Evaluation of the prevalence Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in completely Edentulous Syrian Patients Before and after the Delivery of New Complete Dentures: A Clinical Study

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Complete edentulism exacerbates TMD due to loss of vertical dimension and altered mandibular posture. This study evaluated the prevalence of TMD symptoms in completely edentulous Syrian patients before and after receiving new complete dentures, while analyzing demographic and clinical correlates. Methods A prospective clinical study was conducted on 103 edentulous patients treated at Damascus University. Participants were examined using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD), Axis I, to assess joint and muscle symptoms before and six months after denture insertion. Clinical variables such as age, gender, and duration of edentulism were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v25, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Significant reductions in TMD symptoms were observed post-treatment. TMJ sounds decreased from 24.3% to 3.9%, limited mouth opening from 22.3% to 2.9%, and muscle pain improved by 76.2–85.7%. Age and duration of edentulism showed strong positive correlations with TMD prevalence (p < 0.05), while gender differences were not statistically significant. The highest symptom prevalence occurred in patients aged 71–90 (78.6%) and those edentulous for over 10 years (87.5%). Conclusions Prosthetic rehabilitation with complete dentures significantly alleviated TMD symptoms in edentulous patients, restoring mandibular function and reducing neuromuscular strain. Early intervention and standardized clinical evaluation are crucial for effective management. The findings underscore the importance of integrating TMD assessment into prosthetic treatment planning, particularly for older patients and those with prolonged edentulism. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :706 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166439.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Evaluation of the prevalence Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in completely Edentulous Syrian Patients Before and after the Delivery of New Complete Dentures: A Clinical Study [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] Yusra Alkurdy 1 , Ammar Almustafa 1 , Issam Jamous 2 , Nada Alhamad https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9408-0858 3 Yusra Alkurdy 1 , Ammar Almustafa 1 , Issam Jamous 2 , Nada Alhamad https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9408-0858 3 PUBLISHED 18 Jul 2025 Author details Author details 1 Removable Prosthodontics Department, Damascus University, Damascus, Damascus Governorate, Syria 2 Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Damascus University, Damascus, Damascus Governorate, Syria 3 Periodontology Department, Damascus University, Damascus, Damascus Governorate, Syria Yusra Alkurdy Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Ammar Almustafa Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Issam Jamous Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Nada Alhamad Roles: Software, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are common functional impairments affecting the maxillofacial region, with symptoms including joint pain, muscle tenderness, and limited mandibular movement. Complete edentulism exacerbates TMD due to loss of vertical dimension and altered mandibular posture. This study evaluated the prevalence of TMD symptoms in completely edentulous Syrian patients before and after receiving new complete dentures, while analyzing demographic and clinical correlates. Methods A prospective clinical study was conducted on 103 edentulous patients treated at Damascus University. Participants were examined using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD), Axis I, to assess joint and muscle symptoms before and six months after denture insertion. Clinical variables such as age, gender, and duration of edentulism were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v25, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Significant reductions in TMD symptoms were observed post-treatment. TMJ sounds decreased from 24.3% to 3.9%, limited mouth opening from 22.3% to 2.9%, and muscle pain improved by 76.2–85.7%. Age and duration of edentulism showed strong positive correlations with TMD prevalence (p < 0.05), while gender differences were not statistically significant. The highest symptom prevalence occurred in patients aged 71–90 (78.6%) and those edentulous for over 10 years (87.5%). Conclusions Prosthetic rehabilitation with complete dentures significantly alleviated TMD symptoms in edentulous patients, restoring mandibular function and reducing neuromuscular strain. Early intervention and standardized clinical evaluation are crucial for effective management. The findings underscore the importance of integrating TMD assessment into prosthetic treatment planning, particularly for older patients and those with prolonged edentulism. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Temporomandibular disorders; complete edentulism; removable prosthesis; RDC/TMD; TMJ dysfunction. Corresponding Author(s) Nada Alhamad ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Nada Alhamad Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Alkurdy Y et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Alkurdy Y, Almustafa A, Jamous I and Alhamad N. Evaluation of the prevalence Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in completely Edentulous Syrian Patients Before and after the Delivery of New Complete Dentures: A Clinical Study [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :706 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166439.1 ) First published: 18 Jul 2025, 14 :706 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166439.1 ) Latest published: 18 Jul 2025, 14 :706 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166439.1 ) Introduction Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are among the most prevalent functional impairments affecting the masticatory system. They primarily involve the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the masticatory muscles, and surrounding structures. Clinically, TMD manifests with symptoms such as joint or muscular pain, joint sounds (clicking or crepitus), mandibular deviation, or limited mandibular movement. In some cases, it may also present as headaches or referred pain in the ears or neck. 1 These disorders have a considerable impact on patients’ quality of life and oral function. 2 TMD is considered a multifactorial condition, with contributing factors including anatomical and functional imbalances, psychological stress, occlusal discrepancies, and muscular hyperactivity. 3 , 4 Complete edentulism is one of the major risk factors for TMD, due to the loss of natural occlusal support and vertical dimension, which alters mandibular posture and increases uneven loading on the joint. 5 Several studies have shown that the use of properly fabricated and stable complete dentures can reduce TMD symptoms by restoring vertical dimension, stabilizing occlusion, and alleviating muscular strain. 6 , 7 However, most of these studies were conducted in non-Arab populations, and the unique demographic and psychosocial characteristics of Syrian patients may limit the generalizability of their findings. 8 Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) represent a significant clinical challenge in the rehabilitation of completely edentulous patients due to their multifactorial etiology, which involves anatomical, psychological, and functional factors. Accurate assessment of TMD symptoms and their relationship with relevant clinical variables is essential for understanding patient-specific responses to prosthetic treatment. 4 , 9 Therefore, this study aims to assess the prevalence of TMD symptoms before and after the delivery of complete removable dentures in a sample of completely edentulous Syrian patients. It also focuses on the distribution and severity of symptoms and their relationship with variables such as sex and duration of edentulism. Materials and methods This descriptive clinical study was conducted at the Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, between 2021 and 2024. The research was part of a master’s thesis in prosthodontics and aimed to evaluate changes in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms before and after the insertion of complete removable dentures, using standardized clinical diagnostic protocols. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University. Approval was obtained prior to data collection and patient recruitment. The ethical approval was granted on September 2021 under the reference number 2264-2021. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. This study was completed according to the CONSORT guidelines and is attached in the link ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EB7J4 ). Consort flow chart of patients ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EB7J4 ). The study was prospectively registered in the ISRCTN registry under the identifier ISRCTN11645832 ( https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN11645832 ). Informed consent : All participants were informed of the nature, objectives, and procedures of the study and provided written informed consent before enrollment. The consent process was supervised by a faculty member, and participants were assured of the confidentiality of their responses and the right to withdraw at any time. The sample consisted of 103 patients (both male and female) who met the following inclusion criteria: Complete edentulism in both the maxillary and mandibular arches for at least six months, Absence of severe neuromuscular or psychological disorders, or congenital jaw deformities, Willingness and ability to provide informed consent and attend follow-up visits. Patients with a history of TMJ surgery, recent trauma, or noncompliance with follow-up were excluded. The sample included a diverse distribution in terms of sex and duration of edentulism, to allow for subgroup analysis. Each patient underwent two clinical examinations: one before denture insertion and another Six months after using the new dentures. Initially, a comprehensive clinical examination of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and cervical muscles was performed to identify signs and symptoms of dysfunction. The diagnostic criteria adopted in this study were the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Due to the variety and complexity of TMD and the lack of universally accepted diagnostic standards, a scientifically-based clinical protocol was developed by Dworkin and LeResche which includes Axis I (Physical Axis): a clinical examination of muscles and joints. 10 ▪ TMJ Examination: 1. Extra-auricular palpation: The examiner places the palmar surface of the middle finger over the lateral pole of the condyle, anterior to the ear, and instructs the patient to open and close their mouth several times to palpate joint movement and detect any joint sounds or pain. 2. Intra-auricular palpation: The examiner inserts the little finger into the external auditory meatus, applying gentle forward pressure to assess pain via posterior nerve plexus compression. ▪ Masticatory Muscle Examination: Muscles are palpated bilaterally for 1–2 minutes and patients are asked to report any pain, which could indicate muscle fatigue, tension, or injury. Functional tests are used when palpation is not feasible: Temporalis muscle: Anterior fibers are palpated by placing fingers parallel to the muscle fibers; the tendon is palpated intraorally along the anterior border of the ascending ramus, Masseter muscle: Palpated from origin at the zygomatic arch down to its insertion on the mandibular angle, Medial pterygoid muscle: Palpated intraorally on the medial aspect of the mandibular ramus; gag reflex may be triggered, Lateral pterygoid muscle: Palpated externally via mandibular retrusion or intraorally by pressing upward and backward behind the maxillary tuberosity, Digastric muscle: Anterior belly: pressed inward and anteriorly approximately 2 cm from the mandibular angle. Posterior belly: palpated behind the mandibular angle. ▪ Jaw Movement Evaluation: Jaw deviation was assessed by marking points on the nose and chin and observing any deviation from the midline during opening and closing. 11 ▪ Lateral movement: Measured from the vestibular midline with a normal range of 8–12 mm. ▪ Normal mouth opening: Ranges from 40–50 mm. 1 This was Measured by subtracting average incisal lengths of missing anterior teeth: Upper: 10.8 ± 0.9 mm, Lower: 8.6 ± 0.7 mm. 12 ▪ Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS, 1983), which consists of a 10 cm line where 0 indicates no pain and 10 represents the worst possible pain. Patients were instructed to mark the point on the line that best represented the intensity of their pain at the time of evalutaion. 13 ▪ Prosthetic Assessment: Vertical dimension and centric relation: the Vertical rest dimension was recorded without prosthesis, and occlusal vertical dimension with prosthesis. The rest position should exceed occlusal vertical dimension by 2–3 mm. Centric relation was confirmed through maximal cusp interdigitation while guiding the mandible posteriorly. - Support test: Pressure was applied on the lateral flange of the denture should not cause contralateral movement (2 points), Stability test: Denture was moved anteroposteriorly and laterally to assess for displacement (2 points), Retention test: Posterior retention tested by palatal push; anterior retention was tested by labial pull (4 points), Balanced articulation (BA): Simultaneous bilateral contact during excursive movements to maintain stability (6 points). Occlusion: 4 points. Esthetics: (4 points). - Scoring: The maximum prosthetic evaluation score was 34 points. The average score between the researcher and an independent examiner was calculated, then converted to a percentage. Any denture scoring below 80% was excluded from analysis. 14 Data analysis The Data were coded and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics (means, frequencies, standard deviations) were calculated. Inferential tests included: Chi-square tests for comparing categorical variables before and after treatment. Spearman’s correlation to assess relationships between symptoms and variables (e.g., sex, duration of edentulism). A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study included a sample of 103 patients from the Department of Removable Prosthodontics at the Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University. The sample consisted of 77 males (74.8%) and 26 females (25.2%) ( Table 1 ). Table 1. Distribution of the study sample by gender. Gender N % Male 77 74.8 Female 26 25.2 Total 103 100 Regarding age distribution, the majority of patients were in the 51–70 age group (74.8%), followed by the 71–90 group (13.6%), and then the 30–50 group (11.7%) ( Table 2 ). Table 2. Relative distribution of patients by age groups. Age groups N % 30 – 50 12 11.7 51 – 70 77 74.8 71 – 90 14 13.6 Total 103 100 As for the duration of edentulism, 66 patients (64.1%) had been edentulous for less than 5 years, 29 patients (28.2%) for 6–10 years, and only 8 patients (7.8%) for more than 10 years ( Table 3 ). Table 3. Relative distribution of patients by duration of edentulism. Duration of edentulism N % 1 – 5 66 64.1 6 – 10 29 28.2 >10 8 7.8 Total 103 100 Regarding TMJ sounds, they were observed in 25 patients (24.3%) at the time of prosthesis delivery, decreasing to 4 patients (3.9%) after six months, indicating gradual improvement. Limitation of mandibular movement was initially present in 23 patients (22.3%), but this number dropped to 3 patients (2.9%) after six months. Meanwhile, 100 patients (97.1%) demonstrated complete restoration of normal jaw function. Regarding mandibular movement pattern during mouth opening, 90 patients (87.4%) initially showed straight movement while deviation was observed in 13 patients (12.6%), After six months, straight opening was seen in 99 patients (96.1%), and deviation persisted in only 4 patients (3.9%), with the disappearance of other abnormal patterns. Regarding muscular pain, each muscle was assessed individually: Masseter muscle: Mild to moderate pain was reported by 13.6% of patients at the time of prosthesis delivery, which dropped to 2.9% after six months. Temporalis muscle: Initially, 6.8% of patients reported mild to severe pain; which decreased to just 1% after six months. Medial pterygoid muscle : Pain was present in 10.6% of patients initially and declined to 2.9% after six months. Lateral pterygoid muscle : The percentage decreased from 6.8% to 1.9%. Cervical muscles: Mild pain was reported in 8.7% of patients at baseline, and in 7.8% after six months, indicating relative stability with slight improvement. As for TMJ pain, it was recorded in 7 patients (6.8%) at the time of prosthesis delivery and decreased to only 1 patient (0.97%) after six months ( Table 4 ). Table 4. Relative distribution of patients by joint pain. Presence of joint pain N % No 96 93.2 Yes 7 6.8 Total 103 100 The most prevalent TMD symptom was TMJ sounds (24.3%), followed by limitation in mouth opening (22.4%), lateral pterygoid muscle pain (20.4%), masseter muscle pain (13.6%), temporalis muscle pain (6.8%), cervical muscle pain (8.7%), and TMJ pain (6.8%) medial pterygoid muscle pain (1.9%). Table 5 presents the relative distribution of patients based on the number of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms they exhibited. The data is categorized by the count of concurrent disorders, ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 7 (maximum recorded symptoms). The majority of patients (64.1%) reported no TMD symptoms, while progressively fewer patients presented with increasing numbers of disorders. A small subset (1%) reported all seven assessed symptoms ( Table 5 ). Table 5. Relative distribution of patients by joint pain. Number of disorders N % 0 66 64.1 1 5 4.9 2 9 8.7 3 8 7.8 4 4 3.9 5 6 5.8 6 4 3.9 7 1 1 Total 103 100 A clear relationship was observed between age group and TMD prevalence, with the highest percentage of TMD symptoms occurring in the 71–90 age group (78.6%). Statistical analysis showed a significant positive correlation between age group and the prevalence of TMD symptoms (R = 0.358, p = 0.000 < 0.05) ( Table 6 ). Table 6. Prevalence of joint disorders by age group (Chi-Square test results). Age group Total patients Affected (≥1) Prevalence% p-value 30-50 years 12 6 50% 0.010 51-70 years 77 24 31.2% 71-90 years 14 11 78.6% Total 103 41 39.8% Regarding the duration of edentulism, 64.1% of patients had been edentulous for 1–5 years, 28.2% for 6–10 years, and 7.8% for more than 10 years. The results showed that as the duration of edentulism increased, the number of TMD symptoms also increased. Specifically, 87.5% of patients who had been edentulous for more than 10 years exhibited TMD symptoms ( Table 7 ). Table 7. Relative distribution of TMD patients by duration of edentulism. Duration of edentulism Total patients Prevalence % Affected Prevalence % 1-5 66 64.1% 26 39.4% 6-10 29 28.2% 23 79.3% >10 8 7.8% 7 87.5% A statistically significant and strong positive correlation between the duration of edentulism and the number of TMD symptoms (R = 0.713, p = 0.000 < 0.05). Regarding gender differences, the prevalence of TMD was higher among females, with 42.3% of women exhibiting TMD symptoms compared to 33.8% of men. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), although the higher percentage among females may be attributed to the sample size. Improvement rates after six months: ( Table 8 ) Table 8. Improvement rates after 6 months of using new complete dentures. Disorder Resolved (Yes) at the time of prosthesis delivery Persists (No) After 6 months Improvement% Masseter Muscle 11 3 78.6% Temporalis Muscle 6 1 85.7% Medial Pterygoid 1 1 50% Lateral Pterygoid 16 5 76.2% Neck Muscles 1 8 11.1% Limitation of mandibular movement 21 2 91.3% Joint Sounds 21 4 84% Joint Pain 6 1 85.7% Deviation 13 4 69.2% After six months of wearing newly fabricated complete removable prostheses, most TMD-related symptoms showed significant clinical improvement. The calculated improvement percentages based on the number of affected patients at the time oof delivery to those affected after six months, were as follows: TMJ sounds: 84% improvement Limitation of mouth opening: 91.3% improvement Masseter muscle pain: 78.6% improvement Temporalis muscle pain: 85.7% improvement Lateral pterygoid muscle pain: 76.2% improvement. Cervical muscle pain: 11.1% improvement. TMJ pain: 85.7% improvement Mandibular deviation during opening: 69.2% improvement. These outcomes emphasize the positive role of prosthetic rehabilitation in restoring mandibular function, reducing neuromuscular strain, and alleviating TMD symptoms over time. So clinically, the findings related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) showed significant improvement in the assessed indicators after using complete removable prostheses for six months. Discussion Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are among the most common and complex conditions that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with significant implications for patient’s quality of life. These disorders tend to increase in prevalence among completely edentulous patients, presenting additional challenges in prosthetic rehabilitation. 1 The importance of this research lies in its contribution to the clinical diagnosis of TMD and its evaluation of the therapeutic effects of complete removable prostheses in alleviating joint symptoms in this often overlooked patient population. 15 The study also examined the influence of gender, duration of edentulism, providing a deeper understanding of variables associated with TMD prevalence and supporting more precise clinical decision-making. 16 A dual study design was adopted, combining both descriptive cross-sectional and experimental approaches, thus enhancing the reliability and validity of the findings. The descriptive phase helped determine the baseline prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) among completely edentulous Syrian patients, while the experimental part allowed for evaluating changes after six months of inserting newly fabricated complete removable prostheses. This methodology has been supported in previous literature that emphasized the importance of combining clinical and behavioral evaluations. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were carefully applied to reduce confounding factors. Cases that could directly affect the TMJ, such rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, anatomical deformities, or prior history of TMD treatment, were excluded in order to maintain a clinically homogeneous sample suitable for the study objectives. The RDC/TMD protocol (Axis I) was employed for clinical diagnosis of TMD, as it is an evidence-based, standardized examination tool established by Dworkin and LeResche in 1992 for research purposes. The RDC/TMD includes two axes: Axis I for physical examination (e.g., muscle and joint assessment) and Axis II for psychosocial evaluation, which not neglected in this study, remains easy to apply and clinically informative. This study focused on functional implications of TMD rather than psychiatric diagnoses, with the objective of identifying their impact on the masticatory system. 10 The clinical examination began with palpation of the TMJ and masticatory and cervical muscles to assess signs and symptoms. The RDC/TMD protocol was followed strictly, using both extra-auricular and intra-auricular palpation to detect the position of the condyle and any joint sounds during mouth opening and closing, as well as to assess for pain during these movements. Muscle examination included extraoral palpation of each muscle group for 1–2 minutes to identify any tenderness indicative of fatigue, strain, or trauma. When palpation was not feasible (e.g., for the lateral pterygoid), functional testing was used instead. The examination included the temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, as well as the digastric and cervical muscles. Proper techniques were used to ensure accurate detection of pain upon pressure, and every muscle was assessed bilaterally. Mandibular movement analysis included evaluating maximum mouth opening (normal range: 40–50 mm), lateral movements (8–12 mm), and the presence of deviation. Measurements were made using a calibrated millimeter ruler, caliper accounting for missing anterior teeth by subtracting standard incisal heights. 12 Assessment of the prosthetic dentures was performed according to clinical parameters outlined in the Smith evaluation scale (1976), which includes vertical dimension, centric relation, support, retention, stability, balanced articulation, and esthetics. Although MRI is considered the gold standard for diagnosing certain temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, particularly those involving internal derangements or soft tissue changes such as disc displacement, this study intentionally relied on standardized clinical, specifically the RDC/TMD protocol. This choice was based on both methodological and practical grounds. The primary goal of the study was to assess the prevalence and clinical improvement of TMD symptoms in edentulous patients before and after prosthetic rehabilitation, with a focus on functional changes rather than anatomical ones. Therefore, reliance on a reproducible and objective clinical protocol allowed for consistent assessments across all participants. Moreover, RDC/TMD clinical evaluation—including palpation of masticatory muscles and the use of VAS for pain assessment—has been shown to be sufficient for diagnosing mild to moderate TMD in research settings. Many international studies utilize this tool without requiring imaging, unless advanced or complex joint pathology is suspected. From a logistical perspective, MRI remains expensive, less accessible in the local healthcare setting, and not always feasible in university-based patient populations. Thus, limiting the study to clinical evaluation tools ensured uniform conditions across participants and facilitated broader applicability within the Syrian clinical context. The results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between age and the number of TMD symptoms. Patients aged 71–90 years exhibited the highest prevalence (78.6%) among those diagnosed with TMD. This finding supports previous research suggesting that aging contributes to degenerative changes in the joint and muscles, particularly when compounded by prolonged edentulism. 3 , 17 In contrast, Serman et al reported inconsistent relationships between TMD signs and age. 18 Regarding the duration of edentulism, patients who had been edentulous for more than 10 years showed the highest rate of TMD symptoms (87.5%). A significant positive correlation (R = 0.713, p < 0.05) was found between the duration of edentulism and number of TMD symptoms. This can be explained by the gradual shift of the mandible from centric relation to habitual occlusion due to vertical dimension loss and the resultant strain on the TMJ and masticatory muscles. 19 – 21 In terms of gender, females demonstrated a higher prevalence of TMD (42.3%) compared to males (33.8%). However, no statistically significant association was found between gender and the presence of TMD (p > 0.05). Several studies, including AlZarea who have reported higher TMD rates in females, possibly due to hormonal influences such as fluctuations in estrogen, which are known to affect joint stability. 22 – 24 Fabricating a well-designed complete denture that restores vertical dimension and achieves correct centric relation helps in supporting muscle coordination and preventing muscular spasms. 25 , 26 The analysis revealed a significant improvement in TMJ-related symptoms after six months of prosthesis use. The following improvements were recorded: 84% in joint sounds, 91.3% in limited mouth opening, 78.6% in masseter muscle pain, 85.7% in temporalis muscle pain, 76.2% in lateral pterygoid pain, and 11.1% in cervical muscle pain—the latter being the lowest due to its strong relation with posture rather than the prosthesis alone. These results affirm that properly constructed prosthetic dentures can reduce TMJ load and progressively alleviate symptoms. The dentures not only restore oral function but also contribute to overall muscular balance. Similar findings were reported in other studies such as Kareem et al. (2017), who observed TMJ improvements within one to two months, and Goiato & Santos (2010), who recorded enhancements after six months. Abdelnabi & Swelem (2015) also demonstrated improvement based on clinical and MRI assessments after two years of denture use. 27 – 29 Nevertheless, Dervis (2004) found no significant change in pre-treatment TMD symptoms, possibly due to inconsistencies in patient conditions, inclusion criteria, and diagnostic standards. Some researchers suggest that when prostheses are accompanied by patient education—such as jaw exercises, massage, warm compresses, and proper nutrition—TMD symptoms may be significantly reduced and occlusal balance enhanced (Amorim et al., 2003; Humphrey et al., 2002). 14 , 30 Conclusion This clinical study demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) among completely edentulous Syrian patients, particularly in older individuals and those with longer durations of edentulism. The findings confirmed that well-fabricated and stable complete removable dentures significantly reduce the severity and frequency of TMD symptoms after six months of use. Age and duration of edentulism were identified as the most influential variables correlated with TMD prevalence, while gender differences, although present, were not statistically significant. These results highlight the importance of early prosthetic rehabilitation, accurate diagnosis using standardized clinical tools such as RDC/TMD, and individualized treatment planning that considers the patient’s demographic and functional profile. Incorporating TMJ evaluation into routine clinical examination and prosthetic treatment planning for edentulous patients is recommended. Future research should expand the sample size, include longer follow-up periods, and integrate psychosocial factors (Axis II) to provide a more comprehensive understanding of TMD in this population. Ethical considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University. Approval was obtained prior to data collection and patient recruitment. The ethical approval was granted on September 2021 under the reference number 2264-2021. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. The study was prospectively registered in the ISRCTN registry under the identifier ISRCTN11645832 ( https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN11645832 ). Informed consent All participants were informed of the nature, objectives, and procedures of the study and provided written informed consent before enrollment. The consent process was supervised by a faculty member, and participants were assured of the confidentiality of their responses and the right to withdraw at any time. Data availability The dataset supporting the findings of this study is openly available via Zenodo under a CC0 1.0 Universal license. The repository includes raw and extended data covering the full clinical dataset of 103 edentulous Syrian patients, including demographic variables, temporomandibular disorder classifications, joint sound evaluations, muscle pain assessments, mandibular deviation, and mouth opening limitation (before and after 6 months). Additionally, the repository contains the CONSORT checklist and the study flowchart. 31 The dataset has been fully de-identified in accordance with the Safe Harbor method to ensure patient confidentiality. The dataset can be accessed at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15802348 31 Extended data The following extended data are available via Zenodo: Clinical and medical questionnaire used in patient evaluation. This form includes the informed consent statement and all clinical and joint-muscle examination items used during the study. All extended data are shared under the terms of the CC0 “no rights reserved” license. 31 Access link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15802348 31 References 1. Okeson J: Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. N. Y. State Dent. J. 2003; 69 (7): 61. 2. Benoliel R, et al. : Persistent orofacial muscle pain. Oral Dis. 2011; 17 : 23–41. Publisher Full Text 3. Manfredini D, et al. : Psychosocial impairment in temporomandibular disorders patients. RDC/TMD axis II findings from a multicentre study. J. Dent. 2010; 38 (10): 765–772. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 4. Slade GD, et al. : Influence of psychological factors on risk of temporomandibular disorders. J. Dent. Res. 2007; 86 (11): 1120–1125. Publisher Full Text 5. Maha’a A, et al. : PREVALENCE OF SIGNS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS IN HEALTHY ASYMPTOMATIC COMPLETELY EDENTULOUS INDIVIDUALS AND THE EFFECT OF DENTURE ON TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research; 2023. 6. 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PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 25. Belkhode VM, et al. : Prosthodontic Rehabilitation of Patient with Mandibular Resection using Overlay Prosthesis: A Case Report. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2019; 13 (2). Publisher Full Text 26. Dudhekar AU, et al. : Enhancing the esthetics with all-ceramic prosthesis. J. Datta Meghe Inst. Med. Sci. Univ. 2018; 13 (3): 155–157. Publisher Full Text 27. Abdelnabi MH, Swelem AA: Influence of defective complete dentures renewal on TMD; an MRI and clinical controlled prospective study. Gerodontology. 2015; 32 (3): 211–221. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 28. Goiato MC, et al. : TMJ vibrations in asymptomatic patients using old and new complete dentures. J. Prosthodont. Implant Esthet. Reconstruct. Dent. 2010; 19 (6): 438–442. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 29. Kareem JJ, et al. : Clinical study to evaluate the prevalence of TMD before and after delivery of complete denture. Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences. 2017; 5 (2): 98–108. Publisher Full Text 30. Humphrey SP, Lindroth JE, Carlson CR: Routine dental care in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J. Orofac. Pain. 2002; 16 (2): 129–134. PubMed Abstract 31. Alkurdy: Evaluation of the Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in Completely Edentulous Syrian Patients Before and After the Delivery of New Complete Dentures. [Data set]. Zenodo. 2021. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 18 Jul 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Removable Prosthodontics Department, Damascus University, Damascus, Damascus Governorate, Syria 2 Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Damascus University, Damascus, Damascus Governorate, Syria 3 Periodontology Department, Damascus University, Damascus, Damascus Governorate, Syria Yusra Alkurdy Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Ammar Almustafa Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Issam Jamous Roles: Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Nada Alhamad Roles: Software, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 18 Jul 2025, 14:706 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166439.1 Copyright © 2025 Alkurdy Y et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Alkurdy Y, Almustafa A, Jamous I and Alhamad N. Evaluation of the prevalence Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in completely Edentulous Syrian Patients Before and after the Delivery of New Complete Dentures: A Clinical Study [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :706 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.166439.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 18 Jul 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Abay F. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of the prevalence Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in completely Edentulous Syrian Patients Before and after the Delivery of New Complete Dentures: A Clinical Study [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :706 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183428.r413700 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-706/v1#referee-response-413700 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 19 Sep 2025 Feridun Abay , Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183428.r413700 Reviewer Report Manuscript: Evaluation of the Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in Completely Edentulous Syrian Patients Before and After the Delivery of New Complete Dentures: A Clinical Study c4238b71-9723-47d0-a186-ebe648c… 1. Significance and Contribution The study investigates ... Continue reading READ ALL Reviewer Report Manuscript: Evaluation of the Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in Completely Edentulous Syrian Patients Before and After the Delivery of New Complete Dentures: A Clinical Study c4238b71-9723-47d0-a186-ebe648c… 1. Significance and Contribution The study investigates the prevalence of TMD symptoms in completely edentulous patients and evaluates the effect of prosthetic rehabilitation with complete dentures. Since there is limited evidence from Arab populations, this work provides valuable regional insights and adds clinical relevance by emphasizing the role of TMD assessment in denture treatment planning. 2. Strengths Study design : Prospective approach with a six-month follow-up enhances the validity of findings. Standardized diagnostic tool : RDC/TMD (Axis I) criteria were applied, ensuring methodological consistency. Ethical considerations : Ethical approval and informed consent were clearly reported. Statistical analysis : Adequately performed, including correlation analyses and significance testing. Clinical value : Demonstrates a significant reduction of TMD symptoms after denture insertion, supporting prosthetic rehabilitation as a therapeutic intervention. 3. Weaknesses Single-center sample : Recruitment from only one institution limits generalizability. Gender imbalance : The sample was predominantly male (75%), which weakens conclusions on gender differences. Short follow-up period : Six months is insufficient to evaluate long-term outcomes. Incomplete diagnostic scope : Only Axis I of the RDC/TMD was used; Axis II (psychosocial factors) , important in TMD, was not addressed. Lack of control group : Including a control group (edentulous patients without prosthetic treatment) would strengthen comparisons. Cervical muscle pain findings : Limited improvement was observed, but this was not thoroughly discussed in the manuscript. 4. Writing and Presentation The manuscript is generally clear and well-structured. Tables are informative, but some titles are repetitive or potentially confusing (e.g., Table 4–5). Minor English language and grammar refinements are recommended to improve readability. 5. Recommendations Expand the discussion regarding cervical muscle pain and its limited improvement. Explicitly acknowledge the absence of Axis II evaluation as a limitation. Clarify that the gender-related findings may have been affected by the limited female sample size. Strengthen the discussion with more recent systematic reviews (2023–2025) to place findings in a broader context. Emphasize more clearly the clinical implications for prosthodontists (e.g., early denture provision, routine TMD screening). 6. Editorial Recommendation Minor Revision. The study is well-conducted and clinically valuable. With some clarifications in the discussion and minor improvements in table presentation and language, it can be suitable for indexing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: 3D Printing and Biomaterials,Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,Craniofacial Imaging and Analysis,Dental and Facial Proportion Studies I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Abay F. Reviewer Report For: Evaluation of the prevalence Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in completely Edentulous Syrian Patients Before and after the Delivery of New Complete Dentures: A Clinical Study [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :706 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183428.r413700 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-706/v1#referee-response-413700 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 18 Jul 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 1 18 Jul 25 read Feridun Abay , Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Abay F. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 19 Sep 2025 | for Version 1 Feridun Abay , Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey 0 Views copyright © 2025 Abay F. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Report Manuscript: Evaluation of the Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in Completely Edentulous Syrian Patients Before and After the Delivery of New Complete Dentures: A Clinical Study c4238b71-9723-47d0-a186-ebe648c… 1. Significance and Contribution The study investigates the prevalence of TMD symptoms in completely edentulous patients and evaluates the effect of prosthetic rehabilitation with complete dentures. Since there is limited evidence from Arab populations, this work provides valuable regional insights and adds clinical relevance by emphasizing the role of TMD assessment in denture treatment planning. 2. Strengths Study design : Prospective approach with a six-month follow-up enhances the validity of findings. Standardized diagnostic tool : RDC/TMD (Axis I) criteria were applied, ensuring methodological consistency. Ethical considerations : Ethical approval and informed consent were clearly reported. Statistical analysis : Adequately performed, including correlation analyses and significance testing. Clinical value : Demonstrates a significant reduction of TMD symptoms after denture insertion, supporting prosthetic rehabilitation as a therapeutic intervention. 3. Weaknesses Single-center sample : Recruitment from only one institution limits generalizability. Gender imbalance : The sample was predominantly male (75%), which weakens conclusions on gender differences. Short follow-up period : Six months is insufficient to evaluate long-term outcomes. Incomplete diagnostic scope : Only Axis I of the RDC/TMD was used; Axis II (psychosocial factors) , important in TMD, was not addressed. Lack of control group : Including a control group (edentulous patients without prosthetic treatment) would strengthen comparisons. Cervical muscle pain findings : Limited improvement was observed, but this was not thoroughly discussed in the manuscript. 4. Writing and Presentation The manuscript is generally clear and well-structured. Tables are informative, but some titles are repetitive or potentially confusing (e.g., Table 4–5). Minor English language and grammar refinements are recommended to improve readability. 5. Recommendations Expand the discussion regarding cervical muscle pain and its limited improvement. Explicitly acknowledge the absence of Axis II evaluation as a limitation. Clarify that the gender-related findings may have been affected by the limited female sample size. Strengthen the discussion with more recent systematic reviews (2023–2025) to place findings in a broader context. Emphasize more clearly the clinical implications for prosthodontists (e.g., early denture provision, routine TMD screening). 6. Editorial Recommendation Minor Revision. The study is well-conducted and clinically valuable. With some clarifications in the discussion and minor improvements in table presentation and language, it can be suitable for indexing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise 3D Printing and Biomaterials,Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,Craniofacial Imaging and Analysis,Dental and Facial Proportion Studies I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Abay F. Peer Review Report For: Evaluation of the prevalence Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in completely Edentulous Syrian Patients Before and after the Delivery of New Complete Dentures: A Clinical Study [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :706 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183428.r413700) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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