The effects of a diet supplemented with zinc and vitamin A on production performance, immune response, blood biochemical markers, and carcass characteristics in growing Japanese quails

The effects of a diet supplemented with zinc and vitamin A on production performance, immune response, blood biochemical markers, and carcass characteristics in growing Japanese quails | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The effects of a diet supplemented with zinc and vitamin A on production performance, immune response, blood biochemical markers, and carcass characteristics in growing Japanese quails Chandra Deo, Avishek Biswas, Divya Sharma, Ashok Kumar Tiwari This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6468246/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A study was conducted to assess the efficacy of varying dietary levels of zinc and vitamin-A on performance, immune response, carcass traits, and blood biochemical parameters of growing Japanese quails. The feeding trial lasted six weeks (0–6 wks) and utilized a 2×4 factorial design, incorporating two zinc levels (40 and 80 mg/kg) and four vitamin A levels (1600, 3200, 4800, and 6400 IU/kg). A total of 288-day-old Japanese quail chicks were assigned to eight treatment groups, each with four replicates containing nine chicks. The findings revealed that the group receiving a diet with 1600 IU/kg of vitamin A exhibited significantly (P ≤ 0.01) lower body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratios compared to those on higher vitamin A levels during both the 0–5 and 0-6-week periods. However, feed intake did not show significant (P ≥ 0.05) variation across different vitamin A levels during these periods. Additionally, the group on the 1600 IU/kg vitamin A diet had significantly lower live weight (P ≤ 0.01), dressed weight (P ≤ 0.01), and eviscerated weight (P ≤ 0.05) compared to those on higher vitamin A diets. Moreover, feather loss was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.01) at the 4800 and 6400 IU/kg vitamin A levels compared to the lower levels. The diet containing 80 mg Zn/kg resulted in significantly higher feather loss (P ≤ 0.05), dressed weight (P ≤ 0.01), and eviscerated weight (P ≤ 0.01) than the 40 mg Zn/kg diet. Organ weights were not significantly affected by either the main effects or the interaction between zinc and vitamin A levels. Notably, a significantly higher spleen weight relative to body weight was observed at the 80 mg Zn/kg level compared to the 40 mg Zn/kg diet. Significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher spleen weight in relation to body weight was observed at 80 mg Zn/kg than that recorded at 40mg Zn/kg diet. Significantly lower humoral immunity HA titre to SRBC (P ≤ 0.01), cellular immunity foot pad index to PHAP (P ≤ 0.05) and spleen weight (P ≤ 0.05) in relation to body weight were observed at 1600 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded at higher levels of vitamin A in the diets. Serum levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, and phosphorus were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) at a zinc intake of 80 mg/kg compared to those at 40 mg/kg. Conversely, at a vitamin A level of 1600 IU/kg, serum total protein, globulin, and phosphorus were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.01) than at higher vitamin A concentrations. Additionally, albumin levels were significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.01) at 4800 IU/kg of vitamin A compared to other vitamin A levels. A significant decrease (P ≤ 0.01) in glucose was noted at 3200 IU/kg of vitamin A compared to 1600 IU/kg, while glucose levels at 4800 and 6400 IU/kg were intermediate. Cholesterol levels were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) at 3200 IU/kg of vitamin A compared to 6400 IU/kg, with values at 1600 and 4800 IU/kg being intermediate. The findings suggest that a dietary combination of 80 mg of zinc and 3200 IU/kg of vitamin A is optimal for promoting growth, enhancing carcass yield, improving immune response, and positively influencing serum biochemical parameters in growing quails. Zinc vitamin-A Performance Immunity Carcass traits Growing quail Introduction Vitamin A is a crucial fat-soluble vitamin necessary for various physiological functions, including growth, feed efficiency, vision, skin health, bone development, reproduction, and disease resistance. Initial symptoms of vitamin A deficiency may include reduced appetite, slower growth rates, overall weakness, unsteady movement, disheveled feathers, and lower egg production and hatchability. Affected birds are also more prone to infections. Dietary supplementation of 4000 IU/kg of vitamin A may be sufficient for optimal growth, production, and reproductive success in Japanese quails [ 1 ]. The NRC [ 2 ] recommended a dietary intake of 1650 IU/kg of vitamin A for Japanese quails aged 0–5 weeks to achieve optimal growth performance. In contrast, ICAR [ 3 ] proposed a requirement of 2500 IU/kg during the same age range for optimal growth. Similarly, zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element vital for growth, bone and feather development, as well as enzyme structure and function in birds [ 4 ]. The NRC [ 2 ] indicated that Japanese quails require 25 mg of Zn/kg of diet during the first five weeks for optimal growth. Whereas, ICAR [ 3 ] recommended 60 mg Zn/kg for quails aged 0–3 weeks and 50 mg Zn/kg for those aged 4–5 weeks. The ideal Zn levels for weight gain in Japanese quails were 90 mg/kg for birds aged 10–20 days, 70 mg/kg for those aged 20–30 days, and 59 mg/kg for birds aged 30–40 days [ 5 ]. There is limited information regarding the dietary requirements for vitamin A and zinc in growing Japanese quails, as well as their interactions. Consequently, this study was conducted to assess the effects of varying dietary zinc levels and supplemental vitamin A on growth, immune response, carcass quality, and blood biochemical parameters in growing quails. Materials and methods Ethics statement The Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) (24 August 2021/project 16) approved the experimental procedure used in the study in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee for the purpose of control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) 2012, which was established in accordance with the Indian penal Code’s “prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960.” Supplementation Zinc sulphate and vitamin A were procured from M/s Medsign Biotech Pvt. Ltd. in Rohini, Delhi. Both Zn and Vitamin A sources are certified genetically safe as it does not contain any putative virulence factors, antibiotic resistant genes, and plasmid. Experimental design, population, and diets Day-old growing broiler quails (n = 288) were distributed at random on the basis of initial body weight in 32 groups of 9 chicks each reared in battery pens. Eight dietary treatments comprising two dietary Zn levels (40 and 80mg/kg) each with four levels of supplemental vitamin A (1600, 3200, 4800 and 6400 IU/kg) in a factorial design 2 x 4 was conducted during (0–6 wks) of age. Each of such diet was offered ad libitum as mash to four replicated groups of 9 growing quails. The crude protein, total phosphorus [ 6 ], calcium [ 7 ] and Zn content [ 6 ] using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian Spectra 220 Model) of test diets were estimated. The ingredients and chemical composition of basal diets for growing quails are presented in (Table-1). Performance Weekly body weight and feed intake were recorded and feed conversion ratio (unit feed intake/unit body weight gain) was calculated. The mortality of birds was recorded as and when it occurred, weighed and sent for post mortem examination. Immune response The cell mediated immune (CMI) response (foot web index to Phytohaemagglutinin, lectin from Phaseaolus vulgaris-PHAP) and humoral immune response (haemagglutination-HA titre to sheep red blood corpuscles-SRBC) were studies at 28th and 35th day of age following the methods suggested by Courier and Deloach [ 8 ] and Siegal and Gross [ 9 ] respectively. Carcass traits and biochemical markers At the end of feeding trial, eight birds from each dietary treatment (2 birds / replicate) were sacrificed for the collection of blood samples and evaluation of carcass yield and organ weights. The various carcass quality parameters were evaluated as per standard procedure. The serum total protein [ 10 ], glucose [ 11 ], serum cholesterol [ 12 ], serum alkaline phosphatase [ 13 ], serum phosphorus [ 14 ] and serum calcium [ 15 ] methods were followed for estimation. Statistical Analyses The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed statistically by the methods of Snedecor and Cochran [ 16 ]. The significant mean differences were tested as per Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) described by Duncan [ 17 ]. Results Growth Performance Body weight, gain in body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of growing quails did not differed significantly (P ≥ 0.05) due to interaction between zinc and vitamin A levels and between Zn levels in the diet during 0–5 and 0–6 weeks of age (Table-2). Significantly (P ≤ 0.01) lower body weight, gain in body weight and poor feed conversion ratio were observed in group fed diet with 1600 IU/kg vitamin A than those observed in other higher levels of vitamin A during 0–5 and 0–6 weeks of age. However, feed intake did not differed significantly due to vitamin A levels in the diet during 0–5 and 0–6 weeks of age. Immune response Effect of feeding different levels of Zinc and supplemental vitamin A on immune parameters of growing quails are presented in Table-5. Various immune parameters such as cellular and humoral immunity, immune organs (liver, bursa and thymus) did not differ significantly due to interaction between Zn and vitamin A levels in the diet and between Zn levels in the diet except spleen weight. Significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher spleen weight in relation to body weight was observed at 80 mg Zn/kg than that recorded at 40mg Zn/kg diet. Significantly lower humoral immunity HA titre to SRBC (P ≤ 0.01), cellular immunity foot pad index to PHAP (P ≤ 0.05) and spleen weight (P ≤ 0.05) in relation to body weight were observed at 1600 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded at higher levels of vitamin A in the diets. Biochemical markers and carcass traits Various serum biochemical parameters as influenced by feeding different levels of zinc and supplemental vitamin A of growing quails are presented in Table-6. Various serum biochemical parameters such as total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus and calcium did not differed significantly due to interaction between zinc and vitamin A levels in the diets. Significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol and serum phosphorus were recorded at 80 mg Zn/kg than that recorded at 40 mg Zn/kg diet. However, serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium did not changed significantly due to zinc levels in the diet. Significantly (P ≤ 0.01) lower serum total protein, globulin and phosphorus were observed at 1600 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded at higher levels of vitamin A in the diets. Significantly (P ≤ 0.01) lower albumin was recorded at 4800 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded at other levels of vitamin A in the diets. Significantly (P ≤ 0.0) lower value of glucose was observed at 3200 IU/kg vitamin A than that recorded at 1600IU/kg vitamin A in the diet. However, glucose values noticed at 4800 and 6400 IU/kg vitamin A were found intermediary. Significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower value of cholesterol was recorded at 3200 IU/kg vitamin A than that recorded at 6400 IU/kg vitamin A in the diet. However, cholesterol values observed at 1600 and 4800 IU/kg vitamin A were found intermediary. Serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium did not differ significantly (P ≥ 0.01), due to different levels of vitamin A levels in the diets. Various carcass traits of growing quails fed variable Zn and vitamin A level were presented in Table-3. Significantly lower live weight (P ≤ 0.01), dressed weight (P ≤ 0.01) and eviscerated weight (P ≤ 0.05) were observed in group fed diet with 1600 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded in other higher levels of vitamin A in the diets. Significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher feather loss was recorded at 4800 and 6400 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded at lower levels of vitamin A in the diets. Significantly higher feather loss (P ≤ 0.05), dressed weight (P ≤ 0.01) and eviscerated weight (P ≤ 0.01) were noticed at 80 mg Zn/kg diet than that observed at 40 mg Zn/kg diet. However, other parameters did not differ significantly either main effect or interaction between Zn and vitamin A levels in the diets. Various organ weight percent of body weight also did not varied significantly either main effect or interaction between Zn and vitamin A levels in the diets (Table-4). In the present finding higher live weight, dressed weight and eviscerated weight were noticed with 3200, 4800 and 6400 IU/kg vitamin A than 1600 IU/kg vitamin A in the diets. Discussion The range of recommendation for vitamin A requirement in broiler diet is very large from 1500 IU/kg diet [ 2 ] to ten times of NRC recommendation by some feed manufacturers [ 18 ]. Similarly, vitamin A requirement for quail diet varied from 1650 IU/kg [ 3 ] to 4000 IU/kg diet [(Shim and Vohra, 1984). In the present results further improvement were not seen in body weight, gain in body weight and feed conversion efficiency with above 3200 IU/kg vitamin A during 0–5 and 0-6weeks of age. Present results get support from earlier observation reported by Akanbi and Kabir [ 19 ] who cited in their review that the hatchability and survivability of newly- hatched chicks were better performed with 3200 IU vitamin A/kg diet. Similarly, for egg production and fertility of females, a level of 300 IU Vitamin E/kg diet was required [ 20 ]. The present results are accordance with those reported by earlier workers Ogunwole et al., [ 21 ] who reported that birds with higher pre-slaughter weight were expected to produce higher bled weights. In contrary to present finding, Mir at al., [ 22 ] who has reported that supplementing broiler feeds with inorganic Zn at levels exceeding NRC recommendations did not alter carcass weight after processing at 49 days, percentage abdominal fat of the chilled carcass or carcass yield. Incidence of carcass defects associated with handling and processing indicating limited advantage to Zn fortification above established requirement. Present results get strength from the previous findings of Shojadoost et al. [ 23 ] who reported that both humoral and cellular immune responses were modulated by level of vitamin A in diet, and suggested that vitamin A deficient chicken develop T helper (Th 2 ) immune response, whereas chicken fed highly enriched vitamin A diet showed a Th 1 immune response. Similarly, Allen and Fetterer [24) reported that increased production of antibodies and phagocytosis with high vitamin A levels. Similarly, Guo et al. [ 25 ] reported that infection resisting vitamin A is very essential for development of bursa of fabricius, thymus and immunity in chicks. It is obvious for the fact that when general body weight is improved relatively the weight of body organs is improved. However, no detrimental effect on these special organs was noted in terms of weight, morphology and functions with excess level of vitamin A. Vitamin A should be supplemented to poultry diets to compensate for alterations in the vitamin levels of feed ingredients, oxidation loss and that demand due to consumption, stress, genotype and management Elsherif [ 26 ]. Zinc participates in the absorption, mobilization, transport and metabolism of various micronutrients including vitamin A, most likely through its involvement in protein synthesis and cellular enzyme functions. There is also evidence that vitamin A affects zinc absorption and utilization. Thus, fluctuation in the status of one or both micronutrients may reasonably be expected to alter the metabolism of the other, with functional consequences on the health of the individual. Present results get support from earlier observation of Mir et al. [ 27 ] who also observed a non-significant effect on serum cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium and phosphorus due to interaction between zinc and vitamin A levels in the diet of broiler chickens Whereas, in contrary to present finding Mir et al. [ 27 ] reported that alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly influence with dietary levels of zinc, vitamin A and their interaction and reach a peak with dietary level of zinc 60 mg/kg with vitamin A level 6000IU/kg diet of broiler chickens. Similarly, Zhan et al. [ 28 ] (2006) who also observed significant differences in ALP activity due to different dietary zinc and vitamin A levels and their interaction. Conclusions The findings of the present study indicated that a diet combination of 80 mg zinc and 3200 IU/kg vitamin A was optimal for growth performances, immunological response ,carcass yield, and serum biochemical markers in developing Japanese quails. Declarations Acknowledgements: Authors acknowledge Director, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (UP) for providing necessary facilities to conducting this study. Author Contribution: CD conceptualized the study and drafted the text; AB, CD and DS conducted the animal experiment and laboratory analysis; AB and AKT performed the data analysis and final drafting. Funding This work was supported by the ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India. Data Availability The corresponding author had access to all raw and analyzed data, which will disclose upon request. Ethics Approval: The care and use of experimental animals were conducted in accordance with all institutional and national norms. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests. References Khan RU., Khan A., Naz S., Ullah Q., Puvaca N., Laudadio V., Mazzei D., Seidavi,A., Ayasan T., Tufarelli V. (2023). Pros and cons of dietary vitamin a and its precursors in poultry health and production: A Comprehensive Review. Antioxidants (Basel); 12(5):1131-1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051131 National Research Council (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (9th Rev. Edn.). National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 20418. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. (2013). Nutrients requirements of poultry, Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi. Sahin K., Sahin N, Kucuk O., Hayirli A., Prasad AS (2009). Role of dietary zinc in heat-stressed poultry: A review. Poult Sci 88(10):2176-2183. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00560 Abbasi M., Daster B., Afzali N., Shams Shargh, M., Hashemi SR. (2017). Zinc requirements of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) by assessing dose- evaluating response of zinc oxide nano-particle supplementation. Poult Sci J 5(2)131-142. https://doi.org/ 10.22069/ psj.2017.13227.1262 Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990). Official method of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, (1990). Talapatra SK., Ray SC. and Sen, K. C. (1940) Estimation of phosphorus, choline, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in feeding stuffs. J Vet Sci Anim. Husbandry 10:243-245. Corrier DE., Deloach JR. (1990). Evaluation of cell mediated, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens by an inter digital skin test. Poult Sci 69(3): 403-408. Siegel PB., Gross,WB. (1980). Production and persistence of antibodies to sheep erythrocytes. 1. Directional selection. Poult Sci 59:1-5 Daumas RA. (1976). Variations of particulate proteins and dissolved amino acids in coastal seawater. Mar Chem 4(3):225-242. Barham D., Trinder P. (1972). An improved colour reagent for the determination of blood glucose by the oxidase system. Analyst 97(151):142-145. 12. Wybenga DR., Pileggi VJ., Dirstine H., Giorgio JD. (1970). Direct manual determination of seum total choleserolwith a single stable reagent. Clin Chem 16:980-984. 13. Kind PRN., King EJ. (1954). Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolysed phenol with amino-antipyrine. J Clin Path 7:322-324. 14. Morin LG., Prox J. (1973). Clinical Chemistry Acta., 46:113 (c.f. Phosphorus Kit, Product No. 71101, Qualigens Fine Chemicals, Mumbai-400 025). Baginski ES., Marie SS., Zak B. (1973). Direct micro determination of serum calcium. Clin Chem. Acta 46(1): 49-54 Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. (1989). Statistical Methods. 8th edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa- 50010 (Reprinted in 1994. East-West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi). Duncan DB. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F- test. Biometrics 11: 1-42. 18. BASF. (1994). Vitamin supplementation rates for U.S. Commercial Poultry, Swine and Dairy Cattle . BASF Keeping Current KC 9305. BASF Corporation, Parsippany, New Jersey. Akanbi OM., Kabir M. (2019). Nutrients requirement and management of quails ( Coturnix coturnix Japonika ): A review. Agric Rev 40:534-553. 20. Biswas A., Mohan J., Sastry KVH. (2010). Effect of vitamin E on production performance and egg quality traits in Indian native Kadaknath hen. Asian Austra J Anim Sci 23(3):396-400. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.90050 Ogunwole OA., Kolade EO., Taiwo BA. (2012). Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers Fed Five Different Commercial Vitamin-Mineral Premixes in Ibadan, Nigeria. International J Poult Sci 11 2): 120-124. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2012.120.124 Mir NA., Deo C., Mandal AB., Tyagi PK., Rashid A., Sharma D. (2013). Response of dietary zinc and vitamin A levels on growth, immune response and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Indian J Poult Sci 48(3):291-296. Shojadoost B., Yitbarek A., Alizadeh M., Kulkarni RR., Astill J., Boodhoo N., Sharif S. (2021). Effects of vitamins A, D, E, and C on the chicken immune system. Poult Sci 100:100930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.027 Allen PC., Fetterer RH. (2002).Effects of dietary vitamin e on chickens infected with eimeria maxima: observations over time of primary infection. Avian Diseases, 46(4): 839-846. Guo S., He L., Zhang Y., Niu J., Li C., Zhang Z., Li P., Ding B. (2023). Effects of vitamin A on immune responses and vitamin a metabolism in broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis. Life 13:1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13051122 Elsherif HMR. (2017). Impact of vitamin a supplementation before and during early egg production on laying hen performance. Egyptian Poult Sci J 37(4):1203-1215. Mir NA., Deo C., Mandal AB., Tyagi PK., Giri AK. (2015). Response of dietary zinc and vitamin A levels on growth, immune response and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Indian J Poult Sci 50 (3)272-275. Zhang C., Zhn W., Guan X., Song J. (2006). Effect of interaction between dietary zinc and vitamin A in broilers on performance, immunity, ALP and CuZn-SOI activity and serum insulin concentration. World J Zool 1 (1):17-23 Tables Table-1 Ingredients and chemical composition of basal diet for growing quails (0-6wks) of age Ingredients % Maize 52.120 Soybean meal 40.000 Lime stone powder 1.000 Di-calcium phosphate 1.800 Oil 1.235 Salt 0.300 DL-Methionine 0.100 Lysine 0.100 Trace Min.Premix* 0.100 Vitamin Premix** 0.100 Vitamin-B-complex 0.015 Choline Chlorides 0.030 Toxin binder 0.050 Nutrients composition analyzed (%) Crude Protein 24.16 Calcium 1.06 Total Phosphorus 0.62 Zinc (mg/kg) 30 Nutrients composition calculated (%) ME (kcal/kg) 2900 Available Phosphorus 0.46 Lysine 1.35 Methionine 0.49 *Trace mineral premix supplied mg/kg diet: Fe: 56; Cu: 7; Mn: 60; I+0.4; Zn: Variable **Vitamin premix supplied per kg diet: Vit. D3-1200 IU, Vit-K-1mg, Vit.E-40 IU, Vit.B1-2 mg, Vit. B 2 : 4mg, Vit.B 12 :10 mcg, Niacin: 6mg, Pantothenic acid: 10mg, Choline chlorides: 300mg, Vitamin A:Variable Table 2 Growth performance of growing quails fed different levels of zinc and vitamin A Zn (mg/kg) Vit.A (IU/kg) BW (g) 5 th wk (g) BWG(g) 0-5 wk FI (g) 0-5 wk FCR 0-5wk BW(g) 6 th wk BWG (g) 0-6wks FI (g) 0-6 wk FCR 0-6wks Interaction effect (Zn x Vit. A) 40 1600 152 144 500 3.46 177 169 680 4.02 3200 162 155 476 3.08 190 182 638 3.51 4800 160 153 485 3.18 183 175 651 3.72 6400 136 156 510 3.27 191 183 693 3.79 80 1600 149 142 476 3.37 177 169 658 3.89 3200 159 152 491 3.22 184 176 666 3.79 4800 161 154 478 3.10 188 180 646 3.58 6400 158 151 478 3.17 186 178 651 3.66 SEM - 1.04 1.04 4.426 0.028 1.35 1.35 6.649 0.037 Main effect-Between Zn levels 40 160 152 493 3.25 185 177 666 3.76 80 157 150 481 3.22 184 176 655 3.73 Between Vit. A Levels 1600 151 a 143 a 488 3.41 a 177 a 169 a 669 3.96 a 3200 161 b 153 b 483 3.15 b 187 a 179 b 653 3.65 b 4800 161 b 153 b 481 3.14 b 185 b 178 b 649 3.65 b 6400 161 b 153 b 494 3.22 b 188 b 181 b 672 3.72 b Probabilities interaction Zn Vit. A Interaction NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Zinc levels NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Vitamin A levels P≤0.01 P≤0.01 NS P≤0.01 P≤0.01 P≤0.01 NS P≤0.01 Value bearing different superscript within a column differ significantly P≤0.05, P≤0.01, NS: Non significant Table 3: Carcass traits of growing quails fed different levels of zinc and vitamin A Zn (mg/kg) Vit. A (IU/kg) Live Wt. (g) Shrinkage Loss (%) Blood Loss (%) Feather Loss (%) Dressing (%) Evisceration (%) Interaction effect (Zn X Vit.A) 40 1600 182.75 4.84 1.70 5.33 70.20 62.83 3200 196.63 4.14 1.74 5.17 72.28 67.23 4800 193.87 5.79 1.78 5.58 69.43 68.79 6400 202.67 4.93 1.82 7.57 69.77 64.84 80 1600 180.87 3.57 1.80 5.45 71.05 63.48 3200 197.87 5.86 1.70 6.00 75.51 70.94 4800 195.63 5.85 1.84 6.18 75.40 70.86 6400 197.38 4.86 1.35 6.41 74.53 70.15 Pooled SEM 1.98 0.278 0.062 0.223 0.542 0.687 Main effect Between Zn levels 40 193.97 4.93 1.69 5.91 a 70.43 a 65.92 a 80 192.94 5.03 1.74 6.01 b 74.12 b 68.85 b Between Vitamin A levels 1600 181.81 a 4.20 1.76 5.39 a 70.76 a 63.15 a 3200 197.25 b 5.00 1.72 5.59 a 73.89 b 69.08 b 4800 194.75 b 5.82 1.81 5.88 b 72.42 b 69.83 b 6400 200.00 b 4.89 1.75 6.98 b 72.15 b 67.49 b Probabilities Interaction NS NS NS NS NS NS Zn levels NS NS NS P≤0.05 P≤0.01 P≤0.05 Vitamin A levels P≤0.01 NS NS P≤0.05 P≤0.01 P≤0.05 Value bearing different superscript within a column differ significantly P≤0.05, P≤0.01, NS: Non-significant Table 4: Organs weight of growing quails fed different levels of zinc and vitamin A Zn (mg/kg) Vit. A (IU/kg) Giblet (%) Heart (%) Liver (%) Gizzard (%) Interaction effect (Zn x Vit.A) 40 1600 4.45 0.75 1.92 1.61 3200 4.83 0.80 2.32 1.71 4800 4.69 0.84 2.07 1.77 6400 4.84 0.76 2.38 1.70 80 1600 4.44 0.74 1.89 1.67 3200 5.22 0.82 2.32 1.85 4800 4.49 0.89 1.94 1.67 6400 4.39 0.89 1.87 1.64 SEM 0.104 0.023 0.076 0.076 Main effect- Between Zn levels 40 4.70 0.78 2.18 1.70 80 4.64 0.84 2.01 1.70 Between Vit. A Levels 1600 4.45 0.74 1.91 1.64 3200 5.03 0.82 2.32 1.78 4800 4.59 0.86 2.01 1.72 6400 4.62 0.83 2.13 1.67 Probabilities Interaction NS NS NS NS Zinc levels NS NS NS NS Vitamin A levels NS NS NS NS Value bearing different superscript within a column differ significantly P≤0.05, P≤0.01, NS: Non significant Table 5: Immune Parameters of growing quails fed different levels of zinc and vitamin A Zn Mg/kg Vit.A IU/kg FWI (mm) HA titre to SRBC (log 2 ) Immune organ weight (% live weight) Liver Bursa Spleen Interaction effect (Zn x Vit.A) 40 1600 0.136 4.50 1.93 0.075 0.057 3200 0.163 6.25 2.32 0.089 0.069 4800 0.165 6.13 2.07 0.082 0.068 6400 0.167 5.88 2.38 0.079 0.061 80 1600 0.126 5.53 1.89 0.085 0.058 3200 0.168 6.13 2.32 0.083 0.098 4800 0.171 6.25 1.94 0.102 0.079 6400 0.166 6.13 1.87 0.099 0.085 SEM 0.005 0.149 0.076 0.004 0.003 Main effect- Between Zn levels 40 0.158 5.688 2.17 0.081 0.064 a 80 0.158 6.000 2.01 0.092 0.080 b Between Vit. A Levels 1600 0.131 a 5.00 a 1.91 0.079 0.057 a 3200 0.165 b 6.18 b 2.32 0.086 0.083 b 4800 0.168 b 6.18 b 2.01 0.092 0.074 b 6400 0.167 b 6.00 b 2.13 0.089 0.073 b Probabilities Interaction NS NS NS NS NS Zinc levels NS NS NS NS P≤0.05 Vitamin A levels P≤0.05 P≤0.01 NS NS P≤0.01 Value bearing different superscript within a column differ significantly P≤0.05, P≤0.01, NS: Non- significant Table 6: Blood biochemical parameters of growing quail fed different levels of zinc and vitamin A Zn (mg/kg) Vit.A (IU/kg Blood biochemical parameters Total protein (g/dl) Albumin (g/dl) Globulin (g/dl) Glucose (mg/dl) Cholesterol (mg/dl) ALP (IU/l) P (mg/dl) Ca (mg/dl) Interaction effect (Zn x Vit.A) 40 1600 5.55 3.95 1.59 2.57.91 180.23 2.93 3.13 8.33 3200 6.17 3.88 2.29 223.57 148.18 2.77 3.91 8.59 4800 7.07 3.44 3.63 243.19 202.96 2.30 4.33 8.97 6400 8.16 3.98 4.19 237.49 200.91 1.92 4.51 8.40 80 1600 9.56 4.31 5.25 238.29 273.41 3.22 3.40 8.25 3200 10.59 4.19 6.40 271.52 263.41 1.48 4.70 8.74 4800 10.55 4.21 6.312 288.93 281.36 2.70 4.80 8.69 6400 11.69 4.42 7.28 291.45 322.73 2.41 4.97 9.10 SEM 0.231 0.05 0.28 7.29 9.08 0.19 0.07 0.45 Main effect-Between Zn levels 40 6.74 a 3.81 a 2.93 a 240.54 a 183.07 a 2.48 3.97 a 8.57 80 10.59 b 4.29 b 6.31 b 297.54 b 285.22 b 2.45 4.46 b 8.69 Between Vit. A Levels 1600 7.55 a 4.13 b 3.42 a 298.10 b 226.82 ab 3.07 3.26 a 8.29 3200 8.38 ab 4.03a b 4.34 b 247.55 a 205.79 a 2.13 4.30 b 8.66 4800 8.81 b 3.83 a 4.97 bc 266.06 ab 242.16 ab 2.50 4.45 c 8.83 6400 9.93 c 4.20 b 5.73 c 264.48 ab 261.82 b 2.16 4.74 d 8.75 Probabilities Interaction NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Zn levels P≤0.01 P≤0.01 P≤0.01 P≤0.01 P≤0.01 NS P≤0.01 NS Vit. A levels P≤0.01 P≤0.05 P≤0.01 P≤0.01 P≤0.05 NS P≤0.01 NS Value bearing different superscript within a column differ significantly P≤0.05, P≤0.01, NS: Non-significant Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6468246","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":445237282,"identity":"aaa4420d-074c-49be-9d3c-0486f9852a61","order_by":0,"name":"Chandra Deo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chandra","middleName":"","lastName":"Deo","suffix":""},{"id":445237283,"identity":"19aaa735-4277-4354-8b38-5911b74eda27","order_by":1,"name":"Avishek Biswas","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Avishek","middleName":"","lastName":"Biswas","suffix":""},{"id":445237284,"identity":"638e1357-4b45-44fe-ab64-c28c3c4de09e","order_by":2,"name":"Divya Sharma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Divya","middleName":"","lastName":"Sharma","suffix":""},{"id":445237285,"identity":"abf91c93-375b-4a4e-b0a5-d2d892d61bca","order_by":3,"name":"Ashok Kumar Tiwari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashok","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Tiwari","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-17 05:38:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6468246/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6468246/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81586825,"identity":"5dbdacb4-c80c-4c33-b9c0-0eb638bd18e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-28 21:16:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1015193,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6468246/v1/4b667f4a-29c0-429a-9b98-4cd5f06d2fb9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The effects of a diet supplemented with zinc and vitamin A on production performance, immune response, blood biochemical markers, and carcass characteristics in growing Japanese quails","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eVitamin A is a crucial fat-soluble vitamin necessary for various physiological functions, including growth, feed efficiency, vision, skin health, bone development, reproduction, and disease resistance. Initial symptoms of vitamin A deficiency may include reduced appetite, slower growth rates, overall weakness, unsteady movement, disheveled feathers, and lower egg production and hatchability. Affected birds are also more prone to infections. Dietary supplementation of 4000 IU/kg of vitamin A may be sufficient for optimal growth, production, and reproductive success in Japanese quails [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The NRC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] recommended a dietary intake of 1650 IU/kg of vitamin A for Japanese quails aged 0\u0026ndash;5 weeks to achieve optimal growth performance. In contrast, ICAR [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] proposed a requirement of 2500 IU/kg during the same age range for optimal growth. Similarly, zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element vital for growth, bone and feather development, as well as enzyme structure and function in birds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The NRC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] indicated that Japanese quails require 25 mg of Zn/kg of diet during the first five weeks for optimal growth. Whereas, ICAR [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] recommended 60 mg Zn/kg for quails aged 0\u0026ndash;3 weeks and 50 mg Zn/kg for those aged 4\u0026ndash;5 weeks. The ideal Zn levels for weight gain in Japanese quails were 90 mg/kg for birds aged 10\u0026ndash;20 days, 70 mg/kg for those aged 20\u0026ndash;30 days, and 59 mg/kg for birds aged 30\u0026ndash;40 days [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. There is limited information regarding the dietary requirements for vitamin A and zinc in growing Japanese quails, as well as their interactions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsequently, this study was conducted to assess the effects of varying dietary zinc levels and supplemental vitamin A on growth, immune response, carcass quality, and blood biochemical parameters in growing quails.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) (24 August 2021/project 16) approved the experimental procedure used in the study in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee for the purpose of control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) 2012, which was established in accordance with the Indian penal Code\u0026rsquo;s \u0026ldquo;prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSupplementation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZinc sulphate and vitamin A were procured from M/s Medsign Biotech Pvt. Ltd. in Rohini, Delhi. Both Zn and Vitamin A sources are certified genetically safe as it does not contain any putative virulence factors, antibiotic resistant genes, and plasmid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental design, population, and diets\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDay-old growing broiler quails (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;288) were distributed at random on the basis of initial body weight in 32 groups of 9 chicks each reared in battery pens. Eight dietary treatments comprising two dietary Zn levels (40 and 80mg/kg) each with four levels of supplemental vitamin A (1600, 3200, 4800 and 6400 IU/kg) in a factorial design 2 x 4 was conducted during (0\u0026ndash;6 wks) of age. Each of such diet was offered \u003cem\u003ead libitum\u003c/em\u003e as mash to four replicated groups of 9 growing quails. The crude protein, total phosphorus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], calcium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] and Zn content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian Spectra 220 Model) of test diets were estimated. The ingredients and chemical composition of basal diets for growing quails are presented in (Table-1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePerformance\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeekly body weight and feed intake were recorded and feed conversion ratio (unit feed intake/unit body weight gain) was calculated. The mortality of birds was recorded as and when it occurred, weighed and sent for post mortem examination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eImmune response\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cell mediated immune (CMI) response (foot web index to Phytohaemagglutinin, lectin from Phaseaolus vulgaris-PHAP) and humoral immune response (haemagglutination-HA titre to sheep red blood corpuscles-SRBC) were studies at 28th and 35th day of age following the methods suggested by Courier and Deloach [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] and Siegal and Gross [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCarcass traits and biochemical markers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the end of feeding trial, eight birds from each dietary treatment (2 birds / replicate) were sacrificed for the collection of blood samples and evaluation of carcass yield and organ weights. The various carcass quality parameters were evaluated as per standard procedure. The serum total protein [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], glucose [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], serum cholesterol [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], serum alkaline phosphatase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], serum phosphorus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] and serum calcium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] methods were followed for estimation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical Analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data obtained from the experiment were analyzed statistically by the methods of Snedecor and Cochran [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The significant mean differences were tested as per Duncan\u0026rsquo;s multiple range test (DMRT) described by Duncan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrowth Performance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody weight, gain in body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of growing quails did not differed significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.05) due to interaction between zinc and vitamin A levels and between Zn levels in the diet during 0\u0026ndash;5 and 0\u0026ndash;6 weeks of age (Table-2). Significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) lower body weight, gain in body weight and poor feed conversion ratio were observed in group fed diet with 1600 IU/kg vitamin A than those observed in other higher levels of vitamin A during 0\u0026ndash;5 and 0\u0026ndash;6 weeks of age. However, feed intake did not differed significantly due to vitamin A levels in the diet during 0\u0026ndash;5 and 0\u0026ndash;6 weeks of age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImmune response\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of feeding different levels of Zinc and supplemental vitamin A on immune parameters of growing quails are presented in Table-5. Various immune parameters such as cellular and humoral immunity, immune organs (liver, bursa and thymus) did not differ significantly due to interaction between Zn and vitamin A levels in the diet and between Zn levels in the diet except spleen weight. Significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) higher spleen weight in relation to body weight was observed at 80 mg Zn/kg than that recorded at 40mg Zn/kg diet. Significantly lower humoral immunity HA titre to SRBC (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01), cellular immunity foot pad index to PHAP (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and spleen weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in relation to body weight were observed at 1600 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded at higher levels of vitamin A in the diets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiochemical markers and carcass traits\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious serum biochemical parameters as influenced by feeding different levels of zinc and supplemental vitamin A of growing quails are presented in Table-6. Various serum biochemical parameters such as total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus and calcium did not differed significantly due to interaction between zinc and vitamin A levels in the diets. Significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) higher serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol and serum phosphorus were recorded at 80 mg Zn/kg than that recorded at 40 mg Zn/kg diet. However, serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium did not changed significantly due to zinc levels in the diet. Significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) lower serum total protein, globulin and phosphorus were observed at 1600 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded at higher levels of vitamin A in the diets. Significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) lower albumin was recorded at 4800 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded at other levels of vitamin A in the diets. Significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.0) lower value of glucose was observed at 3200 IU/kg vitamin A than that recorded at 1600IU/kg vitamin A in the diet. However, glucose values noticed at 4800 and 6400 IU/kg vitamin A were found intermediary. Significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) lower value of cholesterol was recorded at 3200 IU/kg vitamin A than that recorded at 6400 IU/kg vitamin A in the diet. However, cholesterol values observed at 1600 and 4800 IU/kg vitamin A were found intermediary. Serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium did not differ significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.01), due to different levels of vitamin A levels in the diets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious carcass traits of growing quails fed variable Zn and vitamin A level were presented in Table-3. Significantly lower live weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01), dressed weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and eviscerated weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were observed in group fed diet with 1600 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded in other higher levels of vitamin A in the diets. Significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) higher feather loss was recorded at 4800 and 6400 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded at lower levels of vitamin A in the diets. Significantly higher feather loss (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05), dressed weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and eviscerated weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) were noticed at 80 mg Zn/kg diet than that observed at 40 mg Zn/kg diet. However, other parameters did not differ significantly either main effect or interaction between Zn and vitamin A levels in the diets. Various organ weight percent of body weight also did not varied significantly either main effect or interaction between Zn and vitamin A levels in the diets (Table-4). In the present finding higher live weight, dressed weight and eviscerated weight were noticed with 3200, 4800 and 6400 IU/kg vitamin A than 1600 IU/kg vitamin A in the diets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe range of recommendation for vitamin A requirement in broiler diet is very large from 1500 IU/kg diet [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] to ten times of NRC recommendation by some feed manufacturers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, vitamin A requirement for quail diet varied from 1650 IU/kg [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] to 4000 IU/kg diet [(Shim and Vohra, 1984). In the present results further improvement were not seen in body weight, gain in body weight and feed conversion efficiency with above 3200 IU/kg vitamin A during 0\u0026ndash;5 and 0-6weeks of age. Present results get support from earlier observation reported by Akanbi and Kabir [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] who cited in their review that the hatchability and survivability of newly- hatched chicks were better performed with 3200 IU vitamin A/kg diet. Similarly, for egg production and fertility of females, a level of 300 IU Vitamin E/kg diet was required [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present results are accordance with those reported by earlier workers Ogunwole et al., [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] who reported that birds with higher pre-slaughter weight were expected to produce higher bled weights. In contrary to present finding, Mir at al., [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] who has reported that supplementing broiler feeds with inorganic Zn at levels exceeding NRC recommendations did not alter carcass weight after processing at 49 days, percentage abdominal fat of the chilled carcass or carcass yield. Incidence of carcass defects associated with handling and processing indicating limited advantage to Zn fortification above established requirement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent results get strength from the previous findings of Shojadoost et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] who reported that both humoral and cellular immune responses were modulated by level of vitamin A in diet, and suggested that vitamin A deficient chicken develop T helper (Th\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) immune response, whereas chicken fed highly enriched vitamin A diet showed a Th\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e immune response. Similarly, Allen and Fetterer [24) reported that increased production of antibodies and phagocytosis with high vitamin A levels. Similarly, Guo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] reported that infection resisting vitamin A is very essential for development of bursa of fabricius, thymus and immunity in chicks. It is obvious for the fact that when general body weight is improved relatively the weight of body organs is improved. However, no detrimental effect on these special organs was noted in terms of weight, morphology and functions with excess level of vitamin A.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin A should be supplemented to poultry diets to compensate for alterations in the vitamin levels of feed ingredients, oxidation loss and that demand due to consumption, stress, genotype and management Elsherif [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Zinc participates in the absorption, mobilization, transport and metabolism of various micronutrients including vitamin A, most likely through its involvement in protein synthesis and cellular enzyme functions. There is also evidence that vitamin A affects zinc absorption and utilization. Thus, fluctuation in the status of one or both micronutrients may reasonably be expected to alter the metabolism of the other, with functional consequences on the health of the individual. Present results get support from earlier observation of Mir et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] who also observed a non-significant effect on serum cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium and phosphorus due to interaction between zinc and vitamin A levels in the diet of broiler chickens Whereas, in contrary to present finding Mir et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] reported that alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly influence with dietary levels of zinc, vitamin A and their interaction and reach a peak with dietary level of zinc 60 mg/kg with vitamin A level 6000IU/kg diet of broiler chickens. Similarly, Zhan et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] (2006) who also observed significant differences in ALP activity due to different dietary zinc and vitamin A levels and their interaction.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the present study indicated that a diet combination of 80 mg zinc and 3200 IU/kg vitamin A was optimal for growth performances, immunological response ,carcass yield, and serum biochemical markers in developing Japanese quails.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements: Authors acknowledge Director, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (UP) for providing necessary facilities to conducting this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contribution:\u0026nbsp;CD conceptualized the study and drafted the text; AB, CD and DS conducted the animal experiment and laboratory analysis; AB and AKT performed the data analysis and final drafting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;This work was supported by the ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Availability\u0026nbsp;The corresponding author had access to all raw and analyzed data, which will disclose upon request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics Approval: The care and use of experimental animals were conducted in accordance with all institutional and national norms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan RU., Khan A., Naz S., Ullah Q., Puvaca N., Laudadio V., Mazzei D., Seidavi,A., Ayasan T., Tufarelli V. (2023). Pros and cons of dietary vitamin a and its precursors in poultry health and production: A Comprehensive Review. Antioxidants (Basel); 12(5):1131-1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051131\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Research Council (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (9th Rev. Edn.). National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 20418.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIndian Council of Agricultural Research. (2013). Nutrients requirements of poultry, Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSahin K., Sahin N, Kucuk O., Hayirli A., Prasad AS (2009). Role of dietary zinc in heat-stressed poultry: A review. Poult Sci 88(10):2176-2183. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00560\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbasi M., Daster B., Afzali N., Shams Shargh, M., Hashemi SR. (2017). Zinc requirements of Japanese quails \u003cem\u003e(Coturnix coturnix Japonica)\u003c/em\u003e by assessing dose- evaluating response of zinc oxide nano-particle supplementation. Poult Sci J 5(2)131-142. https://doi.org/ 10.22069/ psj.2017.13227.1262\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAssociation of Official Analytical Chemists (1990). Official method of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, (1990).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTalapatra SK., Ray SC. and Sen, K. C. (1940) Estimation of phosphorus, choline, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in feeding stuffs. J Vet Sci Anim. Husbandry 10:243-245.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCorrier DE., Deloach JR. (1990). Evaluation of cell mediated, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens by an inter digital skin test. Poult Sci 69(3): 403-408.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSiegel PB., Gross,WB. (1980). Production and persistence of antibodies to sheep erythrocytes. 1. Directional selection. Poult Sci 59:1-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDaumas RA. (1976). Variations of particulate proteins and dissolved amino acids in coastal seawater. Mar Chem 4(3):225-242.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarham D., Trinder P. (1972). An improved colour reagent for the determination of blood glucose by the oxidase system. Analyst 97(151):142-145.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e12. Wybenga DR., Pileggi VJ., Dirstine H., Giorgio JD. (1970). Direct manual determination of seum total choleserolwith a single stable reagent. Clin Chem 16:980-984.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e13. Kind PRN., King EJ. (1954). Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolysed phenol with amino-antipyrine. J Clin Path 7:322-324.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e14. Morin LG., Prox J. (1973). Clinical Chemistry Acta., 46:113 (c.f. Phosphorus Kit, Product No. 71101, Qualigens Fine Chemicals, Mumbai-400 025).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaginski ES., Marie SS., Zak B. (1973). Direct micro determination of serum calcium. Clin Chem. Acta 46(1): 49-54 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSnedecor GW, Cochran WG. (1989). Statistical Methods. 8th edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa- 50010 (Reprinted in 1994. East-West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuncan DB. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F- test. Biometrics 11: 1-42.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e18. BASF. (1994). Vitamin supplementation rates for U.S. Commercial Poultry, Swine and Dairy Cattle . BASF Keeping Current KC 9305. BASF Corporation, Parsippany, New Jersey.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkanbi OM., Kabir M. (2019). Nutrients requirement and management of quails (\u003cem\u003eCoturnix coturnix Japonika\u003c/em\u003e): A review. Agric Rev 40:534-553.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e20. Biswas A., Mohan J., Sastry KVH. (2010). Effect of vitamin E on production performance and egg quality traits in Indian native Kadaknath hen. Asian Austra J Anim Sci 23(3):396-400. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.90050\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOgunwole OA., Kolade EO., Taiwo BA. (2012). Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers Fed Five Different Commercial Vitamin-Mineral Premixes in Ibadan, Nigeria. International J Poult Sci 11 2): 120-124. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2012.120.124\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMir NA., Deo C., Mandal AB., Tyagi PK., Rashid A., Sharma D. (2013). Response of dietary zinc and vitamin A levels on growth, immune response and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Indian J Poult Sci 48(3):291-296.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShojadoost B., Yitbarek A., Alizadeh M., Kulkarni RR., Astill J., Boodhoo N., Sharif S. (2021). Effects of vitamins A, D, E, and C on the chicken immune system. Poult Sci 100:100930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.027\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAllen PC., Fetterer RH. (2002).Effects of dietary vitamin e on chickens infected with eimeria maxima: observations over time of primary infection. Avian Diseases, 46(4): 839-846.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuo S., He L., Zhang Y., Niu J., Li C., Zhang Z., Li P., Ding B. (2023). Effects of vitamin A on immune responses and vitamin a metabolism in broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis. Life 13:1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13051122\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElsherif HMR. (2017). Impact of vitamin a supplementation before and during early egg production on laying hen performance. Egyptian Poult Sci J 37(4):1203-1215. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMir NA., Deo C., Mandal AB., Tyagi PK., Giri AK. (2015). Response of dietary zinc and vitamin A levels on growth, immune response and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Indian J Poult Sci 50 (3)272-275.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang C., Zhn W., Guan X., Song J. (2006). Effect of interaction between dietary zinc and vitamin A in broilers on performance, immunity, ALP and CuZn-SOI activity and serum insulin concentration. World J Zool 1 (1):17-23\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIngredients and chemical composition of basal diet for growing quails (0-6wks) of age\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaize\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLime stone powder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDi-calcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDL-Methionine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLysine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrace Min.Premix*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitamin Premix**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitamin-B-complex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCholine Chlorides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eToxin binder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 558px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNutrients composition analyzed (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude Protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalcium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Phosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZinc (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 558px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNutrients composition calculated (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eME (kcal/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable Phosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLysine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 253px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Trace mineral premix supplied mg/kg diet: Fe: 56; Cu: 7; Mn: 60; I+0.4; Zn: Variable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Vitamin premix supplied per kg diet: Vit. D3-1200 IU, Vit-K-1mg, Vit.E-40 IU, Vit.B1-2 mg,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVit. B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 4mg, Vit.B\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e:10 mcg, Niacin: 6mg, Pantothenic acid: 10mg, Choline chlorides: 300mg, Vitamin A:Variable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrowth performance of growing quails fed different levels of zinc and vitamin A \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"696\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVit.A (IU/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBW (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e wk (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBWG(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-5 wk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFI (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-5 wk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-5wk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBW(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e wk\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBWG (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-6wks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFI (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-6 wk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-6wks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 629px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteraction effect (Zn x Vit. A)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e638\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e485\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e651\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e510\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e693\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e658\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e646\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e651\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.426\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 696px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMain effect-Between Zn levels\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e493\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 696px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetween Vit. A \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Levels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 696px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProbabilities interaction Zn Vit. A\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInteraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZinc levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitamin A levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValue bearing different superscript within a column differ significantly P\u0026le;0.05, P\u0026le;0.01,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS: Non significant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCarcass traits of growing quails fed different levels of zinc and vitamin A \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"680\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVit. A (IU/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLive Wt. (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShrinkage Loss (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlood Loss (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeather Loss (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDressing (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvisceration (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 680px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteraction effect (Zn X Vit.A)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePooled SEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.542\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 680px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMain effect Between Zn levels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.12\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.85\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 680px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetween Vitamin A levels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181.81\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.39\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.76\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.59\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.89\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.75\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.88\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.42\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.83\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.98\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.49\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 680px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProbabilities\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInteraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitamin A levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValue bearing different superscript within a column differ significantly P\u0026le;0.05, P\u0026le;0.01,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS: Non-significant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrgans weight of growing quails fed different levels of zinc and vitamin A\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"699\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVit. A\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(IU/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGiblet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeart\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiver\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGizzard\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteraction effect (Zn x Vit.A)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 435px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMain effect- Between \u0026nbsp;Zn levels\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 435px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetween Vit. A \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Levels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 435px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProbabilities\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInteraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZinc levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitamin A levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValue bearing different superscript within a column differ significantly P\u0026le;0.05, P\u0026le;0.01,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS: Non significant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eImmune Parameters of growing quails fed different levels of zinc and vitamin A\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"613\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn Mg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVit.A IU/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFWI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHA titre to SRBC (log\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 270px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImmune organ weight (% live weight)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiver\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBursa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpleen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 613px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteraction effect (Zn x Vit.A)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 613px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMain effect- \u0026nbsp;Between Zn levels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 613px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetween Vit. A \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Levels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.131\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 613px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProbabilities\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInteraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZinc levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 148px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitamin A levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValue bearing different superscript within a column differ significantly P\u0026le;0.05, P\u0026le;0.01,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS: Non- significant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e Blood biochemical parameters of growing quail fed different levels of zinc and vitamin A\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"725\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVit.A (IU/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"16\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 594px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlood biochemical parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal protein (g/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlbumin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(g/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlobulin (g/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlucose (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCholesterol (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALP (IU/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"17\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 659px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteraction effect (Zn x Vit.A)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e263.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e291.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e322.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"18\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 725px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMain effect-Between Zn levels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.74\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240.54\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.59\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.31\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297.54\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e285.22\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"18\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 725px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBetween Vit. A \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Levels\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298.10\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226.82\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.38\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03a\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247.55\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.30\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.81\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266.06\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242.16\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.93\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264.48\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e261.82\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"18\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 725px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProbabilities\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInteraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"0\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 143px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVit. A levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"0\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026le;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValue bearing different superscript within a column differ significantly P\u0026le;0.05, P\u0026le;0.01,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS: Non-significant\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Zinc, vitamin-A, Performance, Immunity, Carcass traits, Growing quail","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6468246/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6468246/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA study was conducted to assess the efficacy of varying dietary levels of zinc and vitamin-A on performance, immune response, carcass traits, and blood biochemical parameters of growing Japanese quails. The feeding trial lasted six weeks (0\u0026ndash;6 wks) and utilized a 2\u0026times;4 factorial design, incorporating two zinc levels (40 and 80 mg/kg) and four vitamin A levels (1600, 3200, 4800, and 6400 IU/kg). A total of 288-day-old Japanese quail chicks were assigned to eight treatment groups, each with four replicates containing nine chicks. The findings revealed that the group receiving a diet with 1600 IU/kg of vitamin A exhibited significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) lower body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratios compared to those on higher vitamin A levels during both the 0\u0026ndash;5 and 0-6-week periods. However, feed intake did not show significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.05) variation across different vitamin A levels during these periods. Additionally, the group on the 1600 IU/kg vitamin A diet had significantly lower live weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01), dressed weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01), and eviscerated weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) compared to those on higher vitamin A diets. Moreover, feather loss was significantly greater (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) at the 4800 and 6400 IU/kg vitamin A levels compared to the lower levels. The diet containing 80 mg Zn/kg resulted in significantly higher feather loss (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05), dressed weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01), and eviscerated weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) than the 40 mg Zn/kg diet. Organ weights were not significantly affected by either the main effects or the interaction between zinc and vitamin A levels. Notably, a significantly higher spleen weight relative to body weight was observed at the 80 mg Zn/kg level compared to the 40 mg Zn/kg diet. Significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) higher spleen weight in relation to body weight was observed at 80 mg Zn/kg than that recorded at 40mg Zn/kg diet. Significantly lower humoral immunity HA titre to SRBC (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01), cellular immunity foot pad index to PHAP (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and spleen weight (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in relation to body weight were observed at 1600 IU/kg vitamin A than those recorded at higher levels of vitamin A in the diets. Serum levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, and phosphorus were significantly higher (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) at a zinc intake of 80 mg/kg compared to those at 40 mg/kg. Conversely, at a vitamin A level of 1600 IU/kg, serum total protein, globulin, and phosphorus were significantly lower (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) than at higher vitamin A concentrations. Additionally, albumin levels were significantly reduced (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) at 4800 IU/kg of vitamin A compared to other vitamin A levels. A significant decrease (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) in glucose was noted at 3200 IU/kg of vitamin A compared to 1600 IU/kg, while glucose levels at 4800 and 6400 IU/kg were intermediate. Cholesterol levels were significantly lower (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) at 3200 IU/kg of vitamin A compared to 6400 IU/kg, with values at 1600 and 4800 IU/kg being intermediate. The findings suggest that a dietary combination of 80 mg of zinc and 3200 IU/kg of vitamin A is optimal for promoting growth, enhancing carcass yield, improving immune response, and positively influencing serum biochemical parameters in growing quails.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The effects of a diet supplemented with zinc and vitamin A on production performance, immune response, blood biochemical markers, and carcass characteristics in growing Japanese quails","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-25 06:46:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6468246/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7806708f-7ea4-4f9f-bdab-e35cd2bfb3a5","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-28T21:08:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-25 06:46:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6468246","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6468246","identity":"rs-6468246","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}