Biochemical Analysis of Solenostemon Monostachyus as a Potential Feed Resource for Archachatina Marginata Snail Production in Bayelsa State

Biochemical Analysis of Solenostemon Monostachyus as a Potential Feed Resource for Archachatina Marginata Snail Production in Bayelsa State | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Biochemical Analysis of Solenostemon Monostachyus as a Potential Feed Resource for Archachatina Marginata Snail Production in Bayelsa State Uloma martins, Alikwe Philip, Olajide Rotimi, Nodu Medubari This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8976420/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The present study investigated the biochemical composition of Solenostemon monostachyus leaf to evaluate its potential as a supplementary feed resource for Archachatina archachatina snail production in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Proximate analysis revealed moisture (9.50%), crude protein (13.88%), crude fat (4.58%), crude fiber (4.33%), total ash (12.83%), and nitrogen-free extract (54.88%), indicating appreciable energy and protein contributions. Phytochemical analysis showed high levels of flavonoids (718.69 mg/100 g), phenols (576.98 mg/100 g), and tannins (332.48 mg/100 g), along with moderate concentrations of oxalate (63.58 mg/100 g), phytate (4.66 mg/100 g), trypsin inhibitor (320.04 mg/100 g), cyanide (1.88 mg/100 g), kaempferol (21.55 mg/100 g), and catechin (16.66 mg/100 g). Mineral analysis revealed calcium (16.83 mg/100 g), magnesium (32.09 mg/100 g), phosphorus (17.42 mg/100 g), potassium (10.57 mg/100 g), sodium (2.51 mg/100 g), and iron (6.88 mg/100 g), with trace amounts of zinc, manganese, copper, and selenium. These results demonstrate that S. monostachyus leaf is rich in energy, moderate in protein, and contains essential minerals critical for shell formation, growth, and reproduction in snails. Although the presence of antinutritional factors could limit nutrient bioavailability, processing methods may mitigate these effects. Overall, S. monostachyus exhibits promising potential as a sustainable local feed resource for enhancing snail production in Bayelsa State. Animal Science Solenostemon monostachyus biochemical composition phytochemicals minerals snail nutrition Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8976420","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":597660280,"identity":"2799ac9c-5bfe-45a7-acef-edb3a0257c21","order_by":0,"name":"Uloma martins","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdhiDGYh+/LABshgbD+DVwgyleUBaGHvSQFoaiNQCZrMdBnPwajE4zHx0w88cu3x7dt7Dnwt4ztutbT8MtKXGJhq3Fra0m73bki17mPnSpGdY3E7ediYRqOVYWm4DTi08Zjd4tzEb8DDzmDHw8NxONjsA1MLYcBivlpt/t9WDtBh/4GE7l2x2/iFhLbd5tx0GaTGQ5mE7YGd2g4AtkkC/3JbddtyAB6hXcmZPcoLZDaAtCXj8wne8+djNt9uqDdj7zxh/+PDDzt7sfPrDBx9qbHBqwQCJYJUJxCoHAXtSFI+CUTAKRsHIAACqr14mtgeS0wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Africa Turo-Orua","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uloma","middleName":"","lastName":"martins","suffix":""},{"id":597660281,"identity":"b59ea6a3-66f0-4873-9669-738f0f920136","order_by":1,"name":"Alikwe Philip","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Niger Delta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alikwe","middleName":"","lastName":"Philip","suffix":""},{"id":597660282,"identity":"2b91fcca-2277-43ea-8d71-bb004e5810dd","order_by":2,"name":"Olajide Rotimi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Africa Turo- Orua","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Olajide","middleName":"","lastName":"Rotimi","suffix":""},{"id":597660283,"identity":"5d7e08bc-ee20-490a-9c08-f7f94eb5306d","order_by":3,"name":"Nodu Medubari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Niger Delta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nodu","middleName":"","lastName":"Medubari","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-26 10:03:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8976420/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8976420/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106356866,"identity":"9540d68e-0610-4f68-aef7-081fb8192e8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 18:57:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":293402,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BiochemicalAnalysisonSolenostemon2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8976420/v1_covered_d42c026a-06c8-47bd-8039-9c9ee1780e5b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiochemical Analysis of Solenostemon Monostachyus as a Potential Feed Resource for Archachatina Marginata Snail Production in Bayelsa State\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of African Turo-Orua","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Solenostemon monostachyus, biochemical composition, phytochemicals, minerals, snail nutrition","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8976420/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8976420/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study investigated the biochemical composition of \u003cem\u003eSolenostemon monostachyus\u003c/em\u003e leaf to evaluate its potential as a supplementary feed resource for \u003cem\u003eArchachatina archachatina\u003c/em\u003esnail production in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Proximate analysis revealed moisture (9.50%), crude protein (13.88%), crude fat (4.58%), crude fiber (4.33%), total ash (12.83%), and nitrogen-free extract (54.88%), indicating appreciable energy and protein contributions. Phytochemical analysis showed high levels of flavonoids (718.69 mg/100 g), phenols (576.98 mg/100 g), and tannins (332.48 mg/100 g), along with moderate concentrations of oxalate (63.58 mg/100 g), phytate (4.66 mg/100 g), trypsin inhibitor (320.04 mg/100 g), cyanide (1.88 mg/100 g), kaempferol (21.55 mg/100 g), and catechin (16.66 mg/100 g). Mineral analysis revealed calcium (16.83 mg/100 g), magnesium (32.09 mg/100 g), phosphorus (17.42 mg/100 g), potassium (10.57 mg/100 g), sodium (2.51 mg/100 g), and iron (6.88 mg/100 g), with trace amounts of zinc, manganese, copper, and selenium. These results demonstrate that \u003cem\u003eS. monostachyus\u003c/em\u003e leaf is rich in energy, moderate in protein, and contains essential minerals critical for shell formation, growth, and reproduction in snails. Although the presence of antinutritional factors could limit nutrient bioavailability, processing methods may mitigate these effects. 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