Identification of novel genes responsible for a pollen killer present in local natural populations ofArabidopsis thaliana

Abstract Gamete killers are genetic loci that distort segregation in the progeny of hybrids because the killer allele promotes the elimination of the gametes that carry the sensitive allele. They are widely distributed in eukaryotes and are important for understanding genome evolution and speciation. We had previously identified a pollen killer in hybrids between two distant natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. This pollen killer involves three genetically linked genes, and we previously reported the identification of the gene encoding the antidote that protects pollen grains from the killer activity. In this study, we identified the two other genes of the pollen killer by using CRISPR-Cas9 induced mutants. These two genes are necessary for the killer activity that we demonstrated to be specific to pollen. The cellular localization of the pollen killer encoded proteins indicates that the pollen killer activity involves the mitochondria. Sequence analyses reveal predicted domains from the same families in the killer proteins. In addition, the C-terminal half of one of the killer proteins is identical to the antidote, and one amino acid, crucial for the antidote activity, is also essential for the killer function. Investigating more than 700 worldwide accessions of A. thaliana, we confirmed that the locus is subject to important structural rearrangements and copy number variation. By exploiting available de novo genomic sequences, we propose a scenario for the emergence of this pollen killer in A. thaliana. Furthermore, we report the co-occurrence and behavior of killer and sensitive genotypes in several local populations, a prerequisite for studying gamete killer evolution in the wild. This highlights the potential of the Arabidopsis model not only for functional studies of gamete killers but also for investigating their evolutionary trajectories at complementary geographical scales. Author Summary Certain genetic elements are qualified as selfish because they favor their transmission to the progeny during reproduction to the detriment of gametes that do not carry them. These elements are widespread in fungi as well as in plants or in animals, and they are made up of two or even three components, which are specific to each species. Therefore, they must be studied on a case-by-case basis. Moreover, understanding how they appear and propagate in local population remains a major issue in evolutionary biology. Here we have characterized, in the model plant Arabidopsis, the three genes involved in such an element, called a pollen killer. This pollen killer targets the mitochondria to cause the death of pollen grains that do not carry it. We investigated the three genes in several hundred genotypes collected worldwide, giving us a global view of their diversity at the species level. We also found that some French local populations contain both sensitive and killer plants, which constitutes an invaluable resource for studying the evolution of a pollen killer in the wild. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.