Joint Response of Surface Subsidence and Strong Mine Earthquake under High-positioned and Thick-hard Strata in Deep Coal Mine

Joint Response of Surface Subsidence and Strong Mine Earthquake under High-positioned and Thick-hard Strata in Deep Coal Mine | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Joint Response of Surface Subsidence and Strong Mine Earthquake under High-positioned and Thick-hard Strata in Deep Coal Mine Guangchao Zhang, Guangyou Zhang, Guanglei Zhou, Zhaoyun Zhang, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4459909/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Multiple active mining faces and extensive excavations under thick-hard strata in deep coal mines result in frequent strong mine earthquakes, often accompanied by significant surface subsidence deformation. Understanding the specific law of surface movement and the spatiotemporal distribution response to intense mine earthquakes is crucial for effectively preventing and mitigating dynamic disasters in deep mines. Utilizing the key layer theory, the intricate strata of the Yingpanhao Coal Mine are systematically delineated, drawing upon the engineering context of working faces 2201 and 2202 within the Ordos Chemical Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Shandong Energy Group. Field investigations are conducted to analyze the law of surface subsidence associated with multi-working face extraction within deep thick-hard strata, as well as to elucidate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of strong mine earthquakes. Furthermore, the interplay between law of surface subsidence and the spatial distribution of strong mine earthquakes is investigated, revealing a cohesive relationship between these phenomena. The research findings of this study provide certain references for the pre-control of surface subsidence and strong mine earthquakes during multiple working face and large space mining under thick-hard strata in deep coal mine with similar engineering geological conditions. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Fossil fuels/Coal Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences/Seismology thick-hard strata overburden movement surface subsidence strong mine earthquakes linkage effect Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. Introduction In recent years, the depth and intensity of coal mining in China have continued to increase. The multi-working-face large-space mining has made the overburden movement [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and stress environment [ 3 ] more complex. The frequency and severity of mine earthquakes have shown a rapid upward trend, especially with the increase in the proportion of high-energy strong mine earthquake events. This not only increases the probability of underground dynamic disasters such as rock burst [ 4 ] [ 5 ], posing a serious threat to coal mine safety production, but also propagates to the surface, causing intense shaking [ 6 ]. This results in significant subsidence movement on the surface, causing psychological panic among residents in the mining area, transforming mine earthquakes from a mining safety issue to a public safety concern. The mine earthquakes induced by mining activities are closely related to the movement and fracture of the overlying strata, while surface subsidence [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] serves as a direct manifestation of the overburden movement. The evolution of strata movement [ 11 ], surface movement deformation [ 12 ], and high-energy strong mine earthquake events [ 13 ] [ 14 ] exhibit significant temporal sequence relationships, demonstrating complex spatiotemporal characteristics among them. The Yingpanhao coal mine in Ordos region belongs to typical geological conditions characterized by multiple thick-hard strata. Multiple working faces and large-scale continuous mining activities have resulted in the complex fracturing of these hard strata, leading to distinct spatiotemporal distribution laws of surface movement deformation and high-energy strong mine earthquake events compared to simpler geological formations. The author aims to reveal the true state and propagation mode of rock movement effects by studying the surface subsidence laws under typical stratigraphic conditions. Through energy event analysis, crucial information related to high-energy strong mine earthquake events is obtained. Subsequently, certain quantitative indicators and triggering mechanisms for future occurrences of high-energy strong mine earthquakes are identified from these data. By analyzing the movement and deformation of strata, the spatiotemporal characteristics of mine earthquakes are predicted, thus providing scientific insights for the prediction and prevention of high-energy strong mine earthquake events. Many scholars at home and abroad have carried out a lot of beneficial research work on the correlation between surface movement and rock burst and the breeding mechanism of mine earthquakes. Witkowski et al. [ 15 ] unearthed link between mining, induced seismicity, geology, subsidence in LGCD, Poland, which revealed land subsidence and Quaternary sediment thickness portrayed a negative correlation. Wang et al. [ 16 ] analyzed the characteristics of coal mine ground motion and its relationship with coal explosion damage. Wang et al. [ 17 ] comprehensively analyzed microseism and surface subsidence data, verifying their correlation with rock burst from the perspective of surface subsidence rate changes, which could serve as auxiliary references for rock burst early warning. Zeng [ 18 ] discovered that the visoelastic flow in the lower crust has produced broad-scale postseismic rebound observed by GPS and InSAR measurements. Zhang et al. [ 19 ] revealed that surface subsidence in thick-hard strata coal mining had the characteristic of a small subsidence coefficient and exhibited a certain correspondence with strong mine earthquakes. Wang et al. [ 20 ] used theoretical analysis, large-scale physical simulation and numerical simulation to comprehensively study the failure mechanism and motion characteristics of the overlying rock layer of thick aquifer on the basis of considering fluid-structure interaction. Through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and microseismic monitoring, Yang et al. [ 21 ] investigated the fracture characteristic of overlying strata and mechanism of rock burst in irregular working face. Zhang et al. [ 22 ] analyzed the migration and evolution laws of key layer groups under continuous mining of multiple working faces, revealing the linkage effect between the fracture evolution of key layer groups, surface subsidence laws, and the distribution of high-energy strong mining earthquakes. Yu et al. [ 23 ] deeply analyzed the influence of weak interlayer position on the fracture models and ground pressure of rock strata, and implemented six numerical simulation schemes. Zhang et al. [ 24 ]. analyzed the balanced mining characteristics and roof movement laws of N00 mining method and traditional mining method based on comprehensive methods such as theoretical analysis, similarity testing, and on-site measurement. Zhang et al. [ 25 ] elucidated the pressure relief and vibration reduction mechanism of tunnels under goaf through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and engineering verification. The aforementioned research results primarily focus on the relationship between rock movement and mine earthquakes, or their correlation with surface movement, without systematically summarizing the characteristics of strata structure during mining activities, overlying rock fracturing evolution, surface subsidence laws, and the interactive effects of strong mine earthquake events. Therefore, the author, using the 2201 and 2202 working faces of the Yingpanhao coal mine in the Ordos Energy and Chemical Co., Ltd., Shandong Energy Group, as the engineering background, employs a combination of theoretical analysis and field measurements. This approach analyzes the typical strata structure characteristics of the 22 mining area, measures the surface subsidence laws and the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of strong mine earthquakes during multi-working face mining, and reveals the interactive effects between surface subsidence laws under thick-hard strata and the distribution of high-energy strong mine earthquakes. 2. Overview of engineering geology 2.1 Overview of the working face The Yingpanhao Coal Mine is located in Wushen Banner, southwestern Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The mine is divided into four mining areas: 21 mining area, 22 mining area, 23 mining area, and 24 mining area. The 22 mining area is the first mining area of the mine, located in the northern part of the industrial site of the Yingpanhao Coal Mine, with a length of 2.65 km from north to south and a width of 13.6 km from east to west, covering an area of 17.24 km 2 . The elevation of the ground in the 22 mining area ranges from + 1244.6 m to + 1261.4 m, and the mineable coal seams in the area are the 2–2 and 3 − 1 coal seams, with bottom elevations ranging from + 490 m to + 540 m and + 450 m to + 500 m, respectively. The 22 mining area is the initial mining area for the 2–2 coal seam, currently the primary mining area for the 2–2 coal seam. The bottom elevation of the coal seam ranges from + 490 m to + 540 m, with an average burial depth of 722.88 m. The coal seam thickness ranges from 3.16 m to 10.24 m, with an average thickness of 6.29 m. The coal seam is predominantly dark coal, followed by bright coal, with semi-anthracite as the main type. The coal seam has a Mohs hardness of f = 1.36. Currently, there are six working faces arranged in the 22 mining area, with the mining sequence as follows: 2201 working face → 2202 working face → 2203 working face → 2204 working face → 2205 working face → 2206 working face. Among them, the 2201 and 2202 working faces have completed mining operations. The layout of the working faces is shown in Fig. 1 . The 2201 working face serves as the initial mining face. This study mainly focuses on the 2201 and 2202 working faces, both of which have an inclination length of 300 m and a strike length of 2709 m. 2.2 Geological conditions of strata The stratigraphic structure of the 22 mining area in the Yingpanhao Coal Mine consists of the Quaternary system, Cretaceous system, and Jurassic system formations from top to bottom. The 2–2 coal seam is located in the Lower Jurassic Yan'an formation. The lithological column of the K7-7 borehole in the 22 mining area is illustrated in Fig. 2 . Specifically, the Quaternary system has a thickness ranging from 58.9 to 96.6 m, with an average of 82.6 m, predominantly composed of brownish-yellow and grayish-yellow siltstone and fine sandstone. The Lower Cretaceous Zhidan group has a thickness ranging from 286.9 to 374.6 m, with an average of 337.3 m, mainly consisting of reddish-brown and purplish-red medium sandstone and fine sandstone. The Middle Jurassic Ziliujing formation has a thickness ranging from 132 to 195.83 m, with an average of 166 m, primarily composed of grayish-green and grayish-white medium to coarse-grained sandstone. The Lower Jurassic Yan'an formation mainly comprises grayish-green medium-coarse-grained sandstone and conglomeratic coarse-grained sandstone, interbedded with fine-grained sandstone and sandy mudstone. Figure 2 depicts the columnar diagram of borehole K7-7 in the 2202 working face. According to the Key layer theory [ 22 ] [ 26 ], it is calculated that there are five key layers above the roof of the 2202 working face. Key Layer 1: Fine sandstone, located 51m above the coal seam with a thickness of 34m. Key Layer 2: Medium-grain sandstone, located 175m above the coal seam with a thickness of 37m. Key Layer 3: Fine sandstone, located 241m above the coal seam with a thickness of 30m. Key Layer 4: Mainly composed of fine-grain and medium-grain sandstone, located 334m above the coal seam with a thickness of 81m. Key Layer 5: Mainly composed of medium-grain and fine-grain sandstone, located 544m above the coal seam with a thickness of 84m. Within the Cretaceous system, there are mainly two key layer groups, namely Key Layers 4 and 5, both characterized by significant thickness, high strength, overall integrity, and considerable distance from the coal seam. Physical-mechanical parameters of overlying strata and identification results of key layers in the 22 mining area. (See Table 1 ) According to the theory of strata movement in mines, during the process of coal mining, as the mining area expands, the overlying strata of the goaf continuously collapse, and the bed separation fractures gradually propagate upward, ultimately terminating at the bottom of the high-positioned thick-hard strata [ 27 ]. With the continuous expansion of the mining area, the space above the bed separation gradually increases, and the thick-hard strata becomes increasingly exposed. When it reaches the breaking limit, the fracture of the thick-hard strata will affect the movement of the overlying strata in the mining area, and may even lead to significant surface subsidence and high-energy mine earthquake events, posing a threat to the safe and efficient production of the mine. It can be inferred that, for the 22 mining area of the Yingpanhao coal mine, the fracture movement of the Jurassic and Cretaceous sandstones will have a significant impact on the safe and efficient mining of the lower coal seams, making targeted research necessary and urgent. Table 1 Physical-mechanical parameters of overlying strata and identification results of key Sstrata in the 22 mining area Number Lithology Thickness /m Volumetric weight /N·m-3 Elastic modulus /GPa Compressive strength /MPa Tensile strength /MPa Hard rock position Breaking step distance /m Key layer position 26 Cover 90 25.50 25 Fine sandstone 19 25.60 15.52 38.56 2.62 24 Medium sandstone 65 25.80 14 101.23 2.65 Hard rock 8 103.14 Key layer 5 23 Fine sandstone 41 25.60 15.12 36.28 2.59 22 Siltstone 33 26.30 37.2 46.1 7.02 21 Fine sandstone 55 25.60 26.62 35.78 6.44 Hard rock 7 134.20 20 Medium sandstone 21 25.80 14.4 90.62 2.65 19 Fine sandstone 60 25.60 24.42 39.56 4.65 Hard rock 6 128.53 Key layer 4 18 Siltstone 10 26.30 17.62 60.68 6.13 17 Fine sandstone 29 25.60 22.24 45.12 9.77 Hard rock 5 129.91 16 Sandy mudstone 9 25.10 10 28.6 2.55 15 Fine sandstone 10 25.60 21.28 40.21 5.36 14 Medium sandstone 5 25.80 14.82 102.77 2.65 13 Siltstone 30 26.40 19.94 70.82 7.26 Hard rock 4 99.20 Key layer 3 12 Sandy mudstone 20 25.10 25.38 45.5 4.53 11 Fine sandstone 9 25.60 15.06 32.2 2.43 10 Medium sandstone 37 25.80 20.88 90.2 2.65 Hard rock 3 71.91 Key layer 2 9 Sandy mudstone 25 25.10 18.86 39.56 4.24 8 Fine sandstone 15 25.60 23.33 38.46 2.09 7 Sandy mudstone 50 25.10 16.24 34.56 4.64 Hard rock 2 110.09 6 Siltstone 24 26.30 20.66 71.51 6.42 5 Fine sandstone 10 25.60 25.86 40.44 2.78 4 Medium sandstone 34 25.80 15.12 106.52 2.65 Hard rock 1 72.75 Key layer 1 3 Siltstone 17 26.30 19.46 72.26 5.44 2 2–2 coal 6 1 Sandy mudstone 11 25.10 15.86 36.25 4.51 3. The law of surface subsidence To study the surface subsidence law induced by multi-working face mining in the far-field high-positioned and thick-hard strata, multiple surface movement observation lines were arranged along the strike and dip directions of the 22 mining area. Representative surface movement observation lines during the mining of the 2201 and 2202 working faces are shown in Fig. 1 . 3.1. Surface subsidence observation in 2201 working face The 2201 working face started mining in September 2017 and concluded in July 2019, during which surface movement was observed 22 times. Figure 3 shows the surface subsidence curve along the measurement points C22 to C83 along the direction of the 2201 working face. Analysis of the surface subsidence data during the mining of the 2201 working face indicates that the overall surface subsidence during the mining period was relatively small and showed no significant variation. The maximum subsidence occurred near measurement point C51, with a maximum value of only 339 mm. The surface subsidence factor, η , was calculated to be 0.057, suggesting that the overlying strata did not undergo sufficient movement during the mining of the 2201 working face, and there was no fracture occurrence in the Cretaceous sandstone. Therefore, the monitoring and analysis of surface subsidence laws during the mining of the 2202 working face are primarily focused. 3.2. Surface subsidence observation in 2202 working face The 2202 working face commenced extraction in August 2019 and by June 2021, had progressed 1317.8 m. During this period, the surface subsidence pattern was monitored, with increased observations conducted during periods of intense rock strata activity to capture comprehensive surface sinking variations. Curves depicting the surface subsidence along various measurement lines during the mining of the 2202 working face were plotted, as shown in Fig. 4 to 6 . Figure 4 displays the surface subsidence curve along measurement points B1 to B58 in the direction of the working face. It is observed that the maximum subsidence values consistently occurred near measurement point B36, with the highest subsidence of 1260 mm recorded on November 30, 2020, corresponding to a surface subsidence factor η of 0.21. This trend indicates relatively minor surface subsidence factors in the direction of the working face, with continuous downward movement of the surface and inadequate subsidence of the rock strata. Figure 5 illustrates the surface subsidence curve along measurement points E1 to E35 in the direction of the working face. Similarly, the maximum subsidence values were consistently observed near measurement point E27, with the highest subsidence of 726 mm recorded on November 30, 2020, corresponding to a surface subsidence factor η of 0.121. Figure 6 depicts the surface subsidence along measurement points C9-C53. The maximum subsidence values were again observed near measurement point C44, with the highest subsidence of 1162 mm recorded on November 30, 2020, corresponding to a surface subsidence factor η of 0.194. Comparing Figs. 5 and 6 reveals that the surface subsidence values at points E1 to E35 were lower than those at points C9 to C53, attributed to their proximity to the 2201 goaf area. 4. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of strong mine earthquake Microseismic monitoring technology [ 28 ] is a means to study the stability of rock masses by monitoring the microseismic signals generated when rocks or underground structures undergo stress deformation and fracture. By deploying multiple sets of seismic sensors in the roof and floor of the mining area, the entire process of spatial and temporal evolution of the underground overlying rock structure is monitored in real time. Based on the spatial-temporal location, mine earthquake energy, and frequency of occurrence of mine earthquake, the characteristics of structural damage to the overlying rock caused by mining activities can be inferred, revealing the synergistic effects between mine earthquake events and strata movement [ 22 ]. 4.1 Mine earthquake distribution in 2201 working face During the mining period of 2201 working face, microseismic events were mainly characterized by low-energy microseismic events. The frequency of microseismic events in the range of 10 2 ≤ E <10 3 J was the highest, accounting for 55.06% of the total frequency, while the energy only accounted for 3.42% of the total energy. Microseismic events in the range of 10 3 ≤ E <10 4 J accounted for 27.2% of the total frequency and 14.22% of the total energy. Microseismic events in the range of 10 4 ≤ E <10 5 J accounted for 6.05% of the total frequency and 31.28% of the total energy. Mine earthquake events with energy exceeding 1×10 5 J accounted for the highest proportion of energy at 51.05%, while the frequency of microseismic events accounted for only 0.77% of the total frequency, as shown in Fig. 7 . 4.2 Mine earthquake distribution in 2202 working face During the mining period of 2202 working face, significant increase in high-energy mine earthquake events was observed. Specifically, mine earthquakes with energy above 10 5 J occurred 21 times, accounting for 0.14% of the total frequency and 27.59% of the total energy. Moreover, microseismic events within the range of 10 4 J ≤ E < 10 5 J accounted for 7.57% of the total frequency and 46.5% of the total energy, as shown in Fig. 8 . Analysis of mine earthquake data from both 2201 and 2202 working faces indicates frequent mine earthquake events during the mining period, primarily dominated by low-energy microseismic events. However, mine earthquake events with energy above 1 × 10 5 J exerted the dominant influence on energy release during the working face operation. To further analyze the impact of high-energy mine earthquakes (above 10 5 J) on the working face mining, a reevaluation of the initially selected 22 high-energy mine earthquakes was conducted, as depicted in Fig. 9 . From Fig. 9 , it can be observed that strong mine earthquake events with E > 10 5 J are mainly distributed in the two lanes of the working face, extending into the goaf of 2201 and the goaf behind 2202. This indicates that during the mining process of the 2202 working face, the rupture of the thick hard sandstone roof in the goaf of 2201 is the main cause of high-energy mine earthquakes. When the 2202 working face advances and 2021 goaf is 2nd square of the single goaf, there is a trend of high-energy strong mine earthquakes gradually expanding towards the higher roof. This suggests that after the goaf of 2202 working face connects with the goaf of 2201, the stable overlying rock structure above the goaf of 2201 will undergo reversion and instability, resulting in a significant increase in high-energy strong mine earthquakes. 5. Linkage effect of surface subsidence and strong mine earthquakes 5.1. Measurement of linkage effect between surface subsidence and strong mine earthquakes Figure 10 shows the surface subsidence rate curve for the 2202 working face. Analysis of the graph reveals that the subsidence status along lines B, C, and E can be divided into three stages. Before March 2020, when the advancing distance of the working face was less than 550m, the surface subsidence rate was 0 ~ 1.5mm/d, indicating a slow subsidence stage. From March 2020 to August 2020, the surface subsidence rate ranged from 1.5 to 10mm/d, representing a rapid subsidence stage. After August 2020, the subsidence rate ranged from 0 to 1.67mm/d, indicating a stable stage. From early May 2020 to late June 2020, the surface subsidence rate remained above 7mm/d, with maximum subsidence rates of 9.87mm/d, 7.97mm/d, and 7.67mm/d, respectively. The maximum subsidence rate occurred in the middle of the goaf, when the working face was at a distance of 879m to 960m from the interconnection, which is close to the O-X fracture [ 19 ] zone of the high-positioned and thick-hard strata as theoretically analyzed. In particular, during the period from early May 2020 to late June 2020, a total of 7 mine earthquake events with energy levels above 1×10 5 J ("5.7", "5.7", "5.9", "5.12", "5.13", "5.13", "6.8") and 5 strong mine earthquake events with energy levels above 1×10 6 J occurred at the 2202 working face (see Fig. 11 ), accounting for 71.4% of the total number of mine earthquake events above 1×10 6 J since mining began. This was due to the fact that during this period, as the working face advanced from 879m to 960m from the interconnection, the thick-hard strata was transitioning from hanging to "O-X" fracture, continuously generating cracks in the thick-hard strata, thus inducing high-energy mine earthquake events. Combining with the pattern of surface subsidence, it is evident that during this stage, the surface subsidence rate remained above 7mm/d consistently. When the working face reached 960m, the "6.8" mine earthquake event occurred, with an energy level reaching a historical maximum of 4.93×10 6 J, coinciding with the maximum surface subsidence rate. From the perspective of the planar location of the strong mine earthquake event, it occurred in the "O-X" fracture zone, showing a high degree of coincidence with the area of maximum surface subsidence. From the perspective of the occurrence profile, the strong mine earthquake event occurred within a range of 300-400m from the coal seam. 5.2. Linkage effect of surface subsidence and strong mine earthquakes based on microseismic monitoring Figure. 12 illustrates the correlation curve between large-energy strong mine earthquake events and surface subsidence during the mining period of the 2202 working face. As shown in the graph, as the working face advances continuously, the trend of surface subsidence and subsidence rate is relatively slow, while large-energy strong mine earthquake events gradually occur, especially near the area where the 2201 and 2202 working faces meet. This is due to the large-scale goaf formed by the continuous mining of the two working faces, leading to a more significant impact on surface subsidence. As the working face advances from 720m to 960m, the surface subsidence and subsidence rate increase sharply, accompanied by a gradual increase in the number and energy of large-energy strong mine earthquake events. This is because the thick-hard strata is in the transitional phase from hanging to "O-X" fracture, continuously generating cracks and inducing large-energy mine earthquake events, thereby causing more prominent surface subsidence. Based on the temporal characteristics of surface subsidence and microseismic response in this study, combined with the monitoring results [ 19 ] of rock movement in the Cretaceous system of adjacent mines, it can be inferred that the fracture movement of the thick-hard strata in the Cretaceous system is the main cause of surface subsidence and the frequent occurrence of large-energy mine earthquake events. Therefore, the fracture of the thick-hard strata serves as the hub of the coupling response between surface subsidence and large-energy strong mine earthquake events, indicating a certain coupling effect among these three factors. 6. Conclusions (1) According to the key layer theory, the strata in the 22 mining area of the Yingpanhao coal mine can be divided into 5 key layers, especially the existence of key layer groups 4 and 5 within the Cretaceous system. These layers have special conditions of large thickness, high strength, good integrity, and distance from the coal seam, which significantly affect the movement of overlying strata and surface subsidence above the working face. (2) Comprehensive analysis of surface subsidence data in the Yingpanhao coal mine's 22 mining area shows that during the mining period of the 2201 working face, overall surface subsidence values are relatively small and show no significant changes. During the period of the 2202 working face, surface subsidence experiences three stages: slow subsidence, rapid subsidence, and stable subsidence. The maximum subsidence rate occurs at a distance of 960m from the interconnection, reaching a maximum subsidence rate of 9.87 mm/d. (3) Monitoring results of large-energy strong mine earthquakes indicate that during the mining period of the 2201 working face, there is a high occurrence of small-energy microseismic events in the range of 10 2 to 10 3 J, mainly caused by the movement of lower strata. During the mining period of the 2202 working face, there is a frequent occurrence of large-energy strong mine earthquake events, mainly caused by the fracture of the roof strata behind the goaf. The occurrence of mine earthquakes is located in the "O-X" fracture zone, which overlaps with the area of maximum surface subsidence. (4) Based on microseismic monitoring and surface subsidence data, it is revealed that the fracture movement of the thick-hard strata within the Cretaceous system is the main cause of surface subsidence and the frequent occurrence of large-energy strong mine earthquake events. Therefore, the fracture of thick-hard strata serves as a key link in the response of surface subsidence and large-energy strong mine earthquake events, indicating a certain linkage effect among these factors. Declarations Author Contributions: Conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, writing and editing, G.Z. and G.Z. *; data curation, writing and editing, G.Z.; software, Z.Z. and J.M; review and editing, K.L., S.C. and Z.Q.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52374098), the outstanding Youth Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR202211070181), the higher Education Youth Entrepreneurship Team Program Funding Project of Shandong Provincial (No. 2022KJ212), the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention in Deep Coal Mines. (SKLMRDPC20KFO5), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Provincial (No. ZR2022QE123) Data Availability Statement: Data associated with this research are available and can be obtained by contacting the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Acknowledgments: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References Kai S, Jixiong Z, Manchao H, et al. Control of surface deformation and overburden movement in coal mine area by an innovative roadway cemented paste backfilling method using mining waste. [J]. The Science of the total environment, 2023, 891 164693-164693. Ning J, Wang J, Jiang L, et al. Fracture analysis of double-layer hard and thick roof and the controlling effect on strata behavior: a case study[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2017, 81: 117-134. Kozłowska M, Orlecka-Sikora B, Rudziński Ł, et al. 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Failure law of weak overburden under very thick unconsolidated layer [J]. Acta Coal Sinica, 2022, 47 (11): 3998-4010. Li X, Chen S, Wang E, et al. Rockburst mechanism in coal r.ock with structural surface and the microseismic (MS) and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) response[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2021, 124: 10539. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 28 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 26 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 01 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 25 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Sep, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 30 Jul, 2024 Editor invited by journal 25 Jun, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Jun, 2024 First submitted to journal 22 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4459909","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":326253858,"identity":"36ffb5e0-9cfb-4739-8466-644f57387879","order_by":0,"name":"Guangchao Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guangchao","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":326253859,"identity":"d962cc69-3280-4df0-a4c7-110f992702a9","order_by":1,"name":"Guangyou Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guangyou","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":326253860,"identity":"b051c3de-0293-422a-8c59-f2b915aaf4d9","order_by":2,"name":"Guanglei Zhou","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEUlEQVRIie3RMUvDQBTA8RcC53LuF65yX+FCoVUa9Gs49ggkiwWn0vEgcE7uASv5CpkEt5SDjM4ddXGqkEEkYEAv7dThakeH+y8H9+7HDQ/A5fq33QIGYs4G/N0F/pPwHfHynqAjCfTEx8cQdh2/v33yaMAesppG3UQUhfRePxSwsYWE62Q8HPAEe8s6oTOVirIGP3xUED5LC8mnI0q4xj65GdGZ1KJEgOipgimvbCT9MuQHo56cd1oUCk6+DxFmXgYNrzDuCSAtZA3IP0Q43swp8BgTksQX9yodlrXIguULCUvbL3fpU9AuLq9YHq/WbTc5KzK9ajbziFl/qbbr2MuTsF2TJWbGXmsdu1wul8v0C3EsUg5qFnTtAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guanglei","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":326253861,"identity":"867fbb5f-4062-4fab-ae29-674c4f5a4d1b","order_by":3,"name":"Zhaoyun Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yankuang Energy Group Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhaoyun","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":326253862,"identity":"8eba8cd4-1ae2-40b3-b29a-141701f09c46","order_by":4,"name":"Junpeng Ma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yankuang Energy Group Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Junpeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Ma","suffix":""},{"id":326253863,"identity":"4d43de34-8df2-43bb-b415-b93a68dd2930","order_by":5,"name":"Kai Lv","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kai","middleName":"","lastName":"Lv","suffix":""},{"id":326253864,"identity":"a7c1b4fd-15d3-4709-a481-ad0ed578ecf6","order_by":6,"name":"Shuiquan Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuiquan","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":326253865,"identity":"c8b58ee2-6fc4-4690-888c-5249aa7c8610","order_by":7,"name":"Zhi Qu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Qu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-22 09:42:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4459909/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4459909/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85356-w","type":"published","date":"2025-01-09T15:57:05+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60401868,"identity":"04276e48-f0a6-4889-b98d-07d7bae48741","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:14:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":109610,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLayout of working faces and surface movement monitoring stations in the 22 mining area of the Yingpanhao coal mine.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/2e743b2a835322fc81b38f58.jpg"},{"id":60404067,"identity":"40b1ed64-df41-4b65-b459-0f8fd464315a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:38:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":161505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eColumn diagram of borehole K7-7 in the 22 mining area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/325a33d1c372aea8d8bc5056.jpg"},{"id":60402830,"identity":"082fdf66-191e-43c3-ab25-d6031b73be54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:22:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":89550,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSurface subsidence curve along measurement points C22 to C83 in the direction of the 2201 working face.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/5a22820d43d719c4dadd4b6a.jpg"},{"id":60401869,"identity":"6a509ba9-59af-4fa3-bdc7-837fe00f3e57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:14:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":86968,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe surface subsidence curve along measurement points B1 to B58 in the direction of the 2202 working face.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/1983d5715edf1b48204da4a4.jpg"},{"id":60401873,"identity":"7822de7b-8fe5-4803-9956-ce58e46578a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:14:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76240,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe surface subsidence curve along measurement points E1 to E35 in the direction of the 2202 working face.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/4b5dfdf247f3ddfbc1021815.jpg"},{"id":60403402,"identity":"f0d06af4-24e7-4f8a-8f67-9fcd31aaf6c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:30:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":90575,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe surface subsidence curve along measurement points C9 to C53 in the direction of the 2202 working face.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/a0af23a62bd1b0ca1f841dd6.jpg"},{"id":60401870,"identity":"6bd22d32-487c-4548-9b79-c58372cc65e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:14:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of mine earthquakes in 2201 working face. (a). Microseismic frequency (b). Microseismic energy\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/8f04405c9f7269fa4eeb7b5e.jpg"},{"id":60401871,"identity":"f77c0c3b-1197-40a8-9114-f1ad4a5e53da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:14:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44583,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of mine earthquakes in 2202 working face. (a). Microseismic frequency (b). Microseismic energy\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/6bdf114d64c462d6eb78f6f1.jpg"},{"id":60402834,"identity":"42592d4f-0f23-46be-9b8e-b7ee51f69b65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:22:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":130817,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHigh-energy mine earthquake events plan (sectional) view in 2202 working face\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/520667ce6155edf1afc1207a.jpg"},{"id":60404066,"identity":"2961d261-485a-4971-960e-45e690422c5f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:38:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe curve of surface subsidence rate for the 2202 working face.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/16e1090dba9b83a62410079c.jpg"},{"id":60403404,"identity":"f3f1bedf-29c3-4504-be18-29956b4ed3e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:30:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82668,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe occurrence locations of large-energy strong mine earthquakes during the mining process of the 2202 working face.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/2aeee2fb01d51be4bc3f7d0b.jpg"},{"id":60401880,"identity":"6ad80a85-75c5-4b7e-835b-29764979634d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 11:14:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77743,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe correlation curve between large-energy strong mine earthquake events and surface subsidence during the mining period of the 2022 working face.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/822422c4a64acfa4b7b25a47.jpg"},{"id":73693808,"identity":"40176e36-eb47-4282-a427-d7fe5af6f5dc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 16:07:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2093217,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4459909/v1/11f398fd-5198-4651-9dd9-48073caf57dc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Joint Response of Surface Subsidence and Strong Mine Earthquake under High-positioned and Thick-hard Strata in Deep Coal Mine","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, the depth and intensity of coal mining in China have continued to increase. The multi-working-face large-space mining has made the overburden movement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] and stress environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] more complex. The frequency and severity of mine earthquakes have shown a rapid upward trend, especially with the increase in the proportion of high-energy strong mine earthquake events. This not only increases the probability of underground dynamic disasters such as rock burst [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], posing a serious threat to coal mine safety production, but also propagates to the surface, causing intense shaking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. This results in significant subsidence movement on the surface, causing psychological panic among residents in the mining area, transforming mine earthquakes from a mining safety issue to a public safety concern. The mine earthquakes induced by mining activities are closely related to the movement and fracture of the overlying strata, while surface subsidence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] serves as a direct manifestation of the overburden movement. The evolution of strata movement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], surface movement deformation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], and high-energy strong mine earthquake events [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] exhibit significant temporal sequence relationships, demonstrating complex spatiotemporal characteristics among them. The Yingpanhao coal mine in Ordos region belongs to typical geological conditions characterized by multiple thick-hard strata. Multiple working faces and large-scale continuous mining activities have resulted in the complex fracturing of these hard strata, leading to distinct spatiotemporal distribution laws of surface movement deformation and high-energy strong mine earthquake events compared to simpler geological formations. The author aims to reveal the true state and propagation mode of rock movement effects by studying the surface subsidence laws under typical stratigraphic conditions. Through energy event analysis, crucial information related to high-energy strong mine earthquake events is obtained. Subsequently, certain quantitative indicators and triggering mechanisms for future occurrences of high-energy strong mine earthquakes are identified from these data. By analyzing the movement and deformation of strata, the spatiotemporal characteristics of mine earthquakes are predicted, thus providing scientific insights for the prediction and prevention of high-energy strong mine earthquake events.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany scholars at home and abroad have carried out a lot of beneficial research work on the correlation between surface movement and rock burst and the breeding mechanism of mine earthquakes. Witkowski et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] unearthed link between mining, induced seismicity, geology, subsidence in LGCD, Poland, which revealed land subsidence and Quaternary sediment thickness portrayed a negative correlation. Wang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] analyzed the characteristics of coal mine ground motion and its relationship with coal explosion damage. Wang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] comprehensively analyzed microseism and surface subsidence data, verifying their correlation with rock burst from the perspective of surface subsidence rate changes, which could serve as auxiliary references for rock burst early warning. Zeng [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] discovered that the visoelastic flow in the lower crust has produced broad-scale postseismic rebound observed by GPS and InSAR measurements. Zhang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] revealed that surface subsidence in thick-hard strata coal mining had the characteristic of a small subsidence coefficient and exhibited a certain correspondence with strong mine earthquakes. Wang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] used theoretical analysis, large-scale physical simulation and numerical simulation to comprehensively study the failure mechanism and motion characteristics of the overlying rock layer of thick aquifer on the basis of considering fluid-structure interaction. Through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and microseismic monitoring, Yang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] investigated the fracture characteristic of overlying strata and mechanism of rock burst in irregular working face. Zhang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] analyzed the migration and evolution laws of key layer groups under continuous mining of multiple working faces, revealing the linkage effect between the fracture evolution of key layer groups, surface subsidence laws, and the distribution of high-energy strong mining earthquakes. Yu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] deeply analyzed the influence of weak interlayer position on the fracture models and ground pressure of rock strata, and implemented six numerical simulation schemes. Zhang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. analyzed the balanced mining characteristics and roof movement laws of N00 mining method and traditional mining method based on comprehensive methods such as theoretical analysis, similarity testing, and on-site measurement. Zhang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] elucidated the pressure relief and vibration reduction mechanism of tunnels under goaf through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and engineering verification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aforementioned research results primarily focus on the relationship between rock movement and mine earthquakes, or their correlation with surface movement, without systematically summarizing the characteristics of strata structure during mining activities, overlying rock fracturing evolution, surface subsidence laws, and the interactive effects of strong mine earthquake events. Therefore, the author, using the 2201 and 2202 working faces of the Yingpanhao coal mine in the Ordos Energy and Chemical Co., Ltd., Shandong Energy Group, as the engineering background, employs a combination of theoretical analysis and field measurements. This approach analyzes the typical strata structure characteristics of the 22 mining area, measures the surface subsidence laws and the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of strong mine earthquakes during multi-working face mining, and reveals the interactive effects between surface subsidence laws under thick-hard strata and the distribution of high-energy strong mine earthquakes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Overview of engineering geology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Overview of the working face\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Yingpanhao Coal Mine is located in Wushen Banner, southwestern Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The mine is divided into four mining areas: 21 mining area, 22 mining area, 23 mining area, and 24 mining area. The 22 mining area is the first mining area of the mine, located in the northern part of the industrial site of the Yingpanhao Coal Mine, with a length of 2.65 km from north to south and a width of 13.6 km from east to west, covering an area of 17.24 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The elevation of the ground in the 22 mining area ranges from +\u0026thinsp;1244.6 m to +\u0026thinsp;1261.4 m, and the mineable coal seams in the area are the 2\u0026ndash;2 and 3\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 coal seams, with bottom elevations ranging from +\u0026thinsp;490 m to +\u0026thinsp;540 m and +\u0026thinsp;450 m to +\u0026thinsp;500 m, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 22 mining area is the initial mining area for the 2\u0026ndash;2 coal seam, currently the primary mining area for the 2\u0026ndash;2 coal seam. The bottom elevation of the coal seam ranges from +\u0026thinsp;490 m to +\u0026thinsp;540 m, with an average burial depth of 722.88 m. The coal seam thickness ranges from 3.16 m to 10.24 m, with an average thickness of 6.29 m. The coal seam is predominantly dark coal, followed by bright coal, with semi-anthracite as the main type. The coal seam has a Mohs hardness of \u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.36. Currently, there are six working faces arranged in the 22 mining area, with the mining sequence as follows: 2201 working face \u0026rarr; 2202 working face \u0026rarr; 2203 working face \u0026rarr; 2204 working face \u0026rarr; 2205 working face \u0026rarr; 2206 working face. Among them, the 2201 and 2202 working faces have completed mining operations. The layout of the working faces is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The 2201 working face serves as the initial mining face. This study mainly focuses on the 2201 and 2202 working faces, both of which have an inclination length of 300 m and a strike length of 2709 m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Geological conditions of strata\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe stratigraphic structure of the 22 mining area in the Yingpanhao Coal Mine consists of the Quaternary system, Cretaceous system, and Jurassic system formations from top to bottom. The 2\u0026ndash;2 coal seam is located in the Lower Jurassic Yan'an formation. The lithological column of the K7-7 borehole in the 22 mining area is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Specifically, the Quaternary system has a thickness ranging from 58.9 to 96.6 m, with an average of 82.6 m, predominantly composed of brownish-yellow and grayish-yellow siltstone and fine sandstone. The Lower Cretaceous Zhidan group has a thickness ranging from 286.9 to 374.6 m, with an average of 337.3 m, mainly consisting of reddish-brown and purplish-red medium sandstone and fine sandstone. The Middle Jurassic Ziliujing formation has a thickness ranging from 132 to 195.83 m, with an average of 166 m, primarily composed of grayish-green and grayish-white medium to coarse-grained sandstone. The Lower Jurassic Yan'an formation mainly comprises grayish-green medium-coarse-grained sandstone and conglomeratic coarse-grained sandstone, interbedded with fine-grained sandstone and sandy mudstone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e depicts the columnar diagram of borehole K7-7 in the 2202 working face. According to the Key layer theory [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], it is calculated that there are five key layers above the roof of the 2202 working face.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Layer 1: Fine sandstone, located 51m above the coal seam with a thickness of 34m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Layer 2: Medium-grain sandstone, located 175m above the coal seam with a thickness of 37m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Layer 3: Fine sandstone, located 241m above the coal seam with a thickness of 30m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Layer 4: Mainly composed of fine-grain and medium-grain sandstone, located 334m above the coal seam with a thickness of 81m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Layer 5: Mainly composed of medium-grain and fine-grain sandstone, located 544m above the coal seam with a thickness of 84m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the Cretaceous system, there are mainly two key layer groups, namely Key Layers 4 and 5, both characterized by significant thickness, high strength, overall integrity, and considerable distance from the coal seam. Physical-mechanical parameters of overlying strata and identification results of key layers in the 22 mining area. (See Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the theory of strata movement in mines, during the process of coal mining, as the mining area expands, the overlying strata of the goaf continuously collapse, and the bed separation fractures gradually propagate upward, ultimately terminating at the bottom of the high-positioned thick-hard strata [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. With the continuous expansion of the mining area, the space above the bed separation gradually increases, and the thick-hard strata becomes increasingly exposed. When it reaches the breaking limit, the fracture of the thick-hard strata will affect the movement of the overlying strata in the mining area, and may even lead to significant surface subsidence and high-energy mine earthquake events, posing a threat to the safe and efficient production of the mine. It can be inferred that, for the 22 mining area of the Yingpanhao coal mine, the fracture movement of the Jurassic and Cretaceous sandstones will have a significant impact on the safe and efficient mining of the lower coal seams, making targeted research necessary and urgent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical-mechanical parameters of overlying strata and identification results of key Sstrata in the 22 mining area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLithology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThickness\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e/m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolumetric weight /N\u0026middot;m-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElastic modulus\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e/GPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e/MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e/MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard rock position\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreaking step distance /m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey layer position\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCover\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard rock 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey layer 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiltstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard rock 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard rock 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey layer 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiltstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard rock 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSandy mudstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiltstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard rock 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey layer 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSandy mudstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard rock 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey layer 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSandy mudstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSandy mudstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard rock 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiltstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium sandstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHard rock 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey layer 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiltstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;2 coal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSandy mudstone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. The law of surface subsidence","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo study the surface subsidence law induced by multi-working face mining in the far-field high-positioned and thick-hard strata, multiple surface movement observation lines were arranged along the strike and dip directions of the 22 mining area. Representative surface movement observation lines during the mining of the 2201 and 2202 working faces are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Surface subsidence observation in 2201 working face\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 2201 working face started mining in September 2017 and concluded in July 2019, during which surface movement was observed 22 times. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the surface subsidence curve along the measurement points C22 to C83 along the direction of the 2201 working face. Analysis of the surface subsidence data during the mining of the 2201 working face indicates that the overall surface subsidence during the mining period was relatively small and showed no significant variation. The maximum subsidence occurred near measurement point C51, with a maximum value of only 339 mm. The surface subsidence factor, \u003cem\u003eη\u003c/em\u003e, was calculated to be 0.057, suggesting that the overlying strata did not undergo sufficient movement during the mining of the 2201 working face, and there was no fracture occurrence in the Cretaceous sandstone. Therefore, the monitoring and analysis of surface subsidence laws during the mining of the 2202 working face are primarily focused.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Surface subsidence observation in 2202 working face\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 2202 working face commenced extraction in August 2019 and by June 2021, had progressed 1317.8 m. During this period, the surface subsidence pattern was monitored, with increased observations conducted during periods of intense rock strata activity to capture comprehensive surface sinking variations. Curves depicting the surface subsidence along various measurement lines during the mining of the 2202 working face were plotted, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e displays the surface subsidence curve along measurement points B1 to B58 in the direction of the working face. It is observed that the maximum subsidence values consistently occurred near measurement point B36, with the highest subsidence of 1260 mm recorded on November 30, 2020, corresponding to a surface subsidence factor \u003cem\u003eη\u003c/em\u003e of 0.21. This trend indicates relatively minor surface subsidence factors in the direction of the working face, with continuous downward movement of the surface and inadequate subsidence of the rock strata.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the surface subsidence curve along measurement points E1 to E35 in the direction of the working face. Similarly, the maximum subsidence values were consistently observed near measurement point E27, with the highest subsidence of 726 mm recorded on November 30, 2020, corresponding to a surface subsidence factor \u003cem\u003eη\u003c/em\u003e of 0.121. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e depicts the surface subsidence along measurement points C9-C53. The maximum subsidence values were again observed near measurement point C44, with the highest subsidence of 1162 mm recorded on November 30, 2020, corresponding to a surface subsidence factor \u003cem\u003eη\u003c/em\u003e of 0.194. Comparing Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e reveals that the surface subsidence values at points E1 to E35 were lower than those at points C9 to C53, attributed to their proximity to the 2201 goaf area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of strong mine earthquake","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroseismic monitoring technology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] is a means to study the stability of rock masses by monitoring the microseismic signals generated when rocks or underground structures undergo stress deformation and fracture. By deploying multiple sets of seismic sensors in the roof and floor of the mining area, the entire process of spatial and temporal evolution of the underground overlying rock structure is monitored in real time. Based on the spatial-temporal location, mine earthquake energy, and frequency of occurrence of mine earthquake, the characteristics of structural damage to the overlying rock caused by mining activities can be inferred, revealing the synergistic effects between mine earthquake events and strata movement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Mine earthquake distribution in 2201 working face\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the mining period of 2201 working face, microseismic events were mainly characterized by low-energy microseismic events. The frequency of microseismic events in the range of 10\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026le;\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eJ was the highest, accounting for 55.06% of the total frequency, while the energy only accounted for 3.42% of the total energy. Microseismic events in the range of 10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026le;\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eJ accounted for 27.2% of the total frequency and 14.22% of the total energy. Microseismic events in the range of 10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026le;\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003eJ accounted for 6.05% of the total frequency and 31.28% of the total energy. Mine earthquake events with energy exceeding 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003eJ accounted for the highest proportion of energy at 51.05%, while the frequency of microseismic events accounted for only 0.77% of the total frequency, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Mine earthquake distribution in 2202 working face\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the mining period of 2202 working face, significant increase in high-energy mine earthquake events was observed. Specifically, mine earthquakes with energy above 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003eJ occurred 21 times, accounting for 0.14% of the total frequency and 27.59% of the total energy. Moreover, microseismic events within the range of 10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eJ \u0026le; \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003eJ accounted for 7.57% of the total frequency and 46.5% of the total energy, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. Analysis of mine earthquake data from both 2201 and 2202 working faces indicates frequent mine earthquake events during the mining period, primarily dominated by low-energy microseismic events. However, mine earthquake events with energy above 1 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003eJ exerted the dominant influence on energy release during the working face operation. To further analyze the impact of high-energy mine earthquakes (above 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003eJ) on the working face mining, a reevaluation of the initially selected 22 high-energy mine earthquakes was conducted, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, it can be observed that strong mine earthquake events with \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003eJ are mainly distributed in the two lanes of the working face, extending into the goaf of 2201 and the goaf behind 2202. This indicates that during the mining process of the 2202 working face, the rupture of the thick hard sandstone roof in the goaf of 2201 is the main cause of high-energy mine earthquakes. When the 2202 working face advances and 2021 goaf is 2nd square of the single goaf, there is a trend of high-energy strong mine earthquakes gradually expanding towards the higher roof. This suggests that after the goaf of 2202 working face connects with the goaf of 2201, the stable overlying rock structure above the goaf of 2201 will undergo reversion and instability, resulting in a significant increase in high-energy strong mine earthquakes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Linkage effect of surface subsidence and strong mine earthquakes","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.1. Measurement of linkage effect between surface subsidence and strong mine earthquakes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows the surface subsidence rate curve for the 2202 working face. Analysis of the graph reveals that the subsidence status along lines B, C, and E can be divided into three stages. Before March 2020, when the advancing distance of the working face was less than 550m, the surface subsidence rate was 0\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;1.5mm/d, indicating a slow subsidence stage. From March 2020 to August 2020, the surface subsidence rate ranged from 1.5 to 10mm/d, representing a rapid subsidence stage. After August 2020, the subsidence rate ranged from 0 to 1.67mm/d, indicating a stable stage. From early May 2020 to late June 2020, the surface subsidence rate remained above 7mm/d, with maximum subsidence rates of 9.87mm/d, 7.97mm/d, and 7.67mm/d, respectively. The maximum subsidence rate occurred in the middle of the goaf, when the working face was at a distance of 879m to 960m from the interconnection, which is close to the O-X fracture [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] zone of the high-positioned and thick-hard strata as theoretically analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn particular, during the period from early May 2020 to late June 2020, a total of 7 mine earthquake events with energy levels above 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003eJ (\"5.7\", \"5.7\", \"5.9\", \"5.12\", \"5.13\", \"5.13\", \"6.8\") and 5 strong mine earthquake events with energy levels above 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eJ occurred at the 2202 working face (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e), accounting for 71.4% of the total number of mine earthquake events above 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eJ since mining began. This was due to the fact that during this period, as the working face advanced from 879m to 960m from the interconnection, the thick-hard strata was transitioning from hanging to \"O-X\" fracture, continuously generating cracks in the thick-hard strata, thus inducing high-energy mine earthquake events. Combining with the pattern of surface subsidence, it is evident that during this stage, the surface subsidence rate remained above 7mm/d consistently. When the working face reached 960m, the \"6.8\" mine earthquake event occurred, with an energy level reaching a historical maximum of 4.93\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eJ, coinciding with the maximum surface subsidence rate. From the perspective of the planar location of the strong mine earthquake event, it occurred in the \"O-X\" fracture zone, showing a high degree of coincidence with the area of maximum surface subsidence. From the perspective of the occurrence profile, the strong mine earthquake event occurred within a range of 300-400m from the coal seam.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2. Linkage effect of surface subsidence and strong mine earthquakes based on microseismic monitoring\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure. 12 illustrates the correlation curve between large-energy strong mine earthquake events and surface subsidence during the mining period of the 2202 working face. As shown in the graph, as the working face advances continuously, the trend of surface subsidence and subsidence rate is relatively slow, while large-energy strong mine earthquake events gradually occur, especially near the area where the 2201 and 2202 working faces meet. This is due to the large-scale goaf formed by the continuous mining of the two working faces, leading to a more significant impact on surface subsidence. As the working face advances from 720m to 960m, the surface subsidence and subsidence rate increase sharply, accompanied by a gradual increase in the number and energy of large-energy strong mine earthquake events. This is because the thick-hard strata is in the transitional phase from hanging to \"O-X\" fracture, continuously generating cracks and inducing large-energy mine earthquake events, thereby causing more prominent surface subsidence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the temporal characteristics of surface subsidence and microseismic response in this study, combined with the monitoring results [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] of rock movement in the Cretaceous system of adjacent mines, it can be inferred that the fracture movement of the thick-hard strata in the Cretaceous system is the main cause of surface subsidence and the frequent occurrence of large-energy mine earthquake events. Therefore, the fracture of the thick-hard strata serves as the hub of the coupling response between surface subsidence and large-energy strong mine earthquake events, indicating a certain coupling effect among these three factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1) According to the key layer theory, the strata in the 22 mining area of the Yingpanhao coal mine can be divided into 5 key layers, especially the existence of key layer groups 4 and 5 within the Cretaceous system. These layers have special conditions of large thickness, high strength, good integrity, and distance from the coal seam, which significantly affect the movement of overlying strata and surface subsidence above the working face.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) Comprehensive analysis of surface subsidence data in the Yingpanhao coal mine's 22 mining area shows that during the mining period of the 2201 working face, overall surface subsidence values are relatively small and show no significant changes. During the period of the 2202 working face, surface subsidence experiences three stages: slow subsidence, rapid subsidence, and stable subsidence. The maximum subsidence rate occurs at a distance of 960m from the interconnection, reaching a maximum subsidence rate of 9.87 mm/d.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) Monitoring results of large-energy strong mine earthquakes indicate that during the mining period of the 2201 working face, there is a high occurrence of small-energy microseismic events in the range of 10\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e to 10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eJ, mainly caused by the movement of lower strata. During the mining period of the 2202 working face, there is a frequent occurrence of large-energy strong mine earthquake events, mainly caused by the fracture of the roof strata behind the goaf. The occurrence of mine earthquakes is located in the \"O-X\" fracture zone, which overlaps with the area of maximum surface subsidence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4) Based on microseismic monitoring and surface subsidence data, it is revealed that the fracture movement of the thick-hard strata within the Cretaceous system is the main cause of surface subsidence and the frequent occurrence of large-energy strong mine earthquake events. Therefore, the fracture of thick-hard strata serves as a key link in the response of surface subsidence and large-energy strong mine earthquake events, indicating a certain linkage effect among these factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, writing and editing, G.Z. and G.Z. *; data curation, writing and editing, G.Z.; software, Z.Z. and J.M; review and editing, K.L.,\u0026nbsp;S.C. and Z.Q.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52374098), the outstanding Youth Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR202211070181), the higher Education Youth Entrepreneurship Team Program Funding Project of Shandong Provincial (No. 2022KJ212), the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention in Deep Coal Mines. (SKLMRDPC20KFO5), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Provincial (No. ZR2022QE123)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e Data associated with this research are available and can be obtained by contacting the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKai S, Jixiong Z, Manchao H, et al. Control of surface deformation and overburden movement in coal mine area by an innovative roadway cemented paste backfilling method using mining waste. [J]. The Science of the total environment, 2023, 891 164693-164693.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNing J, Wang J, Jiang L, et al. 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Engineering Failure Analysis, 2021, 124: 10539.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"thick-hard strata, overburden movement, surface subsidence, strong mine earthquakes, linkage effect","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4459909/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4459909/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMultiple active mining faces and extensive excavations under thick-hard strata in deep coal mines result in frequent strong mine earthquakes, often accompanied by significant surface subsidence deformation. Understanding the specific law of surface movement and the spatiotemporal distribution response to intense mine earthquakes is crucial for effectively preventing and mitigating dynamic disasters in deep mines. Utilizing the key layer theory, the intricate strata of the Yingpanhao Coal Mine are systematically delineated, drawing upon the engineering context of working faces 2201 and 2202 within the Ordos Chemical Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Shandong Energy Group. Field investigations are conducted to analyze the law of surface subsidence associated with multi-working face extraction within deep thick-hard strata, as well as to elucidate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of strong mine earthquakes. Furthermore, the interplay between law of surface subsidence and the spatial distribution of strong mine earthquakes is investigated, revealing a cohesive relationship between these phenomena. The research findings of this study provide certain references for the pre-control of surface subsidence and strong mine earthquakes during multiple working face and large space mining under thick-hard strata in deep coal mine with similar engineering geological conditions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Joint Response of Surface Subsidence and Strong Mine Earthquake under High-positioned and Thick-hard Strata in Deep Coal Mine","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-16 11:14:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4459909/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-10-28T05:13:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-27T03:20:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"269466778357903781678777677172020018050","date":"2024-10-27T01:19:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-01T11:33:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-25T15:02:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"234173312315805082387441213952667806855","date":"2024-09-20T01:15:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"39839181896343984514976709848690034013","date":"2024-09-19T15:14:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"337612079556948696943803639829327139168","date":"2024-09-19T15:11:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-07T07:54:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-30T18:30:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-06-25T16:13:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-06-24T09:43:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-05-22T09:41:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3ec9c766-4e48-4368-8b08-7fa144157c8f","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":34526824,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Fossil fuels/Coal"},{"id":34526825,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences/Seismology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-13T15:59:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4459909","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85356-w","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-01-09 15:57:05","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 9th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-16 11:14:24","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-85356-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85356-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4459909","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4459909","identity":"rs-4459909","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}