Mapping Ostracoda Research Trends: Implications for Environmental Studies and Water Quality Monitoring

Mapping Ostracoda Research Trends: Implications for Environmental Studies and Water Quality Monitoring | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Mapping Ostracoda Research Trends: Implications for Environmental Studies and Water Quality Monitoring Muhamad Naim Abd Malek This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6540740/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ostracods, also known as seed shrimp, are a class of crustaceans characterized by their small size and bivalve-like shells. These aquatic organisms are found in a wide range of environments, from deep oceans to freshwater lakes and even temporary pools. Ostracods are notable for their diverse morphology and ecological roles, serving as important indicators of environmental conditions. Their fossil record, dating back to the Cambrian period, provides valuable insights into past climates and environmental changes, making them a crucial subject of study in paleontology and environmental science. The worldwide scientific publications on ostracods were collected from the Scopus database, comprising 6,075 documents from 1910 to 2023, and investigated using the bibliometric software VOSviewer. The results highlight the increase in publications on ostracod research during the 20th century. Recent advancements in ostracod studies have also been applied to assess ecotoxicological effects and measure environmental risk. Marine and Freshwater Ecology ostracods Scopus VOSviewer bibliometric ecotoxicology paleoenvironment Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction Ostracoda research has a long and rich history spanning over a century. According to the World Ostracoda Database , the class Ostracoda encloses over 33,000 described species and subspecies, with many more species remaining unknown to science (Brandão et al., 2024 ). Ostracods have a high preservation capacity due to their calcified carapaces, making them abundant in the fossil record dating back to at least the Ordovician period (Boomer et al., 2003 ). Ostracods have been extensively studied for their utility in dating and correlating rock sequences, as well as their value as paleoenvironmental indicators revealing information on paleogeography, paleoecology, and paleoclimatic changes. They have survived the "big five" mass extinctions over the last 540 million years (Forel, 2013 ) and even survived in zero gravity for four months on the Russian Mir space station (Fischer and Laforsch, 2018 ). In 1963, a scientific community called the Committee on Recent Ostracoda (later changed to International Research Group on Ostracoda ) was formed during First International Symposium on Ostracod in Naple, Italy. The establishment of the group significantly accelerated the advancement of knowledge regarding the taxonomy of ostracods with the publication of The Ostracodologist (now known as Cypris since 1983). The group also regularly organizes courses related to ostracods at the European School on Ostracoda (ESO) and the International Symposium on Ostracoda . Additionally, the team collaborates with The Micropalaeontological Society in the UK, which includes other microfossil groups, to stimulate the advancement of micropaleontological studies. Research on ostracods has developed over the years since the first official studies on their morphology in the late 18th century by taxonomists such as Linné, Baker, and Müller (summarized in Rodriguez-Lazaro and Ruiz-Muñoz, 2012 ). Following the compendium of World Ostracoda Database (part of the World Register of Marine Species , WoRMS), several compilations of species have been created, dedicated to ostracods, including the Mutual Ostracod Temperature Range , MOTR (Horne and Mezquita, 2008 ), the Ostracod Metadatabase of Environmental and Geographical Attributes , OMEGA (Horne et al., 2011 ), the Kempf Database Ostracoda (Matzke-Karasz, 2014 ), and the recently created Ibero-Balearic and Macaronesian Ostracod Database , IMOST (Castillo-Escrivà et al., 2023 ). Ostracods have proven to be effective bio-monitors for pollution levels in shallow marine ecosystems. Pollution-tolerant species tend to dominate in contaminated environments, while pollution-sensitive species decline (see Ruiz et al., 2005 ; Moriaki et al., 2012; Irizuki et al., 2015 ). These studies indicate that ostracods are valuable bioindicators for monitoring marine pollution due to their sensitivity to environmental variables such as heavy metals, pesticides, oil inputs, salinity, and anoxic conditions. Changes in ostracod diversity, abundance, and shell characteristics reflect environmental stresses and have been widely utilized by researchers around the world as bioindicators (Salvi et al., 2015 ; Parameswari et al., 2020 ; El-Kahawy et al., 2021 ; Tan et al., 2021 ). These application has been integrated into legislations such as the Water Framework Directive (WFD) - European Union and the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (European Commission, 2003 ; Mangoni et al., 2016 ). Bibliometric analysis (also known as scientometric analysis or science mapping) has proven to be a valuable approach for determining the current state of research, major achievements, gaps, trends, patterns, and emerging opportunities in academic literature. While numerous studies have employed this approach, its application in environmental studies is relatively new. The use of bibliometric analysis in Earth and Planetary Sciences began to increase in the late 2010s, covering topics such as sustainable mining management (Aznar-Sánchez et al., 2018 ; Gao et al., 2018 ), glacier lake evolution (Jiang et al., 2018 ), urban heat island research (Huang and Lu, 2017 ), soil remediation (Mao et al., 2018 ), microplastics (Pauna et al., 2019 ), and marine geohazards (Camargo et al., 2019 ). Recently, researchers have compiled bibliometric analyses related to the use of marine organisms such as corals, foraminifera, microalgae, bivalves, and lobsters (e.g., Cheng et al., 2021 ; Vieira et al., 2021 ; Azra et al., 2022 ; Alvarado-Cerón et al., 2023 ; Khanjani et al., 2023 ; Wu et al., 2023 ; Abd Malek and Frontalini, 2024 ). Therefore, this present paper explore the development of ostracod research through the years with specifically over recent centuries. The analysis identifies publication trend, development of subject categories, global collaboration as well as author-co-authors contribution. 2. Materials and methods A bibliometric analysis was performed to process the available literature data with the aid of VOSviewer software developed by Leiden University (The Netherlands). The software is widely recognized as a powerful tool for visualizing bibliometric data (Van Eck and Waltman, 2009 ; Cobo et al., 2011 ; Moral-Muñoz et al., 2020 ). A search of documents on the Scopus database was performed to conduct the bibliometric analysis. Keywords that are used to search of documents includes “ostracod”, “ostracoda”, “ostracods”, “ostracode”, “ostracodes”, “monitoring”, “bioindicator” and “pollution”. Since some of these documents include other organism that usually studied that are not ostracod, the keywords were filtered to exclude them (i.e., “foraminifera”, “benthic foraminifera”, “foraminifers”, “copepod", “copepoda", “diatom", “gastropod", "gastropoda” "mollusca", “molluscs", “invertebrate”, “invertebrata", “bivalvia”, "bivalve", "nematoda", “nematode”, “pollen", "polychaeta", and “polychaete”. The data were exported in CSV format and later analyzed using VOSviewer, while publication trends, global scientific production, and subject categories were analyzed in Microsoft Excel. The analyzed data were limited to the period from 1901 to 2023. Analyses on co-occurrence, co-authorship, and citation were performed to provide network maps of i) keyword co-occurrence, ii) co-authorship among researchers and countries, and iii) citations of scientific publications and journals. Network maps resulting from co-occurrence and co-authorship analyses contain nodes whose sizes are determined by ‘total link strength’, while citation nodes are determined by the number of citations. The number of visualized clusters in the network maps is related to the resolution parameter, which was set to 1, following protocols by Van Eck and Waltman ( 2009 ). 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Publication and citations The result from Scopus database collected a total of 6,075 documents spanning the year from 1910 to 2023. The documents consists of mainly article (n = 5,565), conference paper (n = 160), review (n = 129), book chapter (n = 121), note ( n = 50), erratum (n = 16), letter (n = 10), book and short survey (n = 8), editorial (n = 5), book (n = 8), and data paper (n = 3). Overall, the data indicates a steady and significant growth in both the number of publications and citations over the past century, particularly from the 1980s onwards. During the beginning of the years, the number of annual publications was very low, with many years having zero publications except for the year 1934 and 1955 with both year recorded with 5 publications. Despite that, no citations recorded for publications in this period. A gradual increase in the number of publications is observed, starting with 4 in 1960 and reaching 10 by 1965 and 1968. The first recorded citations appear in 1969, with 18 publications receiving 135 citations (Fig. 1 ). This figure highlights the growth in scientific research output and the increasing impact and recognition of these publications over the years. Scientific production of documents and citations were separated into three phase. During the first phase, the number of annual publications starts low and increases gradually. The number of publications begins to show a consistent upward trend around the mid-1970s. By the late 1980s, there was a notable increase in the number of publications. During the initial phase (1967–1987), researchers studying ostracods focused on establishing the geochemical characteristics (chemical composition and isotopic of the calcium carbonate shells) as indicators of environmental conditions (e.g., Catt et al., 1971 ; Durazzi, 1977 ; Smith and Bate, 1983 ; Bodergat, 1985 ; Chivas et al. 1986 ; Gasse et al., 1987 ), marking the application of ostracods for biomonitoring. Rapid expansion of production increased during the second phase (i.e., 1988–2005), which characterized by a steep rise in the number of annual publications, with a substantial increase in the late 1980s and 1990s. The annual publication count continues to grow, reaching new highs each year. Total citations see an exponential increase during this phase, paralleling the growth in publications. The sharp rise in citations indicates the increasing influence and reach of the research outputs from this period. Some of the studies on environmental reconstruction were actively conducted around the world, emphasizing the usefulness of ostracods as proxies for paleo-reconstruction (e. g., Neale, 1988 ; Hodell et al. 1991 ; Hoorn, 1994 ; Holmes, 1996 ; Xia et al., 1997 ; Anadón et al., 2002 ). The monograph “ Taxonomy, Morphology and Biology of Quaternary and Living Ostracoda ” by Horne et al. ( 2002 ) provides widely adopted protocols for the collection and morphological characterization of ostracods and remains a valuable methodological reference in the field. In the recent phase (i.e., 2006–2023), the decade showed a substantial increase in publications, peaking in 2012 (n = 310 documents). The number of publications remains high, with a slight decrease in 2023 (n = 262 documents) compared to the peak in 2021 (n = 308 publications). Citations remain consistently high at 31,322 for all years from 2019 to 2023. One of the important publications in this time frame is “Ostracoda as Proxies for Quaternary Climate Change: Overview and Future Prospects” , edited by Horne et al. ( 2012 ) in Developments in Quaternary Science. This work highlights 17 contributions discussing emerging innovations, current concerns, and future prospects for ostracod applications in Quaternary palaeoclimatology. Martens et al. ( 2008 ) compiled the global diversity of ostracods in freshwater with approximately 2,000 species identified. Later, Martens and Savatenalinton ( 2011 ) and Meisch et al. ( 2019 ) updated the identified species, adding another 330 non-marine species of ostracods to date. Recent advancement in ostracod studies have also been applied to assess ecotoxicological effects and measure environmental risk (e.g., Bergin et al., 2006 ; Sánchez-Bayo and Goka, 2006 ; Manzo et al., 2011; El-Temsah and Joner, 2013 ; González et al., 2015 ; Mwanamoki et al., 2014 ). Despite the challenges posed by a limited number of suitable markers, increasing interest in the molecular genetics of ostracods has led to several important publications, as discussed by Schön and Martens ( 2016 ). The highest number of scientific documents overall is released from specific countries such as the United States (n = 805), United Kingdom (n = 780), Germany (n = 739), and France (n = 607) (Fig. 2 ). A few countries recorded documents between 100 to 500 documents (i.e., China, Italy, Japan, Spain, Belgium, Brazil, Australia, Russia, Poland, Turkey, Austria, Canada, Argentina, India, Switzerland, Sweden, and Egypt. Large regions including Central Asia and parts of Africa have very low or no research activity, as indicated by the grey areas on the map. 3.2 Subject categories The documents are categorized into three main fields: Earth and Planetary Sciences (47%), Agricultural and Biological Sciences (ca. 26%), and Environmental Science (ca. 12%) (Fig. 3 a). Other categories, such as Arts and Humanities, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Social Sciences, Multidisciplinary, and Engineering, each account for between 1–3% of the total. A clear trend of shifting focus between Earth and Planetary Sciences and Agricultural and Biological Sciences can be seen during the 2000s and early 2020s (Fig. 3 b). Interestingly, the 1990s marked the introduction of Arts and Humanities, while Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology reached a new peak in the 2020s possibly due to the growth of molecular techniques. Meanwhile, the Social Sciences area emerged during the 2000s, integrating the understanding of social impacts related to environmental studies. 3.3 Co-occurrence analysis of keywords The analysis of the keywords co-occurrence produced a total of 19,798 results, where six keywords recorded with more than 500, which are Ostracoda (n = 4062), crustacea (n = 774), taxonomy (n = 714), biostratigraphy (n = 710), and paleoenvironment (n = 636) (Table 1 ). Note that the term “Ostracoda” encompasses the variations “ostracod”, “ostracods”, “ostracode” and “ostracodes”. In addition to the six keywords, other keywords such as animals (n = 493), paleoecology (n = 419), new species (n = 413), Holocene (n = 372), and Eurasia (n = 368) remain the top occurred keywords. As expected, the rank of the total link strength between the top keywords are the same with their occurrences. Keywords like “articles” and “foraminifera” are removed as not related to the field. Table 1 Top keywords in ostracods research. Keyword Occurrences Total link strength Ostracoda 4062 36727 crustacea 774 8962 taxonomy 714 7132 biostratigraphy 710 6530 paleoenvironment 636 7664 animals 493 7749 paleoecology 419 4790 new species 413 3995 Holocene 372 4107 Eurasia 368 4968 The network of the co-occurrences keywords according to their total link strength was plotted on Fig. 4 . Four clusters of keywords are produced which shown the main topic of ostracods research: 1) geological and paleontological aspects of ostracods (red cluster), which highlights the significant role of ostracods in reconstructing past environments and biostratigraphic studies. Key terms include "biostratigraphy", "paleoenvironment", "paleobiogeography", "fossil assemblage", and "taxonomy"; 2) biological and ecological research on ostracods (green cluster), indicates extensive research on the evolutionary relationships and ecological roles of ostracods within various ecosystems. Prominent terms include "species diversity," "phylogeny", "evolution", "crustacea", and "ecology"; 3) ecotoxicological studies for monitoring environments (yellow cluster). Terms like "ecotoxicology", "toxicity", "sediment", "heavy metals", and "environmental risk" show the application of ostracods in assessing environmental health and pollution; 4) sedimentological and paleoenvironmental research (blue cluster), featuring terms such as "sediments," "stable isotope," "lake level," "Holocene," "China," and "stratigraphy." These terms point to the use of ostracods in sedimentary records to infer past climatic and environmental conditions. Overall, the keywords illustrates the multidisciplinary nature of ostracod research, highlighting its applications in geology, paleontology, ecology, evolution, and environmental science. The association of the clusters illuminates the integrated approach in studying ostracods, combining biological, ecological, and geological perspectives to advance understanding in various scientific domains. The co-occurrences of keywords network map can also tentatively show the growth of ostracods research themes within ostracodology (i.e., average publication year of the document). Early research (i.e., 2010–2012) predominantly focused on biostratigraphy and the use of ostracods in reconstructing past environments (Fig. 5 ). During the transition period (2014–2016), researchers began to place more emphasis on the ecological aspects of ostracods, their species diversity, and their applications in modern environmental studies such as the development of quality index (QAELS 2010 e) based on sensitivity of microcrustaceans including ostracods (Quintana et al., 2016 ). The recent surge in research shows a significant interest in molecular genetics such as the publication of Kubanç et al. (2017) “ A quick and efficient method for DNA isolation from freshwater ostracods ”. Molecular genetics has indeed expanded the knowledge base of ostracodology, particularly in the determination of cryptic species (Schön et al., 2017 ), morphotypes (Ramos et al., 2017; Martens et al., 2023 ), and also phylogenetic position (Karanovic and Sitnikova, 2017 ; Estronza et al., 2017 ; Xu et al., 2019 ; Pham et al., 2021 ; Latef and Ali, 2023 ). The integration of multidisciplinary aspects of ostracod research into ecotoxicology indicators enhances their application for environmental health monitoring (e.g., Casado-Martinez et al., 2016 ; Becouze-Lareure et al., 2018 ). Recently, ostracods have been applied as bioindicators to assess the aftermath of heavy metal pollution incidents (e.g. Sivalingam et al., 2021 ; Chen et al., 2022 ; Mariani et al., 2022 ; Zhang et al., 2023 ). These studies have recorded significant changes in survival, reproduction, and shell morphology due to the presence of heavy metals in their surroundings. 3.4 Authors and countries collaboration network Among 150 authors, only five authors produced more than 50 documents. A list of these top prominent authors in ostracod research is presented in the Table S1. Leading ostracod taxonomist Koen Martens from Universiteit Gent, Belgium, tops the list with 128 published documents cited 3,291 times. Martens’ work spans various aspects of ostracod biology, taxonomy, ecology, and evolution. Following him, David J. Horne from Queen Mary University of London is another key researcher known for his studies on the biogeography and paleontology of ostracods. Horne’s work has gathered almost 2,000 citations within 65 published documents. Additionally, Moriaki Yasuhara (The University of Hong Kong), Jean-Paul Colin (The University of Lisbon), and Peter Frenzel (Friedrich Schiller University Jena) have each published more than 50 documents. Among them, Frenzel received the highest citation score, with 1,323 citations. The top prominent authors collaborated together within the International Research Group on Ostracoda, which organized the International Symposium on Ostracoda (ISO). Some of the works by the team has been published in special issue of Micropaleontology (Gliozzi et al., 2015 ). The co-author network resulted in five clusters of researchers (Fig. 6 ). Among them, the top prominent authors leading each cluster are Martens in the blue cluster; Horne, Moriaki, and Colin grouped together in the red cluster; and Frenzel in the green cluster. Other researchers formed additional clusters, with Mark Williams (purple cluster) from the United Kingdom and Dan L. Danielopol (Universität Graz, Austria) and Elsa Gliozzi (Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy) leading the yellow cluster. Of 223 countries listed in the results, 13 has published at least 200 documents (Table 2 ). Countries that mainly contributed are from the United States (n = 812), the United Kingdom (n = 778), Germany (n = 742), France (n = 621), China (n = 450), Italy (n = 372), Japan (n = 363), Spain (n = 336), Belgium (n = 290), Brazil (n = 283), Australia (n = 267), Russia (n = 251), and Poland (n = 200). Among these countries, the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and France collectively gained highest citations of more than 10,000 times. Based on the total link strength of the network map, these countries formed the center of the international collaboration in ostracodology. Other countries that emerge together on the collaboration such as Japan, Australia, Brazil, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, and Canada (Fig. 7 ). Table 2 Top countries in ostracods research. Country Documents Citations Total link strength United States 812 21115 404395 United Kingdom 778 20905 432854 Germany 742 16142 576871 France 621 13387 371419 China 450 9541 317179 Italy 372 8137 296409 Japan 363 6962 253741 Spain 336 7357 280846 Belgium 290 6522 265252 Brazil 283 3611 235714 Australia 267 7697 196609 Russia 251 2459 84223 Poland 200 3119 140467 3.5 Most selected journal and publication trends Based on the Scopus database on ostracod research, the most preferred journal is Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (n = 244), followed by Hydrobiologia (n = 188), Journal of Micropalaeontology (n = 168), Revue de Micropaleontologie (n = 118), and Zootaxa (n = 102). These journals, along with Quaternary Science Reviews, Cretaceous Research, Journal of Paleolimnology, Marine Micropaleontology, and Revue de Micropaleontologie, received the highest number of citations, each with more than 1,000 citations (Table 3 ). The trend of publication shows that there was a significant shift around 2015, moving from journals focused on paleontology subjects towards journals in animal science and zoology (Fig. 8 ). Table 3 Top journals in ostracods research Source Documents Citations Total link strength Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 244 10883 22995 Hydrobiologia 188 5329 17952 Journal of Micropalaeontology 168 2265 15586 Revue de Micropaleontologie 118 1348 14732 Zootaxa 102 811 16851 Cretaceous Research 86 2277 9548 Marine Micropaleontology 83 1436 14144 Quaternary Science Reviews 80 3099 10574 Journal of Paleolimnology 58 1633 9094 Journal of Paleontology 42 705 9094 3.6 Highly cited publication The top 10 highly cited documents primarily fall into the categories of paleoclimatology and geology (Table S2), are published by Elsevier. The most cited paper by Ding et al. ( 2014 ) analysed ostracod fossils to reconstruct the Cenozoic uplift of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. This paper, which presented correlations between carbon composition and oxygen isotopes in lithofacies, suggests that the basin was predominantly a hydrologically open environment. It has accumulated a total of 393 citations. Another paper by Lewis et al. ( 2008 ) described the timing and amplitude of middle-Miocene cooling in Antarctica using well-preserved fossil organisms, including ostracods. Published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), this paper has gained a total of 251 citations. Similarly, Frenzel and Boomer ( 2005 ) applied ostracod assemblages to reconstruct recent Quaternary sediments from brackish water. This paper highlights the potential use of ostracods in paleoenvironmental research, which is relatively limited compared to other organisms like foraminifera (e.g., Edwards and Horton; Gehrels et al., 2001 ). In the field of biodiversity, the global compilation of freshwater ostracods by Martens et al. ( 2008 ) has gained 225 citations. Meanwhile, a study by Jochum et al. ( 2012 ) in the area of geochemistry, which highlights the usefulness of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for analyzing ostracod shells, has been cited 203 times. Another significant paleoclimate study by Mischke et al. ( 2008 ) using ostracods to study moisture evolution in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau has been cited 157 times. Additionally, two papers in genomic studies, Normark et al. ( 2003 ) and Martens et al. ( 2003 ), have received 174 and 121 citations, respectively. In ecological studies, Mezquita et al. ( 2005 ) quantified the relationship of non-marine ostracod species with water ionic composition and concentration for ecological and palaeoecological studies, receiving 128 citations. Furthermore, a study by Ruiz et al. ( 2013 ) identified physical-chemical properties of waters (i.e., temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH), hydraulic conditions, sedimentation rates, and bottom grain sizes as important elements for the distribution of freshwater ostracods. 4. Conclusion This paper highlights the contributions of ostracod research over the millennia. The 20th century marked significant growth in this field, enhancing our understanding of various scientific disciplines. This progress was driven by the output of esteemed researchers, the development of state-of-the-art tools, and sustainable international cooperation. The focus of ostracod research has shifted from traditional taxonomical descriptions and paleoenvironmental reconstructions to the use of ostracods in ecotoxicology and molecular studies. Potential bias As with other bibliometric analyses, this work is not expected to introduce potential biases. We address some of the considerations below: The analysis was compiled from only one database, Scopus. If other databases such as PubMed or Web of Science (WoS) were included, the results might differ in terms of total publication numbers, citations, and top sources. Specific keywords (as detailed in the methods), were used to search for the documents, which might yield different results if other keywords were included. Documents in native languages were included in the compilation; therefore, the results may differ if only English-language documents were selected. Different document types (e.g., reviews, monographs, editorials) were treated with the same weight, regardless of their intricacy. Declarations Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 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Ocean Science Journal 54, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-018-0057-4 Zhang, Z., Tang, Z., Liu, Y., He, H., Guo, Z., Feng, P., Chen, L., Sui, Q., 2023. Study on the Ecotoxic Effects of Uranium and Heavy Metal Elements in Soils of a Uranium Mining Area in Northern Guangdong. Toxics 11, 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020097 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Supplementarydocuments.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6540740","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":448622616,"identity":"acb446b4-f93d-4938-bc62-153df5dee8a5","order_by":0,"name":"Muhamad Naim Abd Malek","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-8389","institution":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhamad","middleName":"Naim Abd","lastName":"Malek","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-27 13:39:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6540740/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6540740/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81635143,"identity":"deb0470d-d7ad-4614-a396-18a65487e445","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 12:16:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2232980,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePublication trend from 1969 to 2023. Pink histograms represent the number of publications, whereas the red diamond and lines define the trend. The dashed line separated the three phases of scientific production in the field of ostracod research.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6540740/v1/2f5131d872573fe75c964b84.jpg"},{"id":81634252,"identity":"4e0942ff-43fd-4427-9682-9625bb4f09b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 12:08:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":169695,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGlobal scientific production of ostracods research.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6540740/v1/0e0d4805f02da8c9167a0076.png"},{"id":81635887,"identity":"f26e4137-4b5e-4b61-8b66-21562af289a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 12:24:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":510820,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of subject categories in ostracods research: (a) all documents, (b) temporal variations from 1960s to 2020s\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6540740/v1/27a89a1557f25a1568765e12.jpg"},{"id":81635145,"identity":"262296cb-649e-4ab7-a868-ed78527fa91d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 12:16:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":745285,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eKeyword co-occurrence network map with respect to total link strength. The small figure shows the main keywords that make up each cluster.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6540740/v1/b422ca76fee6939caf201f60.jpg"},{"id":81635150,"identity":"52aa3501-db6c-414b-b854-306666ae136b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 12:16:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":298292,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eKeyword co-occurrence network map with respect to total link strength with the score of the average publication year of the documents.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6540740/v1/0ed33b38b2bd0739d4fc5e18.jpg"},{"id":81635891,"identity":"1f10c347-990a-47c9-a7b8-908abf92413c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 12:24:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1848502,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCo-author network between prominent authors in ostracods research.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6540740/v1/4824f4361474b2d54c13e110.jpg"},{"id":81634256,"identity":"344078dc-c2ff-4233-b8a9-846bd17557cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 12:08:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":975794,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCountry network map in the global scientific literature of ostracods research.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6540740/v1/c7341afc8bdf2b41259065b6.jpg"},{"id":81634264,"identity":"8f9be63d-cbd4-4a10-bf59-e297e5ac75f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 12:08:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":474589,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe trend of publications of the top 10 journals.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6540740/v1/45c876b3eb56953bb5828344.jpg"},{"id":81636771,"identity":"75967ca0-a03b-46e4-b37d-6afa1f6276b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 12:40:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7939200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6540740/v1/1b04034b-2a76-4478-8512-e90e9c8c5f84.pdf"},{"id":81634246,"identity":"8567abfe-0a4a-4610-8f3c-8043d13978e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-29 12:08:03","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":19651,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarydocuments.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6540740/v1/0bf38dc164ef6e4b72917da4.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMapping Ostracoda Research Trends: Implications for Environmental Studies and Water Quality Monitoring\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOstracoda research has a long and rich history spanning over a century. According to the \u003cem\u003eWorld Ostracoda Database\u003c/em\u003e, the class Ostracoda encloses over 33,000 described species and subspecies, with many more species remaining unknown to science (Brand\u0026atilde;o et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Ostracods have a high preservation capacity due to their calcified carapaces, making them abundant in the fossil record dating back to at least the Ordovician period (Boomer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Ostracods have been extensively studied for their utility in dating and correlating rock sequences, as well as their value as paleoenvironmental indicators revealing information on paleogeography, paleoecology, and paleoclimatic changes. They have survived the \"big five\" mass extinctions over the last 540\u0026nbsp;million years (Forel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and even survived in zero gravity for four months on the Russian Mir space station (Fischer and Laforsch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 1963, a scientific community called the \u003cem\u003eCommittee on Recent Ostracoda\u003c/em\u003e (later changed to \u003cem\u003eInternational Research Group on Ostracoda\u003c/em\u003e) was formed during First International Symposium on Ostracod in Naple, Italy. The establishment of the group significantly accelerated the advancement of knowledge regarding the taxonomy of ostracods with the publication of \u003cem\u003eThe Ostracodologist\u003c/em\u003e (now known as \u003cem\u003eCypris\u003c/em\u003e since 1983). The group also regularly organizes courses related to ostracods at the \u003cem\u003eEuropean School on Ostracoda\u003c/em\u003e (ESO) and the \u003cem\u003eInternational Symposium on Ostracoda\u003c/em\u003e. Additionally, the team collaborates with \u003cem\u003eThe Micropalaeontological Society\u003c/em\u003e in the UK, which includes other microfossil groups, to stimulate the advancement of micropaleontological studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch on ostracods has developed over the years since the first official studies on their morphology in the late 18th century by taxonomists such as Linn\u0026eacute;, Baker, and M\u0026uuml;ller (summarized in Rodriguez-Lazaro and Ruiz-Mu\u0026ntilde;oz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Following the compendium of \u003cem\u003eWorld Ostracoda Database\u003c/em\u003e (part of the \u003cem\u003eWorld Register of Marine Species\u003c/em\u003e, WoRMS), several compilations of species have been created, dedicated to ostracods, including the \u003cem\u003eMutual Ostracod Temperature Range\u003c/em\u003e, MOTR (Horne and Mezquita, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), the \u003cem\u003eOstracod Metadatabase of Environmental and Geographical Attributes\u003c/em\u003e, OMEGA (Horne et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), the \u003cem\u003eKempf Database Ostracoda\u003c/em\u003e (Matzke-Karasz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), and the recently created \u003cem\u003eIbero-Balearic and Macaronesian Ostracod Database\u003c/em\u003e, IMOST (Castillo-Escriv\u0026agrave; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOstracods have proven to be effective bio-monitors for pollution levels in shallow marine ecosystems. Pollution-tolerant species tend to dominate in contaminated environments, while pollution-sensitive species decline (see Ruiz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Moriaki et al., 2012; Irizuki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). These studies indicate that ostracods are valuable bioindicators for monitoring marine pollution due to their sensitivity to environmental variables such as heavy metals, pesticides, oil inputs, salinity, and anoxic conditions. Changes in ostracod diversity, abundance, and shell characteristics reflect environmental stresses and have been widely utilized by researchers around the world as bioindicators (Salvi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Parameswari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; El-Kahawy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Tan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These application has been integrated into legislations such as the \u003cem\u003eWater Framework Directive\u003c/em\u003e (WFD) - \u003cem\u003eEuropean Union\u003c/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eEU Marine Strategy Framework Directive\u003c/em\u003e (MSFD) (European Commission, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Mangoni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliometric analysis (also known as scientometric analysis or science mapping) has proven to be a valuable approach for determining the current state of research, major achievements, gaps, trends, patterns, and emerging opportunities in academic literature. While numerous studies have employed this approach, its application in environmental studies is relatively new. The use of bibliometric analysis in Earth and Planetary Sciences began to increase in the late 2010s, covering topics such as sustainable mining management (Aznar-S\u0026aacute;nchez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Gao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), glacier lake evolution (Jiang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), urban heat island research (Huang and Lu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), soil remediation (Mao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), microplastics (Pauna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and marine geohazards (Camargo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Recently, researchers have compiled bibliometric analyses related to the use of marine organisms such as corals, foraminifera, microalgae, bivalves, and lobsters (e.g., Cheng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Vieira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Azra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Alvarado-Cer\u0026oacute;n et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Khanjani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Abd Malek and Frontalini, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, this present paper explore the development of ostracod research through the years with specifically over recent centuries. The analysis identifies publication trend, development of subject categories, global collaboration as well as author-co-authors contribution.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eA bibliometric analysis was performed to process the available literature data with the aid of VOSviewer software developed by Leiden University (The Netherlands). The software is widely recognized as a powerful tool for visualizing bibliometric data (Van Eck and Waltman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Cobo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Moral-Mu\u0026ntilde;oz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). A search of documents on the Scopus database was performed to conduct the bibliometric analysis. Keywords that are used to search of documents includes \u0026ldquo;ostracod\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ostracoda\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ostracods\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ostracode\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ostracodes\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;monitoring\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;bioindicator\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;pollution\u0026rdquo;. Since some of these documents include other organism that usually studied that are not ostracod, the keywords were filtered to exclude them (i.e., \u0026ldquo;foraminifera\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;benthic foraminifera\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;foraminifers\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;copepod\", \u0026ldquo;copepoda\", \u0026ldquo;diatom\", \u0026ldquo;gastropod\", \"gastropoda\u0026rdquo; \"mollusca\", \u0026ldquo;molluscs\", \u0026ldquo;invertebrate\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;invertebrata\", \u0026ldquo;bivalvia\u0026rdquo;, \"bivalve\", \"nematoda\", \u0026ldquo;nematode\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;pollen\", \"polychaeta\", and \u0026ldquo;polychaete\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were exported in CSV format and later analyzed using VOSviewer, while publication trends, global scientific production, and subject categories were analyzed in Microsoft Excel. The analyzed data were limited to the period from 1901 to 2023. Analyses on co-occurrence, co-authorship, and citation were performed to provide network maps of i) keyword co-occurrence, ii) co-authorship among researchers and countries, and iii) citations of scientific publications and journals. Network maps resulting from co-occurrence and co-authorship analyses contain nodes whose sizes are determined by \u0026lsquo;total link strength\u0026rsquo;, while citation nodes are determined by the number of citations. The number of visualized clusters in the network maps is related to the resolution parameter, which was set to 1, following protocols by Van Eck and Waltman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Publication and citations\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe result from Scopus database collected a total of 6,075 documents spanning the year from 1910 to 2023. The documents consists of mainly article (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5,565), conference paper (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160), review (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;129), book chapter (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;121), note ( n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50), erratum (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16), letter (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10), book and short survey (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), editorial (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5), book (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), and data paper (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). Overall, the data indicates a steady and significant growth in both the number of publications and citations over the past century, particularly from the 1980s onwards. During the beginning of the years, the number of annual publications was very low, with many years having zero publications except for the year 1934 and 1955 with both year recorded with 5 publications. Despite that, no citations recorded for publications in this period. A gradual increase in the number of publications is observed, starting with 4 in 1960 and reaching 10 by 1965 and 1968.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe first recorded citations appear in 1969, with 18 publications receiving 135 citations (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). This figure highlights the growth in scientific research output and the increasing impact and recognition of these publications over the years. Scientific production of documents and citations were separated into three phase. During the first phase, the number of annual publications starts low and increases gradually. The number of publications begins to show a consistent upward trend around the mid-1970s. By the late 1980s, there was a notable increase in the number of publications. During the initial phase (1967\u0026ndash;1987), researchers studying ostracods focused on establishing the geochemical characteristics (chemical composition and isotopic of the calcium carbonate shells) as indicators of environmental conditions (e.g., Catt et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e; Durazzi, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e; Smith and Bate, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e; Bodergat, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e; Chivas et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Gasse et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e), marking the application of ostracods for biomonitoring.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRapid expansion of production increased during the second phase (i.e., 1988\u0026ndash;2005), which characterized by a steep rise in the number of annual publications, with a substantial increase in the late 1980s and 1990s. The annual publication count continues to grow, reaching new highs each year. Total citations see an exponential increase during this phase, paralleling the growth in publications. The sharp rise in citations indicates the increasing influence and reach of the research outputs from this period. Some of the studies on environmental reconstruction were actively conducted around the world, emphasizing the usefulness of ostracods as proxies for paleo-reconstruction (e. g., Neale, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Hodell et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Hoorn, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Holmes, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Xia et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Anad\u0026oacute;n et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). The monograph \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eTaxonomy, Morphology and Biology of Quaternary and Living Ostracoda\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; by Horne et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) provides widely adopted protocols for the collection and morphological characterization of ostracods and remains a valuable methodological reference in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the recent phase (i.e., 2006\u0026ndash;2023), the decade showed a substantial increase in publications, peaking in 2012 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;310 documents). The number of publications remains high, with a slight decrease in 2023 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;262 documents) compared to the peak in 2021 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;308 publications). Citations remain consistently high at 31,322 for all years from 2019 to 2023. One of the important publications in this time frame is \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Ostracoda as Proxies for Quaternary Climate Change: Overview and Future Prospects\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e, edited by Horne et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) in Developments in Quaternary Science. This work highlights 17 contributions discussing emerging innovations, current concerns, and future prospects for ostracod applications in Quaternary palaeoclimatology. Martens et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) compiled the global diversity of ostracods in freshwater with approximately 2,000 species identified. Later, Martens and Savatenalinton (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) and Meisch et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) updated the identified species, adding another 330 non-marine species of ostracods to date.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecent advancement in ostracod studies have also been applied to assess ecotoxicological effects and measure environmental risk (e.g., Bergin et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; S\u0026aacute;nchez-Bayo and Goka, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Manzo et al., 2011; El-Temsah and Joner, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Gonz\u0026aacute;lez et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Mwanamoki et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the challenges posed by a limited number of suitable markers, increasing interest in the molecular genetics of ostracods has led to several important publications, as discussed by Sch\u0026ouml;n and Martens (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe highest number of scientific documents overall is released from specific countries such as the United States (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;805), United Kingdom (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;780), Germany (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;739), and France (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;607) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). A few countries recorded documents between 100 to 500 documents (i.e., China, Italy, Japan, Spain, Belgium, Brazil, Australia, Russia, Poland, Turkey, Austria, Canada, Argentina, India, Switzerland, Sweden, and Egypt. Large regions including Central Asia and parts of Africa have very low or no research activity, as indicated by the grey areas on the map.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Subject categories\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe documents are categorized into three main fields: Earth and Planetary Sciences (47%), Agricultural and Biological Sciences (ca. 26%), and Environmental Science (ca. 12%) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea). Other categories, such as Arts and Humanities, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Social Sciences, Multidisciplinary, and Engineering, each account for between 1\u0026ndash;3% of the total. A clear trend of shifting focus between Earth and Planetary Sciences and Agricultural and Biological Sciences can be seen during the 2000s and early 2020s (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb). Interestingly, the 1990s marked the introduction of Arts and Humanities, while Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology reached a new peak in the 2020s possibly due to the growth of molecular techniques. Meanwhile, the Social Sciences area emerged during the 2000s, integrating the understanding of social impacts related to environmental studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Co-occurrence analysis of keywords\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the keywords co-occurrence produced a total of 19,798 results, where six keywords recorded with more than 500, which are Ostracoda (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4062), crustacea (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;774), taxonomy (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;714), biostratigraphy (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;710), and paleoenvironment (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;636) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Note that the term \u0026ldquo;Ostracoda\u0026rdquo; encompasses the variations \u0026ldquo;ostracod\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ostracods\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;ostracode\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;ostracodes\u0026rdquo;. In addition to the six keywords, other keywords such as animals (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;493), paleoecology (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;419), new species (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;413), Holocene (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;372), and Eurasia (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;368) remain the top occurred keywords. As expected, the rank of the total link strength between the top keywords are the same with their occurrences. Keywords like \u0026ldquo;articles\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;foraminifera\u0026rdquo; are removed as not related to the field.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTop keywords in ostracods research.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKeyword\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccurrences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal link strength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOstracoda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecrustacea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e774\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etaxonomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebiostratigraphy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epaleoenvironment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e636\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eanimals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e493\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7749\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epaleoecology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4790\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enew species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e413\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHolocene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEurasia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4968\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe network of the co-occurrences keywords according to their total link strength was plotted on Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Four clusters of keywords are produced which shown the main topic of ostracods research: 1) geological and paleontological aspects of ostracods (red cluster), which highlights the significant role of ostracods in reconstructing past environments and biostratigraphic studies. Key terms include \u0026quot;biostratigraphy\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;paleoenvironment\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;paleobiogeography\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;fossil assemblage\u0026quot;, and \u0026quot;taxonomy\u0026quot;; 2) biological and ecological research on ostracods (green cluster), indicates extensive research on the evolutionary relationships and ecological roles of ostracods within various ecosystems. Prominent terms include \u0026quot;species diversity,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;phylogeny\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;evolution\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;crustacea\u0026quot;, and \u0026quot;ecology\u0026quot;; 3) ecotoxicological studies for monitoring environments (yellow cluster). Terms like \u0026quot;ecotoxicology\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;toxicity\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;sediment\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;heavy metals\u0026quot;, and \u0026quot;environmental risk\u0026quot; show the application of ostracods in assessing environmental health and pollution; 4) sedimentological and paleoenvironmental research (blue cluster), featuring terms such as \u0026quot;sediments,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;stable isotope,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;lake level,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;Holocene,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;China,\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;stratigraphy.\u0026quot; These terms point to the use of ostracods in sedimentary records to infer past climatic and environmental conditions. Overall, the keywords illustrates the multidisciplinary nature of ostracod research, highlighting its applications in geology, paleontology, ecology, evolution, and environmental science. The association of the clusters illuminates the integrated approach in studying ostracods, combining biological, ecological, and geological perspectives to advance understanding in various scientific domains.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe co-occurrences of keywords network map can also tentatively show the growth of ostracods research themes within ostracodology (i.e., average publication year of the document). Early research (i.e., 2010\u0026ndash;2012) predominantly focused on biostratigraphy and the use of ostracods in reconstructing past environments (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). During the transition period (2014\u0026ndash;2016), researchers began to place more emphasis on the ecological aspects of ostracods, their species diversity, and their applications in modern environmental studies such as the development of quality index (QAELS\u003csub\u003e2010\u003c/sub\u003ee) based on sensitivity of microcrustaceans including ostracods (Quintana et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The recent surge in research shows a significant interest in molecular genetics such as the publication of Kuban\u0026ccedil; et al. (2017) \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eA quick and efficient method for DNA isolation from freshwater ostracods\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. Molecular genetics has indeed expanded the knowledge base of ostracodology, particularly in the determination of cryptic species (Sch\u0026ouml;n et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), morphotypes (Ramos et al., 2017; Martens et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and also phylogenetic position (Karanovic and Sitnikova, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Estronza et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Xu et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Pham et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Latef and Ali, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The integration of multidisciplinary aspects of ostracod research into ecotoxicology indicators enhances their application for environmental health monitoring (e.g., Casado-Martinez et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Becouze-Lareure et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Recently, ostracods have been applied as bioindicators to assess the aftermath of heavy metal pollution incidents (e.g. Sivalingam et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Chen et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Mariani et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These studies have recorded significant changes in survival, reproduction, and shell morphology due to the presence of heavy metals in their surroundings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Authors and countries collaboration network\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong 150 authors, only five authors produced more than 50 documents. A list of these top prominent authors in ostracod research is presented in the Table S1. Leading ostracod taxonomist Koen Martens from Universiteit Gent, Belgium, tops the list with 128 published documents cited 3,291 times. Martens\u0026rsquo; work spans various aspects of ostracod biology, taxonomy, ecology, and evolution. Following him, David J. Horne from Queen Mary University of London is another key researcher known for his studies on the biogeography and paleontology of ostracods. Horne\u0026rsquo;s work has gathered almost 2,000 citations within 65 published documents. Additionally, Moriaki Yasuhara (The University of Hong Kong), Jean-Paul Colin (The University of Lisbon), and Peter Frenzel (Friedrich Schiller University Jena) have each published more than 50 documents. Among them, Frenzel received the highest citation score, with 1,323 citations. The top prominent authors collaborated together within the International Research Group on Ostracoda, which organized the International Symposium on Ostracoda (ISO). Some of the works by the team has been published in special issue of \u003cem\u003eMicropaleontology\u003c/em\u003e (Gliozzi et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe co-author network resulted in five clusters of researchers (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Among them, the top prominent authors leading each cluster are Martens in the blue cluster; Horne, Moriaki, and Colin grouped together in the red cluster; and Frenzel in the green cluster. Other researchers formed additional clusters, with Mark Williams (purple cluster) from the United Kingdom and Dan L. Danielopol (Universit\u0026auml;t Graz, Austria) and Elsa Gliozzi (Universit\u0026agrave; degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy) leading the yellow cluster.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOf 223 countries listed in the results, 13 has published at least 200 documents (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Countries that mainly contributed are from the United States (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;812), the United Kingdom (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;778), Germany (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;742), France (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;621), China (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;450), Italy (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;372), Japan (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;363), Spain (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;336), Belgium (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;290), Brazil (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;283), Australia (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;267), Russia (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;251), and Poland (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;200). Among these countries, the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and France collectively gained highest citations of more than 10,000 times. Based on the total link strength of the network map, these countries formed the center of the international collaboration in ostracodology. Other countries that emerge together on the collaboration such as Japan, Australia, Brazil, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, and Canada (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTop countries in ostracods research.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDocuments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCitations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal link strength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnited States\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e812\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20905\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e432854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGermany\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e576871\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e621\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e371419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9541\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e317179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItaly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e296409\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJapan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253741\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBelgium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3611\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAustralia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7697\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRussia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoland\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Most selected journal and publication trends\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on the Scopus database on ostracod research, the most preferred journal is Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;244), followed by Hydrobiologia (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188), Journal of Micropalaeontology (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;168), Revue de Micropaleontologie (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;118), and Zootaxa (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;102). These journals, along with Quaternary Science Reviews, Cretaceous Research, Journal of Paleolimnology, Marine Micropaleontology, and Revue de Micropaleontologie, received the highest number of citations, each with more than 1,000 citations (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The trend of publication shows that there was a significant shift around 2015, moving from journals focused on paleontology subjects towards journals in animal science and zoology (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTop journals in ostracods research\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDocuments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCitations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal link strength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydrobiologia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17952\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJournal of Micropalaeontology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15586\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRevue de Micropaleontologie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1348\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZootaxa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCretaceous Research\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarine Micropaleontology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1436\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuaternary Science Reviews\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJournal of Paleolimnology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1633\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJournal of Paleontology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Highly cited publication\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe top 10 highly cited documents primarily fall into the categories of paleoclimatology and geology (Table S2), are published by Elsevier. The most cited paper by Ding et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) analysed ostracod fossils to reconstruct the Cenozoic uplift of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. This paper, which presented correlations between carbon composition and oxygen isotopes in lithofacies, suggests that the basin was predominantly a hydrologically open environment. It has accumulated a total of 393 citations. Another paper by Lewis et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) described the timing and amplitude of middle-Miocene cooling in Antarctica using well-preserved fossil organisms, including ostracods. Published by the \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em\u003e (PNAS), this paper has gained a total of 251 citations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, Frenzel and Boomer (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) applied ostracod assemblages to reconstruct recent Quaternary sediments from brackish water. This paper highlights the potential use of ostracods in paleoenvironmental research, which is relatively limited compared to other organisms like foraminifera (e.g., Edwards and Horton; Gehrels et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). In the field of biodiversity, the global compilation of freshwater ostracods by Martens et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) has gained 225 citations. Meanwhile, a study by Jochum et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) in the area of geochemistry, which highlights the usefulness of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for analyzing ostracod shells, has been cited 203 times.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnother significant paleoclimate study by Mischke et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) using ostracods to study moisture evolution in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau has been cited 157 times. Additionally, two papers in genomic studies, Normark et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) and Martens et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), have received 174 and 121 citations, respectively. In ecological studies, Mezquita et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) quantified the relationship of non-marine ostracod species with water ionic composition and concentration for ecological and palaeoecological studies, receiving 128 citations. Furthermore, a study by Ruiz et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) identified physical-chemical properties of waters (i.e., temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH), hydraulic conditions, sedimentation rates, and bottom grain sizes as important elements for the distribution of freshwater ostracods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper highlights the contributions of ostracod research over the millennia. The 20th century marked significant growth in this field, enhancing our understanding of various scientific disciplines. This progress was driven by the output of esteemed researchers, the development of state-of-the-art tools, and sustainable international cooperation. The focus of ostracod research has shifted from traditional taxonomical descriptions and paleoenvironmental reconstructions to the use of ostracods in ecotoxicology and molecular studies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePotential bias\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs with other bibliometric analyses, this work is not expected to introduce potential biases. We address some of the considerations below:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe analysis was compiled from only one database, Scopus. If other databases such as PubMed or \u003cem\u003eWeb of Science\u003c/em\u003e (WoS) were included, the results might differ in terms of total publication numbers, citations, and top sources.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSpecific keywords (as detailed in the methods), were used to search for the documents, which might yield different results if other keywords were included.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDocuments in native languages were included in the compilation; therefore, the results may differ if only English-language documents were selected.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDifferent document types (e.g., reviews, monographs, editorials) were treated with the same weight, regardless of their intricacy.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors express their gratitude to Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) for the financial support provided through the Postdoctoral Research Scheme (PRS), granted to Muhamad Naim Abd Malek.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbd Malek, M.N., Frontalini, F. 2024. Benthic foraminifera as bioindicators of marine pollution: A bibliometric approach to unravel trends, patterns and perspectives. \u003cem\u003eMarine Pollution Bulletin\u003c/em\u003e, 199, 115941\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlvarado-Cer\u0026oacute;n, V., Mu\u0026ntilde;iz-Castillo, A.I., Le\u0026oacute;n-Pech, M.G., Prada, C., Arias-Gonz\u0026aacute;lez, J.E. 2023. A decade of population genetics studies of scleractinian corals: A systematic review. \u003cem\u003eMarine Environmental Research\u003c/em\u003e, 183, 105781\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnad\u0026oacute;n, P., Gliozzi, E., Mazzini, I., 2002. \u003cem\u003ePaleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Marginal Marine Environments from Combined Paleoecological And Geochemical Analyses On Ostracods\u003c/em\u003e, in: Geophysical Monograph. pp. 227\u0026ndash;247. https://doi.org/10.1029/131gm12\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAznar-S\u0026aacute;nchez, J.A., Garc\u0026iacute;a-G\u0026oacute;mez, J.J., Velasco-Mu\u0026ntilde;oz, J.F., Carretero-G\u0026oacute;mez, A. 2018. Mining waste and its sustainable management: Advances in worldwide research. \u003cem\u003eMinerals\u003c/em\u003e, 8(7), 284\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAzra, M.N., Jye, M.W., Van Doan, H., Zekker, I., Abd Latif, Z., Noor, M.I.M. 2022. Mapping of marine lobster research: A global outlook. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Marine Science\u003c/em\u003e, 9, 976199\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBecouze-Lareure C.; Lipeme Kouyi G.; Gonzalez-Merchan C.; Bazin C.; Sebastian C.; Barraud S. Perrodin Y. 2018. Spatial and temporal dynamics of sediment ecotoxicity in urban stormwater retention basins: Methodological approach and application to a pilot site close to Lyon in France. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Environmental Science and Health. Part a, Toxic/Hazardous Substances \u0026amp; Environmental Engineering\u003c/em\u003e 53, 1123\u0026ndash;1130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2018.1529894\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBergin, F., Kucuksezgin, F., Uluturhan, E., Barut, I.F., Meric, E., Avsar, N., Nazik, A., 2006. 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Water Res. 244, 120461.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXia, J., Haskell, B.J., Engstrom, D.R., Ito, E., 1997. Holocene climate reconstructions from tandem trace-element and stable-isotope composition of ostracodes from Coldwater Lake, North Dakota, U.S.A. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Paleolimnology\u003c/em\u003e 17, 85\u0026ndash;100. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007921328712\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXu L.; Li H.; Wang L.; Du F. 2019. Genetic Structure and Haplotype Pattern of Marine Planktonic Ostracod (Porroecia spinirostris) from South China Sea Based on Mitochondrial COI Gene. \u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eOcean Science Journal\u003c/em\u003e 54, 107\u0026ndash;116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-018-0057-4\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, Z., Tang, Z., Liu, Y., He, H., Guo, Z., Feng, P., Chen, L., Sui, Q., 2023. Study on the Ecotoxic Effects of Uranium and Heavy Metal Elements in Soils of a Uranium Mining Area in Northern Guangdong. \u003cem\u003eToxics\u003c/em\u003e 11, 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020097\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"ostracods, Scopus, VOSviewer, bibliometric, ecotoxicology, paleoenvironment","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6540740/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6540740/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOstracods, also known as seed shrimp, are a class of crustaceans characterized by their small size and bivalve-like shells. These aquatic organisms are found in a wide range of environments, from deep oceans to freshwater lakes and even temporary pools. Ostracods are notable for their diverse morphology and ecological roles, serving as important indicators of environmental conditions. Their fossil record, dating back to the Cambrian period, provides valuable insights into past climates and environmental changes, making them a crucial subject of study in paleontology and environmental science. The worldwide scientific publications on ostracods were collected from the Scopus database, comprising 6,075 documents from 1910 to 2023, and investigated using the bibliometric software VOSviewer. The results highlight the increase in publications on ostracod research during the 20th century. Recent advancements in ostracod studies have also been applied to assess ecotoxicological effects and measure environmental risk.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mapping Ostracoda Research Trends: Implications for Environmental Studies and Water Quality Monitoring","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-29 12:07:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6540740/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fbae5bc4-05fd-4c88-8c98-e491835e4f4f","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":47741629,"name":"Marine and Freshwater Ecology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-11T16:53:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-29 12:07:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6540740","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6540740","identity":"rs-6540740","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}