.3 (±0.03)cd 23 rd week 26.5 (±1.87)bcd 501.6 (±81.2)bcd 0.3 (±0.03)a 1.7 (±0.12)bcd 0.2 (±0.03)cd 24 th week 32.4 (±1.88)a 932.8 (±160.2)ab 0.3 (±0.06)a 1.7 (±0.19)bcd 0.2 (±0.03)d 25 th week 25.5 (±0.99)bcde 459.6 (±103.5)bcd 0.2 (±0.05)a 2.0 (±0.24)abc 0.3 (±0.07)bcd 35 th week 16.3 (±1.47)fg 1213.4 (±196.8)a 0.4 (±0.04)a 1.1 (±0.13)e 0.2 (±0.02)d 36 th week 19.9 (±1.71)ef 586.6 (±73.1)bcd 0.2 (±0.02)a 1.7 (±0.16)cd 0.3 (±0.03)bcd 37 th week 19.7 (±2.12)ef 592.4 (±82.9)bcd 2.7 (±0.58)a 1.7 (±0.17)bcd 0.3 (±0.05)bcd 38 th week 27.8 (±1.03)abc 728.4 (±60.8)bc 0.3 (±0.02)a 2.3 (±0.03)a 0.4 (±0.03)b P value <0.0001† <0.0001 0.36 <0.0001 <0.0001 ‡ standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at α ≤0.05, † bold p values indicate significance † 22 Jan – 28 Jan; 4 th week, 29 Jan – 04 Feb; 5 th week, 05 Feb – 11 Feb; 6 th week, 26 Feb – 04 Mar; 9 th week, 05 Mar – 11 Mar; 10 th week, 12 Mar – 18 Mar; 11 th week, 19 Mar – 25 Mar; 12 th week, 21 May – 27 May; 21 st week, 28 May – 03 Jun; 22 nd week, 04 Jun – 10 Jun; 23 rd week, 11 Jun – 17 Jun; 24 th week, 18 Jun – 24 Jun; 25 th week, 27 Aug – 02 Sep; 35 th week, 03 Sep – 09 Sep; 36 th week, 10 Sep – 16 Sep; 37 th week, 17 Sep – 23 Sep; 38 th week Table 5. Suitable time (meteorological week) of observation for sweep net trap at Bundelkhand region, India. Treatment Species (No.) Abundance (No.) Dominance Diversity Evenness Meteorological week 4 th week† 2.7 (±0.2‡)aǂ 10.7 (±1.62)a 0.4 (±0.05)a 0.9 (±0.09)a 0.9 (±0.04)a 5 th week 3.0 (±0.30)a 8.3 (±1.79)a 0.3 (±0.05)a 1.0 (±0.11)a 1.0 (±0.04)a 22 nd week 3.2 (±0.23)a 9.2 (±2.20)a 0.3 (±0.05)a 1.1 (±0.09)a 0.9 (±0.07)a 23 rd week 3.4 (±0.24)a 12.2 (±2.20)a 0.4 (±0.05)a 1.0 (±0.08)a 0.9 (±0.06)a 35 th week 3.0 (±0.38)a 7.2 (±1.60)a 0.3 (±0.06)a 1.0 (±0.11)a 1.0 (±0.05)a 36 th week 2.9 (±0.15)a 8.3 (±1.50)a 0.3 (±0.04)a 1.0 (±0.05)a 1.0 (±0.04)a 37 th week 2.9 (±0.19)a 7.6 (±0.90)a 0.4 (±0.03)a 1.0 (±0.07)a 0.9 (±0.04)a P value 0.30 0.32 0.54 0.69 0.46 ‡ standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at α ≤0.05, † bold p values indicate significance † 22 Jan – 28 Jan; 4 th week, 29 Jan – 04 Feb; 5 th week, 28 May – 03 Jun; 22 nd week, 04 Jun – 10 Jun; 23 rd week, 27 Aug – 02 Sep; 35 th week, 03 Sep – 09 Sep; 36 th week, 10 Sep – 16 Sep; 37 th week Table 6. Suitable time (meteorological week) of observation for pit-fall trap at Bundelkhand region, India. Treatment Species (No.) Abundance (No.) Dominance Diversity Evenness Meteorological week 4 th week † 2.0 (±0.01‡)cǂ 2.5 (±0.5)a 0.2 (±0.14)b 0.8 (±0.08)a 1.1 (±0.08)a 5 th week 2.7 (±0.25)bc 31.0 (±9.09)a 0.6 (±0.15)a 0.6 (±0.25)a 0.7 (±0.14)a 22 nd week 2.0 (±0.01)bc 2.0 (±0.01)a 0.0 (±0.00)b 0.9 (±0.01)a 1.3 (±0.01)a 23 rd week 3.2 (±0.11)ab 7.4 (±0.80)a 0.3 (±0.04)b 1.1 (±0.07)a 1.0 (±0.05)a 35 th week 3.6 (±0.23)a 19.3 (±6.60)a 0.3 (±0.05)b 1.3 (±0.09)a 1.0 (±0.06)a 36 th week 3.2 (±0.19)ab 135.3 (±30.50)a 0.4 (±0.06)ab 1.0 (±0.10)a 0.9 (±0.07)a 37 th week 3.0 (±0.19)b 140.2 (±40.90)a 0.3 (±0.05)b 1.0 (±0.10)a 1.0 (±0.06)a P value 0.008 0.89 0.05 0.08 0.11 ‡ Standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at α ≤0.05, † bold p values indicate significance † 22 Jan – 28 Jan; 4 th week, 29 Jan – 04 Feb; 5 th week, 28 May – 03 Jun; 22 nd week, 04 Jun – 10 Jun; 23 rd week, 27 Aug – 02 Sep; 35 th week, 03 Sep – 09 Sep; 36 th week, 10 Sep – 16 Sep; 37 th week Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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07:53:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5365696/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5365696/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":71666835,"identity":"b1a88c4a-6beb-4a74-853c-9848358e4071","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 14:29:51","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":278883,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity of insects recorded in different fodder production systems using pitfall trap during rainy season (Pooled data of 2019 and 2021)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/42e0906cf8ebbac20b772b91.png"},{"id":71667412,"identity":"8195c546-7aa8-470e-b310-37637f739719","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 14:37:51","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":270424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity of insects recorded in different fodder production systems using pitfall trap during summer season (Pooled data of 2019 and 2021)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/e4ce808237acb74f4629ae50.png"},{"id":71668723,"identity":"0f0c80eb-c493-401f-816d-fd5cc776f4c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 14:45:51","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":280316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity of insects recorded in different fodder production systems using pitfall trap during winter season (Pooled data of 2019 and 2021)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/b5c8959eb44ef593c1091800.png"},{"id":71666834,"identity":"e6a5e277-5d43-434c-af7c-dc5df6b6ff5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 14:29:51","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":302619,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity of insects recorded in different fodder production systems using sweep net collection during rainy season (Pooled data of 2019 and 2021)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/7c5e449cb648b025fff3b7a8.png"},{"id":71666838,"identity":"b325cdf5-d6a4-4db1-9789-e473fe3eaf26","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 14:29:51","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":308230,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity of insects recorded in different fodder production systems using sweep net collection during summer season (Pooled data of 2019 and 2021)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/297b4b7f63dca7ae267f705e.png"},{"id":71666847,"identity":"ca551048-8910-484a-88fb-16b9f1cbdfc7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 14:29:52","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":302130,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity of insects recorded in different fodder production systems using sweep net collection during winter season (Pooled data of 2019 and 2021)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/e3f755a8f2e5850a8671e7d4.png"},{"id":71668722,"identity":"f7b372b3-7781-44df-8d27-577fc1f61da1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 14:45:51","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":309774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity of insects recorded in different fodder production systems using yellow sticky trap during rainy season (Pooled data of 2019 and 2021)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/4a43759e10afa1feffa1a3e2.png"},{"id":71667422,"identity":"65606fc6-5038-4465-897d-a59e9783451c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 14:37:53","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":330206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity of insects recorded in different fodder production systems using yellow sticky trap during summer season (Pooled data of 2019 and 2021)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/066f3238744e1df4a57169e6.png"},{"id":71667417,"identity":"fa306600-ca2d-4796-998b-191163348ec8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 14:37:51","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":315926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiversity of insects recorded in different fodder production systems using yellow sticky trap during winter season (Pooled data of 2019 and 2021\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/dcd239fd19601247442d977b.png"},{"id":71667416,"identity":"561cb419-b4c1-4a40-bd64-65be53dac19b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 14:37:51","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":902946,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree insect sampling methods (a). Sweep net collections (b). Yellow sticky trap (c). Pit fall trap\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/289dc2481c146d76537dd61f.png"},{"id":72866053,"identity":"cd7d3a3a-2b09-4f17-87e6-d00fdd6e6986","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-03 05:38:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4532178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/f6ced2d6-8e87-4a06-b0a6-50eec33d9a2d.pdf"},{"id":71666826,"identity":"9e6f28ff-eee7-4a67-bf96-377b636f2d1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 14:29:50","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":27326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5365696/v1/dcac1a447acddf58988b6af6.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Traps suitability to monitor the above- and below-ground insect diversity in different forage production systems of the semi-arid regions of India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eInsects are one of the largest and most diverse groups of organisms in the world. The fossilized specimens indicate that they had colonized the earth 400\u0026nbsp;million years ago. Insects, constituting approximately 80% (1,241,855 species) of the reported 1,552,319 species in the Animalia kingdom and Arthropoda phylum globally, are highly interconnected in ecological terms. They engage with virtually every element in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, making them a predominant group that comprises 66% (1,020,007 species) of all animals and 82% of the earth's arthropods\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c/sup\u003e. The insect order Coleoptera represents about 38% (3, 87,100 species) of the insect species, and they are the most successful insect order on the planet\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. Despite their diminutive size, they play a crucial role in maintaining natural balance. For instance, the terrestrial insect indicates the soil fertility status. Similarly, ground dwelling carabid beetles serve as bio-indicators for environmental changes as they are more sensitive to their habitat\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, some butterflies serve as indicators of pollinator richness. The insects are widely used as bio-indicators as they are involved in multi-faceted ecosystem services such as predation, parasitism, pollination decomposition, and nutrient cycling\u003csup\u003e5,6\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral recent findings suggest that the diversity of insects is diminishing at an accelerated pace, as documented reports of declines in flying, ground, and aquatic lineages are emerging worldwide\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e. The higher grazing intensity, bare ground, exotic plant ground cover, and high-intensity cultivation have resulted in lower species richness and diversity of ants\u0026rsquo; species in Australia\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e. Over 27 years, the flying insect biomass declined by 76% in Germany\u003csup\u003e7,9\u003c/sup\u003e. Likewise, Van Klink et al.\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e reported that the global loss of insect abundance and biomass was 9% per decade. The biodiversity loss is reported in crop fields and grassland ecosystems\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e. Studying the insect diversity and abundance of an ecosystem is crucial for maintaining its health. Moreover, many terrestrial insects like antions act as bio-indicators\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsect population structure, abundance, and diversity are highly influenced by climatic factors such as rainfall, sunshine, and wind speed; host availability and more recently, anthropogenic activities. Sweeping net, yellow sticky trap, pitfall trap, and yellow pan trap were deployed for studying insect abundance and diversity in the rice ecosystem of Indonesia by Trisnawati et al.\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e, and they found that hemipterans are the most abundant insect order in that ecosystem. Due to the dominant insect presence, the study of plant-insect interaction helps in crucial carbon and other nutrient cycling and also influences the succession and competition patterns in plant communities and organic phenomenon interactions\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Long term insect monitoring data is scanty for grassland, while it is available in plenty for agricultural and forest ecosystems\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e. Naman et al.\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e reported that Odonata dominated over Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and Hemiptera in three different Savannahs of Kaduna State University situated between Guinea Savannah and Sudan Savannah using sweep net catches and pitfall traps. However, in terms of individual population, the Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera outnumbered the rest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreserving insect abundance and richness is the primary step in conservation strategies in any grassland. Therefore, a robust monitoring system for estimating insect abundance and richness in grassland ecosystems must be developed. Very scanty reports are available on insect diversity in grasslands and the different fodder production systems of the Indian subcontinent. Furthermore, there is a lack of an appropriate methodology for documenting the diversity of insects in both fodder and natural grassland ecosystems, specifically in India. Additionally, there is a need for suitable sampling techniques to estimate insect diversity in these environments accurately. In order to record the insect diversity and standardize the sampling techniques for the grassland of the Bundelkhand region in India, the present study was taken up with sweep nets, sticky traps, and pitfall traps to record the aerial and terrestrial insect diversity. We hypothesized that different traps, times of observations, cropping seasons, and years would significantly influence the estimation of insect diversity in three different annual and long-term forage production systems. To check the hypothesis, the following objective was set: to assess the suitability of various traps, seasons, years, and meteorological weeks for estimating insect biodiversity in the Bundelkhand region of India.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraps suitability for different systems\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA two-year study found that the assessment of insect diversity in different fodder production systems was significantly influenced by the types of insect traps (p\u0026lt;0.05, Table 1). In comparison to sweep nets and pitfall traps, the yellow sticky traps were ideal for determining the number of species (19.7 and 19.8 units greater, respectively), abundance (634.3 and 572.3), and Shannon-Wiener index (0.7 and 0.7). Our findings corroborate with Domingue et al.\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e, who found that yellow sticky traps were commonly used to monitor insects and estimate species richness and abundance in natural and agro-ecosystems. Yellow sticky traps are also recommended for parasitoids and phytophagous dipteran trapping, as well as in IPM trials\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Studying insect abundance and the richness of an ecosystem is necessary in the changing climatic scenario\u003csup\u003e18,19\u003c/sup\u003e. The present investigation reports the effectiveness of yellow sticky traps for studying insect abundance and richness in fodder production systems. However, all the traps were comparable when determining insect dominance (0.3-0.4, p=0.1). Sweep nets and pit fall traps performed significantly better (0.7 units higher) than the yellow sticky traps at measuring insect evenness. On the other hand, pit fall traps and sweep nets were superior to yellow sticky traps\u0026nbsp;for evaluating insect evenness. However, when determining insect dominance, all three traps performed equally (p=0.41). Individual effects of forage systems did not influence any insect diversity parameters (p\u0026gt;0.05, Table 1). Bozdogan and Satar\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e also reported the efficacy of the pitfall trap in studying the abundance of 2 antlion species influenced by the habitat. The antlions are more adapted to the wetland ecosystem and oak forests than the shrubbery, pine and Fagus forests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present result corroborates that of Abdel-Wahab et al.\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e, wherein they reported that an aerial net trap was most suitable for studying the species diversity and relative abundance in the Saluga, Ghazal area of Egypt. The next best traps were the yellow sticky trap and the pitfall trap. They also opined that for continuous monitoring of a large number of individual insects, a yellow sticky trap was the best, followed by an aerial net trap and a pitfall trap. The pitfall traps and aerial sweep net traps were deployed by Pyrke et al\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e to study the dung beetle diversity, grasshopper diversity and butterfly diversity in a protected areas and ecological networks of South Africa\u0026rsquo;s grassland. Interestingly, authors found a huge interaction between the grazing regimen and dung beetle diversity. Furthermore, they concluded that wild grazers very much influence species richness, assemblage composition, and beta diversity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraps suitability for different seasons\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of species, abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and evenness assessment in different seasons was influenced by the types of insect traps, except for the estimation of insect dominance (Table 2). Comparing to sweep nets and pitfall traps, the yellow sticky trap was able to capture a higher diversity (44 and 44%, respectively), abundance (88.57 and 98.53%, respectively), and number of insect species (87.06 and 87.93% greater, respectively). However, no differences were observed for insect dominance (p=0.98). Sweep nets and pit fall traps were more appropriate for assessing the insect evenness than the yellow sticky trap (p\u0026lt;0.0001). Among the seasons, the summer season (16.6 species) was a suitable season for estimating insect species numbers, followed by the winter season (15.1). The least number of insect species was observed during the rainy season. The highest insect abundance was registered during the summer season, followed by the rainy season, although they are statistically non-significant (p=0.09). Similar observations were reported by Bozdogan and Satar\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e, wherein two antlion species \u003cem\u003eMyrmeleon formicarius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEuroleon nostras\u003c/em\u003e were more abundant during October 2015 but very meagre during October 2016 at Amanos Mountain, Turkey. Further, they also reported that temperature and rainfall played significant roles in the antlion abundance using pitfall traps. However, insect dominance, diversity, and evenness were comparable between seasons (p \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraps suitability for different years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent types of insect traps greatly influenced the assessment of a number of species, abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and evenness in different years, except for the estimation of insect dominance (Table 3). A higher number of insect species (19.7 and 19.6 numbers greater, respectively), abundance (635.5 and 573.6, respectively), and diversity (0.8 and 0.8, respectively) were observed for yellow sticky traps compared to sweep nets and pitfall traps. The present finding corroborates with that of Sial et al\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e who reported that trap type and season affect the abundance of insect population. However, no differences were observed for insect dominance (p=0.84). Sweep nets and pit fall traps were more appropriate for assessing insect evenness than the yellow sticky traps (p\u0026lt;0.01). When compared to 2021\u0026ndash;22, 2019\u0026ndash;2020 had a higher number of insect species, abundance, diversity, and evenness. The reason for lower insect species, diversity, and abundance during 2021\u0026ndash;22 may be due to the higher amount of rainfall received during the rainy season of 2021\u0026ndash;22 (852.6 mm) than the rainy season of 2019\u0026ndash;20 (650.8mm) (supplementary tables 1 and 2). The higher rainfall during 2021\u0026ndash;22 might have resulted in the washing away of some insects due to a rain flash that trapped them in the yellow sticky trap (Table 2 interaction effect). Whereas, the sweep net and pit fall stand undisturbed due to the rainfall, which may be the reason for their on-par effect for both years; this was reflected in the interaction effect (Table 3). Moreover, the mean summer minimum (21.30\u0026deg;C) and maximum temperature (41.88 \u0026deg;C) during 2021\u0026ndash;22 were a bit higher than in 2019\u0026ndash;20 minimum (19.7) and maximum temperature (37.7) respectively. The higher temperature during the summer might also have reduced insect activity during 2021\u0026ndash;22 (supplementary table 2). Further, all the weekly (14\u0026ndash;19\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e SMW) averages of maximum temperature during summer 2021\u0026ndash;22 were recorded at \u0026gt;40\u0026deg;C, whereas the same period during 2019\u0026ndash;20 was \u0026lt;40\u0026deg;C. This trend was also seen in the fact that the minimum temperature has crossed \u0026gt;20\u0026deg;C in 5 weeks during summer 2021\u0026ndash;22, whereas it was only 3 weeks during 2019\u0026ndash;20. The present finding corroborates with that of Garc\u0026iacute;a-Robledo et al \u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e and Lehman et al\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e wherein they reported that the temperature rise of 3-6\u0026deg;C will result in insect species to push to their thermal extremities in lower latitudes further in some cases range contraction, reduction in pest abundance or extinction. Further, the humidity (RH1: 52.83%) during summer 2021\u0026ndash;22 was lower than in summer 2019\u0026ndash;20 (RH1: 62.33%). Relative humidity is a very crucial abiotic factor in the insect life cycle. However, the year effect was comparable for insect dominance (p=0.99). The interaction effect of year-by-traps also showed that the yellow sticky trap was more effective than the sweep nets and pit fall traps for measuring the number of species, abundance, and Shannon-Wiener diversity in 2019\u0026ndash;2020 and 2020\u0026ndash;2021 (Table 3). The insect evenness in the sweep net and pit fall trap was higher because of the habit of the insect they were trapping, as the pit fall trap can efficiently trap only terrestrial insects belonging to hymenoptera, coleoptera, isoptera, and neuroptera, whereas sweep net catches are highly influenced by the timing of the sweep net used; hence, it also recorded higher evenness in the insect they had trapped or caught. Whereas the yellow sticky trap can catch all aerial insects irrespective of time, thus, it had lower insect evenness during both years. Aminah et al. \u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e also reported a similar finding that the yellow sticky trap is more suitable for monitoring insect pests of spinach (63.4%) and water spinach (43.7%) rather than pitfall trap (0.4% \u0026amp; 37.5%). They concluded that the yellow sticky trap captured more insect pests than predators (26.6%) while the pitfall trap captured more predators (belonging to Carabidae and Formicidae) and fewer insect pests (belonging to Acrididae, Chrysomelidae and Itermites). Further, they concluded that recycled plastic could be more useful in insect monitoring when it is fabricated as a yellow sticky trap rather than pitfall trap. On the other hand, pit fall traps and sweep nets were superior to yellow sticky traps for evaluating insect evenness for both years. However, when determining insect dominance, all three traps performed equally (p = 0.41) across the years. Similarly, Liu et al. \u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e reported that pitfall traps deployed to study the species abundance and richness of carabid beetles showed a decreasing trend from 2008 to 2018 in the Yanchi and Guyuan regions of China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Figure 1- 9, displays the dominant insect groups observed across various sampling methods during different cropping seasons. In the rainy season, Collembola (97.66%- BNH) was predominant in PFT sampling, while Homoptera (69.16%- natural grassland) dominated in both sweep net collection and yellow sticky trap sampling. Pitfall traps are primarily utilized for studying soil arthropods, such as collembolans\u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e. The increased abundance of collembolans in the bajra napier hybrid fodder ecosystem may result from reduced disturbance in the crop habitat. Furthermore, collembolans have a soft cuticle and less pigmentation, making them less adapted to withstand direct sunlight. Consequently, they tend to seek shelter under fallen leaves of napier grass\u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e. During the summer season, Coleoptera (47.50%- BNH) prevailed in PFT sampling, whereas Homoptera (53.25%- sorghum; 85.72%- natural grassland) was dominant in both sweep net collection and yellow sticky trap sampling, respectively. Yellow sticky traps were widely exploited for management of homopteran pest in agricultural ecosystems \u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e. In the winter season, Homoptera emerged as the dominant insect group across all sampling methods, except for yellow sticky trap sampling, where Diptera (47.71%- oat) was predominant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSuitable time for yellow sticky trap, sweep net, and pit fall traps\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe suitability of yellow sticky traps and pit fall traps for estimating insect diversity is significantly influenced by the meteorological week (time) of the year, except for the use of sweep nets (Tables 4, 5, and 6). The best meteorological week to use the yellow sticky traps to determine the number, abundance, diversity, and evenness of insect species varied substantially. For example, the appropriate meteorological week for estimating insect species numbers was the 24\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week (11 Jun to 17 Jun), followed by the 12\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week (19 Mar to 25 Mar) and the 38\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week (17 Sep to 23 Sep). For insect abundance, the suitable meteorological week was the 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e (21 May to 27 May) and 35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e (27 Aug to 02 Sep), followed by the 24\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e (11 Jun to 17 Jun). The appropriate weeks for diversity estimation were 4\u0026ndash;12\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e (22 Jan to 25 Mar), 22\u003csup\u003end\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(28 May to 03 Jun), 25\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e (18 Jun to 24 Jun), and 38\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e weeks (17 Sep to 23 Sep), and for evenness, 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e (29 Jan to 04 Feb) and 6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e weeks (05 Feb to 11 Feb). The present findings here confirm the reports of Sial et al. \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e who reported that the summer season records two times higher insect abundance than the winter season. In the present study, the summer season (1389 during the 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e SMW) records five times higher insect abundance than the winter season (258.1 during the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e SMW). Higher insect abundance during the summer is mainly attributed to the fact that the summer season supports the rapid reproduction of the insects\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, the commencement of summer reactivates hibernated insects that were dormant during the preceding winter\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e. Suneela et al \u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e also confirmed the higher Shannon index in the berseem crop during May at Sialkot. Overall, 4\u0026ndash;12\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e, 24\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, and 38\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e weeks were more appropriate for the insect diversity study using the yellow sticky traps in the Bundelkhand region of India. Small insects\u0026rsquo; diversity (especially from Hemiptera) is more efficiently trapped by yellow sticky traps during both summer and winter, as concluded by Sial et al \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e. The variations in the dynamics of insects might be due to the seasonal effect on the organisms which was likely due to the variations in the lifecycle of the organisms and/or environmental conditions\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSweep nets can be used throughout the year to study the insect diversity in the Bundelkhand region of India (Table 5). However, the number of insect species, abundance, dominance, diversity, and evenness were observed during the 23\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e, 24\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, and 36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e weeks. In this study, both sweep nets, and pitfall traps were only used for a limited number of successful weeks (4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 22\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e, 23\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e, 35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, and 37\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e) due to high soil temperatures during the summer, low soil temperatures during the winter, and rainfall during the rainy season. The present report contradicts Sial et al \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e, who had reported that pitfall traps placed in Mango orchards were effective for estimating taxa richness and Shannon wiener\u0026rsquo;s diversity index during both the summer and winter seasons at Multan, Pakistan. The probable reason may be due to the assured irrigation source, \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e through the tube well, and the micro-climate prevailing inside the orchard might have contributed to the performance of the pitfall trap. Hence, the success of the trap depends on the habitat, where it is deployed, the micro-environment of that habitat and also the downpour. The downpour might washout the collected insects in the pitfall trap\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e. \u0026nbsp;Likewise, for sweep nets the 23\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e, 24\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, and 36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e weeks of the year were more appropriate for estimating the number of insect species (Table 6). Meanwhile, for assessment of insect dominance, the 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e and 36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e weeks were suitable for the pitfall traps. Other parameters, such as insect abundance, diversity, and evenness, were not influenced by the time (meteorological week) of observation. Majeed et al \u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e reported that insect abundance and species richness have a significant positive correlation with temperature and relative humidity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study concludes that the yellow sticky trap is best for determining the insect species numbers, abundance, and Shannon Weiner diversity in annual, grassland, and perennial systems. However, sweep net and pitfall traps performed better than yellow sticky traps for estimating the insect evenness. In the case of estimation of insect dominance, all the traps performance was on par with each other in the three forage systems in the Bundelkhand region of India. The season-based analysis shows that, the summer season has recorded the highest number of insect species, followed by the winter and rainy season. In estimating insect species number, abundance, diversity, and evenness, the interaction of trap type and seasonal effect was conspicuous. The yellow sticky trap was more suitable for estimating the species number, diversity, and insect abundance across the seasons. During all three years of the experiment, the yellow sticky trap performance was higher than the remaining 2 traps for estimating the species number, diversity, and abundance. While in the case of estimating insect evenness, the sweep net and pitfall trap outperformed the yellow sticky trap. The yellow sticky trap can be deployed for species number estimation during the 24th SMW followed by the 12th SMW \u0026amp; 22nd SMW, \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e during summer (March-June) in the Bundelkhand region. Hence, ecologists can choose this time for long-term monitoring of insect species numbers. Similarly, the 21st SMW (May) is suitable for estimating insect abundance, and the 11th, 12th, and 38th SMW are ideal for estimating diversity. 5th and 6th SMW (February) is more suitable for estimating the insect evenness. In the case of insect dominance, it can be observed at any time of the year. Overall, choosing appropriate traps for different seasons, years, and cropping systems is essential for collecting high-quality data on insect diversity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental site\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe insect diversity was observed in three distinct fodder production systems at the ICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, during the rainy (June\u0026ndash;October), winter (November\u0026ndash;March), and summer (April-June)] seasons of \u0026nbsp;2019 and 2021. Forage systems include annual [sorghum (rainy season) \u0026ndash;\u0026ndash; oats (winter season), and fallow (summer season)], perennial [Bajra Napier hybrid (rainy season) \u0026ndash; Bajra Napier hybrid + Egyptian clover (winter season), and Bajra Napier hybrid (summer season)], and natural grassland systems. The study area is located in the Bundelkhand region of India. The region is known for its harsh conditions, characterized by severe droughts, infertile soil, and extreme climatic variations. In 2020, the mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures were 32.6 \u0026deg;C and 18.2 \u0026deg;C, respectively, while in 2021, they were 33.3\u0026deg;C and 16.6\u0026deg;C. Annual rainfall in 2020 was 786.5 mm, and in 2021, it increased to 816.9 mm, with a 21% and 9% rainfall deficit for the respective years. During the rainy season in 2020, the mean morning and evening relative humidity were 74.5% and 88.3%, respectively, while in 2021, they were 76.2% and 85.5%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInsect biodiversity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess the insect diversity, three different sampling methods, like manual insect sweep net collection, yellow sticky traps, and pitfall traps, were employed (Fig 10). The observations on insects were taken between August and September of 2019 and 2020 (rainy season), February and March of 2020 (winter season), January and February of 2022 (winter season), and May and June of 2020 and 2021 (summer). The peak vegetative growth stages (maximum tillering) of annual crops were chosen to record the observations. All three sampling methods were used to record insects weekly for a month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraps placement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor insect sweeping, two sampling lines of at least 10 meters in length were established, and ten sweeps were conducted per line. Collected insects were identified, and unknown specimens were placed in glass vials for further microscopic examination and identification. Yellow sticky traps were placed at the height of the existing crops in all production systems and adjusted their position as the crop grew. Five traps were evenly distributed across the study area. In the perennial and natural grassland systems, traps were attached to sturdy plants grown within the study area. These traps were replaced every seven days over a continuous four-week period. Insects adhering to the sticky traps were counted under the microscope and documented. Simultaneously, pitfall traps were deployed in each cropping system (five traps per system). These traps were plastic boxes (15\u0026times;15\u0026times;20 Centimetres) buried in the ground, with their rims at the surface level, strategically positioned to capture falling insects. After 24 hours, the trapped insects were collected and preserved in absolute alcohol for subsequent identification. For all the sampling methods, attempts were made to identify insects up to the genus level. However, some specimens remained unidentified and were categorized as \u0026quot;unknown.\u0026quot; Following identification, the insects were classified into three groups based on their ecological roles: pests, defenders, and neutrals within each ecosystem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the observations on insect activity in three different forage production systems were used for the diversity analysis. The combined insect population observed across all three seasons in both years was pooled and represented as a percentage. The diversity parameters such as species number, abundance, dominance, diversity, and evenness were estimated using the PAST software (Version 4.0). All these diversity parameters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SAS software (version 9.4). A mixed ANOVA was performed using the package PROC GLIMMIX, where forage systems, traps, seasons, years, meteorological weeks, and their possible interactions were considered fixed effects, and replications were random effects. The significance of mean differences between treatments was tested using the Fisher\u0026apos;s least significant difference method (LS means) at \u0026alpha; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors are thankful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Director, ICAR- IGFRI, Jhansi, Head, Division of Crop Production and Head, Crop improvement Division, for providing the facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data will be made available upon reasonable request. For further data inquiries, requests may be sent to [email protected]. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors hereby state that they do not have any conflicts of interest. Authors have taken necessary permissions from the corresponding author (KMC) for publishing his image in the manuscript. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contribution\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP.G. and K.M.C. conceived the idea; K.M.C., B.H.A., M.H.S., conducted the experiments; P.G., S.G.K., S.R., Mu.C., Ma.C., M.P., S.K.M., helped in statistical analysis. P.G., K.M.C., and S.G.K. wrote the main manuscript, to which T.V.C., D.D., and S.U. also contributed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSamways, M. J., Insect conservation for the twenty-first century. In Insect Science-Diversity, Conservation and Nutrition, IntechOpen, London, 2018, p. 98.4. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73864.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeisser, W. W., Siemann, E., 2008. The various effects of insects on ecosystem functioning. In Insects and ecosystem function (pp. 3-24). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74004-9_1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, Z.Q., 2011. Animal biodiversity: an introduction to higher-level classification and taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. 314(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRainio, J., Niemel\u0026auml;, J., 2003. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as bio-indicators. Biodivers. 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Combining pitfall traps and soil samples to collect Collembola for site scale biodiversity assessments. Appl. Soil Ecol\u003cem\u003e. \u003c/em\u003e45(3), 293-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.05.005.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuturi, J. J., Mbugi, J. P., Mueke, J. M., Lagerl\u0026oacute;f, J., Mungatu, J. K., Nyamasyo, G., Gikungu, M., 2009. Collembola density and diversity along a gradient of land-use types in Embu district, Eastern Kenya. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosystems. \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(2), 361-369.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLu, Y., Bei, Y., Zhang, J., 2012. Are yellow sticky traps an effective method for control of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in the greenhouse or field?. J. Insect Sci. 12(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.012.11301.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCrotty, F. V., Fychan, R., Scullion, J., Sanderson, R., and Marley, C. L., 2015. Assessing the impact of agricultural forage crops on soil biodiversity and abundance. Soil. Biol. Biochem.\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e91, 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.08.036.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaumberger, J. P., 1917. Hibernation: a periodical phenomenon. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 10(2), 179-186.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuneela, S. M., Maalik, S., Qureshi, A. W., Batool, M., 2023. Insect Faunal diversity and relative abundance associated with \u003cem\u003eTrifolium alexandrinum\u003c/em\u003e (Berseem) in District Sialkot, Pakistan. Biologia (Lahore), 69(2), 40-47. Doi: 10.17582/journal.Biologia/2023/69.2.40.47.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePorter, S. D. (2005). A simple design for a rain-resistant pitfall trap. Insectes Soc. \u003cem\u003e52\u003c/em\u003e, 201-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-004-0783-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMajeed, W., Khawaja, M., Rana, N., de Azevedo Koch, E. B., Naseem, R., Nargis, S., 2022. Evaluation of insect diversity and prospects for pest management in agriculture. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci.\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e42(3), 2249-2258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-022-00747-0.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTraps suitability for different forage systems at Bundelkhand region, India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDominance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiversity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvenness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 863px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow sticky\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.59\u0026Dagger;)aǂ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e643.4 (\u0026plusmn;50.6)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.14)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweep net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.1 (\u0026plusmn;8.6)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePit fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1 (\u0026plusmn;0.6)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0(\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u0026dagger;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 863px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInteraction effect\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForage system\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnnual\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow sticky\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1 (\u0026plusmn;1.14)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e772.6 (\u0026plusmn;70.2)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.41)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweep net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.13)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3 (\u0026plusmn;1.0)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePit fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.14)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3 (\u0026plusmn;4.0)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.08)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.08)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrassland\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow sticky\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.94)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e678.2 (\u0026plusmn;73.6)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweep net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.14)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.14)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePit fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.17)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6 (\u0026plusmn;1.0)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerennial\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow sticky\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.5 (\u0026plusmn;0.96)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e479.2 (\u0026plusmn;65.3)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweep net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1 (\u0026plusmn;0.18)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8 (\u0026plusmn;1.3)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePit fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.16)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179.4 (\u0026plusmn;20.0)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForage System\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Dagger; standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at \u0026alpha; \u0026le;0.05, \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ebold p values indicate significance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTraps suitability for different seasons at Bundelkhand region, India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDominance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiversity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvenness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 863px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow sticky\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.6\u0026Dagger;)aǂ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e622.2 (\u0026plusmn;50.6)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.14)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweep net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.6)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePit fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.6 (\u0026plusmn;22.0)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0(\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.007\u0026dagger;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeason\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRainy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.73)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e360.3 (\u0026plusmn;44.5)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.14)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWinter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.1 (\u0026plusmn;1.2)ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224.0 (\u0026plusmn;30.6)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.6 (\u0026plusmn;1.3)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e409.7 (\u0026plusmn;76.4)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6(\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 863px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInteraction effect\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeason\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRainy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow sticky\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.96)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e793.9 (\u0026plusmn;76.2)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.33)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.08)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweep net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.13)d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.8)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePit fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.12)d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.2 (\u0026plusmn;18.2)bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWinter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow sticky\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.92)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e352.2 (\u0026plusmn;39.8)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweep net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.16)d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0 (\u0026plusmn;1.2)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePit fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.18)d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7 (\u0026plusmn;9.5)bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.12)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.12)d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.10)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow sticky\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.90)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e720.6 (\u0026plusmn;80.1)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.08)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweep net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.17)d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3 (\u0026plusmn;1.6)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePit fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.13)d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.8)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0009\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Dagger; standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at \u0026alpha; \u0026le;0.05, \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ebold p values indicate significance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTraps suitability for different years at Bundelkhand region, India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDominance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiversity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvenness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 863px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow sticky\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.6\u0026Dagger;)aǂ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e645.2 (\u0026plusmn;50.6)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.14)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweep net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.6)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePit fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.6 (\u0026plusmn;22.0)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u0026dagger;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.82)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e460.3 (\u0026plusmn;46.4)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.11)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021-22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.71)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165.4 (\u0026plusmn;29.5)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 237px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 863px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInteraction effect\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow sticky\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.49)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e806.3 (\u0026plusmn;67.2)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5 (\u0026plusmn;0.21)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweep net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.12)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.8)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePit fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.13)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.6 (\u0026plusmn;19.2)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021-22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow sticky\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5 (\u0026plusmn;1.07)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335.6 (\u0026plusmn;54.4)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.10)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweep net\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.12)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.9)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePit fall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.14)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.8 (\u0026plusmn;29.5)c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Dagger; standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at \u0026alpha; \u0026le;0.05, \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ebold p values indicate significance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSuitable time (meteorological week) of observation for yellow sticky trap at Bundelkhand region, India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDominance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiversity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvenness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 863px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeteorological week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u0026dagger; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.9 (\u0026plusmn;1.42\u0026Dagger;)defǂ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258.1 (\u0026plusmn;11.60)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)abcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6 (\u0026plusmn;2.04)g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6 (\u0026plusmn;9.22)d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.008)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.74)fg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.5 (\u0026plusmn;19.9)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1 (\u0026plusmn;0.10)abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.08)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.83)cde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e394.5 (\u0026plusmn;38.0)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)abcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7 (\u0026plusmn;1.24)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e670.1 (\u0026plusmn;80.2)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.08)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.24)abcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.4 (\u0026plusmn;1.10)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e308.6 (\u0026plusmn;25.0)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5 (\u0026plusmn;0.08)ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5 (\u0026plusmn;1.45)ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e461.5 (\u0026plusmn;37.3)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.08)ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1 (\u0026plusmn;1.75)cde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1389.0 (\u0026plusmn;129.6)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5 (\u0026plusmn;0.10)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.28)de\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.4 (\u0026plusmn;1.65)bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e515.8 (\u0026plusmn;70.3)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.11)abcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5 (\u0026plusmn;1.87)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e501.6 (\u0026plusmn;81.2)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.12)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4 (\u0026plusmn;1.88)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e932.8 (\u0026plusmn;160.2)ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.19)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5 (\u0026plusmn;0.99)bcde\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e459.6 (\u0026plusmn;103.5)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.24)abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.3 (\u0026plusmn;1.47)fg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1213.4 (\u0026plusmn;196.8)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 (\u0026plusmn;0.13)e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9 (\u0026plusmn;1.71)ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e586.6 (\u0026plusmn;73.1)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.16)cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.7 (\u0026plusmn;2.12)ef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e592.4 (\u0026plusmn;82.9)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.58)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.17)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)bcd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.8 (\u0026plusmn;1.03)abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e728.4 (\u0026plusmn;60.8)bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.02)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u0026dagger;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Dagger; standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at \u0026alpha; \u0026le;0.05, \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ebold p values indicate significance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026dagger; 22 Jan \u0026ndash; 28 Jan; 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 29 Jan \u0026ndash; 04 Feb; 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 05 Feb \u0026ndash; 11 Feb; 6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 26 Feb \u0026ndash; 04 Mar; 9\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 05 Mar \u0026ndash; 11 Mar; 10\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 12 Mar \u0026ndash; 18 Mar; 11\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 19 Mar \u0026ndash; 25 Mar; 12\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 21 May \u0026ndash; 27 May; 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e week, 28 May \u0026ndash; 03 Jun; 22\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e week, 04 Jun \u0026ndash; 10 Jun; 23\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e week, 11 Jun \u0026ndash; 17 Jun; 24\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 18 Jun \u0026ndash; 24 Jun; 25\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 27 Aug \u0026ndash; 02 Sep; 35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 03 Sep \u0026ndash; 09 Sep; 36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 10 Sep \u0026ndash; 16 Sep; 37\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 17 Sep \u0026ndash; 23 Sep; 38\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSuitable time (meteorological week) of observation for sweep net trap at Bundelkhand region, India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDominance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiversity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvenness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 863px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeteorological week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u0026dagger; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.2\u0026Dagger;)aǂ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7 (\u0026plusmn;1.62)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.30)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3 (\u0026plusmn;1.79)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.11)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.23)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2 (\u0026plusmn;2.20)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.24)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2 (\u0026plusmn;2.20)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.08)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.38)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2 (\u0026plusmn;1.60)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.11)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.15)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3 (\u0026plusmn;1.50)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.19)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.90)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.03)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026Dagger; standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at \u0026alpha; \u0026le;0.05, \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ebold p values indicate significance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026dagger; 22 Jan \u0026ndash; 28 Jan; 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 29 Jan \u0026ndash; 04 Feb; 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 28 May \u0026ndash; 03 Jun; 22\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e week, 04 Jun \u0026ndash; 10 Jun; 23\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e week, 27 Aug \u0026ndash; 02 Sep; 35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 03 Sep \u0026ndash; 09 Sep; 36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 10 Sep \u0026ndash; 16 Sep; 37\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSuitable time (meteorological week) of observation for pit-fall trap at Bundelkhand region, India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance (No.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDominance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiversity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvenness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 863px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeteorological week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week \u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.01\u0026Dagger;)cǂ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5 (\u0026plusmn;0.5)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.14)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8 (\u0026plusmn;0.08)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 (\u0026plusmn;0.08)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.25)bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.0 (\u0026plusmn;9.09)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.15)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.25)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7 (\u0026plusmn;0.14)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)bc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.00)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.01)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.11)ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.80)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.04)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6 (\u0026plusmn;0.23)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3 (\u0026plusmn;6.60)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.09)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2 (\u0026plusmn;0.19)ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135.3 (\u0026plusmn;30.50)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)ab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.10)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 (\u0026plusmn;0.07)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.19)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140.2 (\u0026plusmn;40.90)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3 (\u0026plusmn;0.05)b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.10)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0 (\u0026plusmn;0.06)a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Dagger; Standard error of mean, ǂ means are with different alphabets are significant at \u0026alpha; \u0026le;0.05, \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ebold p values indicate significance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026dagger; 22 Jan \u0026ndash; 28 Jan; 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 29 Jan \u0026ndash; 04 Feb; 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 28 May \u0026ndash; 03 Jun; 22\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e week, 04 Jun \u0026ndash; 10 Jun; 23\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e week, 27 Aug \u0026ndash; 02 Sep; 35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 03 Sep \u0026ndash; 09 Sep; 36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week, 10 Sep \u0026ndash; 16 Sep; 37\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Annual fodder system, Biodiversity, Bundelkhand, Diversity indices, Grassland, Sampling trap. Yellow sticky trap","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5365696/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5365696/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eInsects play vital roles in ecological processes and are recognized as fundamental elements of global biodiversity. Assessments of insect biodiversity from different ecosystems are essential to knowing the status of insect diversity. Therefore, the insect biodiversity of three different forage production systems (annual, perennial, and grassland) in the Bundelkhand region of India was assessed by employing three sampling methods: manual insect sweep net collection, yellow sticky traps, and pitfall traps. The experiment runs for three seasons (rainy, winter, and summer) from 2019 to 2021.\u0026nbsp;The findings from this study indicate that the choice of insect traps significantly influences the assessment of insect diversity. Yellow sticky traps were more efficient in documenting species richness, abundance, and Shannon-Wiener diversity. However, all three traps were comparable in terms of measuring insect dominance. Seasonal variations were observed, with the summer season exhibiting higher species numbers (16.6±1.3) and abundance (409.7 ±76.4). The study also highlighted the influence of climatic factors and study years on insect diversity, emphasizing the need for suitable sampling techniques to estimate abundance accurately. The interaction effect of year-by-traps showed that yellow sticky traps were more effective than sweep nets and pitfall traps in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. The study identified the most suitable meteorological weeks for each trapping method. Yellow sticky traps were effective during the 4–12\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e, 24\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, and 38\u003csup\u003eth \u003c/sup\u003estandard meteorological week\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e(SMW), while sweep nets and pitfall traps showed efficacy during the 23\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e, 24\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 35\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, and 36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e SMW. The research emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate sampling methods and considering seasonal and yearly variations in estimating insect diversity. Our study findings contribute valuable insights into insect biodiversity in the forage production systems of the Bundelkhand region, providing a foundation for future conservation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Traps suitability to monitor the above- and below-ground insect diversity in different forage production systems of the semi-arid regions of India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-17 14:29:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5365696/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"64a3081d-cc2f-4b68-8568-d9128aba1e8e","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":40677253,"name":"Biological sciences/Biological techniques"},{"id":40677254,"name":"Biological sciences/Zoology"},{"id":40677255,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":40677256,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-03T05:38:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-17 14:29:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5365696","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5365696","identity":"rs-5365696","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}