Association of thermal perceptions, metabolic rate, clothing and local skin temperature in people with cold constitution in air-conditioned office environments

Association of thermal perceptions, metabolic rate, clothing and local skin temperature in people with cold constitution in air-conditioned office environments | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Association of thermal perceptions, metabolic rate, clothing and local skin temperature in people with cold constitution in air-conditioned office environments Biplob Kanti Biswas, Koichi Ishii, Yu Watanabe, Jiating Li, Yumiko Tan, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6460197/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Physiological Anthropology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Cold constitution refers to a phenomenon in which individuals have a higher sensitivity to cold and feel colder than others. This research aimed to examine the associations of morphological characteristics, personal factors, thermal perceptions and local skin temperature ( t sk ) with cold constitution. It also explored differences in these aspects between individuals with and without cold constitution, in a thermoneutral office environment during summer and winter, in 89 and 75 sedentary workers, respectively. A questionnaire survey was conducted to classify the cold constitution (CC) and non-cold constitution (NC) groups. The results indicated that females and individuals with lower body mass index ( BMI ) were more likely to have cold constitution. The CC group exhibited a significantly lower metabolic rate ( M ) in both seasons, lower thermal sensation votes, warmer thermal preference and greater predicted percentage of dissatisfaction in summer (P < 0.01). No significant differences were observed in clothing insulation between the groups, however winter clothing was significantly higher compared to summer for both groups (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the CC group exhibited significantly lower local skin temperatures at distal body parts (P < 0.01). Significant correlations were observed for gender, BMI , M, thermal sensations and distal t sk with cold constitution. Adjusting the effects of gender and BMI , most correlations with cold constitution weakened. However, thermal sensation remained significant in summer, while no correlation was observed with t sk . These findings emphasize the significant associations of morphological characteristics, personal factors, and thermal perceptions with cold constitution and show the importance while assessing thermal environment. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. Introduction In modern society, the majority of individuals spend around 8 to 9 hours a day in office environments, as part of their routine work. Thermal condition of these office environments have enormous impacts on their mental health, physical comfort and work efficiency (1, 2). Thermal environment within those conditions plays a vital role in shaping individuals’ experiences and productivity (3). Occupants' performance, proficiency and concentration are also associated with the thermal environmental conditions (4). Furthermore, the design and management of the environment inside the office spaces can either enhance or hamper employees’ well-being (5). To address these issues most of the offices try to keep their air conditioning system in a neutral condition where most of the users can experience thermal comfort (TC) and neutral thermal sensation. Thermal comfort and thermal sensation can be expressed as the human responses to thermal stimuli, which evoke specific sensory perceptions (6). Thermal comfort is a subjective assessment of whether the thermal environment is satisfactory or acceptable and it is influenced by physical, physiological, psychological, and many other process (7). Human mind made the conclusion about the comfort based on direct temperature and moisture sensations from the skin, the temperature of the core body and the necessary effort to balance body temperature (8, 9). Comfort is conditional not only on environmental factors but also on how these conditions are perceived by human being (10). On the other hand thermal sensation is influenced primarily by the activation of thermoreceptors on the skin surface and other sensory pathways that detect changes in the surrounding environment (11). Thermal sensation refers to the immediate and conscious perception of a thermal environment, such as feeling hot or cold at various levels. Furthermore thermal preference (TP) and thermal dissatisfaction level (DL) are additional parameters used to evaluate the thermal environment (12). All these evaluations require individual surveys through personal inquiries. Interestingly, individuals’ morphological characteristics include age, gender, body size as well as clothing, and activity level influences their individual experience of thermal comfort, thermal sensation, thermal preference and satisfaction differently under a given condition (13). Furthermore, in a uniform and steady thermal environment, the predicted mean vote ( PMV ) is a widely used mathematical index that predicts human thermal sensation on the basis of environmental factors such as air temperature ( t a ), relative humidity ( RH ), mean radiant temperature ( t r ), and air velocity ( v a ) with personal factors, specifically metabolic heat production ( M ) and clothing insulation ( I cl ) (14, 15). It expresses thermal sensation via a 7-point assessment scale, ranging from cold (-3) to neutral (0) to hot (+3). According to ASHRAE, people feel comfortable within a PMV range of -0.5 to +0.5 (7). Additionally in this range, more than 90% of individuals are satisfied with the environmental conditions which is acceptable for setting the thermal environment (15). Furthermore, PMV prediction requires the consideration of personal factors. However, because of the challenging nature of personal data collection, in most cases personal data considered as common uniform values, leading to incorrect PMV predictions (16, 17). Another important aspect of assessing human thermal sensation is the skin temperature ( t sk ). It is a direct physiological response of the body to the surrounding thermal environment (18). The skin acts as the boundary layer between the body and the environment and plays a key role in the thermoregulation process as well as the heat balance (19). Hot and cold receptors located just below the skin send signals through the sensory nervous system to the anterior hypothalamus, helping regulate body temperature (20, 21). This finding indicates that skin temperature reflects the impact of the thermal environment on individuals and has an intimate connection with thermal sensation and comfort. Considering thermal comfort and sensation, even in the same thermal environment, different individuals can perceive the environment differently. Beyond environmental influences, individual characteristics also play a vital role in the perception of the thermal environment. Consequently, a common thermal setup may not be comfortable for everyone. This can be explained by individual differences, where individual characteristics as well as morphology have a considerable impact on thermal perception (22). In previous studies on individual differences in thermal sensation and comfort, research focused primarily on factors like age, gender, and certain morphological characteristics such as BMI (23-25). However, there has been little research on individual differences associated with cold constitution, which is a significant individual difference that needs to be considered. The term 'cold constitution', known as 'hie-sho' in Japanese (26), originates from traditional East Asian medicine and culture. This refers to a condition where an individual is substantially sensitive to cold (27). Individuals with cold constitution have a distinct skin blood flow regulatory system with heightened adrenergic sensitivity, leading to increased cutaneous vasoconstriction in the distal extremities during cold exposure (28). Certain studies focusing on cold constitution, have reported that people with cold constitution experience greater cold sensations even in the thermoneutral environment recommended by ASHRAE (29, 30). This concept is related to the broader idea of maintaining balance in body temperature and overall health. Cold-sensitive people mostly feel cold sensations, particularly in extremities like hands and feet. This symptom was observed when they were exposed to a cold or even neutral environment and they presented greater sympathetic nerve activity (30). Inadequate blood flow to the extremities due to vasoconstriction can lead to persistent cold sensations (31). Considering, to ensure thermal satisfaction for a long period of time, it is essential to consider the cold constitution while designing personal air conditioning systems rather than just relying on a uniform air conditioning environment for all. Considering the facts, this research aimed to investigate the associations of morphological characteristics, gender, thermal perceptions, M , I cl , PMV , predicted percentage of dissatisfaction ( PPD ) and local skin temperature with cold constitution in an air-conditioned office environment. 2. Methods This research was conducted in an office environment as a field experiment. The experiment was carried out in summer (2023/08/30 - 2023/09/05) and winter (2024/02/08 - 2024/02/14) among regular office employees. The research procedure was reviewed and approved by the IRB of the Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University (No. R5-8). 2.1. Participants Table 1 summarizes the morphological characteristics of the participants. In summer, 89 and in winter, 75 volunteers participated in this experiment. All participants were briefed about the research protocols and provided written informed consent before their participation. They took part in the experiment during their regular office hours. Table 1 Morphological characteristics and core body temperature of the participants. Morphology Summer Winter CC group NC group CC group NC group Number of participants 29 60 24 51 Gender (M : F) 18 : 11 54 : 6 13 : 11 48 : 3 Age (year) 35.97 ± 11.57 36.32 ± 12.12 36.21 ± 11.07 37.51 ± 11.89 Height (cm) 166.98 ± 7.45 170.48 ± 6.57* 165.46 ± 7.17 170.45 ± 6.36* Weight (kg) 59.62 ± 10.31 69.05 ± 10.99* 57.63 ± 11.09 68.37 ± 8.42* BMI (kg/m 2 ) 21.27 ± 2.62 23.67 ± 2.90* 20.91 ± 2.96 23.51 ± 2.45* t cr (°C) 36.64 ± 0.31 36.66 ± 0.30 36.70 ± 0.25 36.66 ± 0.29 CC: cold constitution, NC: non-cold constitution, BMI: body mass index, t cr : armpit temperature as a substitute of core body temperature Values are mean ± standard deviation, *: p < 0.05 between CC group and NC group. 2.2 Research procedure The experiment was conducted in a fully air-conditioned office in Tokyo, Japan, where the thermal conditions were in the thermoneutral range recommended by ISO 7730 (15) (Table 2). The experiment took place on the 17th floor of a 54-story office building. The average floor area was approximately 3,400 square meters, with no partition except for the service zones. The building featured an RCC structure with double-glass window openings and the windows had blinders designed to minimize solar heat gain. The centrally controlled air conditioning system and open floor design ensured a stable indoor environment, efficiently minimizing the impact of outdoor conditions. This research started with a questionnaire survey regarding cold constitution (Table 3). Then, the subjects’ morphological data, such as age, sex, height and body weight were collected through a questionnaire survey. After that, there was a 60-minute adaptation to the thermal environment. During this period, the subjects were asked to perform their regular office work. At the end of the experiment thermal voting was performed through a subjective questionnaire. The armpit temperature was subsequently measured as a surrogate for the core body temperature ( t cr ). At the end of the experiment, thermal images were taken via an infrared thermography (IRT) camera to predict the clothing temperature ( t cl ) and different local t sk values at the face and hand regions. Table 2 Environmental conditions during the research period. Environmental condition Summer Winter t a (°C) 25.09 ± 0.28 25.52 ± 0.50 t r (°C) 25.62 ± 0.26 25.72 ± 0.61 RH (%) 59.06 ± 1.71 36.10 ± 1.82 v a (m/s) 0.14 ± 0.00 0.11 ± 0.04 p a (P a ) 1924.7 ± 38.4 1477.7 ± 65.5 h c (W/(m 2 ∙K)) 4.46 ± 0.07 4.06 ± 0.51 h r (W/(m 2 ∙K)) 5.95 ± 0.02 5.95 ± 0.03 t a : air temperature, t r : mean radiant temperature, RH: relative humidity, v a : air velocity, p a : water vapor pressure in ambient air, h c : convective heat transfer coefficient, h r : radiative heat transfer coefficient. 2.3. Environmental measurement Four fundamental environmental factors related to the thermal environment t a , globe temperature ( t g ), RH and v a were recorded during the experimental period. The data were collected at 1-second intervals. The data logger setup with the sensors is shown in Fig. 1. Three sets of data loggers were used to collect the environmental data from three different zones. Considering the centre of an adult human body in a sitting posture, all the environmental data were recorded at a height of 0.6 m. During the survey, t a was measured by using a thermistor sensor and recorded using a data logger (NR543R, Nikkiso-Thermo, Japan). The thermistor sensor probe was hung in open air and connected to a logger to record the t a data. To record t g the same logger and thermistor were used with a Bernon type 150 mm black globe (Sibata, Japan) and at the centre of the globe the thermistor was placed. The RH data were recorded with a humidity recorder (RS-14WB, Espec, Japan), with a humidity sensor (RSH-4010, Espec, Japan). For v a , an anemometer logger (Testo 440, Testo, Germany) with an omnidirectional hot-wire air flow probe (TUC 0628 0152, Testo, Germany) was used to record the air velocity from every direction. The data loggers were switched on 30 minutes prior to the survey time. Once the experiment was completed, the data were saved as a digital file. From the t g , t a and v a data, t r was calculated via the following formula (32), t r = (( t g +273.15) 4 +((1.1×10 8 × v a 0.6 )/( ε × D 0.4 ))×( t g – t a )) 0.25 –273.15 [°C] (Equation 1) where, t g = globe temperature [°C] v a = air velocity [m/s] ε = emissivity of the globe (usually 1.00 for a black globe) D = diameter of the globe [m] (0.15m) t a = air temperature [°C] For individual PMV prediction, the values of t a , t r , RH and v a measured at their working area were used for every participant. Table 3 Questionnaire on cold constitution. This table was modified from a previous study (33). Do you or are you_ Category “a” 1 Compared to others, I tend to be more sensitive to the cold. 2 I suffer because my back, hands and feet or some part of my body is cold. 3 I suffer in air-conditioned rooms because my body feels cold. 4 Compared to others, my hands and feet are cold. 5 Even in summer, my hands get cold. 6 Especially in winter, I sometimes cannot sleep because my feet are cold. Category “b” 7 I sometimes suffer because my entire body is cold. 8 I wear thick socks even in the summer because my feet are cold. 9 Due to cold weather in winter, I always use an electric blanket, mattress or pocket warmer. 10 I have been suffering from the cold for the last several years. 11 In winter and on cold days, I urinate more frequently. 12 Compared to others, my face is more pale. 13 My hands and feet always feel cold. Criteria for cold constitution: Answered yes, more than 2 in Category “a” questions or Answered yes, 1 in Category “a” question + more than 2 in Category “b” questions. 2.4. Questionnaire assessment To identify individuals with cold constitution and non-cold constitution, a questionnaire survey was conducted. Table 3 shows the questionnaire used to assess the subjective symptoms of the cold constitution with the criteria for classifying individuals as having a clod constitution or non-cold constitution. This questionnaire was based on previous research on cold constitutions originally designed by Terasawa (34) and modified by Sakaguchi (33), which included some questions that were not used for classifying cold constitutions. These unused questions were excluded from the survey questionnaire used in this study (Table 3). From the survey, two groups were named as the CC group and the NC group. To investigate the individual’s thermal assessment, an additional questionnaire survey was conducted on the thermal sensation vote (TSV), TC, TP and DL according to ISO 28802 (12) guidelines. Participants were asked to vote TSV on a 7-point scale, where -3 to 3 correspond to cold, cool, slightly cool, neutral, slightly warm, warm and hot in sequence. Additionally TC (-3 to +3 characterised as very uncomfortable, uncomfortable, slightly uncomfortable, neither, slightly comfortable, comfortable, very comfortable), TP (-3 to 3 characterised as much cooler, cooler, slightly cooler, no change, slightly warmer, warmer, much warmer), and DL (1 to 4 characterised as satisfied, slightly satisfied, slightly non-satisfied, non-satisfied) were asked to evaluate the difference in thermal perceptions between the CC group and the NC group. For a clear understanding of the questionnaire, both the cold constitution questionnaire and the individual’s thermal assessment questionnaire were translated into Japanese according to their original meanings. 2.5. PMV and PPD prediction PMV is calculated by the following formula according to ISO 7730 (15), PMV = [0.303×exp(-0.036× M )+0.028]×{( M - W )-3.05×10 -3 ×[5733-6.99×( M - W )- p a ]-0.42×[( M - W )-58.15]-1.7×10 -5 × M ×(5867- p a )-0.0014× M ×(34- t a )-3.96×10 -8 × f cl ×[( t cl +273) 4 -( t r +273) 4 ]- f cl × h c ×( t cl - t a )} (Equation 2) where, M = metabolic rate of human body [W/m 2 ] W = rate of mechanical work [W/m 2 ] p a = water vapor pressure in ambient air [P a ] t a = air temperature [°C] f cl = clothing area factor t cl = mean temperature of the outer surface of the clothed body [°C] t r = mean radiant temperature [°C] h c = convective heat transfer coefficient [W/(m 2 ∙K)] Additionally, PPD was calculated based on PMV predictions. PPD = 100-95×exp(-0.03353× PMV 4 - 0.2179× PMV 2 ) [%] (Equation 3) 2.5.1. M prediction In this study, to predict M a method was adopted on the basis of the basal metabolic rate ( BMR ), physical activity ratio (PAR) , and body surface area (BSA) (35). The BMR indicates the energy required to maintain vital activity in the awaking state, in the supine position, in a fasting situation (without breakfast) (36). PAR is the ratio of the metabolic rate during specific activity to the BMR , in unit time (37, 38). Here M was calculated by the following equation, M = ( BMR × PAR )/ BSA [W/m 2 ] (Equation 4) BMR = {0.0481× W +2.34× H −0.0138× Age −0.4235× Gender }×11.574 [W] (Equation 5) BSA = 0.008883× W 0.444 ×( H ×100) 0.663 [m 2 ] (39) (Equation 6) where, W = weight [kg] H = height [m] Age = year Gender = 1 for males and 2 for females. Here, the PAR for desk work was determined based on previous studies (38). For males, PAR values of 1.35, 1.32, and 1.38 were considered for individuals with BMI < 18.5 kg/m 2 , 18.5 kg/m 2 < BMI 25 kg/m 2 , respectively; and for females, PAR values of 1.33, 1.34, and 1.36 were considered for individuals with a BMI < 18.5 kg/m 2 , 18.5 kg/m 2 < BMI 25 kg/m 2 , respectively. 2.5.2. I cl prediction In this experiment, IRT was used to predict t cl , t sk as well as I cl . To predict I cl , the following formula was used based on ISO 9920 (40), I cl = ( t sk − t cl )/ H [°C/W∙m 2 ] (Equation 7) where, H = ( t cl − t o )×( h c + h r ) (Equation 8) here t o = operative temperature [°C], where, t o = ( h c × t a + h r × t r )/( h c + h r ) (Equation 9) H = dry heat loss [W/m 2 ] h c = convective heat transfer coefficient [W/(m 2 ∙K)] h r = radiative heat transfer coefficient [W/(m 2 ∙K)] To predict t cl and t sk , thermal imaging was conducted using an IRT camera (R500EX-S, Nippon Avio, Japan). Fig. 2 shows some sample of IRT images. The camera was positioned at a height of 0.90 m, ensuring that its plane was perpendicular to the body plane at the centre of the body considering standing position (41). The camera was turned on 30 minutes before the thermal photography for sensor stabilization. To predict t cl , from a distance of 4 m, front and backside images were taken, while the camera display was fully covered by the image of the whole body. To identify the facial and hand temperatures, images were taken from a distance of 1.5 m, while the camera display was covered by the face and hand segments, which were the regions of interest. For t cl prediction, the average temperature of the clothing surface from the front and backside images was predicted by camera manufacturers computer application (InfReC Analyzer NS9500 standard). Spot analysis was performed in the same application for predicting local t sk , where a hot spot was identified as a local t sk for that particular zone. Data collection and processing was done following the guidelines outlined in the Thermographic Imaging in Sports and Exercise Medicine (TISEM) (42). Considering the availability of an uncovered body surface appropriate for IRT imaging, the average temperature of the forehead ( t forehead ) and the centre point of the dorsal hand ( t dorsal hand ) were calculated as surrogate measures for the mean t sk . t sk = (t forehead + t dorsal hand )/2 [°C] (Equation 10) The forehead near the body’s core mostly maintains high skin temperature, while a distal extremity like dorsal hand exhibits lower temperatures due to thermal environmental effects and vasomotor control. These concerns guided their selection for mean skin temperature assessment. Additionally, for the validation of IRT temperature prediction, prior to the experiment, the IRT camera was calibrated by a true known temperature. The IRT camera was calibrated in a thermally insulated, dark climatic chamber maintained at a thermoneutral temperature of 25°C. A Peltier module was covered with black tape (emissivity = 1.00) and served as a black body. It was heated with known temperatures ranging from 15°C to 35°C in increments of 5°C. The actual temperatures were measured using a thermistor sensor connected to a data logger (NR543R, Nikkiso-Thermo, Japan). A regression analysis was performed to compare the real temperatures with the IRT predicted temperatures, and a correction formula was applied to enhance the accuracy of the IRT measurements. 2.6. Local t sk and Δ t sk prediction In the facial region, temperatures were measured via IRT at the forehead, nose, chin, neck, cheeks (averaged for both sides), and eye canthus (averaged for both eyes) through spot analysis, and the predicted temperatures were named as t forehead , t nose , t chin , t neck , t cheek and t eye canthus , respectively. In the hand region, the dorsal and palmar surfaces, including the fingertips, were analysed using the same method and the predicted temperature were named as t dorsal , t palm , t dorsal finger and t palmar finger , respectively. Additionally, Δt forehead - nose and Δt palm - palmar finger were calculated as parameters reflecting the magnitude of vasoconstriction (43) to examine the association between Δ t proximal – distal in individuals with a cold constitution. 2.7. Statistical analysis The differences in the mean values of TSV, TC, TP and DL between the CC group and the NC group were analysed using Mann-Whitney U test. The differences in I cl , M, PMV, PPD , local t sk and Δt proximal – distal between the two groups were analysed by non-paired Student’s t -test. Correlations between cold constitution (binary classification) and other factors were analysed by spearman’s rank correlation test. In the statistical analysis, cold constitution was represented as a dummy variable for statistical modeling. Here, cold constitution individuals were coded as 1 and non-cold constitution individuals were coded as 0. Additionally, gender was also encoded as a binary variable, where males were assigned a value of 0 and females were assigned a value of 1. This coding scheme was used to facilitate correlation analysis and other statistical procedures that require numerical input. All the data are presented as mean ± SD. In this study, a p-value threshold of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. All the analysis were performed using IBM SPSS statistics version 20. 3. Results It was observed that in the NC group, number of females were less comparing with males. Additionally in the NC group, body height, weight and BMI were significantly higher comparing with the CC group (P < 0.05, Table 1). Table 2 illustrates the environmental conditions during the experiment in the office. It remained mostly stable and in a thermoneutral range throughout the experiment, both in summer and winter (14). Fig. 3 illustrates the TSV, TC, TP and DL comparisons between the CC group and the NC group. In summer, CC group showed significantly lower TSV comparing with the NC group (p < 0.01). Additionally, CC group showed significantly higher TP comparing with the NC group (p < 0.01). No significant differences were observed for TC and TP between the CC group and the NC group in summer. On the other hand, in winter, no significant differences were found in TSV, TC, TP or DL between the two groups. As shown in Fig. 4, there were no significant differences observed in PMV between the CC group and the NC group in either summer or winter. Fig. 5 presents PPD comparison between the two groups. In summer, CC group showed significantly higher PPD comparing with the NC group (p < 0.05). However, in winter there were no significant differences observed for PPD between the groups. Fig. 6 highlights the M comparison between the groups. The results revealed that CC group had a significantly lower M in both seasons comparing with the NC group. Fig. 7 shows the I cl comparison between the groups. No significant differences were observed for the I cl between the groups in either summer or winter. However, when the summer I cl and the winter I cl were compared, the I cl in winter was significantly greater than that in the summer for both the groups (p < 0.01). Fig. 8 represents the local skin temperature comparison between the groups. It was observed that CC group have relatively lower skin temperature comparing with the NC group. Especially in the summer, CC group had significantly lower t nose , t cheek , t palm and t dorsal comparing with the NC group (p <0.05). In the winter, CC group also showed significantly lower t nose , t neck and t cheek comparing with the NC group (p <0.05). Fig. 9 illustrates the temperature difference between t forehead and t nose , as well as t palm and t palmar finger . The CC group had significantly greater Δt forehead - nose and Δt palm - palmar finger comparing with the NC group both in summer (p < 0.05) and winter (p <0.01). Table 4 represents the relationships between cold constitution and various factors, including gender, BMI , I cl , M, TSV, TC, TP, DL, PMV and PPD . Additionally, the partial correlations among these factors were analyzed to examine their relationships with the cold constitution, and the results are shown in Table 4. In summer, gender, BMI , M , TSV, TP, PMV and PPD had significant moderate correlations with the cold constitution (ρ = 0.33, -0.38, -0.33, -0.44, 0.30, -0.21 and 0.27 respectively, p < 0.05 for each). In addition, in partial correlation analysis, when controlling for the gender factor, correlation of the BMI and the cold constitution became weak, although it was significant (ρ = -0.27, p < 0.05). The correlation with TSV remains significant (ρ = -0.35, p < 0.01) and TP remains a moderate positive correlation (ρ = 0.27, p < 0.05). When controlling for BMI in the partial correlation analysis, only TSV and TP were significantly correlated with cold constitution (ρ = -0.31 and -0.21 respectively, p < 0.05). When controlling for I cl , significant correlations with the cold constitution were observed for gender, BMI , M , TSV, TP, PMV and PPD (ρ = 0.30, -0.37, -0.34, -0.38, 0.29, -0.24 and 0.30 respectively, p < 0.01 for gender, BMI , M , TSV, TP and PPD , p < 0.05 for PMV ). When M was controlled, the correlation weakened and only for TSV and TP were significantly correlated with cold constitution (ρ = -0.31 and 0.21 respectively, p < 0.05 for each). When gender and BMI were controlled together, most of the correlation disappeared. Even though, TSV and TP were still significantly correlated with the cold constitution (ρ = -0.31 and 0.22 respectively, p < 0.05 for each). In winter gender, BMI and M showed significant correlation with cold constitution (ρ = 0.48, -0.42 and -0.39 respectively, p < 0.01 for each). In partial correlation, controlling for gender weakened the correlation and only BMI was significantly correlated with cold constitution (ρ = -0.29, p < 0.05). In the BMI controlled correlation analysis, gender and M still showed significant but weaker correlations (ρ = 0.37 and -0.29 respectively, p < 0.01 for gender, p < 0.05 for M). Controlling I cl had little impact on most of the correlations and gender, BMI , M and PMV were significantly correlated (ρ = 0.49, -0.42, -0.44 and -0.32 respectively, p < 0.01 for each). When controlling for M , most correlations weakened, although gender and BMI were significantly correlated (ρ = 0.23 and -0.23 respectively, p < 0.01 for gender, p < 0.05 for BMI ). When gender and BMI were controlled together, the correlation disappeared. In Table 5, the correlations between cold constitution and local t sk as well as Δ t proximal - distal are summarized. In summer, several significant correlations were noted. Significant negative correlations were figured out for t nose , t cheek , t palm and t dorsal finger with cold constitution (ρ = -0.27, -0.21, -0.27 and -0.18 respectively, p < 0.05 for each). Significant positive correlations were observed for Δ t forehead - nose and Δ t palm - palmar finger with the cold constitution (ρ = 0.31 and 0.30 respectively, p < 0.05 for each). In the partial correlation analysis while controlling for gender, BMI and M , the magnitude of most of the correlations reduced. However, Δt forehead – nose was significantly correlated with the cold constitution while gender and M were controlled (ρ = 0.24 and 0.23 respectively, p < 0.05 for each). Whereas when the I cl was controlled, most of the correlation elevated slightly and the t nose , t cheek , t palmar finger and t dorsal finger were significantly negatively correlated with the cold constitution (ρ = -0.33, 0.23, -0.25 and -0.25 respectively, p < 0.05 for each). Additionally positive correlations were identified for Δ t forehead - nose and Δ t palm - palmar finger (ρ = 0.37 and 0.27 respectively, p < 0.01 for Δ t forehead - nose and p < 0.05 for Δ t palm - palmar finger ). While gender and BMI were controlled together, no significant correlation was observed with cold constitution. Table 4 Correlations of cold constitution with gender, BMI , I cl , M, thermal perceptions, PMV and PPD . Gender BMI I cl M TSV TC TP DL PMV PPD Summer ρ value 0.33** -0.38** -0.01 -0.33** -0.44** -0.10 0.30** -0.03 -0.21* 0.27* Partial ρ (controlled: gender) _ -0.27* 0.13 -0.18 -0.35** -0.13 0.27* -0.07 -0.20 0.20 Partial ρ (controlled: BMI ) 0.16 _ 0.13 -0.16 -0.31* -0.20 0.21* 0.02 -0.14 0.20 Partial ρ (controlled: I cl ) 0.30** -0.37** _ -0.34* -0.38** -0.12 0.29** -0.00 -0.24* 0.30** Partial ρ (controlled: M ) 0.05 -0.21 0.12 _ -0.31* -0.17 0.21* -0.04 -0.18 0.14 Partial ρ (controlled: gender, BMI ) _ _ -0.06 -0.04 -0.31** -0.14 0.22* -0.06 -0.11 0.16 Winter ρ value 0.48** -0.42** 0.13 -0.39** -0.10 0.01 0.02 0.09 -0.04 0.10 Partial ρ (controlled: gender) _ -0.29* -0.15 -0.14 -0.22 -0.05 0.01 0.07 -0.15 -0.09 Partial ρ (controlled: BMI ) 0.37** _ 0.10 -0.29* -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 0.10 -0.01 0.10 Partial ρ (controlled: I cl ) 0.49** -0.42** _ -0.44** -0.15 -0.04 0.02 0.09 -0.32** 0.06 Partial ρ (controlled: M ) 0.23* -0.23* -0.03 _ -0.14 -0.11 -0.06 0.17 -0.03 0.04 Partial ρ (controlled: gender, BMI ) _ _ -0.10 -0.02 -0.14 -0.04 -0.03 0.08 -0.10 -0.06 BMI: body mass index, I cl : clothing insulation, M : metabolic rate, TSV: thermal sensation vote, TC: thermal comfort, TP: thermal preference, DL: dissatisfaction level, PMV : predicted mean vote, PPD : predicted percentage of dissatisfaction. Values are correlation coefficient (ρ value). ** : Significant correlation (p < 0.01), * : Significant correlation (p < 0.05). Table 5 Correlation of the cold constitution with local t sk and t sk differences t forehead t nose t chin t neck t cheek t eye canthus t palmar finger t palm t dorsal finger t dorsal Δt forehead - nose Δ t palm - palmar finger Summer ρ value -0.08 -0.27 * -0.14 -0.15 -0.21 * -0.17 -0.17 -0.27 * -0.18 * -0.26 * 0.31 ** 0.30 ** Partial ρ (controlled: gender) 0.03 -0.21 -0.09 -0.12 -0.14 -0.09 -0.15 -0.11 -0.14 -0.10 0.24* 0.16 Partial ρ (controlled: BMI ) -0.03 -0.19 -0.08 -0.15 -0.17 -0.06 -0.13 -0.09 -0.10 -0.08 0.21 0.13 Partial ρ (controlled: I cl ) -0.01 -0.33* -0.16 -0.13 -0.23* -0.06 -0.25* -0.17 -0.25* -0.15 0.37** 0.27* Partial ρ (controlled: M ) 0.04 -0.19 -0.10 -0.12 -0.14 -0.02 -0.16 -0.12 -0.15 -0.12 0.23* 0.16 Partial ρ (controlled: gender, BMI ) -0.00 -0.15 -0.07 -0.14 -0.13 -0.07 -0.09 -0.07 -0.06 -0.07 0.17 0.09 Winter ρ value -0.23 * -0.33 ** -0.20 -0.27 * -0.23 -0.23 * -0.01 -0.17 -0.09 -0.13 0.25 * 0.21 Partial ρ (controlled: gender) -0.13 -0.16 -0.08 -0.19 -0.12 -0.15 -0.07 -0.00 -0.02 -0.11 0.12 0.10 Partial ρ (controlled: BMI ) -0.19 -0.25* -0.14 -0.30* -0.12 -0.16 -0.14 -0.06 -0.08 -0.09 0.19 0.17 Partial ρ (controlled: I cl ) -0.21 -0.31** -0.17 -0.27* -0.25* -0.18 -0.16 0.02 -0.10 -0.08 0.25* 0.23* Partial ρ (controlled: M ) -0.09 -0.17 -0.11 -0.21 -0.13 -0.14 -0.14 -0.07 -0.07 -0.14 0.15 0.16 Partial ρ (controlled: gender, BMI ) -0.11 -0.14 -0.06 -0.22 -0.05 -0.13 -0.07 -0.04 -0.01 -0.11 0.09 0.07 BMI: body mass index, I cl : clothing insulation, M : metabolic rate, t forehead : forehead skin temperature, t nose : nose skin temperature, t chin : chin skin temperature, t neck : neck skin temperature, t cheek : cheek skin temperature, t eye canthus : eye canthus skin temperature, t dorsal : dorsal hand skin temperature, t palm : palmar hand skin temperature, t dorsal finger : dorsal finger skin temperature, and t palmar finger : palmar finger skin temperature. Values are correlation coefficient (ρ value). ** : Significant correlation (p < 0.01), * : Significant correlation (p < 0.05). In winter, significant negative correlations were recorded for t forehead , t nose , t neck and t eyecanthus (ρ = -0.23, -0.33, -0.27 and -0.23 respectively, p < 0.05 for t forehead , t neck and t eyecanthus , p < 0.05 for t nose ). A significant positive correlation was observed for Δ t forehead - nose with the cold constitution (ρ = 0.25, p < 0.05). Controlling for BMI reduced correlation levels, and statistical significance was noted for t nose and t neck (ρ = -0.25 and -0.30 respectively, p < 0.05 for each). When controlling for gender, M and gender combined with BMI , no significant correlations were observed. However, controlling for I cl , the correlations slightly increased, and significant negative correlations were retained for t nose , t neck and t cheek with cold constitution (ρ = -0.31, -0.27 and -0.25 respectively, p < 0.05 for t neck and t cheek , p < 0.01 for t nose ). Additionally positive correlations were observed for Δt forehead - nose and Δt palm - palmar finger with the cold constitution (ρ = 0.25 and 0.23 respectively, p < 0.05 for each). 4. Discussion This research was conducted to investigate thermal perceptions, PMV , PPD and physiological responses such as local skin temperatures in relation to the cold constitution. This study also explored the associations of morphological characteristics and personal factors influencing thermal perception with cold constitution to gain a more comprehensive understanding of those aspects related to cold constitution. From the morphological characteristics it was observed that mostly in the NC group, the female participants were less than males, which is consistent with the findings of some prior studies (44). Notably, the body height, weight and BMI of the individuals in the NC group were significantly higher than those in the CC group. This aligns with some previous research, where researchers also mentioned the association of thinness with cold constitution (45). Previous researches have shown that individuals with lower BMI has less insulation due to lower fat mass, and that individuals with lower BMI feels colder than those with higher BMI do (25, 46). Possibly due to this leanness, cold constitution individuals tend to feel colder compared to others, and this aligns with the findings in this research on TSV, TC, TP and DL differences between the CC group and the NC group (Fig. 3). Based on the correlation analysis, it was observed that gender, BMI and M were strongly significantly corelated with cold constitution in both summer and winter (Table 4). The strong positive correlations between gender and cold constitution suggest that females tend to display a higher cold constitution than males do. Even while controlling the other factors in partial correlation analysis, gender remained a confounding determinant. This finding supports the existing research on physiological differences between genders, such as females having lower BMI and lower M , what influenced their cold thermal sensitivity. This finding is consistent with previous research (25, 44). In both seasons, BMI consistently showed a moderate negative correlation with cold constitution, which reflected that individual with lower BMI felt colder. This experiment was conducted in a thermoneutral office environment both in the summer and the winter (7) (Table 2). However, the findings showed that in summer, TSV and TP had significant differences between the CC group and the NC group (Fig. 3). The CC group reported higher cold than did the NC group. Additionally, the CC group voted their thermal preference warmer compared to the NC group. This result supports the basic principle of cold constitution where, cold constitution individuals feel colder than the other individuals do (47). This finding also reinforces the fundamental concept of cold constitution. However, in winter, there were no significant differences observed between the groups. Considering the personal factors associated with human heat balance, M was quite similar across the two seasons for each group separately (Fig. 6), however their I cl was significantly higher in the winter than in the summer clothing insulation for both groups. Possibly higher I cl in winter was a factor which mitigated the thermal perception differences between the groups and elevated the thermal sensation, especially for the CC group. This may explain why both groups’ average TSV values were on the warmer side in the winter. Some researchers have also mentioned the impact of adaptation on thermoregulatory responses and thermal sensations (48-50). It is possible that in this experiment, in the winter, a colder outdoor environment helped to adapt better in that thermoneutral office environment and could elevate the TSV for both groups. Among the different thermal perceptions, TSV showed significant negative correlations in summer. Even in the partial correlation assessment, controlling for gender, BMI , I cl , M or gender and BMI together, the correlation between TSV and cold constitution remained significant, suggesting that thermal sensation is strongly associated with cold constitution. Additionally, TP showed weak-to-moderate positive correlations even when controlling several other parameters, which indicates a strong link between TP and the cold constitution. However, there was no significant direct correlation observed between I cl and the cold constitution, suggesting that I cl was not significantly associated with the cold constitution. In addition, when I cl was controlled for partial correlation, the general correlation values of gender, BMI and M with cold constitution did not have a substantial effect, which also indicates the minimum influence of cold constitution on I cl . Controlling the I cl is a type of behavioral thermoregulation. However, the results suggested that people with cold constitution did not have enough behavioral adaptations to cold. When PMV , which represents the mathematical prediction of thermal sensation, was investigated, no significant differences were observed between the groups (Fig. 4). Nevertheless, in both summer and winter PMV predictions were quite relatable to TSV. Additionally in summer, PPD predictions showed significant differences between the CC group and the NC group (Fig. 5). CC group showed higher dissatisfaction percentage compared to the NC group, which is relatable with the cold constitution principles, even under thermoneutral conditions, the cold constitution people feels cold and dissatisfied (51). Whereas in winter, possibly higher clothing insulation (Fig. 7) was the factor that moderated the PPD difference levels between the CC group and the NC group (Fig. 5). In the correlation analysis, PMV and PPD showed mostly weak but significant correlations with the cold constitution in summer. On the other hand, possibly because the higher I cl in winter reduces heat loss from the body, buffering the effect of the cold constitution on thermal sensation. This I cl could be the effect that diminishes the direct relationship between the cold constitution and TSV, TP, PMV and PPD in winter. In terms of metabolic heat production, it was observed that both in the summer and the winter, CC group had significantly lower M compared to the NC group, which is consistent with previous studies (28). This can be explained by the prominent presence of female individuals in the CC group as well as lower BMI individuals in the CC group (Table 1). Several studies focused on cold constitution have demonstrated the association of females and lower BMI with cold constitution (26, 44). Gender and BMI are the two key parameters associated with M . In this study, because of prominent presence of females in the CC group as well as lower BMI were the primary factors of lower M . This can also be related to the basic concept of human heat balance, where it can be argued that, owing to a lower metabolic rate, individuals with cold constitution have reduced heat storage compared with those without cold constitution. Reduced heat storage occurs with a reduction in the mean body temperature. In this study, no difference in core body temperature was observed between the groups. Thus, the mean t sk might be lower in the CC group. As a result, people with a cold constitution tend to feel colder than those without cold constitution. In addition, possibly that’s why M showed strong significant correlation with cold constitution both in summer and winter (Table 4). M also correlated significantly, even when controlling other factors. This result suggested that individuals with lower metabolic rates generate less body heat and tend to have cold constitution. Another personal factor directly associated with thermal sensation is clothing insulation (15). Significantly higher I cl in the winter than in the summer for both groups, demonstrates the behavioural adaptation of thermoregulation. It was observed that in summer, the CC group reported feeling significantly colder than the NC group did, despite both groups having nearly the same clothing insulation. Most likely, clothing culture and norms suppressed behavioural adaptation and likely led to wearing lighter clothing for the CC group in the summer, even though they felt cold. That can be the reason for the lack of significant correlation observed for I cl with the cold constitution. However, in winter, higher clothing insulation enabled cold constitution individuals to adapt comfortably to the thermal environment. According to the local skin temperature comparison between the CC group and the NC group, in most cases CC group had a lower local skin temperature. Specifically, t nose , t cheek , t palmar finger and t dorsal finger were significantly lower in the CC group compared to the NC group in summer (Fig. 8). For instance, some studies have shown that distal body parts are the earliest to feel cold (52) and individuals with cold constitution tends to have lower t sk in those areas (21). It can be described as the association of vasoconstriction with the cold constitution along with the tendency to perceive a thermoneutral environment as cold (26). In cold environment sympathetic nervous system releases noradrenaline (NA) from the nerve ending and binds to adrenergic receptors to the vascular smooth muscle cell membrane to induce vasoconstriction (53). It has also been reported that long-term local cold exposure reduces endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity, which suppresses NO-mediated vasodilation (54). It modulates vasoconstriction by activating intracellular signalling pathways that regulate smooth muscle contraction (54). It reduces blood flow to the distal part of the body caused by vasoconstriction (55). Possibly that’s the reason behind the significantly lower t nose , t cheek , t palmar finger and t dorsal finger in the CC group comparing the NC group. Additionally, the presence of high arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) in nose and finger regions is also associated with the lower skin temperature (56, 57). In those areas, vasoconstriction due to sympathetic activation appears to be more pronounced than in other skin regions, likely due to the higher presence of AVA comparing other skin regions. Remarkably, in the winter t nose , t neck and t cheek showed significantly lower in the CC group than in the NC group. There were no significant differences observed at the hand region. One possible reason can be highlighted as higher I cl in the winter than in the summer for both groups. Mostly it was observed that, the extra clothing was used to cover the trunk body, and particularly in the winter people used to wear full sleeve clothing. It is possible that this kind of clothing could increase the hand region temperature for people with cold constitution. However, in the face area, there was no effect of clothing. This may explain the consistent local skin temperature difference in the face region between the CC group and the NC group, even in winter. Therefore, it can be presumed that no correlation was found between I cl and the cold constitution, however a higher I cl may serve as a behavioural adaptation to reduce body heat loss and enhance comfort for cold constitution people. Additionally, Δ t forehead – nose and Δ t palm - palmar finger were significantly higher for the CC group in both summer and winter (Fig. 9). This result clearly indicates that the vasoconstriction phenomenon occurred at the distal part of the body for the cold constitution participants to suppress heat dissipation from the skin surface. This event also matches the findings of previous studies (22, 54). A lower skin temperature at the distal part of the body may lead to a cold sensation in individuals with a cold constitution. In Table 5, the results demonstrate significant negative correlations between the cold constitution and local t sk as well as positive correlations between the cold constitution and Δ t proximal - distal . These results highlight the strong relationship between physiological responses and cold constitution, which has also been confirmed by prior research (30). These findings indicate that individuals with cold constitution tend to exhibit lower skin temperatures, particularly in peripheral and exposed areas such as the nose, cheek, and fingers. In the partial correlation assessment, adjusting I cl consistently strengthened the negative correlations between the cold constitution and local t sk , this emphasized the role of I cl in modulating local skin temperatures. Adjusting for gender or BMI or gender and BMI together, reduced the strength of most correlations, suggesting that these factors may partially contribute to the correlation between the cold constitution and local t sk . Controlling for M also had a slight effect on the correlations, indicating that the association between cold constitution and local t sk is slightly influenced by variations in M . Additionally, Δ t proximal - distal was positively correlated with the cold constitution. This suggests that individuals with cold constitution tend to have greater temperature differences between the proximal and distal regions, potentially reflecting impaired thermoregulation or reduced peripheral blood flow, which represents the association of vasoconstriction with the cold constitution (31). Partial correlations revealed that controlling for I cl generally enhanced the correlations between Δ t proximal - distal and the cold constitution, which indicates that I cl also plays a critical role in moderating regional thermal differences. 5. Conclusion This study aimed to explore the associations of thermal perceptions, PMV , PPD and physiological responses such as local skin temperatures in relation to cold constitution. It also inspected the differences between the CC group and the NC group in those aspects. The following conclusions can be drawn from the research findings, Cold constitution survey, correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis identified gender and BMI as key predictors of cold constitution. Compared with males, females presented a greater prevalence of cold constitution, whereas an increased BMI reduced the likelihood of cold constitution. CC group felt colder and preferred warmer environments than did the NC group in summer, even after adjusting for gender and BMI. Whereas in winter, thermal sensation and preference showed no significant differences, though I cl was significantly higher in winter for both groups. PMV showed no significant group differences, but in summer, the CC group's PPD was significantly higher than the NC group's. CC group showed significantly lower M than the NC group in both seasons, indicating reduced heat storage in the CC group. Correlation analysis also revealed a moderate correlation between M and the cold constitution. Local t sk values were mostly lower in the CC group compared to the NC group. t nose , t cheek , t palmar finger and t dorsal finger were significantly lower in the CC group in the summer. However, in winter only t nose and t cheek significantly differed. Δ t forehead - nose and Δ t palm - palmar finger were significantly higher in the CC group comparing with NC group, which indicates the association of stronger vasoconstriction with cold constitution. Considering those research findings, it can be stated that cold constitution should be recognized as a key individual aspect when universal thermal comfort is considered. Limitations This research work was performed in an office environment where environment was thermoneutral. Future studies should investigate a wider variety of thermal environments to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of environmental conditions on the thermal perceptions associated with cold constitution. Additionally in this research, the number of female participants was lower than male participants, which may have affected the present results. Maintaining gender balance, as gender is a significant predictor of cold constitution, could direct a more precise comparison between the CC group and the NC group. Declarations Declaration of competing interest This study was funded by Taisei Corporation, and the co-authors, Takuji Iwamura and Shingo Konoshita, are employees of the Taisei Corpo ration and were involved in the research. However, the interpretation and outcomes of the study were not influenced by the interests of the funding provider or the co-authors. Acknowledgements This research is financially supported by the Taisei corporation. The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the participants and Taisei corporation. They would also like to say thanks to Ms. Akiko Yanagisawa, for her administrative supports. References Ali AS, Chua SJL, Lim MEL. Physical environment comfort towards Malaysian universities office employers’ performance and productivity. Facilities. 2019;37(11/12):686-703. Herbig B, Schneider A, Nowak D. Does office space occupation matter? The role of the number of persons per enclosed office space, psychosocial work characteristics, and environmental satisfaction in the physical and mental health of employees. Indoor Air. 2016;26(5):755-67. Van Hoof J. Forty years of Fanger’s model of thermal comfort: comfort for all? Indoor air. 2008;18(3). Taylor L, Watkins SL, Marshall H, Dascombe BJ, Foster J. The Impact of Different Environmental Conditions on Cognitive Function: A Focused Review. Front Physiol. 2016;6. Al Horr Y, Arif M, Kaushik A, Mazroei A, Katafygiotou M, Elsarrag E. Occupant productivity and office indoor environment quality: A review of the literature. Building and environment. 2016;105:369-89. Nakamura M, Yoda T, Crawshaw LI, Yasuhara S, Saito Y, Kasuga M, et al. Regional differences in temperature sensation and thermal comfort in humans. Journal of applied physiology. 2008;105(6):1897-906. ASHRAE. ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Atlanta; 2021. Gagge AP. A new physiological variable associated with sensible and insensible perspiration. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content. 1937;120(2):277-87. Berglund LG. Comfort and humidity. ASHRAE journal. 1998;40(8):35. De Dear R, Brager GS. Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference. Indoor environmental Quality, UC Berkeley. 1998. Hensel H, Schafer K. Thermoreception and temperature regulation in man. Recent advances in medical thermology: Springer; 1984. p. 51-64. ISO 28802. Ergonomics of the physical environment — Assessment of environments by means of an environmental survey involving physical measurements of the environment and subjective responses of people. Geneva, Switzerland; 2012. Nicol JF, Humphreys MA. Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings. Energy and Buildings. 2002;34(6):563-72. ASHRAE-55. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta, GA; 2010. ISO 7730. Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. Geneva, Switzerland; 2005. Feriadi H, Wong NH. Thermal comfort for naturally ventilated houses in Indonesia. Energy and buildings. 2004;36(7):614-26. Maiti R. PMV model is insufficient to capture subjective thermal response from Indians. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2014;44(3):349-61. Romanovsky AA. Skin temperature: its role in thermoregulation. Acta physiologica scandinavica. 2014;210(3):498-507. Hall JE, Hall ME. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology E-Book: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2020. Arens EA, Zhang H. The skin's role in human thermoregulation and comfort. Indoor environmental Quality, UC Berkeley. 2006. Sadakata M, Yamada Y. Perception of foot temperature in young women with cold constitution: analysis of skin temperature and warm and cold sensation thresholds. Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2007;26(4):449-57. Wang Z, de Dear R, Luo M, Lin B, He Y, Ghahramani A, et al. Individual difference in thermal comfort: A literature review. Building and Environment. 2018;138:181-93. Fanger PO. Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering. United States: McGraw Hill Book Company; 1970. Parsons KC. The effects of gender, acclimation state, the opportunity to adjust clothing and physical disability on requirements for thermal comfort. Energy and Buildings. 2002;34(6):593-9. Biswas BK, Ishii K, Watanabe Y, Li J, Tan Y, Dempoya A, et al. Predicting individual variability in thermal sensation, PMV predictions, and local skin temperature differences using infrared thermography. Building and Environment. 2024:112477. Uchida Y, Ueshima K, Kano K, Minami M, Mizukami Y, Morimoto K. Correlations between “hie-sho” interview score and progesterone, fat intake, and Kupperman index in pre-and post-menopausal women: a pilot study. The journal of physiological sciences. 2019;69:673-81. Yamato T, Aomine M. Relationships between cold constitution and accelerated plethysmogram in young females. Health Evaluation and Promotion. 2005;32(6):493-9. Yamazaki F. The cutaneous vasoconstrictor response in lower extremities during whole-body and local skin cooling in young women with a cold constitution. The journal of physiological sciences. 2015;65:397-405. Takatori A. Assessment of diagnostic criterion of coldness in women with thermography. Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1992;44(5):559-65. Nagashima K, Yoda T, Yagishita T, Taniguchi A, Hosono T, Kanosue K. Thermal regulation and comfort during a mild-cold exposure in young Japanese women complaining of unusual coldness. Journal of applied physiology. 2002;92(3):1029-35. Sadakata M. Characteristics of peripheral dermovascular in the subjects regarded as the cold constitution. J Jap Society of Nursing Research. 2004;27:106. ISO 7726. Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment — Instruments for Measuring Physical Quantities. Geneva, Switzerland; 1998. Sakaguchi S. Effects of acupuncture on cold sensitivity. Journal of the Japan Society of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. 2003;53(1):49-54. Terasawa K. On the recognition and treatment of. Hie-sho”(chillphobia) in the traditional Kampoh medicine,” Shoyakugaku Zasshi. 1987;41(2):85-96. Ganpule AA, Tanaka S, Ishikawa-Takata K, Tabata I. Interindividual variability in sleeping metabolic rate in Japanese subjects. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2007;61(11):1256-61. Schofield WN. Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1985;39 Suppl 1:5-41. James WPT, Schofield EC. Human Energy Requirements. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1990. Kuriyan R, Easwaran PP, Kurpad AV. Physical activity ratio of selected activities in Indian male and female subjects and its relationship with body mass index. British Journal of Nutrition. 2006;96:71-9. Fujimoto S, Watanabe T, Sakamoto A, Yukawa K, Morimoto K. Studies on the physical surface area of Japanese part 18 calculation formulas in three stages over all age. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Hygiene). 1968;23(5):443-50. ISO 9920. Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Estimation of the thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble. Geneva, Switzerland; 2007. Lee K, Choi H, Kim H, Kim DD, Kim T. Assessment of a real-time prediction method for high clothing thermal insulation using a thermoregulation model and an infrared camera. Atmosphere. 2020;11(1):106. Moreira DG, Costello JT, Brito CJ, Adamczyk JG, Ammer K, Bach AJ, et al. Thermographic imaging in sports and exercise medicine: A Delphi study and consensus statement on the measurement of human skin temperature. Journal of thermal biology. 2017;69:155-62. House JR, Tipton MJ. Using skin temperature gradients or skin heat flux measurements to determine thresholds of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. European journal of applied physiology. 2002;88:141-5. Sakaguchi S, Kuge H, Mori H, Miyazaki J, Tanaka TH, Hanyu K, et al. Extraction of items identifying hiesho (cold disorder) and their utility in young males and females. Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2016;14(1):36-43. Yamato T, Aomine M. Physical characteristics and living environment in female students with cold constitution. Health Evaluation and Promotion. 2002;29(5):878-84. Rewitz K, Müller D. Influence of gender, age and BMI on human physiological response and thermal sensation for transient indoor environments with displacement ventilation. Building and Environment. 2022;219:109045. Yoshino T, Katayama K, Munakata K, Horiba Y, Yamaguchi R, Imoto S, et al. Statistical analysis of hie (cold sensation) and hiesho (cold disorder) in kampo clinic. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013;2013(1):398458. Tochihara Y, Lee J-Y, Wakabayashi H, Wijayanto T, Bakri I, Parsons K. The use of language to express thermal sensation suggests heat acclimatization by Indonesian people. International journal of biometeorology. 2012;56:1055-64. Wakabayashi H, Sakaue H, Nishimura T. Recent updates on cold adaptation in population and laboratory studies, including cross-adaptation with non-thermal factors. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 2025;44. Tochihara Y, Wakabayashi H, Lee J-Y, Wijayanto T, Hashiguchi N, Saat M. How humans adapt to hot climates learned from the recent research on tropical indigenes. Journal of physiological anthropology. 2022;41(1):27. Kono K, Abe S, Yamamoto M, Kayashima R, Kaneko K, Sakuma M, et al. Vascular endothelial dysfunction and autonomic nervous hyperactivity among premenopausal women with cold-sensitivity constitution (Hiesho). The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2021;253(1):51-60. Kondo M, Okamura Y. Cold constitution: analysis of the questionnaire. Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1987;39(11):2000-4. Alba BK, Castellani JW, Charkoudian N. Cold‐induced cutaneous vasoconstriction in humans: Function, dysfunction and the distinctly counterproductive. Experimental physiology. 2019;104(8):1202-14. Hodges GJ, Traeger III JA, Tang T, Kosiba WA, Zhao K, Johnson JM. Role of sensory nerves in the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to local cooling in humans. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2007;293(1):H784-H9. Charkoudian N. Mechanisms and modifiers of reflex induced cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans. Journal of applied physiology. 2010;109(4):1221-8. Bergersen T. A search for arteriovenous anastomoses in human skin using ultrasound Doppler. Acta physiologica scandinavica. 1993;147(2):195-201. Walløe L. Arterio-venous anastomoses in the human skin and their role in temperature control. Temperature. 2016;3(1):92-103. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Physiological Anthropology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6460197","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":466207333,"identity":"afc79bd9-783f-44d7-8279-365025187df7","order_by":0,"name":"Biplob Kanti Biswas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hokkaido University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Biplob","middleName":"Kanti","lastName":"Biswas","suffix":""},{"id":466207334,"identity":"eb8d500e-be63-4ceb-b211-cb5eac3bfcc9","order_by":1,"name":"Koichi Ishii","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hokkaido University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Koichi","middleName":"","lastName":"Ishii","suffix":""},{"id":466207335,"identity":"5d208453-054c-4127-a1a3-d12e19c042ff","order_by":2,"name":"Yu Watanabe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hokkaido University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yu","middleName":"","lastName":"Watanabe","suffix":""},{"id":466207336,"identity":"9f88eb09-17f8-43a4-8a45-8720eecf9252","order_by":3,"name":"Jiating Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hokkaido University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiating","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":466207337,"identity":"de82f6a0-6a75-4e58-882e-2281a031b1a5","order_by":4,"name":"Yumiko Tan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hokkaido University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yumiko","middleName":"","lastName":"Tan","suffix":""},{"id":466207338,"identity":"11245b2c-9c62-43b7-b3d7-24b4791c20dc","order_by":5,"name":"Ayano Dempoya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hokkaido University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ayano","middleName":"","lastName":"Dempoya","suffix":""},{"id":466207339,"identity":"5a69b216-91f3-4c56-8cd6-a98d5079c4f7","order_by":6,"name":"So Takeuchi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hokkaido University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"So","middleName":"","lastName":"Takeuchi","suffix":""},{"id":466207340,"identity":"42a21856-42a3-42a3-9042-df7e191184c0","order_by":7,"name":"Sang-il Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hokkaido University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sang-il","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":466207341,"identity":"b12cffc1-37ff-46d8-93e4-e8a9782395c5","order_by":8,"name":"Takuji Iwamura","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Taisei Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Takuji","middleName":"","lastName":"Iwamura","suffix":""},{"id":466207342,"identity":"ccff0381-07e5-4c9c-9bf9-90e6db217d49","order_by":9,"name":"Shingo Konoshita","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Taisei Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shingo","middleName":"","lastName":"Konoshita","suffix":""},{"id":466207343,"identity":"e9d8ea2b-20c0-4825-99fa-9042082b979c","order_by":10,"name":"Hitoshi Wakabayashi","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Hokkaido University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hitoshi","middleName":"","lastName":"Wakabayashi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-16 06:38:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6460197/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6460197/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-025-00407-5","type":"published","date":"2025-11-06T15:58:14+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83982087,"identity":"9f550e6d-7278-47e5-928f-7e30f4532cdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-05 10:21:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":65545,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eData logger and sensors arrangement for the environmental data collection (a), and data loggers (b).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6460197/v1/83e9becb9353211d01bf5ae9.jpg"},{"id":83983401,"identity":"87cbd09e-0050-4d75-a739-41c055ca5528","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-05 10:29:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":68663,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThermal images for predicting the local skin temperature at the head region (a), palmar side of the hand (b), dorsal side of the hand (c), and clothing temperature prediction at the front side (d) and back side (e).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6460197/v1/f47dcb96ea61e8a34f1743a1.jpg"},{"id":83983403,"identity":"d1ebce6d-24d8-40d0-9b0e-862c02983ff8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-05 10:29:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23468,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of thermal sensations between the CC group and the NC group in summer (a) and winter (b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Summer, CC group : NC group = 29:60, Winter, CC group : NC group = 24:51).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are mean ± standard deviation. **: p \u0026lt; 0.01 between the groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6460197/v1/8c35deafa436bd70a445f95d.jpg"},{"id":83982080,"identity":"561432a9-85a2-4452-ac02-e26a97f97d5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-05 10:21:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18075,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003ebetween the CC group and the NC group in summer (a) and winter (b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Summer, CC group : NC group = 29:60, Winter, CC group : NC group = 24:51).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are mean ± standard deviation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6460197/v1/420025bc815aacf28a3c807e.jpg"},{"id":83982084,"identity":"a6f989ed-1db2-4418-891a-7bd161fdb97c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-05 10:21:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20927,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of \u003cem\u003ePPD \u003c/em\u003ebetween the CC group and the NC group in summer (a) and winter (b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Summer, CC group : NC group = 29:60, Winter, CC group : NC group = 24:51).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are mean ± standard deviation. **: p \u0026lt; 0.01 between the groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6460197/v1/5782aa2583c475cc3defe7b4.jpg"},{"id":83983402,"identity":"57475121-e094-4139-a16b-f4a06398f857","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-05 10:29:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21703,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003ebetween the CC group and the NC group in summer (a) and winter (b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Summer, CC group : NC group = 29:60, Winter, CC group : NC group = 24:51).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are mean ± standard deviation. **: p \u0026lt; 0.01 between the groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6460197/v1/b85aed7093aec4500ad77591.jpg"},{"id":83983404,"identity":"31a7d90e-2608-471f-b0d6-2cc4663991ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-05 10:29:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19157,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecl\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003e \u003c/sub\u003ebetween the CC group and the NC group in summer (a) and winter (b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Summer, CC group : NC group = 29:60, Winter, CC group : NC group = 24:51).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are mean ± standard deviation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6460197/v1/d336275e2716f4869d25dfff.jpg"},{"id":83982085,"identity":"a628bafb-b22d-450f-83ee-137c7ec5f85c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-05 10:21:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of local\u003cem\u003e t\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003esk\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e between the CC group and the NC group in summer (a) and winter (b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Summer, CC group : NC group = 29:60, Winter, CC group : NC group = 24:51).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are mean ± standard deviation. **: p \u0026lt; 0.01 between groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6460197/v1/6cc14b1f3aa5d0905ed4c0fb.jpg"},{"id":83982088,"identity":"ca05a5a6-f380-48f7-9dc9-9d69b32acea8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-05 10:21:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28091,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of \u003cem\u003eΔt\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003esk\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e between the CC group and the NC group in summer (a) and winter (b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Summer, CC group : NC group = 29:60, Winter, CC group : NC group = 24:51).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are mean ± standard deviation. **: p \u0026lt; 0.01 between the groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6460197/v1/7b2be54368d158e3d8dcfbbc.jpg"},{"id":95564286,"identity":"d8c546ec-ee10-4525-bdd5-5f951eb49a70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 16:09:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1473217,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6460197/v1/44164d6b-d0ef-47a5-a6a3-aa0c199dcfa2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Association of thermal perceptions, metabolic rate, clothing and local skin temperature in people with cold constitution in air-conditioned office environments","fulltext":[{"header":"1.\tIntroduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn modern society, the majority of individuals spend around 8 to 9 hours a day in office environments, as part of their routine work. Thermal condition of these office environments have enormous impacts on their mental health, physical comfort and work efficiency (1, 2). Thermal environment within those conditions plays a vital role in shaping individuals\u0026rsquo; experiences and productivity (3). Occupants\u0026apos; performance, proficiency and concentration are also associated with the thermal environmental conditions (4). Furthermore, the design and management of the environment inside the office spaces can either enhance or hamper employees\u0026rsquo; well-being (5). To address these issues most of the offices try to keep their air conditioning system in a neutral condition where most of the users can experience thermal comfort (TC) and neutral thermal sensation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThermal comfort \u0026nbsp;and thermal sensation can be expressed as the human responses to thermal stimuli, which evoke specific sensory perceptions (6). Thermal comfort is a subjective assessment of whether the thermal environment is satisfactory or acceptable and it is influenced by physical, physiological, psychological, and many other process (7). \u0026nbsp;Human mind made the conclusion about the comfort based on direct temperature and moisture sensations from the skin, the temperature of the core body and the necessary effort to balance body temperature (8, 9). Comfort is conditional not only on environmental factors but also on how these conditions are perceived by human being (10). On the other hand thermal sensation is influenced primarily by the activation of thermoreceptors on the skin surface and other sensory pathways that detect changes in the surrounding environment (11). Thermal sensation refers to the immediate and conscious perception of a thermal environment, such as feeling hot or cold at various levels. Furthermore thermal preference (TP) and thermal dissatisfaction level (DL) are additional parameters used to evaluate the thermal environment (12).\u0026nbsp;All these evaluations require individual surveys through personal inquiries. Interestingly, individuals\u0026rsquo; morphological characteristics include age, gender, body size as well as clothing, and activity level influences their individual experience of thermal comfort, thermal sensation, thermal preference and satisfaction differently under a given condition\u0026nbsp;(13).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, in a uniform and steady thermal environment, the predicted mean vote (\u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e) is a widely used mathematical index that predicts human thermal sensation on the basis of environmental factors such as air temperature (\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e), relative humidity (\u003cem\u003eRH\u003c/em\u003e), mean radiant temperature (\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e), and air velocity (\u003cem\u003ev\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) with personal factors, specifically metabolic heat production (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e) and clothing insulation (\u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) (14, 15). It expresses thermal sensation via a 7-point assessment scale, ranging from cold (-3) to neutral (0) to hot (+3). According to ASHRAE, people feel comfortable within a \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e range of -0.5 to +0.5 (7). Additionally in this range, more than 90% of individuals are satisfied with the environmental conditions which is acceptable for setting the thermal environment (15). Furthermore, \u003cem\u003ePMV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eprediction requires the consideration of personal factors. However, because of the challenging nature of personal data collection, in most cases personal data considered as common uniform values, leading to incorrect \u003cem\u003ePMV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003epredictions (16, 17).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother important aspect of assessing human thermal sensation is the skin temperature (\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e). It is a direct physiological response of the body to the surrounding thermal environment (18). The skin acts as the boundary layer between the body and the environment and plays a key role in the thermoregulation process as well as the heat balance (19).\u0026nbsp;Hot and cold receptors located just below the skin send signals through the sensory nervous system to the anterior hypothalamus, helping regulate body temperature\u0026nbsp;(20, 21). This finding indicates that skin temperature reflects the impact of the thermal environment on individuals and has an intimate connection with thermal sensation and comfort.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering thermal comfort and sensation, even in the same thermal environment, different individuals can perceive the environment differently. Beyond environmental influences, individual characteristics also play a vital role in the perception of the thermal environment. Consequently, a common thermal setup may not be comfortable for everyone. This can be explained by individual differences, where individual characteristics as well as morphology have a considerable impact on thermal perception (22). In previous studies on individual differences in thermal sensation and comfort, research focused primarily on factors like age, gender, and certain morphological characteristics such as \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e (23-25). However, there has been little research on individual differences associated with cold constitution, which is a significant individual difference that needs to be considered.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe term \u0026apos;cold constitution\u0026apos;, known as \u0026apos;hie-sho\u0026apos; in Japanese (26), originates from traditional East Asian medicine and culture. This refers to a condition where an individual is substantially sensitive to cold (27). Individuals with cold constitution have a distinct skin blood flow regulatory system with heightened adrenergic sensitivity, leading to increased cutaneous vasoconstriction in the distal extremities during cold exposure (28). Certain studies focusing on cold constitution, have reported that people with cold constitution experience greater cold sensations even in the thermoneutral environment recommended by ASHRAE (29, 30). This concept is related to the broader idea of maintaining balance in body temperature and overall health. Cold-sensitive people mostly feel cold sensations, particularly in extremities like hands and feet.\u0026nbsp;This symptom was observed when \u0026nbsp;they were exposed to a cold or even neutral environment and they presented\u0026nbsp;greater sympathetic nerve activity\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(30). Inadequate blood flow to the extremities \u0026nbsp;due to vasoconstriction can lead to persistent cold sensations\u0026nbsp;(31). Considering, to ensure thermal satisfaction for a long period of time, it is essential to consider the cold constitution while designing personal air conditioning systems rather than just relying on a uniform air conditioning environment for all.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering the facts, this research aimed to investigate the associations of morphological characteristics, gender, thermal perceptions, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e, predicted percentage of dissatisfaction (\u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e) and local skin temperature with cold constitution in an air-conditioned office environment. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.\tMethods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted in an office environment as a field experiment. The experiment was carried out in summer (2023/08/30 - 2023/09/05) and winter (2024/02/08 - 2024/02/14) among regular office employees. The research procedure was reviewed and approved by the IRB of the Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University (No. R5-8).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.1. Participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 summarizes the morphological characteristics of the participants. In summer, 89 and in winter, 75 volunteers participated in this experiment. All participants were briefed about the research protocols and provided written informed consent before their participation. They took part in the experiment during their regular office hours. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMorphological characteristics and core body temperature of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"596\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorphology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 238px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 238px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWinter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCC group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCC group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of participants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender (M : F)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 : 11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 : 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 : 11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 : 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.97 \u0026plusmn; 11.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.32 \u0026plusmn; 12.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.21 \u0026plusmn; 11.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.51 \u0026plusmn; 11.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166.98 \u0026plusmn; 7.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.48 \u0026plusmn; 6.57*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165.46 \u0026plusmn; 7.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.45 \u0026plusmn; 6.36*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.62 \u0026plusmn; 10.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.05 \u0026plusmn; 10.99*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.63 \u0026plusmn; 11.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.37\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;8.42*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.27 \u0026plusmn; 2.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.67\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;2.90*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.91 \u0026plusmn; 2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.51 \u0026plusmn; 2.45*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecr\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e(\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.64 \u0026plusmn; 0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.66 \u0026plusmn; 0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.70 \u0026plusmn; 0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.66 \u0026plusmn; 0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCC: cold constitution, NC: non-cold constitution, BMI: body mass index, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecr\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: armpit temperature as a substitute of core body temperature\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation, *: p \u0026lt; 0.05 between CC group and NC group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2 Research procedure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted in a fully air-conditioned office in Tokyo, Japan, where the thermal conditions were in the thermoneutral range recommended by ISO 7730 (15) (Table 2). The experiment took place on the 17th floor of a 54-story office building. The average floor area was approximately 3,400 square meters, with no partition except for the service zones. The building featured an RCC structure with double-glass window openings and the windows had blinders designed to minimize solar heat gain. The centrally controlled air conditioning system and open floor design ensured a stable indoor environment, efficiently minimizing the impact of outdoor conditions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research started with a questionnaire survey regarding cold constitution (Table 3). Then, the subjects\u0026rsquo; morphological data, such as age, sex, height and body weight were collected through a questionnaire survey. After that, there was a 60-minute adaptation to the thermal environment. During this period, the subjects were asked to perform their regular office work. At the end of the experiment thermal voting was performed through a subjective questionnaire. The armpit temperature was subsequently measured as a surrogate for the core body temperature (\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecr\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e). At the end of the experiment, thermal images were taken via an infrared thermography (IRT) camera to predict the clothing temperature (\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) and different local \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e values at the face and hand regions. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental conditions during the research period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"582\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSummer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWinter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.09\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.52 \u0026plusmn; 0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.62 \u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.72 \u0026plusmn; 0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRH (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.06 \u0026plusmn; 1.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.10 \u0026plusmn; 1.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ev\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (m/s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14 \u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11 \u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (P\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1924.7 \u0026plusmn; 38.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1477.7 \u0026plusmn; 65.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (W/(m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e∙K))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.46\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003er\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e(W/(m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e∙K))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.95\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.95\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: air temperature, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: mean radiant temperature, RH: relative humidity, \u003cem\u003ev\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: air velocity, \u003cem\u003ep\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: water vapor pressure in ambient air, \u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: convective heat transfer coefficient, \u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: radiative heat transfer coefficient.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3. Environmental measurement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour fundamental environmental factors related to the thermal environment \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, globe temperature (\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e), \u003cem\u003eRH\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ev\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere recorded during the experimental period. The data were collected at 1-second intervals. The data logger setup with the sensors is shown in Fig. 1. Three sets of data loggers were used to collect the environmental data from three different zones. Considering the centre of an adult human body in a sitting posture, all the environmental data were recorded at a height of 0.6 m. During the survey, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e was measured by using a thermistor sensor and recorded using a data logger (NR543R, Nikkiso-Thermo, Japan). The thermistor sensor probe was hung in open air and connected to a logger to record the \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003edata. To record \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e the same logger and thermistor were used with a Bernon type 150 mm black globe (Sibata, Japan) and at the centre of the globe the thermistor was placed. The RH data were recorded with a humidity recorder (RS-14WB, Espec, Japan), with a humidity sensor (RSH-4010, Espec, Japan). For \u003cem\u003ev\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, an anemometer logger (Testo 440, Testo, Germany) with an omnidirectional hot-wire air flow probe (TUC 0628 0152, Testo, Germany) was used to record the air velocity from every direction. The data loggers were switched on 30 minutes prior to the survey time. Once the experiment was completed, the data were saved as a digital file. From the \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ev\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e data, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e was calculated via the following formula (32),\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= ((\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e+273.15)\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e+((1.1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026times;\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e0.6\u003c/sup\u003e)/(\u003cem\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026times;\u003cem\u003eD\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e0.4\u003c/sup\u003e))\u0026times;(\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e))\u003csup\u003e0.25\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026ndash;273.15 [\u0026deg;C] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(Equation 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= globe temperature [\u0026deg;C]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ev\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= air velocity [m/s]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003c/em\u003e = emissivity of the globe (usually 1.00 for a black globe)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eD\u003c/em\u003e = diameter of the globe [m] (0.15m)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= air temperature [\u0026deg;C]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor individual \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e prediction, the values of \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRH\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ev\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emeasured at their working area were used for every participant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire on cold constitution. This table was modified from a previous study\u0026nbsp;(33).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"584\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 584px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you or are you_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory \u0026ldquo;a\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompared to others, I tend to be more sensitive to the cold.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI suffer because my back, hands and feet or some part of my body is cold.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI suffer in air-conditioned rooms because my body feels cold.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompared to others, my hands and feet are cold.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEven in summer, my hands get cold.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEspecially in winter, I sometimes cannot sleep because my feet are cold.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory \u0026ldquo;b\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI sometimes suffer because my entire body is cold.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI wear thick socks even in the summer because my feet are cold.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDue to cold weather in winter, I always use an electric blanket, mattress or pocket warmer.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI have been suffering from the cold for the last several years.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn winter and on cold days, I urinate more frequently.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompared to others, my face is more pale.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 489px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMy hands and feet always feel cold.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCriteria for cold constitution:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnswered yes, more than 2 in Category \u0026ldquo;a\u0026rdquo; questions or\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnswered yes, 1 in Category \u0026ldquo;a\u0026rdquo; question + more than 2 in Category \u0026ldquo;b\u0026rdquo; questions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4. Questionnaire assessment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo identify individuals with cold constitution and non-cold constitution, a questionnaire survey was conducted. Table 3 shows the questionnaire used to assess the subjective symptoms of the cold constitution with the criteria for classifying individuals as having a clod constitution or non-cold constitution. This questionnaire was based on previous research on cold constitutions originally designed by Terasawa (34) and modified by Sakaguchi (33), which included some questions that were not used for classifying cold constitutions. These unused questions were excluded from the survey questionnaire used in this study (Table 3). From the survey, two groups were named as the CC group and the NC group.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo investigate the individual\u0026rsquo;s thermal assessment, an additional questionnaire survey was conducted on the thermal sensation vote (TSV), TC, TP and DL according to ISO 28802 (12) guidelines. Participants were asked to vote TSV on a 7-point scale, where -3 to 3 correspond to cold, cool, slightly cool, neutral, slightly warm, warm and hot in sequence. Additionally TC (-3 to +3 characterised as very uncomfortable, uncomfortable, slightly uncomfortable, neither, slightly comfortable, comfortable, very comfortable), TP (-3 to 3 characterised as much cooler, cooler, slightly cooler, no change, slightly warmer, warmer, much warmer), and DL (1 to 4 characterised as satisfied, slightly satisfied, slightly non-satisfied, non-satisfied) were asked to evaluate the difference in thermal perceptions between the CC group and the NC group. For a clear understanding of the questionnaire, both the cold constitution questionnaire and the individual\u0026rsquo;s thermal assessment questionnaire were translated into Japanese according to their original meanings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5. \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e prediction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e is calculated by the following formula according to ISO 7730 (15),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePMV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= [0.303\u0026times;exp(-0.036\u0026times;\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e)+0.028]\u0026times;{(\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e-\u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e)-3.05\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026times;[5733-6.99\u0026times;(\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e-\u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e)-\u003cem\u003ep\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e]-0.42\u0026times;[(\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e-\u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e)-58.15]-1.7\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026times;\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026times;(5867-\u003cem\u003ep\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)-0.0014\u0026times;\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026times;(34-\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)-3.96\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-8\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026times;\u003cem\u003ef\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026times;[(\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e+273)\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e-(\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e+273)\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e]-\u003cem\u003ef\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026times;\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026times;(\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e-\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)} (Equation 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = metabolic rate of human body [W/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e = rate of mechanical work [W/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= water vapor pressure in ambient air [P\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e = air temperature [\u0026deg;C]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= clothing area factor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e = mean temperature of the outer surface of the clothed body [\u0026deg;C]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e = mean radiant temperature [\u0026deg;C]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= convective heat transfer coefficient [W/(m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e∙K)]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e was calculated based on \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e predictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e = 100-95\u0026times;exp(-0.03353\u0026times;\u003cem\u003ePMV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e- 0.2179\u0026times;\u003cem\u003ePMV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) [%] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(Equation 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5.1. \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e prediction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, to predict\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;M\u003c/em\u003e a method was adopted on the basis of the basal metabolic rate (\u003cem\u003eBMR\u003c/em\u003e), physical activity ratio \u003cem\u003e(PAR)\u003c/em\u003e, and body surface area \u003cem\u003e(BSA)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(35). The \u003cem\u003eBMR\u003c/em\u003e indicates the energy required to maintain vital activity in the awaking state, in the supine position, in a fasting situation (without breakfast) (36). \u003cem\u003ePAR\u003c/em\u003e is the ratio of the metabolic rate during specific activity to the \u003cem\u003eBMR\u003c/em\u003e, in unit time (37, 38). Here\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;M\u003c/em\u003e was calculated by the following equation,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = (\u003cem\u003eBMR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026times;\u003cem\u003ePAR\u003c/em\u003e)/\u003cem\u003eBSA\u003c/em\u003e [W/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (Equation 4)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBMR\u003c/em\u003e = {0.0481\u0026times;\u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e+2.34\u0026times;\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u0026minus;0.0138\u0026times;\u003cem\u003eAge\u003c/em\u003e\u0026minus;0.4235\u0026times;\u003cem\u003eGender\u003c/em\u003e}\u0026times;11.574 [W] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (Equation 5)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBSA\u003c/em\u003e = 0.008883\u0026times;\u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e0.444\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026times;(\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u0026times;100) \u003csup\u003e0.663\u003c/sup\u003e [m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (39)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(Equation 6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e = weight [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e = height [m]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge\u003c/em\u003e = year\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGender\u003c/em\u003e = 1 for males and 2 for females.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere, the \u003cem\u003ePAR\u003c/em\u003e for desk work was determined based on previous studies (38). For males, \u003cem\u003ePAR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalues of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e1.35, 1.32, and 1.38 were considered for individuals with BMI \u0026lt; 18.5 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, 18.5 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026lt; BMI \u0026lt; 24.9 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and BMI \u0026gt; 25 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e,\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003erespectively; and for females, \u003cem\u003ePAR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalues of 1.33, 1.34, and 1.36 were considered for individuals with a BMI \u0026lt; 18.5 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, 18.5 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026lt; BMI \u0026lt; 24.9 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and BMI \u0026gt; 25 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5.2. \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e prediction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this experiment, IRT was used to predict \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e as well as \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e. To predict \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, the following formula was used based on ISO 9920 (40),\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= (\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026minus;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)/\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[\u0026deg;C/W∙m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (Equation 7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere, \u003cem\u003eH\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= (\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026minus;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)\u0026times;(\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e+\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (Equation 8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehere \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e = operative temperature [\u0026deg;C], where, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e = (\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026times;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e+\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026times;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)/(\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e+\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(Equation 9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e = dry heat loss [W/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e = convective heat transfer coefficient [W/(m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e∙K)]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e = radiative heat transfer coefficient [W/(m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e∙K)]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo predict \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, thermal imaging was conducted using an IRT camera (R500EX-S, Nippon Avio, Japan). Fig. 2 shows some sample of IRT images. The camera was positioned at a height of 0.90 m, ensuring that its plane was perpendicular to the body plane at the centre of the body considering standing position (41). The camera was turned on 30 minutes before the thermal photography for sensor stabilization. To predict \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, from a distance of 4 m, front and backside images were taken, while the camera display was fully covered by the image of the whole body. To identify the facial and hand temperatures, images were taken from a distance of 1.5 m, while the camera display was covered by the face and hand segments, which were the regions of interest. For\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eprediction, the average temperature of the clothing surface from the front and backside images was predicted by camera manufacturers computer application (InfReC Analyzer NS9500 standard). Spot analysis was performed in the same application for predicting local \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, where a hot spot was identified as a local \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e for that particular zone. Data collection and processing was done following the guidelines outlined in the Thermographic Imaging in Sports and Exercise Medicine (TISEM)\u0026nbsp;(42).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering the availability of an uncovered body surface appropriate for IRT imaging, the average temperature of the forehead (\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eforehead\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) and the centre point of the dorsal hand (\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003edorsal hand\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) were calculated as surrogate measures for the mean \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk =\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(t\u003csub\u003eforehead\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e+\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003edorsal hand\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)/2\u0026nbsp; [\u0026deg;C] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (Equation 10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe forehead near the body\u0026rsquo;s core mostly maintains high skin temperature, while a distal extremity like dorsal hand exhibits lower temperatures due to thermal environmental effects and vasomotor control. These concerns guided their selection for mean skin temperature assessment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, for the validation of IRT temperature prediction, prior to the experiment, the IRT camera was calibrated by a true known temperature. The IRT camera was calibrated in a thermally insulated, dark climatic chamber maintained at a thermoneutral temperature of 25\u0026deg;C. A Peltier module was covered with black tape (emissivity = 1.00) and served as a black body. It was heated with known temperatures ranging from 15\u0026deg;C to 35\u0026deg;C in increments of 5\u0026deg;C. The actual temperatures were measured using a thermistor sensor connected to a data logger (NR543R, Nikkiso-Thermo, Japan). A regression analysis was performed to compare the real temperatures with the IRT predicted temperatures, and a correction formula was applied to enhance the accuracy of the IRT measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.6. Local \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e prediction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the facial region, temperatures were measured via IRT at the forehead, nose, chin, neck, cheeks (averaged for both sides), and eye canthus (averaged for both eyes) through spot analysis, and the predicted temperatures were named as \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eforehead\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003echin\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003eneck\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003eeye canthus\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003erespectively. In the hand region, the dorsal and palmar surfaces, including the fingertips, were analysed using the same method and the predicted temperature were named as \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003edorsal\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003edorsal finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003epalmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. Additionally, \u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;t\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eforehead - nose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;t\u003csub\u003epalm - palmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere calculated as parameters reflecting the magnitude of vasoconstriction\u0026nbsp;(43)\u0026nbsp;to examine the association between \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eproximal \u0026ndash; distal\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e in individuals with a cold constitution.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.7. Statistical analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe differences in the mean values of TSV, TC, TP and DL between the CC group and the NC group were analysed using Mann-Whitney \u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e test. The differences in \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e, M, PMV,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e, local \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;t\u003csub\u003eproximal \u0026ndash; distal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ebetween the two groups were analysed by non-paired Student\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-test. Correlations between cold constitution (binary classification) and other factors were analysed by spearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation test. In the statistical analysis, cold constitution was represented as a dummy variable for statistical modeling. Here, cold constitution individuals were coded as 1 and non-cold constitution individuals were coded as 0. Additionally, gender was also encoded as a binary variable, where males were assigned a value of 0 and females were assigned a value of 1. This coding scheme was used to facilitate correlation analysis and other statistical procedures that require numerical input. All the data are presented as mean \u0026plusmn; SD. In this study, a p-value threshold of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. All the analysis were performed using IBM SPSS statistics version 20.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.\tResults","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt was observed that in the NC group, number of females were less comparing with males. Additionally in the NC group, body height, weight and \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e were significantly higher comparing with the CC group (P \u0026lt; 0.05, Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 illustrates the environmental conditions during the experiment in the office. It remained mostly stable and in a thermoneutral range throughout the experiment, both in summer and winter (14).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 3 illustrates the TSV, TC, TP and DL comparisons between the CC group and the NC group. In summer, CC group showed significantly lower TSV comparing with the NC group (p \u0026lt; 0.01). Additionally, CC group showed significantly higher TP comparing with the NC group (p \u0026lt; 0.01). No significant differences were observed for TC and TP between the CC group and the NC group in summer. On the other hand, in winter, no significant differences were found in TSV, TC, TP or DL between the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig. 4, there were no significant differences observed in \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e between the CC group and the NC group in either summer or winter. Fig. 5 presents \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e comparison between the two groups. In summer, CC group showed significantly higher \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e comparing with the NC group (p \u0026lt; 0.05). However, in winter there were no significant differences observed for \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e between the groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 6 highlights the \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e comparison between the groups. The results revealed that CC group had a significantly lower \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e in both seasons comparing with the NC group. Fig. 7 shows the \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e comparison between the groups. No significant differences were observed for the \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e between the groups in either summer or winter. However, when the summer \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and the winter \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e were compared, the \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e in winter was significantly greater than that in the summer for both the groups (p \u0026lt; 0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 8 represents the local skin temperature comparison between the groups. It was observed that CC group have relatively lower skin temperature comparing with the NC group. Especially in the summer, CC group had significantly lower \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003edorsal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ecomparing with the NC group (p \u0026lt;0.05). In the winter, CC group also showed significantly lower \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eneck\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003echeek \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ecomparing with the NC group (p \u0026lt;0.05). Fig. 9 illustrates the temperature difference between \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eforehead\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, as well as \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003epalmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e. The CC group had significantly greater \u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;t\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eforehead - nose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;t\u003csub\u003epalm - palmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ecomparing with the NC group both in summer (p \u0026lt; 0.05) and winter (p \u0026lt;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 represents the relationships between cold constitution and various factors, including gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;I\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM,\u003c/em\u003e TSV, TC, TP, DL, \u003cem\u003ePMV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e. Additionally, the partial correlations among these factors were analyzed to examine their relationships with the cold constitution, and the results are shown in Table 4. In summer, gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e, TSV, TP, \u003cem\u003ePMV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e had significant moderate correlations with the cold constitution (\u0026rho; = 0.33, -0.38, -0.33, -0.44, 0.30, -0.21 and 0.27 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for each). In addition, in partial correlation analysis, when controlling for the gender factor, correlation of the \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e and the cold constitution became weak, although it was significant (\u0026rho; = -0.27, p \u0026lt; 0.05). The correlation with TSV remains significant (\u0026rho; = -0.35, p \u0026lt; 0.01) and TP remains a moderate positive correlation (\u0026rho; = 0.27, p \u0026lt; 0.05). When controlling for \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e in the partial correlation analysis, only TSV and TP were significantly correlated with cold constitution (\u0026rho; = -0.31 and -0.21 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05). When controlling for \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, significant correlations with the cold constitution were observed for gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e, TSV, TP, \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026rho; = 0.30, -0.37, -0.34, -0.38, 0.29, -0.24 and 0.30 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.01 for gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e, TSV, TP and \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e). When \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e was controlled, the correlation weakened and only for TSV and TP were significantly correlated with cold constitution (\u0026rho; = -0.31 and 0.21 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for each). When gender and \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e were controlled together, most of the correlation disappeared. Even though, TSV and TP were still significantly correlated with the cold constitution (\u0026rho; = -0.31 and 0.22 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for each).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn winter gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e showed significant correlation with cold constitution (\u0026rho; = 0.48, -0.42 and -0.39 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.01 for each). In partial correlation, controlling for gender weakened the correlation and only \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e was significantly correlated with cold constitution (\u0026rho; = -0.29, p \u0026lt; 0.05). In the \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e controlled correlation analysis, gender and \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e still showed significant but weaker correlations (\u0026rho; = 0.37 and -0.29 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.01 for gender, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for M). Controlling \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e had little impact on most of the correlations and gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e were significantly correlated (\u0026rho; = 0.49, -0.42, -0.44 and -0.32 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.01 for each). When controlling for \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e, most correlations weakened, although gender and \u003cem\u003eBMI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere significantly correlated (\u0026rho; = 0.23 and -0.23 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.01 for gender, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e). When gender and \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e were controlled together, the correlation disappeared.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Table 5, the correlations between cold constitution and local \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003eas well as \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eproximal - distal\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e are summarized. In summer, several significant correlations were noted. Significant negative correlations were figured out for\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003edorsal finger\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ewith cold constitution (\u0026rho; = -0.27, -0.21, -0.27 and -0.18 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for each). Significant positive correlations were observed for \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eforehead - nose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u0026nbsp;\u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm - palmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e with the cold constitution\u0026nbsp;(\u0026rho; = 0.31 and 0.30 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for each). In the partial correlation analysis while controlling for gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e, the magnitude of most of the correlations reduced. However, \u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;t\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eforehead \u0026ndash; nose\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ewas significantly correlated with the cold constitution while\u0026nbsp;gender and \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ewere controlled\u0026nbsp;(\u0026rho; = 0.24 and 0.23 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for each). Whereas when the \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e was controlled, most of the correlation elevated slightly and the\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalmar finger\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003edorsal finger\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ewere significantly negatively correlated\u0026nbsp;with the cold constitution (\u0026rho; = -0.33, 0.23, -0.25 and -0.25 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for each). Additionally positive correlations were identified for \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eforehead - nose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u0026nbsp;\u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm - palmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e(\u0026rho; = 0.37 and 0.27 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.01 for \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eforehead - nose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and p \u0026lt; 0.05 for \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm - palmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e). While gender and \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e were controlled together, no significant correlation was observed with cold constitution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelations of cold constitution with gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;I\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM,\u003c/em\u003e thermal perceptions, \u003cem\u003ePMV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"595\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTSV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026rho; value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.38**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.33**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.44**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: gender)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.27*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.35**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.31*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled:\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.37**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.34*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.38**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.24*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.31*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: gender,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;BMI\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.31**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWinter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026rho; value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.42**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.39**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: gender)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.29*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled:\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;BMI\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.29*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled:\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.42**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.44**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.32**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e_\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI: body mass index, \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: clothing insulation, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e: metabolic rate, TSV: thermal sensation vote, TC: thermal comfort, TP: thermal preference, DL: dissatisfaction level, \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e: predicted mean vote, \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e: predicted percentage of dissatisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are correlation coefficient (\u0026rho; value). \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e: Significant correlation (p \u0026lt; 0.01), \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e: Significant correlation (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation of the cold constitution with local\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e differences\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"567\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eforehead\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echin\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eneck\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eeye canthus\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003edorsal finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003edorsal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;t\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eforehead\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003e- nose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm - palmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026rho; value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.26\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: gender)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled:\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.33*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWinter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026rho; value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: gender)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.30*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled:\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.31**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.27*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartial \u0026rho;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(controlled: gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI: body mass index, \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: clothing insulation, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e: metabolic rate, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eforehead\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: forehead skin temperature,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: nose skin temperature,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003echin\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: chin skin temperature,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003eneck\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: neck skin temperature,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: cheek skin temperature, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eeye canthus\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: eye canthus skin temperature, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003edorsal\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: dorsal hand skin temperature, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: palmar hand skin temperature,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003edorsal finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: dorsal finger skin temperature, and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003epalmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: palmar finger skin temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are correlation coefficient (\u0026rho; value). \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e: Significant correlation (p \u0026lt; 0.01), \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e: Significant correlation (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn winter, significant negative correlations were recorded for \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eforehead\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eneck\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eeyecanthus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e(\u0026rho; = \u0026nbsp;-0.23, -0.33, -0.27 and -0.23 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eforehead\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eneck\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eeyecanthus\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e). A significant positive correlation was observed for \u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eforehead - nose\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewith the cold constitution (\u0026rho; = 0.25, p \u0026lt; 0.05). Controlling for \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e reduced correlation levels, and statistical significance was noted for\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eneck\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e(\u0026rho; = -0.25 and -0.30 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for each). When controlling for gender, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e and gender combined with \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e, no significant correlations were observed. However, controlling for\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;I\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, the correlations slightly increased, and significant negative correlations were retained for \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eneck\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echeek\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ewith cold constitution (\u0026rho; = -0.31, -0.27 and -0.25 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eneck\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, p \u0026lt; 0.01 for \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e). Additionally positive correlations were observed for \u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;t\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003eforehead - nose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;t\u003csub\u003epalm - palmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e with the cold constitution\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e(\u0026rho; = 0.25 and 0.23 respectively, p \u0026lt; 0.05 for each).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.\tDiscussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted to investigate thermal perceptions, \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e and\u0026nbsp;physiological responses such as local skin temperatures in relation to the cold constitution.\u0026nbsp;This study also explored the associations of morphological characteristics and personal factors influencing thermal perception with cold constitution to gain a more comprehensive understanding of those aspects related to cold constitution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the morphological characteristics it was observed that mostly in the NC group, the female participants were less than males,\u0026nbsp;which is consistent with the findings of some prior studies (44). Notably, the body height, weight and \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e of the individuals in the NC group were significantly higher than those in the CC group. This aligns with some previous research, where researchers also mentioned the association of thinness with \u0026nbsp;cold constitution (45). Previous researches have shown that individuals with lower \u003cem\u003eBMI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ehas less insulation due to lower fat mass, and that individuals with lower \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e feels colder than those with higher \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e do (25, 46). Possibly due to this leanness, cold constitution individuals tend to feel colder compared to others, and this aligns with the findings in this research on TSV, TC, TP and DL differences between the CC group and the NC group (Fig. 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the correlation analysis, it was observed that gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e were strongly significantly corelated with cold constitution in both summer and winter (Table 4). The strong positive correlations between gender and cold constitution suggest that females tend to display a higher cold constitution than males do. Even while controlling the other factors in partial correlation analysis, gender remained a confounding determinant. This finding supports the existing research on physiological differences between genders, such as females having lower \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e and lower \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e, what influenced their cold thermal sensitivity. This finding is consistent with previous research (25, 44). In both seasons, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e consistently showed a moderate negative correlation with cold constitution, which reflected that individual with lower \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e felt colder.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis experiment was conducted in a thermoneutral office environment both in the summer and the winter (7) (Table 2). However, the findings showed that in summer, TSV and TP had significant differences between the CC group and the NC group (Fig. 3). The CC group reported higher cold than did the NC group. Additionally, the CC group voted their thermal preference warmer compared to the NC group. This result supports the basic principle of cold constitution where, cold constitution individuals feel colder than the other individuals do (47).\u0026nbsp;This finding also reinforces the fundamental concept of cold constitution. However, in winter, there were no significant differences observed between the groups. Considering the personal factors associated with human heat balance, \u003cem\u003eM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas quite similar across the two seasons for each group separately (Fig. 6), however their \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e was significantly higher in the winter than in the summer clothing insulation for both groups. Possibly higher \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003ein winter was a factor which mitigated the thermal perception differences between the groups and elevated the thermal sensation, especially for the CC group. This may explain why both groups\u0026rsquo; average TSV values were on the warmer side in the winter. Some researchers have also mentioned the impact of adaptation on thermoregulatory responses and thermal sensations\u0026nbsp;(48-50). It is possible that in this experiment, in the winter, a colder outdoor environment helped to adapt better in that thermoneutral office environment and could elevate the TSV for both groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the different thermal perceptions, TSV showed significant negative correlations in summer. Even in the partial correlation assessment, controlling for gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;I\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e or gender and \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e together, the correlation between TSV and cold constitution remained significant, suggesting that thermal sensation is strongly associated with cold constitution. Additionally, TP showed weak-to-moderate positive correlations even when controlling several other parameters, which indicates a strong link between TP and the cold constitution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, there was no significant direct correlation observed between \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and the cold constitution, suggesting that \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003ewas not significantly associated with the cold constitution. In addition, when \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e was controlled for partial correlation, the general correlation values of gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e with cold constitution did not have a substantial effect, which also indicates the minimum influence of cold constitution on \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e. Controlling the \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is a type of behavioral thermoregulation. However, the results suggested that people with cold constitution did not have enough behavioral adaptations to cold.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e, which represents the mathematical prediction of thermal sensation, was investigated, no significant differences were observed between the groups (Fig. 4). Nevertheless, in both summer and winter \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e predictions were quite relatable to TSV. Additionally in summer, \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e predictions showed significant differences between the CC group and the NC group (Fig. 5). CC group showed higher dissatisfaction percentage compared to the NC group, which is relatable with the cold constitution principles, even under thermoneutral conditions, the cold constitution people feels cold and dissatisfied (51). Whereas in winter, possibly higher clothing insulation (Fig. 7) was the factor that moderated the\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e difference levels between the CC group and the NC group (Fig. 5). In the correlation analysis, \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e showed mostly weak but significant correlations with the cold constitution in summer.\u0026nbsp;On the other hand, possibly because the\u0026nbsp;higher \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e in winter reduces heat loss from the body, buffering the effect of the cold constitution on thermal sensation. This \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e could be the effect that diminishes the direct relationship between the cold constitution and TSV, TP, \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e in winter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of metabolic heat production, it was observed that both in the summer and the winter, CC group had significantly lower \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e compared to the NC group, which is consistent with previous studies (28). This can be explained by the prominent presence of female individuals in the CC group as well as lower \u003cem\u003eBMI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eindividuals in the CC group (Table 1). Several studies focused on cold constitution have demonstrated the association of females and lower \u003cem\u003eBMI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewith cold constitution (26, 44). Gender and \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e are the two key parameters associated with \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. In this study, because of prominent presence of females in the CC group as well as lower \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e were the primary factors of lower \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;This can also be related to the basic concept of human heat balance, where it can be argued that, owing to a lower metabolic rate, individuals with cold constitution have reduced heat storage compared with those without cold constitution. Reduced heat storage occurs with a reduction in the mean body temperature. In this study, no difference in core body temperature was observed between the groups. Thus, the mean \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e might be lower in the CC group. As a result, people with a cold constitution tend to feel colder than those without cold constitution. In addition, possibly that\u0026rsquo;s why \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e showed strong significant correlation with cold constitution both in summer and winter (Table 4).\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e also correlated significantly, even when controlling other factors. This result suggested that individuals with lower metabolic rates generate less body heat and tend to have cold constitution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother personal factor directly associated with thermal sensation is clothing insulation (15). Significantly higher \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e in the winter than in the summer for both groups, demonstrates the behavioural adaptation of thermoregulation.\u0026nbsp;It was observed that in summer, the CC group reported feeling significantly colder than the NC group did, despite both groups having nearly the same clothing insulation. Most likely, clothing culture and norms suppressed behavioural adaptation and likely led to wearing lighter clothing for the CC group in the summer, even though they felt cold. That can be the reason for the lack of significant correlation observed for \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ewith the cold constitution. However, in winter, higher clothing insulation enabled cold constitution individuals to adapt comfortably to the thermal environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the local skin temperature comparison between the CC group and the NC group, in most cases CC group had a lower local skin temperature. Specifically, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalmar\u003c/sub\u003e \u003csub\u003efinger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003edorsal finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere significantly lower in the CC group compared to the NC group in summer (Fig. 8). For instance, some studies have shown that distal body parts are the earliest to feel cold (52) and individuals with cold constitution tends to have lower \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e in those areas (21). It can be described as the association of vasoconstriction with the cold constitution along with the tendency to perceive a thermoneutral environment as cold (26). \u0026nbsp;In cold environment sympathetic nervous system releases noradrenaline (NA) from the nerve ending and binds to adrenergic receptors to the vascular smooth muscle cell membrane to induce vasoconstriction (53). It has also been reported that long-term local cold exposure \u0026nbsp;reduces endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity, which suppresses NO-mediated vasodilation (54). It \u0026nbsp;modulates vasoconstriction by activating intracellular signalling pathways that regulate smooth muscle contraction (54). It reduces blood flow to the distal part of the body caused by vasoconstriction (55). Possibly that\u0026rsquo;s the reason behind the significantly lower \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalmar\u003c/sub\u003e \u003csub\u003efinger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003edorsal finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e in the CC group comparing the NC group. Additionally, the presence of high arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) in nose and finger regions is also associated with the lower skin temperature (56, 57). In those areas, vasoconstriction due to sympathetic activation appears to be more pronounced than in other skin regions, likely due to the higher presence of AVA comparing other skin regions. Remarkably, in the winter\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eneck\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eshowed significantly lower in the CC group than in the NC group. There were no significant differences observed at the hand region. One possible reason can be highlighted as higher \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e in the winter than in the summer for both groups. Mostly it was observed that, the extra clothing was used to cover the trunk body, and particularly in the winter people used to wear full sleeve clothing. It is possible that this kind of clothing could increase the hand region temperature for people with cold constitution. However, in the face area, there was no effect of clothing. This may explain the consistent local skin temperature difference in the face region between the CC group and the NC group, even in winter. Therefore, it can be presumed that no correlation was found between \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and the cold constitution, however a higher \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e may serve as a behavioural adaptation to reduce body heat loss and enhance comfort for cold constitution people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eforehead \u0026ndash; nose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm - palmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e were significantly higher for the CC group in both summer and winter (Fig. 9). This result clearly indicates that the vasoconstriction phenomenon occurred at the distal part of the body for the cold constitution participants to suppress heat dissipation from the skin surface. This event also matches the findings of previous studies (22, 54). A lower skin temperature at the distal part of the body may lead to a cold sensation in individuals with a cold constitution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Table 5, the results demonstrate significant negative correlations between the cold constitution and local \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eas well as positive correlations between the cold constitution and \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eproximal - distal\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e. These results highlight the strong relationship between physiological responses and cold constitution, which has also been confirmed by prior research (30). These findings indicate that individuals with cold constitution tend to exhibit lower skin temperatures, particularly in peripheral and exposed areas such as the nose, cheek, and fingers. In the partial correlation assessment, adjusting \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e consistently strengthened the negative correlations between the cold constitution and local \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, this emphasized the role of \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003ein modulating local skin temperatures. Adjusting for gender or \u003cem\u003eBMI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eor\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egender and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;BMI\u003c/em\u003e together, reduced the strength of most correlations, suggesting that these factors may partially contribute to the correlation between the cold constitution and local \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e. Controlling for \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e also had a slight effect on the correlations, indicating that the association between cold constitution and local \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is slightly influenced by variations in \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eproximal - distal\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas positively correlated with the cold constitution. This suggests that individuals with cold constitution tend to have greater temperature differences between the proximal and distal regions, potentially reflecting impaired thermoregulation or reduced peripheral blood flow, which represents the association of vasoconstriction with the cold constitution \u0026nbsp;(31).\u0026nbsp;Partial correlations revealed that controlling for \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e generally enhanced the correlations between\u0026nbsp;\u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eproximal - distal\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and the cold constitution, which indicates that \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e also plays a critical role in moderating regional thermal differences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5.\tConclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to explore the associations of thermal perceptions, \u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e and physiological responses such as local skin temperatures in relation to cold constitution. It also inspected the differences between the CC group and the NC group in those aspects. The following conclusions can be drawn from the research findings,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCold constitution survey, correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis identified gender and \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e as key predictors of cold constitution. Compared with males, females presented a greater prevalence of cold constitution, whereas an increased BMI reduced the likelihood of cold constitution.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCC group felt colder and preferred warmer environments than did the NC group in summer, even after adjusting for gender and BMI. Whereas in winter, thermal sensation and preference showed no significant differences, though \u003cem\u003eI\u003csub\u003ecl\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e was significantly higher in winter for both groups.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003ePMV\u003c/em\u003e showed no significant group differences, but in summer, the CC group\u0026apos;s \u003cem\u003ePPD\u003c/em\u003e was significantly higher than the NC group\u0026apos;s.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCC group showed significantly lower \u003cem\u003eM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ethan the NC group in both seasons, indicating reduced heat storage in the CC group. Correlation analysis also revealed a moderate correlation between \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e and the cold constitution.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLocal \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003esk\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e values were mostly lower in the CC group compared to the NC group. \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;t\u003csub\u003epalmar finger\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003edorsal finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e were significantly lower in the CC group in the summer. However, in winter only \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003enose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003echeek\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e significantly differed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003eforehead - nose\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003epalm - palmar finger\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e were significantly higher in the CC group comparing with NC group, which indicates the association of stronger vasoconstriction with cold constitution.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering those research findings, it can be stated that cold constitution should be recognized as a key individual aspect when universal thermal comfort is considered.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research work was performed in an office environment where environment was thermoneutral. Future studies should investigate a wider variety of thermal environments to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of environmental conditions on the thermal perceptions associated with cold constitution. Additionally in this research, the number of female participants was lower than male participants, which may have affected the present results. Maintaining gender balance, as gender is a significant predictor of cold constitution, could direct a more precise comparison between the CC group and the NC group.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;This study was funded by Taisei Corporation, and the co-authors, Takuji Iwamura and Shingo Konoshita, are employees of the Taisei Corpo ration and were involved in the research. However, the interpretation and outcomes of the study were not influenced by the interests of the funding provider or the co-authors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;This research is financially supported by the Taisei corporation. The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the participants and Taisei corporation. They would also like to say thanks to Ms. Akiko Yanagisawa, for her administrative supports.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAli AS, Chua SJL, Lim MEL. Physical environment comfort towards Malaysian universities office employers\u0026rsquo; performance and productivity. Facilities. 2019;37(11/12):686-703.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHerbig B, Schneider A, Nowak D. Does office space occupation matter? The role of the number of persons per enclosed office space, psychosocial work characteristics, and environmental satisfaction in the physical and mental health of employees. Indoor Air. 2016;26(5):755-67.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Hoof J. Forty years of Fanger\u0026rsquo;s model of thermal comfort: comfort for all? Indoor air. 2008;18(3).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaylor L, Watkins SL, Marshall H, Dascombe BJ, Foster J. The Impact of Different Environmental Conditions on Cognitive Function: A Focused Review. Front Physiol. 2016;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl Horr Y, Arif M, Kaushik A, Mazroei A, Katafygiotou M, Elsarrag E. Occupant productivity and office indoor environment quality: A review of the literature. Building and environment. 2016;105:369-89.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNakamura M, Yoda T, Crawshaw LI, Yasuhara S, Saito Y, Kasuga M, et al. Regional differences in temperature sensation and thermal comfort in humans. Journal of applied physiology. 2008;105(6):1897-906.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eASHRAE. ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Atlanta; 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGagge AP. A new physiological variable associated with sensible and insensible perspiration. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content. 1937;120(2):277-87.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBerglund LG. Comfort and humidity. ASHRAE journal. 1998;40(8):35.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Dear R, Brager GS. Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference. Indoor environmental Quality, UC Berkeley. 1998.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHensel H, Schafer K. Thermoreception and temperature regulation in man. Recent advances in medical thermology: Springer; 1984. p. 51-64.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eISO 28802. Ergonomics of the physical environment \u0026mdash; Assessment of environments by means of an environmental survey involving physical measurements of the environment and subjective responses of people. Geneva, Switzerland; 2012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNicol JF, Humphreys MA. Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings. Energy and Buildings. 2002;34(6):563-72.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eASHRAE-55. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta, GA; 2010.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eISO 7730. Ergonomics of the thermal environment \u0026mdash; Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. Geneva, Switzerland; 2005.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeriadi H, Wong NH. Thermal comfort for naturally ventilated houses in Indonesia. Energy and buildings. 2004;36(7):614-26.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaiti R. PMV model is insufficient to capture subjective thermal response from Indians. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2014;44(3):349-61.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRomanovsky AA. Skin temperature: its role in thermoregulation. Acta physiologica scandinavica. 2014;210(3):498-507.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHall JE, Hall ME. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology E-Book: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArens EA, Zhang H. The skin\u0026apos;s role in human thermoregulation and comfort. Indoor environmental Quality, UC Berkeley. 2006.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSadakata M, Yamada Y. Perception of foot temperature in young women with cold constitution: analysis of skin temperature and warm and cold sensation thresholds. Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2007;26(4):449-57.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang Z, de Dear R, Luo M, Lin B, He Y, Ghahramani A, et al. Individual difference in thermal comfort: A literature review. Building and Environment. 2018;138:181-93.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFanger PO. Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering. United States: McGraw Hill Book Company; 1970.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParsons KC. The effects of gender, acclimation state, the opportunity to adjust clothing and physical disability on requirements for thermal comfort. Energy and Buildings. 2002;34(6):593-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiswas BK, Ishii K, Watanabe Y, Li J, Tan Y, Dempoya A, et al. Predicting individual variability in thermal sensation, PMV predictions, and local skin temperature differences using infrared thermography. Building and Environment. 2024:112477.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUchida Y, Ueshima K, Kano K, Minami M, Mizukami Y, Morimoto K. Correlations between \u0026ldquo;hie-sho\u0026rdquo; interview score and progesterone, fat intake, and Kupperman index in pre-and post-menopausal women: a pilot study. The journal of physiological sciences. 2019;69:673-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYamato T, Aomine M. Relationships between cold constitution and accelerated plethysmogram in young females. Health Evaluation and Promotion. 2005;32(6):493-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYamazaki F. The cutaneous vasoconstrictor response in lower extremities during whole-body and local skin cooling in young women with a cold constitution. The journal of physiological sciences. 2015;65:397-405.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTakatori A. Assessment of diagnostic criterion of coldness in women with thermography. Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1992;44(5):559-65.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNagashima K, Yoda T, Yagishita T, Taniguchi A, Hosono T, Kanosue K. Thermal regulation and comfort during a mild-cold exposure in young Japanese women complaining of unusual coldness. Journal of applied physiology. 2002;92(3):1029-35.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSadakata M. Characteristics of peripheral dermovascular in the subjects regarded as the cold constitution. J Jap Society of Nursing Research. 2004;27:106.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eISO 7726. Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment \u0026mdash; Instruments for Measuring Physical Quantities. Geneva, Switzerland; 1998.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSakaguchi S. Effects of acupuncture on cold sensitivity. Journal of the Japan Society of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. 2003;53(1):49-54.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTerasawa K. On the recognition and treatment of. Hie-sho\u0026rdquo;(chillphobia) in the traditional Kampoh medicine,\u0026rdquo; Shoyakugaku Zasshi. 1987;41(2):85-96.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGanpule AA, Tanaka S, Ishikawa-Takata K, Tabata I. Interindividual variability in sleeping metabolic rate in Japanese subjects. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2007;61(11):1256-61.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchofield WN. Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1985;39 Suppl 1:5-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJames WPT, Schofield EC. Human Energy Requirements. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1990.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKuriyan R, Easwaran PP, Kurpad AV. Physical activity ratio of selected activities in Indian male and female subjects and its relationship with body mass index. British Journal of Nutrition. 2006;96:71-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFujimoto S, Watanabe T, Sakamoto A, Yukawa K, Morimoto K. Studies on the physical surface area of Japanese part 18 calculation formulas in three stages over all age. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japanese Journal of Hygiene). 1968;23(5):443-50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eISO 9920. Ergonomics of the thermal environment \u0026mdash; Estimation of the thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble. Geneva, Switzerland; 2007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee K, Choi H, Kim H, Kim DD, Kim T. Assessment of a real-time prediction method for high clothing thermal insulation using a thermoregulation model and an infrared camera. Atmosphere. 2020;11(1):106.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoreira DG, Costello JT, Brito CJ, Adamczyk JG, Ammer K, Bach AJ, et al. Thermographic imaging in sports and exercise medicine: A Delphi study and consensus statement on the measurement of human skin temperature. Journal of thermal biology. 2017;69:155-62.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHouse JR, Tipton MJ. Using skin temperature gradients or skin heat flux measurements to determine thresholds of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. European journal of applied physiology. 2002;88:141-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSakaguchi S, Kuge H, Mori H, Miyazaki J, Tanaka TH, Hanyu K, et al. Extraction of items identifying hiesho (cold disorder) and their utility in young males and females. Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2016;14(1):36-43.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYamato T, Aomine M. Physical characteristics and living environment in female students with cold constitution. Health Evaluation and Promotion. 2002;29(5):878-84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRewitz K, M\u0026uuml;ller D. Influence of gender, age and BMI on human physiological response and thermal sensation for transient indoor environments with displacement ventilation. Building and Environment. 2022;219:109045.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoshino T, Katayama K, Munakata K, Horiba Y, Yamaguchi R, Imoto S, et al. Statistical analysis of hie (cold sensation) and hiesho (cold disorder) in kampo clinic. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013;2013(1):398458.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTochihara Y, Lee J-Y, Wakabayashi H, Wijayanto T, Bakri I, Parsons K. The use of language to express thermal sensation suggests heat acclimatization by Indonesian people. International journal of biometeorology. 2012;56:1055-64.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWakabayashi H, Sakaue H, Nishimura T. Recent updates on cold adaptation in population and laboratory studies, including cross-adaptation with non-thermal factors. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 2025;44.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTochihara Y, Wakabayashi H, Lee J-Y, Wijayanto T, Hashiguchi N, Saat M. How humans adapt to hot climates learned from the recent research on tropical indigenes. Journal of physiological anthropology. 2022;41(1):27.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKono K, Abe S, Yamamoto M, Kayashima R, Kaneko K, Sakuma M, et al. Vascular endothelial dysfunction and autonomic nervous hyperactivity among premenopausal women with cold-sensitivity constitution (Hiesho). The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2021;253(1):51-60.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKondo M, Okamura Y. Cold constitution: analysis of the questionnaire. Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 1987;39(11):2000-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlba BK, Castellani JW, Charkoudian N. Cold‐induced cutaneous vasoconstriction in humans: Function, dysfunction and the distinctly counterproductive. Experimental physiology. 2019;104(8):1202-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHodges GJ, Traeger III JA, Tang T, Kosiba WA, Zhao K, Johnson JM. Role of sensory nerves in the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to local cooling in humans. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2007;293(1):H784-H9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCharkoudian N. Mechanisms and modifiers of reflex induced cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans. Journal of applied physiology. 2010;109(4):1221-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBergersen T. A search for arteriovenous anastomoses in human skin using ultrasound Doppler. Acta physiologica scandinavica. 1993;147(2):195-201.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWall\u0026oslash;e L. Arterio-venous anastomoses in the human skin and their role in temperature control. Temperature. 2016;3(1):92-103.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6460197/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6460197/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCold constitution refers to a phenomenon in which individuals have a higher sensitivity to cold and feel colder than others. This research aimed to examine the associations of morphological characteristics, personal factors, thermal perceptions and local skin temperature (\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003esk\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) with cold constitution. It also explored differences in these aspects between individuals with and without cold constitution, in a thermoneutral office environment during summer and winter, in 89 and 75 sedentary workers, respectively. A questionnaire survey was conducted to classify the cold constitution (CC) and non-cold constitution (NC) groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicated that females and individuals with lower body mass index (\u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e) were more likely to have cold constitution. The CC group exhibited a significantly lower metabolic rate (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e) in both seasons, lower thermal sensation votes, warmer thermal preference and greater predicted percentage of dissatisfaction in summer (P \u0026lt; 0.01). No significant differences were observed in clothing insulation between the groups, however winter clothing was significantly higher compared to summer for both groups (P \u0026lt; 0.01). Furthermore, the CC group exhibited significantly lower local skin temperatures at distal body parts (P \u0026lt; 0.01). Significant correlations were observed for gender, \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eM,\u003c/em\u003e thermal sensations and distal \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003esk \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003ewith cold constitution. Adjusting the effects of gender and \u003cem\u003eBMI\u003c/em\u003e, most correlations with cold constitution weakened. However, thermal sensation remained significant in summer, while no correlation was observed with \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003esk\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings emphasize the significant associations of morphological characteristics, personal factors, and thermal perceptions with cold constitution and show the importance while assessing thermal environment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Association of thermal perceptions, metabolic rate, clothing and local skin temperature in people with cold constitution in air-conditioned office environments","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-05 10:20:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6460197/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":1}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0f7a8495-12b3-4734-95fa-543f59c8c975","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-10T16:07:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6460197","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-025-00407-5","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-physiological-anthropology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-06 15:58:14","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 6th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-05 10:20:58","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40101-025-00407-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-025-00407-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6460197","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6460197","identity":"rs-6460197","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}