Availability and affordability of essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic among drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia—a mixed methods study

Availability and affordability of essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic among drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia—a mixed methods study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Availability and affordability of essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic among drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia—a mixed methods study Hafiza Hayredin Shebo, Bruck Messele Habte This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7772317/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Accessing essential medicines that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population is the backbone of the healthcare system. During the COVID-19 pandemic, accessing essential medications has become more challenging than ever before. This study aimed to assess the availability and affordability of essential medicines among public and private drug retail outlets (DROs) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An explanatory sequential mixed methods approach that utilized a quantitative survey followed by a qualitative interview was employed from July 1, 2021, to March 30, 2022. Public and private DROs that fulfilled the study criteria were selected from among 11 sub-cities of Addis Ababa. For the quantitative part, data entry and analysis were carried out via the WHO/HAI workbook and SPSS version 26, whereas for the qualitative part, thematic analysis was used. Results The overall availability of essential medicines in Addis Ababa was 5.78% and 53.5% for originator brands and lowest-priced generics, respectively, with the mean availability of originator brands being greater in private DROs, whereas that of lowest-priced generics was greater in public sector outlets. The Mann–Whitney U test indicated that 94.7% of LPGs show a statistically significant (p < 0.05) median unit price difference between public and private DROs. The cost of standard treatment varied from 0.14–6.9 days’ wages in public and 0.74–25.9 days in private DROs. The identified contributing factors that were explained by the qualitative findings were related to the data reporting trend of public health facilities (PHFs), issues related to pharmaceutical logistics, changes in the demand pattern for pharmaceuticals, and global pharmaceutical supply chain disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion The current study revealed that essential medicines were poorly available with unaffordable prices in Addis Ababa for various reasons related to demand and supply imbalances related to the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors. The various stakeholders in the pharmaceutical supply chain of the country should work together to improve availability and make the price of medicines affordable. Health Policy Management Essential medicines COVID-19 Availability Affordability Addis Ababa Ethiopia Introduction Access to medicines in health systems encompasses five dimensions: availability, affordability, accessibility, acceptability, and accommodation of the community with the health care system ( 1 ). Access to essential medicines is a fundamental human right, and universal health coverage (UHC) is critical for achieving this right. The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to impede the advances achieved in UHC over the past two decades while also exacerbating the financial hardship experienced by people who pay for health care out of pocket. When the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and its disruptions are considered, between 800 and 840 million people will be denied UHC ( 2 ). The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a serious disruption in essential health services because of pandemic-related restrictions, high patient loads, inadequately resourced health facility infrastructures, and shortages of medicines and medical equipment ( 3 ). The global production and supply chain network has been widely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Since most sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia, import 70–90% of their pharmaceuticals from China and India, they have become vulnerable to supply disruption because of export restrictions ( 4 ). The provision of complete healthcare services by health facilities necessitates the availability of safe, effective, and affordable medicines of the required quality in adequate quantity at all times. To ensure this, limiting the number of medicines used in one country is necessary, so Ethiopia developed a national essential medicine (EML) list on the basis of the concept of the WHO model list ( 5 ). A public pharmaceutical supplier was also established to provide basic health products with good quality and affordable prices at public health facilities across the country. The public health sector in Ethiopia procures almost 70% of all the medicines consumed through the Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply Service (EPSS) ( 6 ), whereas private drug retail outlets (DROs) receive their products primarily from private pharmaceutical importers and wholesalers. For the purpose of the present study, the outlets of public health centers and hospitals were considered public DROs, whereas private community pharmacies and drug stores were considered private DROs. Several studies conducted in various regions of Ethiopia during the COVID-19 pandemic reported a shortage of essential medicines in the country; however, the problem was seen from the perspective of health facilities and retail pharmacies. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the availability, price and affordability of EMs in public and private DROs in Addis Ababa by elaborating on the situation of access to EMs from the suppliers' and retailers' perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Study area, design and period The study was performed at private and public DROs from six sub-cities in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia, with a total population of more than 3.8 million ( 7 ). The city has three layers of administration: the city administration at the top, 11 sub-city administrations in the middle, and 116 woredas (districts) at the bottom ( 8 ). According to the unpublished data of Addis Ababa’s Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration (FMHACA), in 2021, there were approximately 107 public health centers, 14 public hospitals, 687 community pharmacies, and 335 drug stores around Addis Ababa. The study adopted an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach with a quantitative survey followed by a qualitative interview study. For the quantitative study, a cross-sectional study design was conducted from July 1 to August 30, 2021, whereas a qualitative interview approach was employed between February 1 and March 30, 2022, G.C., using semi-structured interview guides with flexible probing techniques to explore the situation of access to essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study participants The source populations for the quantitative part of the study were all public and private drug outlets, all public as well as private pharmaceutical suppliers in Addis Ababa city. The study populations were public hospitals, health centers (HCs), and private DROs in Addis Ababa, which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. For the qualitative part, pharmacists or druggists working in private DROs, supply chain team leaders from public hospitals, pharmacy heads of HCs, supply chain professionals from EPSS, and private pharmaceutical import companies were the key informants selected via purposive sampling techniques. Sample size determination The sample size for the quantitative study was determined on the basis of the WHO/HAI manual on medicine price and availability survey methodology ( 9 ). Accordingly, 60 DROs, 30 each from the public and private sectors, were included in the quantitative part of the study. The study included a total of 50 EMs. According to the World Health Organization and Health Action International (WHO/HAI) protocol, the survey list should include 14 medicines from the global core list chosen on the basis of disease burden worldwide and in sub-Saharan African countries and 36 medicines chosen by the principal investigator ( 9 ). Twelve pharmacy professionals from private DROs and public health facilities, three supply chain experts from the EPSS, and three professionals from private import companies, with a total of 18 participants, were purposely enrolled in the qualitative interview study. Sampling procedure and technique The quantitative part of the study adopted the WHO/HAI methodology ( 9 ) and was conducted in six hospital DROs, 24 health center DROs, and 30 private DROs, with a total of 60 DROs from six randomly selected sub-cities in Addis Ababa out of the 11 survey areas, with each survey area consisting of ten DROs (one hospital DRO, four health center DROs, and five private DROs). For the qualitative part of the study, twelve pharmacy professionals from private DROs and public health facilities were purposively selected on the basis of their experience in the corresponding sector. In addition, three relevant individuals from the central EPSS and three from private pharmaceutical import companies, with a total of 18 key informants, were purposely enrolled in the interviews. The interviews continued until saturation, when new data provided no further points in reference to the research objectives. Data collection methods The data on the price and availability of essential medicines were collected from DROs via standardized data collection tools developed by the WHO/HAI with necessary modifications ( 9 ). The tool contains the name of the drug, both generic and brand, dosage form and strength of the drug, medicine type, package size, and unit price. However, for the qualitative study, a semi-structured, open-ended interview guide was used, along with flexible probing approaches. The interview questions were translated into the local language (Amharic) by the principal investigator to make it convenient for the interviewees. Data processing and analysis The data were entered and analyzed via the MS Excel format of the WHO/HAI medicine pricing Workbook, and the results were summarized and presented in tables and graphs. The data were also transferred to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 for additional statistical analysis. The availability of EMs was determined by calculating the percent availability of individual medicines, mean percent (%) availability across a group of medicines, and variations between product types (originator brand vs generic) and types of DROs (public and private). The overall mean availability was also reported for the basket of EMs surveyed. The sampled DROs were categorized on the basis of the stock status of the surveyed EMs via cutoff points reported by Nyanwura and Esena as follows: ≤ 50% (n ≤ 30) very low, 51–65% (n = 31–39) low, 66–80% (n = 40–48) fairly high and high > 80% (n > 48) EMs ( 10 ). The chi-square test was also employed to identify the association between the availability of EMs and the type of DRO (public vs. private), with a 0.05 level of significance. In the analysis of price data, median unit prices (MUPs) of individual medicines in local currency (Ethiopian Birr) were reported. The Mann–Whitney U test was also used to prove the presence of significant price differences for LPGs between public and private DROs as well as within public health facilities. Affordability was calculated for five of the top ten causes of death in Addis Ababa according to a subnational country analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study in 2019 ( 11 ). Treatment affordability was calculated on the basis of the daily wage of the lowest-paid unskilled government employee in Ethiopia. The recently updated net monthly salary of the lowest-paid unskilled government worker (LPUGW) since July 2019 was 973 Ethiopian Birr[1] (ETB) ( 12 ). By using this value, the daily wage was determined by dividing the net salary for 30 days, which was ETB 32.43 per day. Accordingly, affordability was computed by dividing the total median price of the regimen for a given medicine by the daily wage of the lowest-paid unskilled government employee. The data analysis for the qualitative study was performed manually via thematic analysis with an inductive approach ( 13 ). The process of data collection and analysis for the qualitative study was performed concurrently to allow room for flexibility of the interview questions and hence, the point of saturation. First, open coding was followed where each distinct code was developed into subthemes and then into themes while considering the research objectives. Results Quantitative findings Availability of essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic The overall percentage availability of EMs during the data collection period in Addis Ababa city was 5.78% for originator brands (OBs) and 53.9% for lowest-priced generics (LPGs). However, the mean availability of OB- and LPG-type EMs was 0.9% and 56.9%, respectively, in public DROs and 10.6% and 50.9%, respectively, in private DROs. In addition, out of the 50 EMs surveyed, only four OB-type EMs (Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625 mg Capsule, ASA 100 mg Tablet, Carbamazepine 200 mg Tablet and Paracetamol 500 mg Tablet) were available in public DROs during the data collection period (see Table 3). In public DROs, the availability of LPGs ranges from of Captopril 25 mg (0%) to Sodium Chloride (NS) 50 mg and Diclofenac 50 mg (96.7%). However, in private DROs, it ranges from 0% availability for (Benzathine Penicillin G 2.4 MIU/ml, Beclomethasone 100 mcg/dose, Risperidone 1 mg, Oxytocin 10 unit/ml and Adrenaline 1mg/ml) to 100% availability for Doxycycline 100mg. There were significant associations for 22 LPG essential medicines in terms of their availability and type of DRO (public vs private), accounting for 44% of the surveyed LPG EMs. Four antibiotics, 11 EMs for NCDs and mental health and seven other LPG EMs showed significant associations. Among the 50 LPG essential medicines surveyed, only seven EMs (Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625 mg, Doxycycline 100 mg, Ceftriaxone 1g/vial, Ciprofloxacin 500 mg, Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, Metformin 500 mg and Omeprazole 20 mg) had >80% availability in both public and private DROs. As shown in Table 2, the 60 sampled DROs were classified on the basis of the stock status of the surveyed EMs during the data collection period. None of the DROs from either sector had (high) >48 available LPG EMs; rather, the availability of the 50 LPG EMs was very low in the majority of the sampled outlets during the data collection period. The analysis of 50 EMs was performed by dividing them into five groups: antibiotics, EMs for NCDs, EMs for mental health, EMs for maternal and child health (MCH), and miscellaneous EMs. The mean availability of LPG antibiotics was 67% in public DROs, which ranged from 93.3% for Ceftriaxone to 16.7% for Norfloxacin 500 mg. However, in private DROs, the mean availability of LPG antibiotics was 62%, ranging from 0% for Benzathine Penicillin G to 100% for Doxycycline 100 mg. In public DROs, OB-type antibiotics were found only for Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625mg in one HC. However, seven OB-type antibiotics were available in private DROs; their availability ranges from Metronidazole 250 mg in 26.7% (n=8) of DROs to Cotrimoxazole 480 mg, which was found only in one drug store during the data collection period (Table 3). In the present study, the average availability of LPGs for NCDs in public DROs was 53.8%, which ranged from 0% for Captopril 25 mg to 86.7% for Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg whereas 56.2% of the LPGs for NCDs were available in private DROs. The lowest priced generics for the Beclomethasone 100 mcg/dose inhaler in private DROs and Captopril 25 mg tablet in public DROs were not available during the data collection period. However, LPGs for Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, Salbutamol 100 mcg/inhaler, Metformin 500 mg, Atenolol 50 mg and Enalapril 10 mg were highly available (>80%) in both public and private DROs during the data collection period. The only OB EMs for NCDs found in public DROs was ASA 100 mg. However, five OBs for NCDs, i.e., Furosemide 40 mg, ASA 100 mg, Atenolol 50 mg, Metformin 500 mg and Glibenclamide 5 mg were available in private DROs. With respect to the availability of EMs for mental health in Addis Ababa, this study revealed that the mean availability of LPGs for mental health was very low, 36% and 32.5%, in both public and private DROs, respectively. In private DROs, the LPGs for Diazepam 5 mg, Haloperidol 5 mg and Risperidone 1 mg were not found during the survey period. The only available OB-type EM for mental health in both public and private DROs during the data collection period was Carbamazepine 200mg tablet. The mean availability of LPG EMs used in MCH was 61.7% and 38.8% in public and private DROs, respectively. However, the OBs of MCH EMs were not found in all (n=60) surveyed DROs. As shown in Table 1, for some MCH EMs, there was a significant association between the types of DROs and their availability. In the present study, eight EMs grouped under miscellaneous EMs were used to treat different medical conditions. The mean availability of these groups of EMs was 63.76% and 47.9% in public and private DROs, respectively. In addition, LPG for Diclofenac 50 mg was available at nearly all surveyed public DROs at the time of the survey. The OBs of these EMs were more available in private DROs than in public DROs. The only OB EM from this group found in public DROs was Paracetamol 500mg tablets as shown in Table 6. The reason behind this might be the median unit price difference that exists between LPG paracetamol available in the market and its OB, which was smaller than that of the other products. In private DROs, four OBs (Albendazole 200 mg, Diclofenac 50 mg, Omeprazole 20 mg and Paracetamol 500 mg) were available during the data collection period. Patient prices for EMs in public and private DROs in Addis Ababa In the present study, the median unit price (MUP) in local currency for individual EMs was used to compare LPG patient prices within public DROs as well as between public and private DROs (Table 4). The MUP was not calculated for those EMs that were available in fewer than four DROs from both public and private outlets or for those EMs that were provided for free in public facilities. On this basis, only 38 LPG EMs were included in the analysis. For those EMs whose OBs were available during the survey period, the price difference between LPGs and OBs for the same EMs was also presented by comparing their respective MUPs, as shown in Table 5. The Mann‒Whitney U test indicated that 94.7% (n=36) of the LPGs presented a statistically significant (p<0.05) price difference between public and private DROs during the data collection period, except for Salbutamol puff and Magnesium sulfate injection. However, the MUP for LPGs between hospitals and health centers was comparable. The highest price variation was observed for Clarithromycin 500 mg. This might be due to the fixed medicine price markups used in public health facilities. In private DROs, the highest MUP difference between the LPG and OB types of the same medicine were encountered for Ceftriaxone 1 gm injection (105 ETB), and the lowest difference was for Paracetamol 500 mg tablet (2.2 ETB). Similarly, in the public DROs of the four OB-type EMs found during the survey, the lowest MUP difference was for the Paracetamol 500 mg tablet (2.07 ETB), and the highest difference in price was observed for the Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625 mg tablet (17 ETB). Affordability of EMs used to treat the top five causes of death in Addis Ababa The number of days' wages of the lowest paid unskilled government worker needed to purchase medicines prescribed in a standard dose was used to evaluate the affordability of EMs. Affordability for acute disease treatment duration was defined as a full course of therapy, whereas for chronic diseases, the affordability of a 30-day supply of drugs was evaluated. Affordability was computed by dividing the total median price of the regimen for a given medicine by the daily wage of the lowest-paid unskilled government employee, which was 32.43 ETB during the data collection period. As shown in Table 6, LPGs for ASA 100 mg, Enalapril 10 mg, Furosemide 40 mg, Glibenclamide 5 mg, and Atenolol 50 mg from public DROs and only ASA 100 mg from private DROs were affordable medicines that cost less than 32.43 ETB to buy a 30-day supply by the lowest paid unskilled government employees living in Addis Ababa. The most unaffordable treatment from both public and private DROs was treating severe pneumonia with LPG Ceftriaxone 1gm injection, although it was less costly when the medicine was bought from public DROs. However, when the analysis was computed for all possible medicines given for the entire treatment, it changed the result. For example, taking the monthly supply of Enalapril 10 mg and Furosemide 40 mg from public DROs was affordable by the lowest-paid unskilled government employee. However, when a hypertensive patient is prescribed Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, Furosemide 40 mg, and Enalapril 10 mg, the costs of the medicines are unaffordable. Qualitative Findings The purpose of gathering qualitative data for this study was to explore the situation of access to EMs during the COVID-19 pandemic from both public and private retailers' and suppliers' perspectives. A total of 18 key informants (KIs), 12 from retailers and six from suppliers, were included in the qualitative study. All the key informants had a pharmacy background and work experience ranging from three-nine years in their current positions (Table 7). Access to EMs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Addis Ababa The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated previously existing national issues related to the availability of EMs, resulting in unaffordable prices for treating common illnesses. The pandemic severely impacted the availability and price of EMs globally by disrupting the global pharmaceutical supply chain. During the pandemic, medicine prices surged due to global shortages caused by lockdowns and export bans in most countries, including our largest source of pharmaceutical exporters such as China and India (KI #3, EPSS). In this study, two main themes (the availability of EMs and affecting factors as well as the factors behind the increase in the price of EMs and pharmaceutical supplies), with eight subthemes, were used to further discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to EMs, as shown in Table 8. Availability of EMs and affecting factors The availability of EMs in public or private DROs could be affected by different factors at each level of the supply chain. The study participants explained this situation from various perspectives, which are discussed further in the following six subthemes. a) Updating the EML of PHFs According to the participants from public hospitals and HCs, there are factors that affect the availability of EMs that are specific to the facility. These factors can be seen as strengths for some HFs and limitations for others that are not functioning accordingly. One of the factors that affects the availability of EMs is the availability and regular updates of facility-specific EMLs. Most of the participants reported the existence of facility-specific EMLs, which are updated every year. According to the participants, the reasons behind the recent revision of the EML were the update of the national EML, the existence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the change from the Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) to the Ethiopian Primary Health Care Clinical Guidelines (EPHCGs) for health centers. The majority of participants also stated that during the pandemic, facilities updated their EML to include COVID-19 supplies that should be available all the time. These ideas were supported by the following quotes: Before the pandemic, our facility only provided face masks to the staff of the TB room; however, there is currently no single staff member that will not use face masks, so PPE such as face masks, gloves, hand sanitizers and COVID-19 vaccines were included in our EML as an additional drug list (KI #1, public sector). The revision of EML helps the pharmacists identify those items that are essential and vital for the PHF on the basis of the consumption rate and keep safety stock for those items in order not to be stocked out. The effect of not having an updated EML can be understood from the following quote: Our hospital lacks a functional Drug and Therapeutic Committee (DTC), resulting in no annual updates to our EML. Consequently, prescribers did not adhere to the national STG, leading to varied prescribed medicines for the same medical condition. This trend has hindered our ability to determine the facility's exact consumption rate, impacting the availability of EMs at our hospital (KI #2, public sector). b) Stock status monitoring system The other factor reported by the participants that has a direct effect on the availability of EMs was the presence of stock status monitoring systems for pharmaceuticals. All participants from public HFs stated that they had a functional Health Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) which is very helpful in monitoring stock levels for pharmaceuticals and supplies. According to all the participants, the stock status of EMs has declined since the beginning of the pandemic. This situation can be explained as follows: According to the annual report, our stock status for EMs before the COVID-19 pandemic was 95%; however, in 2021, our six-month report revealed that the stock status of EMs declined below 70% because most EMs from our facility stocked out (KI #3, public sector). The participants from private DROs stated the use of different software, physical counting, bin cards and stock cards to track the stock status of medications and medical equipment in their DROs, although the use of computerized data management practices is lower in private DROs. We do not have a computerized system to monitor our stock status; rather, the first thing we do every morning is count medicines that have a good flow in our pharmacy, particularly COVID-19 supplies (KI #2, Private DRO). While comparing the stock status of EMs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the participants from private DROs complained about the lower stock level they encountered during the pandemic. However, this scenario was dependent on the type of DRO and the budget in which they had to procure medicines in bulk. This situation was explained as follows: Compared with pre-pandemic levels, the stock-out rate in our DRO has increased. Despite being a chain pharmacy that procures in bulk and maintains high stock levels for all medicines, we cannot meet our demand due to supply shortages. (KI #2, private DRO). c) Data reporting trends for public health facilities The tendency of HFs to provide inaccurate data on average monthly consumption (AMC) was one of the factors mentioned by the participants that may affect the availability of EMs. This is supported by: We procure medicines on the basis of our quantification via AMC data from PHFs; however, owing to the poor consumption recording system in most PHFs, these medicines are sometimes small in quantity and stocked out within one or two days; other times, they are above the demanded amount and expire (KI #2, EPSS). Public health facilities should record the consumption of medicines regularly for appropriate supply and use to prevent EMs stock outs. Most of the participants provided recommendations to the Ministry of Health and other responsible bodies to facilitate different capacity-building training related to epidemics in the supply chain, especially on quantification for pharmacy staff members in PHFs. Even if the COVID-19 pandemic is new for the whole world, we had experiences from epidemics such as acute watery diarrhea (AWD), which helped us greatly during the preparation stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, but no pandemic-related supply chain training has been given for us until now (KI #1, public sector). d) Budget constraints The other barrier for the availability of EMs in PHFs reported by the participants was budget constraints for procuring pharmaceuticals in bulk. Public HFs can only procure pharmaceuticals from private suppliers whenever medicines are stocked out at EPSS, which might result in unaffordable prices for PHFs. e) Changes in demand patterns for pharmaceuticals and supplies The COVID-19 pandemic radically changed the demand pattern. Pharmaceuticals that were slow moving became fast, and previously fast-moving items became dead stock. The participants' responses indicated that several EMs, notably medications for chronic diseases, were highly needed during the lockdown period of the pandemic. Since Ethiopia has a free market policy for pharmaceuticals, highly demanded pharmaceuticals and medical supplies are readily available from private suppliers. One of the major difficulties cited by most participants for availing EMs was the shift of most suppliers to exclusively provide COVID-19-related supplies. This idea is supported by the following: Owing to the lack of official information at the beginning of the pandemic, prescribers were inclined to prescribe medicines such as Doxycycline and Chloroquine. These medicines were slowly moving before the pandemic in our HC, so we were forced to procure them in high amounts due to increasing demand for these EMs (KI #5, public sector). No one will force us to import medicines that are in short supply in the country; instead, we will focus on our profit and import highly demanded items such as COVID-19-related medical supplies (KI #1, private import company). In general, according to pharmacists from the public as well as private DROs, antibiotics, anti-pains, cough syrups, multivitamins and PPE, such as face masks, sanitizers, and latex gloves, were highly demanded classes of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies during the COVID-19 pandemic . On the other hand, the demand for certain medications has decreased, which has led to their expiry. During the lockdown period of the pandemic, demand for OTC medications from private DROs also increased. These situations were explained as follows: During the lockdown period, most of our pediatric antibiotic preparations expired. In addition, since the prescribers focused on a specific brand of multivitamin, almost all the multivitamins stocked before the pandemic expired (KI #7, Private DRO). One of the positive impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic for our business was the transformation of PHFs to COVID-19 centers, which increased demand for private DROs and significantly increased our profit (KI#4, private DRO). f) Active communication among stake holders The active communication of stakeholders in the country's pharmaceutical supply chain facilitates the accessibility of medicines in PHFs as well as in private DROs. From the point of origin to the final consumer, there are a variety of stakeholders in the pharmaceutical supply chain. As the only public supplier, the EPSS plays a significant role in ensuring the availability of medicines in all public HFs through collaboration with stakeholders such as the Ethiopian Manufacturers Association, the Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority (EFDA), customs, the Ethiopian Shipping Line, banks and Ethiopian Airlines. This idea was elaborated as follows: The availability of medicines in a DRO is determined by its active communication with suppliers and other DROs. If you obtain information about the items early, you can obtain any medicine in the amount you need (KI #2, private DRO). All the hurdles among stakeholders arose from a lack of awareness of the importance of pharmaceuticals for a country. To address this, we are creating platforms that involve all stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry (KI #1, EPSS). On the basis of the responses of participants, one of the factors that affects the availability of EMs is the relationship that exists between customers and suppliers. During the pandemic, retailers were frequently appealing to suppliers to overcome the global shortage of pharmaceuticals. This situation was expressed by the participants as follows: Since we have good relationships with our suppliers, we will be aware of medicines that are going to vanish from the market, and we will stock these medicines by procuring in bulk (KI #1, private DROs). Factors behind the increase in the price of EMs and pharmaceutical supplies during the COVID-19 pandemic The final patient price for pharmaceuticals is the sum of costs from all stakeholders in the supply chain, from the manufacturer through public and private DROs. In addition to the purchasing price, additional costs such as transportation and human resources are involved in obtaining pharmaceuticals from manufacturers to our warehouse. Consequently, adding these expenses to the final distribution price results in a significantly high total cost (KI #1, private import company). The effects of the pandemic on the price of EMs and the absence of price regulation in private DROs were major ideas raised by participants. While discussing the situation of medicine prices, participants from public and private DROs noted that the rapid increase in medicine prices began before the pandemic but worsened afterward. Owing to high supplier prices, the patient price for medications has escalated every time, and there is no government regulation on the profit margin added by private DROs at the price of medicines. These margins can vary significantly: 20% in one DRO and 23--25% in others for the same medicine (KI #2, private DROs). a) Global pharmaceutical supply chain disruption due to the pandemic One of the complaints raised by participants was that, as a result of the pandemic, most countries were economically impacted, and large international manufacturers were unable to meet the global pharmaceutical demand since they had been reducing their production scale and beginning to work with fewer employees. I remember the time we were bankrupted by 180,000 ETB for importing surgical gloves; the Malaysian government declared a lockdown period after we made an order, which forced the factory we had agreed to close due to the pandemic (KI #1, private import company). The participants also indicated that in addition to the pandemic's effects on the world's pharmaceutical supply chain, the rise in pharmaceutical prices was caused by an increase in the cost of each raw material globally as well as a decline in the purchasing power of the Ethiopian birr, which has a substantial impact on currency exchange rates. b) Issues related to pharmaceutical logistics The respondents attempt to describe the existing difficulties in the procurement and transportation processes from various perspectives. In addition to the global shortage of pharmaceuticals, the shift of most manufacturers to provide COVID-19-related medicines and equipment has resulted in a lower number of international suppliers competing for the global pharmaceutical market. This led the prices for EMs to be unaffordable. As the only public supplier in the country, the EPSS works with international suppliers via a framework agreement to provide pharmaceuticals with a fixed price for a long period of time. However, the pandemic affected this procurement process because of global supply chain disruption. These ideas were supported by the following quotes: Since health services were affected by the pandemic, we shifted to importing mainly COVID-19-related PPE, such as surgical and examination gloves, coverall, face shields and medicines that were used for COVID-19 management, such as antibiotics and different medications for cough and pain (KI #2, private import company). We had to cancel most international contracts for two reasons: first, many suppliers closed due to the pandemic; second, manufacturers raised medicine prices beyond agreed amounts by claiming that the price of APIs had increased (KI #1, EPSS). In Ethiopia, the most widely used modes of transportation for pharmaceuticals are Ethiopian Shipping Lines and Ethiopian Airlines. On the basis of the participants’ response, the mode of transportation used to enter a country affects the availability and price of pharmaceuticals. The freight cost for using airplanes doubled during the pandemic; for example, the freight cost for 1 kg was 25 ETB [2] before the pandemic, but it is now 50 ETB. This works for all items; no special offer is given to pharmaceuticals. They only collaborate by giving us priority during the transportation process (KI #2, EPSS). Another major reason for the increase in medicine prices is the high cost of freight and the scarcity of shipping containers, which will cost us extra money for renting containers until the products arrive at our warehouse (KI #3, EPSS). In addition to the mode of transportation used for importing pharmaceuticals, the lead time for availing the required items is also affected by customs and regulatory clearance. This will result in additional costs for the importers until the items reach their warehouses. This idea is further explained by the following quotes: We primarily use air freight for time-sensitive deliveries, which generally take weeks to one month, while ocean freight orders are delivered within three months. This longer process can increase the freight cost (KI #2, private import company). Pharmaceuticals are seen equally to other luxury goods during the process of custom clearance. They do not understand that people are going to die due to the absence of medicines because of these delays (KI #3, EPSS). c) Unethical practices at different levels of the supply chain Another major concern mentioned by most participants was the availability of stocked out medicines from PHFs at private DROs with high prices. This may be related to unethical practices by certain PHF staff members, which results in a shortage of medicines in HFs. The shortage of EMs in the country was also a major contributor to the increase in their price. One of the reasons behind the unaffordable price for EMs according to participants was the hiding of highly demanded EMs from the market for a period of time by unethical suppliers. These ideas were reported as follows: Private suppliers will purposely hold EMs with high demand and longer expiration dates until these EMs become out of stock at the EPSS. Owing to this practice, we will be forced to procure high-priced medicines that are not affordable for most patients. (KI #1, public sector) One real situation in our facility involved staff members driving out medicines that were disappearing from the market through unethical methods. This practice forced patients to buy EMs from private DROs at high prices, even when they were available at affordable prices in public outlets. For example, we dispensed Propylthiouracil (PTU) for 250 ETB, but now, since it is stocked out, patients are buying it in the black market from private DROs for 2000 ETB (KI #4, public sector). Discussion This study was conducted to assess the availability, price, and affordability of EMs during the COVID-19 pandemic among private and public DROs found in six sub-cities of Addis Ababa. The overall percentage availability of LPG EMs in public and private DROs found in Addis Ababa was 53.9% and 50.9%, respectively, which is better than that reported in studies conducted in Eastern Ethiopia and Dessie town ( 14 , 15 ). The reason for this might be that the DROs in Addis Ababa have more options to access the required EMs than DROs do in other cities of Ethiopia since there are numerous private pharmaceutical import companies and wholesalers in addition to the main and branch hubs of the EPSS in Addis Ababa. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the global pharmaceutical supply chain, resulting in a shortage of medicines in different countries, including Ethiopia. Among the 50 EMs assessed in the current study, the majority (40) of the DROs had ≤ 30 LPG EMs during the data collection period. This result might be due to the shift of most suppliers to provide COVID-19-related supplies exclusively, as mentioned by most participants. Similarly, a shortage of medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic has also been reported in different studies ( 16 – 20 ). The mean availability of OB EMs in public DROs from the current study was far lower than that of their corresponding LPG types of EMs. This is similar to findings from studies performed in eastern Ethiopia ( 14 ) and Dessie ( 15 ). This might be because public health facilities procure generic medicines at affordable prices on the basis of their budgets. The demand pattern for EMs has changed in public and private DROs due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study revealed that antibiotics, antipains, cough syrups, multivitamins, and PPE, such as face masks, sanitizers, and latex gloves, were among the most in-demand pharmaceuticals and medical supplies used during the pandemic period. These EMs were also more readily available than others in both public and private DROs during the data collection period. The reason behind this could be that the majority of the above-listed medications and PPEs were used for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Like in the study performed in southwestern part of Ethiopia ( 20 ), the availability of EMs for NCDs in this study was far lower from the WHO recommended target point ( 21 ). As indicated by participants, the rationale for this could be that people started to stock up in anticipation of possible drug shortages and limited access. The availability of EMs for mental health in the current study was very low, similar to the findings of a recent study conducted in Addis Ababa ( 22 ). According to both studies, the availability of EMs for mental health is greater in the public sector than in private DROs in Addis Ababa. This could be due to a lack of private pharmaceutical importers supplying mental health pharmaceuticals; these importers will be exclusively distributed by the EPSS, which will serve public sectors in advance. However, Amitryptaline and Sodium valproate were more highly available in private DROs than other EMs for use in mental health. The reason for this might be that COVID-19 patients who have been quarantined may experience sleep disorders, depression, or posttraumatic stress disorder, and the use of antipsychotics increased during the pandemic period ( 23 ). The shortage of EMs in the country was a major contributor to the increase in their price. The current study also revealed that approximately 94% of LPG EMs presented significant price differences between public and private DROs. According to participants from the current study, high price variation between public and private DROs was mostly encountered for medicines with limited supply. However, the reason behind the price variation could be the lack of a clear pharmaceutical pricing policy and regular monitoring of price markups in Ethiopia ( 24 ). As mentioned by the participants, the price of medicines was steadily increasing for imported as well as locally manufactured medicines due to the increased price of raw materials, currency inflation, a shortage of hard currency, a decrease in the number of international suppliers for bidding, increased freight costs, and the scarcity of containers for shipping. These factors might explain the decline in the fill rate of EPSS reported by ( 25 ), which is also supported by the qualitative findings in the current study. The increase in the price of medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic was also reported in a study conducted in Ethiopia ( 19 ) as well as in studies from Kenya ( 26 ) and Rwanda ( 27 ); however, a study from India reported that there was limited price change for medicines during the pandemic period ( 28 ). The explanation for this could be that India has more local manufacturers of APIs and pharmaceuticals than countries in Africa do; therefore, pharmaceuticals will be more available in India, resulting in lower prices. The current study also evaluated the affordability of five disease conditions that caused the majority of deaths in Addis Ababa city in 2019 ( 11 ). According to the current study, out of these five diseases, the only affordable treatment cost in private DROs was treating stroke with LPG ASA. Treatment regimens for chronic patients with comorbid conditions were also found to be unaffordable by the lowest-paid unskilled government employee. For example, a type II diabetes patient with hypertension using Metformin 500 mg and Enalapril 20 mg would require 4.7 and 7.4 days’ wages in public and private DROs, respectively, which is consistent with the results reported in the national pharmaceutical survey conducted in Ethiopia ( 29 ). Other studies conducted in Ethiopia also revealed that most medicines from public and private facilities were unaffordable ( 14 , 15 ). Unaffordable treatment costs will be addressed by strengthening the already implemented community health insurance program (CBHI) and by making EMs available on the basis of morbidity data in public health facilities. Overall, the current study provides an important picture of access to essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic in Addis Ababa by elaborating on the various factors that could affect the availability, price, and affordability of EMs from the retailer’s and supplier’s perspectives. Strengths and limitations of the study The current study explored the situation of access to EMs during the pandemic through discussions with participants from different pharmaceutical supply chain stakeholders in the country, such as the EPSS, private pharmaceutical importers, private retailers, and public health sectors, in addition to surveys conducted in private and public DROs. Therefore, triangulating the results from quantitative and qualitative research was one of the strengths of the current study. In addition, all the EMs included in this study were selected from the national EML, the procurement list of the EPSS, and the national standard treatment guidelines, which support the current scenario of access to EMs in Addis Ababa. Even though every effort has been made to ensure that the data quality reported in the current study is reliable, it still has some limitations. One of the drawbacks of this study was that the survey list of medicines only includes certain strengths and dosage forms; thus, it does not consider the availability of other strengths, dosage forms, or therapeutic alternatives. Therefore, total absence on the day of the data collection period does not necessarily suggest that particular medicines are not available in either private or public DROs. Furthermore, because data on EM availability were collected on a specific day, they cannot represent the average monthly or yearly availability of EMs in the surveyed DROs. Finally, since the current study uses telephone interviews for the qualitative part of the study due to the COVID-19 pandemic, further data that could have been collected through eye contact and body language could not be assessed. Therefore, all these limitations must be recognized before the findings from this study can be generalized. Conclusion and recommendation The current study revealed that essential medicines were poorly available with unaffordable prices in Addis Ababa for various reasons related to demand and supply imbalances due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors. The various stakeholders in the pharmaceutical supply chain of the country should work together to improve availability and make the price of medicines affordable. The current study revealed that the availability of EMs was low in both public and private DROs found in Addis Ababa. Most common illnesses are also unaffordable due to the high price of EMs in public and private DROs. The identified factors behind these results were global pharmaceutical supply chain disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, budget constraints and data reporting trends in PHFs, changes in demand patterns for pharmaceuticals, and unethical practices at various levels of the supply chain. To address these challenges, we recommend that stakeholders in the pharmaceutical supply chain of the country work together to fill the gap and improve the availability of EMs, which will indirectly solve the issue of the price of medicines. The government should also implement a strong pharmaceutical pricing policy and revise the free market policy for pharmaceuticals in Ethiopia by regularly monitoring the price markups in the private pharmaceutical sector as well as in each step of the supply chain to make EMs affordable. Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Boards of the School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University (ERB/SOP/261/13/2021) and the Addis Ababa Health Bureau (A/A/2922/227). All the information collected from the study was coded and maintained confidential. Before starting the data collection, informed consent was obtained from the participants, including about the possibility for publication of anonymized findings and the assurance of confidentiality. Consent for publication Not applicable. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The first author received financial support from the Graduate Programs of Addis Ababa University to conduct her research as partial fulfillment for the Health Supply Chain Management MSc program. Authors’ contributions HHS and BMH conceptualized and designed the study. HHS collected and analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript under the supervision of BMH. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication. Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the data collectors and all the informants who participated in the study for sharing their experiences willingly and providing valuable information. 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Available from: http://www.fmhaca.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pharmaceutical-Assessment-2016.pdf Footnotes USD = 43.60 ETB on the first date of the data collection, i.e., July 1, 2021 USD = 49.80 ETB on the first date of the qualitative data collection, i.e., February 1, 2022 Tables Table 1: Availability of LPG EMs in public and private DROs in Addis Ababa, July 2021 Essential medicines Availability of essential medicines For lowest price generics (LPGs) Public DROs (%) Total (n =30)(%) Private DROs (%) Total (n=30) Overall (n=60) Chi-square p-value Hospital (n=6) HC (n=24) Pharmacy (n=25) DS (n= 5) Antibiotics Amoxicillin 500mg 5 22 27 (90) 16 4 20(66.7) 47 .131 Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625mg 6 21 27 ( 90) 21 4 25(83.3) 52 .733 Ampicillin 500mg inj 4 9 13(43.3) 2 0 2(6.7) 15 .004 Benzathine Penicillin G 2 18 20(66.7) 0 0 0 20 .000 Cloxacillin 500mg 4 20 24(80) 20 4 24(80) 48 .841 Azithromycin 250 mg 3 17 20(66.7) 10 1 11(36.7) 31 .075 Clarithromycin 500mg 5 15 20(66.7) 21 3 24(80) 44 .301 Co Trimoxazole 480mg 2 13 15(50) 18 4 22(73.3) 37 .217 Norfloxacin 500mg 1 4 5(16.7) 20 5 25(83.3) 30 .000 Gentamicin 20mg/2ml 2 16 18(60) 10 1 11(36.7) 29 .108 Metronidazole 250 mg 5 15 20(66.7) 8 3 11(36.7) 31 .056 Doxycycline 100mg 3 18 21(70) 25 5 30(100) 51 .005 Ceftriaxone 1g 5 23 28(93.3) 21 4 25(83.3) 53 .523 Ciprofloxacin 500mg 5 20 25(83.3) 21 4 25(83.3) 50 .809 Cotrimoxazole 420 mg/5ml 3 16 19(63.3) 21 4 25(83.3) 44 .131 EMs for NCDs Enalapril 10mg 3 20 23(76.7) 20 5 25(83.3) 48 .188 Captopril 25mg 0 0 0 3 0 3(10) 3 .219 Furosemide 40mg 0 12 12 (40) 18 4 22(73.3) 34 .002 Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg 3 23 26(86.7) 22 5 27(90) 53 .015 ASA 100 mg 0 6 6 (20) 4 0 4(13.3) 10 .285 Atenolol 50mg 5 14 19(63.3) 21 5 26(86.7) 45 .089 Beclomethasone100mcg/dose 4 3 7(23.3) 0 0 0 7 .0005 Salbutamol 5 20 25(83.3) 19 4 23(76.7) 48 .928 Hydrocortisone 50mg/ml 4 16 20(66.7) 10 0 10(33.3) 30 .025 Metformin 500mg 5 19 24(80) 22 4 26(86.7) 50 .866 Glibenclamide 5mg 2 21 23(76.7) 20 4 24(80) 47 .038 Insulin (NPH) 100IU 6 17 23(76.7) 9 0 9(30) 32 .001 Simvastatin 20mg 0 2 2 (6.67) 15 2 17(56.7) 19 .000 EMs for mental health Amitriptyline 25mg 3 17 20(66.7) 23 5 28(93.3) 48 .338 Carbamazepine 200mg 2 6 8(26.7) 11 1 12(40) 20 .488 Diazepam 5mg 3 5 8(26.7) 0 0 0 9 .020 Fluoxetine 20mg 4 6 10(33.3) 15 1 16(53.3) 26 .036 Phenytoin 100mg 2 5 7(23.3) 3 0 3(10) 10 .409 Sodium valproate 200mg 6 8 14(46.7) 17 3 20(66.7) 34 .419 Haloperidol 5mg 5 8 13(43.3) 0 0 0 14 .000 Risperidone 1mg 2 5 7(23.3) 0 0 0 7 .034 EMs for women and children ORS 4 15 19(63.3) 8 4 12(40) 31 .067 Ibuprofen 100mg/5ml 2 12 14(46.7) 20 5 25(83.3) 39 .017 Oxytocin 10 IU/ml 3 13 16(53.3) 0 0 0 16 .000 Sodium chloride 5 24 29(96.7) 13 3 16(53.3) 45 .001 Magnesium sulfate 500 mg/ml 3 9 12 (40) 6 0 6(20) 18 .225 Methyldopa 250mg 5 16 21( 70) 9 2 11(36.7) 32 .064 Miscellaneous EMs Albendazole 200mg 2 13 15 ( 50) 13 0 13(43.3) 28 .131 Allopurinol 100mg 3 1 4(13.3) 3 0 3(10) 7 .015 Adrenaline 1mg/ml 4 22 26(86.7) 0 0 0 26 .000 Diclofenac 50mg 5 24 29(96.7) 15 3 18(60) 47 .054 Omeprazole 20mg 4 22 26(86.7) 20 7 27(90) 51 .285 Paracetamol 500mg 3 18 21 (70) 5 2 7(23.3) 28 .002 Tetracycline HCL 1% 4 19 23(76.7) 22 4 26(86.7) 49 .641 Fluconazole 200mg 1 8 9 ( 30) 21 2 23(76.7) 32 .001 Average availability of LPG 27.13 23.73 56.9% 25.32 24 50.9% 53.5% Table 2: Availability of LPG EMs by the type of drug retail outlet, Addis Ababa, 2021 Type of DROs Availability of LPG EMs (N=50) during the data collection period Very Low: ≤30 Low:31-39 Fairly high: 40-48 High >48 Total Hospitals 5 1 0 0 6 Health centers 16 8 0 0 24 Private DROs 19 9 2 0 30 Total 40 18 2 0 60 Table 3: Availability of OB essential medicines in public and private DROs in Addis Ababa, July 2021 Essential medicines Public DROs Total (n =30) Private DROs Total (n=30) Overall Hospital (n=6) HC (n=24) Pharmacy (n=25) DS (n=5) Amoxicillin 500mg 0 0 0 9 2 11(36.67) 11 Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625mg 0 1 1(3.33) 2 1 3(10) 4 Azithromycin 250 mg 0 0 0 4 0 4(13.33) 4 Co-Trimoxazole 480mg 0 0 0 0 1 1(3.33) 1 Metronidazole 250 mg 0 0 0 6 2 8(26.66) 8 Ceftriaxone 1g 0 0 0 2 1 3(10) 3 Ciprofloxacin 500mg 0 0 0 3 1 4(13.33) 4 Cotrimoxazole 420 mg/5ml 0 0 0 2 1 3(10) 3 Furosemide 40mg 0 0 0 2 1 3(10) 3 ASA 100 mg 0 2 2(6.66) 23 3 26(86.7) 28 Atenolol 50mg 0 0 0 2 2 4(13.33) 4 Metformin 500mg 0 0 0 2 2 4(13.33) 4 Glibenclamide 5mg 0 0 0 3 2 5(16.66) 5 Amitriptyline 25mg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carbamazepine 200mg 0 2 2(6.66) 4 2 6(20) 8 Sodium valproate 200mg 2 3 5(16.66) 7 1 8(26.66) 13 Albendazole 200mg 0 0 0 2 2 4(13.33) 4 Diclofenac 50mg 0 0 0 10 2 12(40) 12 Paracetamol 500mg 0 1 1(3.33) 20 4 24(80%) 25 Mean availability 0.9% 10.6% 5.78% Table 4: The MUP of LPG EMs in public and private DROs in Addis Ababa July 2021 Essential medicines Median unit price in local currency For Lowest priced generic (LPGs) Public DROs Private DROs Mann– Whitney U private vs public DROs P-value Median Unit price MUP Hospital MUP HCs Median unit price Amoxicillin 500mg 1.1 1.1 1.5 3.5 10.5 .000 Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625mg 4.5 4.78 4.5 18.57 0 .000 Ampicillin 500mg inj 3.7 3.7 3.7 15 0 .025 Cloxacillin 500mg 2.00 2.85 1.8 3 119 .000 Azithromycin 250 mg 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.6 0 .000 Clarithromycin 500mg 8.85 4.45 10.3 13.5 57 .000 Cotrimoxazole 480mg 1.33 1.15 1.38 3.7 7 .000 Norfloxacin 500mg 1.7 1.00 1.85 3 16 .009 Gentamicin 20mg/2ml 1.49 1.78 1.44 7.5 0 .000 Metronidazole 250 mg 0.4 0.3 0.53 2 8.5 .000 Doxycycline 100mg 0.80 0.50 0.8 2.6 80.55 .000 Ceftriaxone 1g 15.95 15.9 16.2 60 5.5 .000 Ciprofloxacin 500mg 1.60 1.2 1.65 3.25 35 .000 Cotrimoxazole 420 mg/5ml 0.3 0.13 0.3 0.49 41 .000 EMs for NCDs ASA 100mg 0.49 0.5 0.45 1.00 2 .006 Enalapril 10mg 1.00 1.15 1.00 1.20 192 .045 Furosemide 40mg 0.15 0.12 0.36 3.00 0 .000 Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg 1.08 0.40 1.2 1.50 88.5 .000 Atenolol 50mg 0.60 0.5 0.6 1.40 11 .000 Salbutamol 0.625 0.60 0.70 0.65 239.5 .320 Hydrocortisone 50mg/ml 15.35 15.33 15.35 75 0 .000 Metformin 500mg 1.20 0.6 1.38 2.00 110.5 .000 Glibenclamide 5mg 0.47 0.44 0.47 1.95 48 .000 Insulin (NPH) 100IU 12.77 12.77 12.55 24.00 0 .000 EMs for mental health Amitriptyline 25mg 0.625 0.4 0.65 3.5 14 .000 Fluoxetine 20mg 1.35 1.68 1.35 3.23 6 .000 Sodium-valproate 200mg 3.08 3.18 2.90 7.00 59.5 .000 Haloperidl 50mg 0.83 0.82 0.86 1 2 .254 EMs for women and children ORS 6.90 3.78 6.90 11.50 35.5 .001 Ibuprofen 100mg/5ml 0.35 0.55 0.35 0.50 98.5 .025 Sodium chloride 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.08 59.5 .000 Magnesium sulfate 500 mg/ml 4.89 4.89 5.02 7.20 5 .134 Miscellaneous EMs Albendazole 200mg 1.50 1.35 1.50 2.40 16.5 .000 Allopurinol 100mg 1.83 1.85 1.80 11.00 0 .031 Adrenaline 1mg/ml 3.6 4.05 3.60 - - - Diclofenac 50mg 0.35 0.30 0.43 0.50 114 .000 Omeprazole 20mg 0.85 0.84 0.85 1.20 107 .000 Paracetamol 500mg 0.43 0.43 0.46 0.80 7 .000 Tetracycline HCL 1% 2.63 2.78 2.50 5.00 92 .000 Fluconazole 200mg 3.25 1.20 3.23 3.28 24 .001 Table 5: MUP differences between OBs and LPGs among public and private DROs in Addis Ababa, July, 2021 Essential medicines Median unit price differences between OBs and LPGs Public DROs Private DROs LPG MUP OB MUP Difference LPG MUP OB MUP Difference Amoxicillin 500mg - - - 3.5 12.50 9 Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625mg 4.5 21.43 17 18.57 33.00 14 Azithromycin 250 mg - - - 5.6 23.33 17.70 Metronidazole 250 mg - - - 2 30 28 Ceftriaxone 1g - - - 60 165 105 Ciprofloxacin 500mg - - - 3.25 35.75 32.5 Cotrimoxazole 480mg - - - 3.7 9.83 6.13 Cotrimoxazole 420 mg/5ml - - - 0.49 3.9 3.41 Furosemide 40mg - - - 3 20 17 ASA 100 mg 0.49 3.33 2.84 1.00 3.9 2.9 Atenolol 50mg - - - 1.4 7.15 5.75 Metformin 500mg - - - 2 8.65 6.65 Glibenclamide 5mg - - - 1.95 8.25 6.3 Carbamazepine 200mg 1.18 5.5 4.32 2.75 6.55 3.8 Albendazole 200mg - - - 2.4 15 12.6 Diclofenac 50mg - - - 0.5 15.75 15.3 Paracetamol 500mg 0.43 2.5 2.07 0.8 3 2.2 Table 6: Number of days' wages of the LPUGW needed to purchase standard treatments in Addis Ababa, July 2021 Disease condition and standard treatment Day’s wages to pay for treatment Condition Drug name, strength, dosage form Treatment duration LPGs OBs Public DROs private DROs private DROs Stroke ASA 100 mg tab 1 tab for 30 days = 30 0.45 0.74 3.6 Hypertension Hydrochlorthiazide 25 mg tab/cap 1 tab x 2 for 30 days = 60 1.99 2.77 -- Enalapril 10mg tab/cap 1 tab x 1 for 30 days = 30 0.92 1.11 -- Furosemide 40mg 1 tab x 1 for 30 days = 30 0.14 2.77 18.5 Ischemic Heart Disease Atenolol 50mg tab/cap 1.5 tab x 30 days = 45 0.83 1.94 9.9 Pneumonia Ceftriaxone 1gm inj 2 vial x 7 days= 14 6.88 25.9 -- Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid 625 mg cap/tab 1 cap x 3 for 7 days = 21 2.9 12.02 21.36 Diabetes Insulin NPH 100 IU 10 vials for 30 days (Average) 3.9 7.4 -- Glibenclamide 5mg 1 tab x 1 for 30 days = 30 0.43 1.6 3.43 Metformin 500mg tab/cap 2 tabs x 2 for 30 days = 120 4.4 7.4 28.2 Table 7: Characteristics of qualitative interview participants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022 Characteristics Number Sex Female 5 Male 13 Age (in Years) 30-35 4 36-45 14 Academic qualification Bachelor’s degree 10 Masters 8 Work position Pharmacist at dispensary 7 Pharmacy head 3 Pharmaceutical supply chain case team 2 Quantification and market-shaping case team 1 Procurement case team 1 Health supply chain professional 1 Pharmaceutical import technical manager 3 Work experience in current position 2 - 4 yrs 8 5 -10 yrs 10 Place of work Private DROs 7 Public health facility 5 Private pharmaceutical importers 3 EPSS 3 Table 8: Major themes and subthemes identified for the qualitative data analysis Themes Subthemes Availability of EMs and affecting factors Updating the Essential Medicine List (EML) of PHFs Stock status monitoring system Budget constraint The change in demand pattern for pharmaceuticals and supplies Active communication with stake holders Factors behind the increase in price of EMs and pharmaceutical supplies The global pharmaceutical supply chain disruption due to the pandemic Issues related to pharmaceuticals logistics Unethical practices from different level of the supply chain Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7772317","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":524196646,"identity":"a9577222-62be-412b-aa9e-a08b82c72bc2","order_by":0,"name":"Hafiza Hayredin Shebo","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2028-5377","institution":"School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hafiza","middleName":"Hayredin","lastName":"Shebo","suffix":""},{"id":524197077,"identity":"04a89305-dddb-4a5c-a79c-ec535293a690","order_by":1,"name":"Bruck Messele 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12:58:57","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":205444,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772317/v1/47248409a6b8b16d33b7e0a3.html"},{"id":92865753,"identity":"d6101608-bbc8-4181-9e86-a9c8b089bf2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 13:06:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2453692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7772317/v1/2446c7e2-f040-476f-b6b6-3582e6d9ab4b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability and affordability of essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic among drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia—a mixed methods study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccess to medicines in health systems encompasses five dimensions: availability, affordability, accessibility, acceptability, and accommodation of the community with the health care system (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Access to essential medicines is a fundamental human right, and universal health coverage (UHC) is critical for achieving this right. The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to impede the advances achieved in UHC over the past two decades while also exacerbating the financial hardship experienced by people who pay for health care out of pocket. When the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and its disruptions are considered, between 800 and 840\u0026nbsp;million people will be denied UHC (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic has presented a serious disruption in essential health services because of pandemic-related restrictions, high patient loads, inadequately resourced health facility infrastructures, and shortages of medicines and medical equipment (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The global production and supply chain network has been widely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Since most sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia, import 70\u0026ndash;90% of their pharmaceuticals from China and India, they have become vulnerable to supply disruption because of export restrictions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe provision of complete healthcare services by health facilities necessitates the availability of safe, effective, and affordable medicines of the required quality in adequate quantity at all times. To ensure this, limiting the number of medicines used in one country is necessary, so Ethiopia developed a national essential medicine (EML) list on the basis of the concept of the WHO model list (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). A public pharmaceutical supplier was also established to provide basic health products with good quality and affordable prices at public health facilities across the country. The public health sector in Ethiopia procures almost 70% of all the medicines consumed through the Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply Service (EPSS) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), whereas private drug retail outlets (DROs) receive their products primarily from private pharmaceutical importers and wholesalers. For the purpose of the present study, the outlets of public health centers and hospitals were considered public DROs, whereas private community pharmacies and drug stores were considered private DROs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral studies conducted in various regions of Ethiopia during the COVID-19 pandemic reported a shortage of essential medicines in the country; however, the problem was seen from the perspective of health facilities and retail pharmacies. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the availability, price and affordability of EMs in public and private DROs in Addis Ababa by elaborating on the situation of access to EMs from the suppliers' and retailers' perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy area, design and period\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was performed at private and public DROs from six sub-cities in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia, with a total population of more than 3.8\u0026nbsp;million (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The city has three layers of administration: the city administration at the top, 11 sub-city administrations in the middle, and 116 woredas (districts) at the bottom (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). According to the unpublished data of Addis Ababa\u0026rsquo;s Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration (FMHACA), in 2021, there were approximately 107 public health centers, 14 public hospitals, 687 community pharmacies, and 335 drug stores around Addis Ababa. The study adopted an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach with a quantitative survey followed by a qualitative interview study. For the quantitative study, a cross-sectional study design was conducted from July 1 to August 30, 2021, whereas a qualitative interview approach was employed between February 1 and March 30, 2022, G.C., using semi-structured interview guides with flexible probing techniques to explore the situation of access to essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy participants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe source populations for the quantitative part of the study were all public and private drug outlets, all public as well as private pharmaceutical suppliers in Addis Ababa city. The study populations were public hospitals, health centers (HCs), and private DROs in Addis Ababa, which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. For the qualitative part, pharmacists or druggists working in private DROs, supply chain team leaders from public hospitals, pharmacy heads of HCs, supply chain professionals from EPSS, and private pharmaceutical import companies were the key informants selected via purposive sampling techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample size determination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size for the quantitative study was determined on the basis of the WHO/HAI manual on medicine price and availability survey methodology (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, 60 DROs, 30 each from the public and private sectors, were included in the quantitative part of the study. The study included a total of 50 EMs. According to the World Health Organization and Health Action International (WHO/HAI) protocol, the survey list should include 14 medicines from the global core list chosen on the basis of disease burden worldwide and in sub-Saharan African countries and 36 medicines chosen by the principal investigator (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Twelve pharmacy professionals from private DROs and public health facilities, three supply chain experts from the EPSS, and three professionals from private import companies, with a total of 18 participants, were purposely enrolled in the qualitative interview study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling procedure and technique\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe quantitative part of the study adopted the WHO/HAI methodology (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) and was conducted in six hospital DROs, 24 health center DROs, and 30 private DROs, with a total of 60 DROs from six randomly selected sub-cities in Addis Ababa out of the 11 survey areas, with each survey area consisting of ten DROs (one hospital DRO, four health center DROs, and five private DROs). For the qualitative part of the study, twelve pharmacy professionals from private DROs and public health facilities were purposively selected on the basis of their experience in the corresponding sector. In addition, three relevant individuals from the central EPSS and three from private pharmaceutical import companies, with a total of 18 key informants, were purposely enrolled in the interviews. The interviews continued until saturation, when new data provided no further points in reference to the research objectives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection methods\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data on the price and availability of essential medicines were collected from DROs via standardized data collection tools developed by the WHO/HAI with necessary modifications (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). The tool contains the name of the drug, both generic and brand, dosage form and strength of the drug, medicine type, package size, and unit price. However, for the qualitative study, a semi-structured, open-ended interview guide was used, along with flexible probing approaches. The interview questions were translated into the local language (Amharic) by the principal investigator to make it convenient for the interviewees.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData processing and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data were entered and analyzed via the MS Excel format of the WHO/HAI medicine pricing Workbook, and the results were summarized and presented in tables and graphs. The data were also transferred to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 for additional statistical analysis. The availability of EMs was determined by calculating the percent availability of individual medicines, mean percent (%) availability across a group of medicines, and variations between product types (originator brand vs generic) and types of DROs (public and private). The overall mean availability was also reported for the basket of EMs surveyed. The sampled DROs were categorized on the basis of the stock status of the surveyed EMs via cutoff points reported by Nyanwura and Esena as follows: \u0026le; 50% (n\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30) very low, 51\u0026ndash;65% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31\u0026ndash;39) low, 66\u0026ndash;80% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40\u0026ndash;48) fairly high and high\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;80% (n\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;48) EMs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). The chi-square test was also employed to identify the association between the availability of EMs and the type of DRO (public vs. private), with a 0.05 level of significance. In the analysis of price data, median unit prices (MUPs) of individual medicines in local currency (Ethiopian Birr) were reported. The Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test was also used to prove the presence of significant price differences for LPGs between public and private DROs as well as within public health facilities. Affordability was calculated for five of the top ten causes of death in Addis Ababa according to a subnational country analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study in 2019 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Treatment affordability was calculated on the basis of the daily wage of the lowest-paid unskilled government employee in Ethiopia. The recently updated net monthly salary of the lowest-paid unskilled government worker (LPUGW) since July 2019 was 973 Ethiopian Birr[1] (ETB) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). By using this value, the daily wage was determined by dividing the net salary for 30 days, which was ETB 32.43 per day. Accordingly, affordability was computed by dividing the total median price of the regimen for a given medicine by the daily wage of the lowest-paid unskilled government employee. The data analysis for the qualitative study was performed manually via thematic analysis with an inductive approach (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). The process of data collection and analysis for the qualitative study was performed concurrently to allow room for flexibility of the interview questions and hence, the point of saturation. First, open coding was followed where each distinct code was developed into subthemes and then into themes while considering the research objectives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003eQuantitative findings\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe overall percentage availability of EMs during the data collection period in Addis Ababa city was 5.78% for originator brands (OBs) and 53.9% for lowest-priced generics (LPGs). However, the mean availability of OB- and LPG-type EMs was 0.9% and 56.9%, respectively, in public DROs and 10.6% and 50.9%, respectively, in private DROs. In addition, out of the 50 EMs surveyed, only four OB-type EMs (Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625 mg Capsule, ASA 100 mg Tablet, Carbamazepine 200 mg Tablet and Paracetamol 500 mg Tablet) were available in public DROs during the data collection period (see Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn public DROs, the availability of LPGs ranges from of Captopril 25 mg (0%) to Sodium Chloride (NS) 50 mg and Diclofenac 50 mg (96.7%). However, in private DROs, it ranges from 0% availability for (Benzathine Penicillin G 2.4 MIU/ml, Beclomethasone 100 mcg/dose, Risperidone 1 mg, Oxytocin 10 unit/ml and Adrenaline 1mg/ml) to 100% availability for Doxycycline 100mg. There were significant associations for 22 LPG essential medicines in terms of their availability and type of DRO (public vs private), accounting for 44% of the surveyed LPG EMs. Four antibiotics, 11 EMs for NCDs and mental health and seven other LPG EMs showed significant associations. Among the 50 LPG essential medicines surveyed, only seven EMs (Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625 mg, Doxycycline 100 mg, Ceftriaxone 1g/vial, Ciprofloxacin 500 mg, Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, Metformin 500 mg and Omeprazole 20 mg) had \u0026gt;80% availability in both public and private DROs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 2, the 60 sampled DROs were classified on the basis of the stock status of the surveyed EMs during the data collection period. None of the DROs from either sector had (high) \u0026gt;48 available LPG EMs; rather, the availability of the 50 LPG EMs was very low in the majority of the sampled outlets during the data collection period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of 50 EMs was performed by dividing them into five groups: antibiotics, EMs for NCDs, EMs for mental health, EMs for maternal and child health (MCH), and miscellaneous EMs. The mean availability of LPG antibiotics was 67% in public DROs, which ranged from 93.3% for Ceftriaxone to 16.7% for Norfloxacin 500 mg. However, in private DROs, the mean availability of LPG antibiotics was 62%, ranging from 0% for Benzathine Penicillin G to 100% for Doxycycline 100 mg. In public DROs, OB-type antibiotics were found only for Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625mg in one HC. However, seven OB-type antibiotics were available in private DROs; their availability ranges from Metronidazole 250 mg in 26.7% (n=8) of DROs to Cotrimoxazole 480 mg, which was found only in one drug store during the data collection period (Table 3). In the present study, the average availability of LPGs for NCDs in public DROs was 53.8%, which ranged from 0% for Captopril 25 mg to 86.7% for Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg whereas 56.2% of the LPGs for NCDs were available in private DROs. The lowest priced generics for the Beclomethasone 100 mcg/dose inhaler in private DROs and Captopril 25 mg tablet in public DROs were not available during the data collection period. However, LPGs for Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, Salbutamol 100 mcg/inhaler, Metformin 500 mg, Atenolol 50 mg and Enalapril 10 mg were highly available (\u0026gt;80%) in both public and private DROs during the data collection period. The only OB EMs for NCDs found in public DROs was ASA 100 mg. However, five OBs for NCDs, i.e., Furosemide 40 mg, ASA 100 mg, Atenolol 50 mg, Metformin 500 mg and Glibenclamide 5 mg were available in private DROs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith respect to the availability of EMs for mental health in Addis Ababa, this study revealed that the mean availability of LPGs for mental health was very low, 36% and 32.5%, in both public and private DROs, respectively. In private DROs, the LPGs for Diazepam 5 mg, Haloperidol 5 mg and Risperidone 1 mg were not found during the survey period. The only available OB-type EM for mental health in both public and private DROs during the data collection period was Carbamazepine 200mg tablet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean availability of LPG EMs used in MCH was 61.7% and 38.8% in public and private DROs, respectively. However, the OBs of MCH EMs were not found in all (n=60) surveyed DROs. As shown in Table 1, for some MCH EMs, there was a significant association between the types of DROs and their availability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, eight EMs grouped under miscellaneous EMs were used to treat different medical conditions. The mean availability of these groups of EMs was 63.76% and 47.9% in public and private DROs, respectively. In addition, LPG for Diclofenac 50 mg was available at nearly all surveyed public DROs at the time of the survey. The OBs of these EMs were more available in private DROs than in public DROs. The only OB EM from this group found in public DROs was Paracetamol 500mg tablets as shown in Table 6. The reason behind this might be the median unit price difference that exists between LPG paracetamol available in the market and its OB, which was smaller than that of the other products. In private DROs, four OBs (Albendazole 200 mg, Diclofenac 50 mg, Omeprazole 20 mg and Paracetamol 500 mg) were available during the data collection period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient prices for EMs in public and private DROs in Addis Ababa\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the median unit price (MUP) in local currency for individual EMs was used to compare LPG patient prices within public DROs as well as between public and private DROs (Table 4). The MUP was not calculated for those EMs that were available in fewer than four DROs from both public and private outlets or for those EMs that were provided for free in public facilities. On this basis, only 38 LPG EMs were included in the analysis. For those EMs whose OBs were available during the survey period, the price difference between LPGs and OBs for the same EMs was also presented by comparing their respective MUPs, as shown in Table 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Mann‒Whitney U test indicated that 94.7% (n=36) of the LPGs presented a statistically significant (p\u0026lt;0.05) price difference between public and private DROs during the data collection period, except for Salbutamol puff and Magnesium sulfate injection. However, the MUP for LPGs between hospitals and health centers was comparable. The highest price variation was observed for Clarithromycin 500 mg. This might be due to the fixed medicine price markups used in public health facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn private DROs, the highest MUP difference between the LPG and OB types of the same medicine were encountered for Ceftriaxone 1 gm injection (105 ETB), and the lowest difference was for Paracetamol 500 mg tablet (2.2 ETB). Similarly, in the public DROs of the four OB-type EMs found during the survey, the lowest MUP difference was for the Paracetamol 500 mg tablet (2.07 ETB), and the highest difference in price was observed for the Amoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625 mg tablet (17 ETB).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffordability of EMs used to treat the top five causes of death in Addis Ababa\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of days\u0026apos; wages of the lowest paid unskilled government worker needed to purchase medicines prescribed in a standard dose was used to evaluate the affordability of EMs. Affordability for acute disease treatment duration was defined as a full course of therapy, whereas for chronic diseases, the affordability of a 30-day supply of drugs was evaluated. Affordability was computed by dividing the total median price of the regimen for a given medicine by the daily wage of the lowest-paid unskilled government employee, which was 32.43 ETB during the data collection period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 6, LPGs for ASA 100 mg, Enalapril 10 mg, Furosemide 40 mg, Glibenclamide 5 mg, and Atenolol 50 mg from public DROs and only ASA 100 mg from private DROs were affordable medicines that cost less than 32.43 ETB to buy a 30-day supply by the lowest paid unskilled government employees living in Addis Ababa. The most unaffordable treatment from both public and private DROs was treating severe pneumonia with LPG Ceftriaxone 1gm injection, although it was less costly when the medicine was bought from public DROs. However, when the analysis was computed for all possible medicines given for the entire treatment, it changed the result. For example, taking the monthly supply of Enalapril 10 mg and Furosemide 40 mg from public DROs was affordable by the lowest-paid unskilled government employee. However, when a hypertensive patient is prescribed Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, Furosemide 40 mg, and Enalapril 10 mg, the costs of the medicines are unaffordable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eQualitative Findings\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of gathering qualitative data for this study was to explore the situation of access to EMs during the COVID-19 pandemic from both public and private retailers\u0026apos; and suppliers\u0026apos; perspectives. A total of 18 key informants (KIs), 12 from retailers and six from suppliers, were included in the qualitative study. All the key informants had a pharmacy background and work experience ranging from three-nine years in their current positions (Table 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccess to EMs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Addis Ababa\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated previously existing national issues related to the availability of EMs, resulting in unaffordable prices for treating common illnesses. The pandemic severely impacted the availability and price of EMs globally by disrupting the global pharmaceutical supply chain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDuring the pandemic, medicine prices surged due to global shortages caused by lockdowns and export bans in most countries, including our largest source of pharmaceutical exporters such as China and India (KI #3, EPSS).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, two main themes (the availability of EMs and affecting factors as well as the factors behind the increase in the price of EMs and pharmaceutical supplies), with eight subthemes, were used to further discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to EMs, as shown in Table 8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of EMs and affecting factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe availability of EMs in public or private DROs could be affected by different factors at each level of the supply chain. The study participants explained this situation from various perspectives, which are discussed further in the following six subthemes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ea) Updating the EML of PHFs\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the participants from public hospitals and HCs, there are factors that affect the availability of EMs that are specific to the facility. These factors can be seen as strengths for some HFs and limitations for others that are not functioning accordingly. One of the factors that affects the availability of EMs is the availability and regular updates of facility-specific EMLs. Most of the participants reported the existence of facility-specific EMLs, which are updated every year. According to the participants, the reasons behind the recent revision of the EML were the update of the national EML, the existence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the change from the Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) to the Ethiopian Primary Health Care Clinical Guidelines (EPHCGs) for health centers. The majority of participants also stated that during the pandemic, facilities updated their EML to include COVID-19 supplies that should be available all the time. These ideas were supported by the following quotes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBefore the pandemic, our facility only provided face masks to the staff of the TB room; however, there is currently no single staff member that will not use face masks, so PPE such as face masks, gloves, hand sanitizers and COVID-19 vaccines were included in our EML as an additional drug list (KI #1, public sector).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe revision of EML helps the pharmacists identify those items that are essential and vital for the PHF on the basis of the consumption rate and keep safety stock for those items in order not to be stocked out. The effect of not having an updated EML can be understood from the following quote:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOur hospital lacks a functional Drug and Therapeutic Committee (DTC), resulting in no annual updates to our EML. Consequently, prescribers did not adhere to the national STG, leading to varied prescribed medicines for the same medical condition. This trend has hindered our ability to determine the facility\u0026apos;s exact consumption rate, impacting the availability of EMs at our hospital (KI #2, public sector).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb) Stock status monitoring system\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe other factor reported by the participants that has a direct effect on the availability of EMs was the presence of stock status monitoring systems for pharmaceuticals. All participants from public HFs stated that they had a functional Health Commodity Management Information System (HCMIS) which is very helpful in monitoring stock levels for pharmaceuticals and supplies. According to all the participants, the stock status of EMs has declined since the beginning of the pandemic. This situation can be explained as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAccording to the annual report, our stock status for EMs before the COVID-19 pandemic was 95%; however, in 2021, our six-month report revealed that the stock status of EMs declined below 70% because most EMs from our facility stocked out (KI #3, public sector).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants from private DROs stated the use of different software, physical counting, bin cards and stock cards to track the stock status of medications and medical equipment in their DROs, although the use of computerized data management practices is lower in private DROs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWe do not have a computerized system to monitor our stock status; rather, the first thing we do every morning is count medicines that have a good flow in our pharmacy, particularly COVID-19 supplies (KI #2, Private DRO).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile comparing the stock status of EMs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the participants from private DROs complained about the lower stock level they encountered during the pandemic. However, this scenario was dependent on the type of DRO and the budget in which they had to procure medicines in bulk. This situation was explained as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompared with pre-pandemic levels, the stock-out rate in our DRO has increased. Despite being a chain pharmacy that procures in bulk and maintains high stock levels for all medicines, we cannot meet our demand due to supply shortages. (KI #2, private DRO).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ec) Data reporting trends for public health facilities\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe tendency of HFs to provide inaccurate data on average monthly consumption (AMC) was one of the factors mentioned by the participants that may affect the availability of EMs. This is supported by:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWe procure medicines on the basis of our quantification via AMC data from PHFs; however, owing to the poor consumption recording system in most PHFs, these medicines are sometimes small in quantity and stocked out within one or two days; other times, they are above the demanded amount and expire (KI #2, EPSS).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublic health facilities should record the consumption of medicines regularly for appropriate supply and use to prevent EMs stock outs. Most of the participants provided recommendations to the Ministry of Health and other responsible bodies to facilitate different capacity-building training related to epidemics in the supply chain, especially on quantification for pharmacy staff members in PHFs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEven if the COVID-19 pandemic is new for the whole world, we had experiences from epidemics such as acute watery diarrhea (AWD), which helped us greatly during the preparation stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, but no pandemic-related supply chain training has been given for us until now (KI #1, public sector).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ed)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eBudget constraints\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe other barrier for the availability of EMs in PHFs reported by the participants was budget constraints for procuring pharmaceuticals in bulk. Public HFs can only procure pharmaceuticals from private suppliers whenever medicines are stocked out at EPSS, which might result in unaffordable prices for PHFs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ee) Changes in demand patterns for pharmaceuticals and supplies\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic radically changed the demand pattern. Pharmaceuticals that were slow moving became fast, and previously fast-moving items became dead stock. The participants\u0026apos; responses indicated that several EMs, notably medications for chronic diseases, were highly needed during the lockdown period of the pandemic. Since Ethiopia has a free market policy for pharmaceuticals, highly demanded pharmaceuticals and medical supplies are readily available from private suppliers. One of the major difficulties cited by most participants for availing EMs was the shift of most suppliers to exclusively provide COVID-19-related supplies. This idea is supported by the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOwing to the lack of official information at the beginning of the pandemic, prescribers were inclined to prescribe medicines such as Doxycycline and Chloroquine. These medicines were slowly moving before the pandemic in our HC, so we were forced to procure them in high amounts due to increasing demand for these EMs (KI #5, public sector).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNo one will force us to import medicines that are in short supply in the country; instead, we will focus on our profit and import highly demanded items such as COVID-19-related medical supplies (KI #1, private import company).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn general, according to pharmacists from the public as well as private DROs, antibiotics, anti-pains, cough syrups, multivitamins and PPE, such as face masks, sanitizers, and latex gloves, were highly demanded classes of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies during the COVID-19 pandemic\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eOn the other hand, the demand for certain medications has decreased, which has led to their expiry. During the lockdown period of the pandemic, demand for OTC medications from private DROs also increased. These situations were explained as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDuring the lockdown period, most of our pediatric antibiotic preparations expired. In addition, since the prescribers focused on a specific brand of multivitamin, almost all the multivitamins stocked before the pandemic expired (KI #7, Private DRO).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOne of the positive impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic for our business was the transformation of PHFs to COVID-19 centers, which increased demand for private DROs and significantly increased our profit (KI#4, private DRO).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ef) Active communication among stake holders\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe active communication of stakeholders in the country\u0026apos;s pharmaceutical supply chain facilitates the accessibility of medicines in PHFs as well as in private DROs. From the point of origin to the final consumer, there are a variety of stakeholders in the pharmaceutical supply chain. As the only public supplier, the EPSS plays a significant role in ensuring the availability of medicines in all public HFs through collaboration with stakeholders such as the Ethiopian Manufacturers Association, the Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority (EFDA), customs, the Ethiopian Shipping Line, banks and Ethiopian Airlines. This idea was elaborated as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe availability of medicines in a DRO is determined by its active communication with suppliers and other DROs. If you obtain information about the items early, you can obtain any medicine in the amount you need (KI #2, private DRO).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAll the hurdles among stakeholders arose from a lack of awareness of the importance of pharmaceuticals for a country. To address this, we are creating platforms that involve all stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry (KI #1, EPSS).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the basis of the responses of participants, one of the factors that affects the availability of EMs is the relationship that exists between customers and suppliers. During the pandemic, retailers were frequently appealing to suppliers to overcome the global shortage of pharmaceuticals. This situation was expressed by the participants as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSince we have good relationships with our suppliers, we will be aware of medicines that are going to vanish from the market, and we will stock these medicines by procuring in bulk (KI #1, private DROs).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors behind the increase in the price of EMs and pharmaceutical supplies during the COVID-19 pandemic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final patient price for pharmaceuticals is the sum of costs from all stakeholders in the supply chain, from the manufacturer through public and private DROs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn addition to the purchasing price, additional costs such as transportation and human resources are involved in obtaining pharmaceuticals from manufacturers to our warehouse. Consequently, adding these expenses to the final distribution price results in a significantly high total cost (KI #1, private import company).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of the pandemic on the price of EMs and the absence of price regulation in private DROs were major ideas raised by participants. While discussing the situation of medicine prices, participants from public and private DROs noted that the rapid increase in medicine prices began before the pandemic but worsened afterward.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOwing to high supplier prices, the patient price for medications has escalated every time, and there is no government regulation on the profit margin added by private DROs at the price of medicines. These margins can vary significantly: 20% in one DRO and 23--25% in others for the same medicine (KI #2, private DROs).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Global pharmaceutical supply chain disruption due to the pandemic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the complaints raised by participants was that, as a result of the pandemic, most countries were economically impacted, and large international manufacturers were unable to meet the global pharmaceutical demand since they had been reducing their production scale and beginning to work with fewer employees.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI remember the time we were bankrupted by 180,000 ETB for importing surgical gloves; the Malaysian government declared a lockdown period after we made an order, which forced the factory we had agreed to close due to the pandemic (KI #1, private import company).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants also indicated that in addition to the pandemic\u0026apos;s effects on the world\u0026apos;s pharmaceutical supply chain, the rise in pharmaceutical prices was caused by an increase in the cost of each raw material globally as well as a decline in the purchasing power of the Ethiopian birr, which has a substantial impact on currency exchange rates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb) \u0026nbsp; Issues related to pharmaceutical logistics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe respondents attempt to describe the existing difficulties in the procurement and transportation processes from various perspectives. In addition to the global shortage of pharmaceuticals, the shift of most manufacturers to provide COVID-19-related medicines and equipment has resulted in a lower number of international suppliers competing for the global pharmaceutical market. This led the prices for EMs to be unaffordable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the only public supplier in the country, the EPSS works with international suppliers via a framework agreement to provide pharmaceuticals with a fixed price for a long period of time. However, the pandemic affected this procurement process because of global supply chain disruption. These ideas were supported by the following quotes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSince health services were affected by the pandemic, we shifted to importing mainly COVID-19-related PPE, such as surgical and examination gloves, coverall, face shields and medicines that were used for COVID-19 management, such as antibiotics and different medications for cough and pain (KI #2, private import company).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWe had to cancel most international contracts for two reasons: first, many suppliers closed due to the pandemic; second, manufacturers raised medicine prices beyond agreed amounts by claiming that the price of APIs had increased (KI #1, EPSS).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Ethiopia, the most widely used modes of transportation for pharmaceuticals are Ethiopian Shipping Lines and Ethiopian Airlines. On the basis of the participants\u0026rsquo; response, the mode of transportation used to enter a country affects the availability and price of pharmaceuticals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe freight cost for using airplanes doubled during the pandemic; for example, the freight cost for 1 kg was 25 ETB\u003cstrong\u003e[2]\u003c/strong\u003e before the pandemic, but it is now 50 ETB. This works for all items; no special offer is given to pharmaceuticals. They only collaborate by giving us priority during the transportation process (KI #2, EPSS).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnother major reason for the increase in medicine prices is the high cost of freight and the scarcity of shipping containers, which will cost us extra money for renting containers until the products arrive at our warehouse (KI #3, EPSS).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the mode of transportation used for importing pharmaceuticals, the lead time for availing the required items is also affected by customs and regulatory clearance. This will result in additional costs for the importers until the items reach their warehouses. This idea is further explained by the following quotes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWe primarily use air freight for time-sensitive deliveries, which generally take weeks to one month, while ocean freight orders are delivered within three months. This longer process can increase the freight cost (KI #2, private import company).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePharmaceuticals are seen equally to other luxury goods during the process of custom clearance. They do not understand that people are going to die due to the absence of medicines because of these delays (KI #3, EPSS).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ec) \u0026nbsp; Unethical practices at different levels of the supply chain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother major concern mentioned by most participants was the availability of stocked out medicines from PHFs at private DROs with high prices. This may be related to unethical practices by certain PHF staff members, which results in a shortage of medicines in HFs. The shortage of EMs in the country was also a major contributor to the increase in their price. One of the reasons behind the unaffordable price for EMs according to participants was the hiding of highly demanded EMs from the market for a period of time by unethical suppliers. These ideas were reported as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrivate suppliers will purposely hold EMs with high demand and longer expiration dates until these EMs become out of stock at the EPSS. Owing to this practice, we will be forced to procure high-priced medicines that are not affordable for most patients. (KI #1, public sector)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOne real situation in our facility involved staff members driving out medicines that were disappearing from the market through unethical methods. This practice forced patients to buy EMs from private DROs at high prices, even when they were available at affordable prices in public outlets. For example, we dispensed Propylthiouracil (PTU) for 250 ETB, but now, since it is stocked out, patients are buying it in the black market from private DROs for 2000 ETB (KI #4, public sector).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted to assess the availability, price, and affordability of EMs during the COVID-19 pandemic among private and public DROs found in six sub-cities of Addis Ababa. The overall percentage availability of LPG EMs in public and private DROs found in Addis Ababa was 53.9% and 50.9%, respectively, which is better than that reported in studies conducted in Eastern Ethiopia and Dessie town (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). The reason for this might be that the DROs in Addis Ababa have more options to access the required EMs than DROs do in other cities of Ethiopia since there are numerous private pharmaceutical import companies and wholesalers in addition to the main and branch hubs of the EPSS in Addis Ababa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the global pharmaceutical supply chain, resulting in a shortage of medicines in different countries, including Ethiopia. Among the 50 EMs assessed in the current study, the majority (40) of the DROs had\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;30 LPG EMs during the data collection period. This result might be due to the shift of most suppliers to provide COVID-19-related supplies exclusively, as mentioned by most participants. Similarly, a shortage of medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic has also been reported in different studies (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). The mean availability of OB EMs in public DROs from the current study was far lower than that of their corresponding LPG types of EMs. This is similar to findings from studies performed in eastern Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e) and Dessie (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). This might be because public health facilities procure generic medicines at affordable prices on the basis of their budgets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe demand pattern for EMs has changed in public and private DROs due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study revealed that antibiotics, antipains, cough syrups, multivitamins, and PPE, such as face masks, sanitizers, and latex gloves, were among the most in-demand pharmaceuticals and medical supplies used during the pandemic period. These EMs were also more readily available than others in both public and private DROs during the data collection period. The reason behind this could be that the majority of the above-listed medications and PPEs were used for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLike in the study performed in southwestern part of Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e), the availability of EMs for NCDs in this study was far lower from the WHO recommended target point (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). As indicated by participants, the rationale for this could be that people started to stock up in anticipation of possible drug shortages and limited access. The availability of EMs for mental health in the current study was very low, similar to the findings of a recent study conducted in Addis Ababa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). According to both studies, the availability of EMs for mental health is greater in the public sector than in private DROs in Addis Ababa. This could be due to a lack of private pharmaceutical importers supplying mental health pharmaceuticals; these importers will be exclusively distributed by the EPSS, which will serve public sectors in advance. However, Amitryptaline and Sodium valproate were more highly available in private DROs than other EMs for use in mental health. The reason for this might be that COVID-19 patients who have been quarantined may experience sleep disorders, depression, or posttraumatic stress disorder, and the use of antipsychotics increased during the pandemic period (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe shortage of EMs in the country was a major contributor to the increase in their price. The current study also revealed that approximately 94% of LPG EMs presented significant price differences between public and private DROs. According to participants from the current study, high price variation between public and private DROs was mostly encountered for medicines with limited supply. However, the reason behind the price variation could be the lack of a clear pharmaceutical pricing policy and regular monitoring of price markups in Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs mentioned by the participants, the price of medicines was steadily increasing for imported as well as locally manufactured medicines due to the increased price of raw materials, currency inflation, a shortage of hard currency, a decrease in the number of international suppliers for bidding, increased freight costs, and the scarcity of containers for shipping. These factors might explain the decline in the fill rate of EPSS reported by (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e), which is also supported by the qualitative findings in the current study. The increase in the price of medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic was also reported in a study conducted in Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e) as well as in studies from Kenya (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) and Rwanda (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e); however, a study from India reported that there was limited price change for medicines during the pandemic period (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). The explanation for this could be that India has more local manufacturers of APIs and pharmaceuticals than countries in Africa do; therefore, pharmaceuticals will be more available in India, resulting in lower prices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current study also evaluated the affordability of five disease conditions that caused the majority of deaths in Addis Ababa city in 2019 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). According to the current study, out of these five diseases, the only affordable treatment cost in private DROs was treating stroke with LPG ASA. Treatment regimens for chronic patients with comorbid conditions were also found to be unaffordable by the lowest-paid unskilled government employee. For example, a type II diabetes patient with hypertension using Metformin 500 mg and Enalapril 20 mg would require 4.7 and 7.4 days\u0026rsquo; wages in public and private DROs, respectively, which is consistent with the results reported in the national pharmaceutical survey conducted in Ethiopia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Other studies conducted in Ethiopia also revealed that most medicines from public and private facilities were unaffordable (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Unaffordable treatment costs will be addressed by strengthening the already implemented community health insurance program (CBHI) and by making EMs available on the basis of morbidity data in public health facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the current study provides an important picture of access to essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic in Addis Ababa by elaborating on the various factors that could affect the availability, price, and affordability of EMs from the retailer\u0026rsquo;s and supplier\u0026rsquo;s perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrengths and limitations of the study\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current study explored the situation of access to EMs during the pandemic through discussions with participants from different pharmaceutical supply chain stakeholders in the country, such as the EPSS, private pharmaceutical importers, private retailers, and public health sectors, in addition to surveys conducted in private and public DROs. Therefore, triangulating the results from quantitative and qualitative research was one of the strengths of the current study. In addition, all the EMs included in this study were selected from the national EML, the procurement list of the EPSS, and the national standard treatment guidelines, which support the current scenario of access to EMs in Addis Ababa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEven though every effort has been made to ensure that the data quality reported in the current study is reliable, it still has some limitations. One of the drawbacks of this study was that the survey list of medicines only includes certain strengths and dosage forms; thus, it does not consider the availability of other strengths, dosage forms, or therapeutic alternatives. Therefore, total absence on the day of the data collection period does not necessarily suggest that particular medicines are not available in either private or public DROs. Furthermore, because data on EM availability were collected on a specific day, they cannot represent the average monthly or yearly availability of EMs in the surveyed DROs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, since the current study uses telephone interviews for the qualitative part of the study due to the COVID-19 pandemic, further data that could have been collected through eye contact and body language could not be assessed. Therefore, all these limitations must be recognized before the findings from this study can be generalized.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion and recommendation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current study revealed that essential medicines were poorly available with unaffordable prices in Addis Ababa for various reasons related to demand and supply imbalances due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors. The various stakeholders in the pharmaceutical supply chain of the country should work together to improve availability and make the price of medicines affordable. The current study revealed that the availability of EMs was low in both public and private DROs found in Addis Ababa. Most common illnesses are also unaffordable due to the high price of EMs in public and private DROs. The identified factors behind these results were global pharmaceutical supply chain disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, budget constraints and data reporting trends in PHFs, changes in demand patterns for pharmaceuticals, and unethical practices at various levels of the supply chain. To address these challenges, we recommend that stakeholders in the pharmaceutical supply chain of the country work together to fill the gap and improve the availability of EMs, which will indirectly solve the issue of the price of medicines. The government should also implement a strong pharmaceutical pricing policy and revise the free market policy for pharmaceuticals in Ethiopia by regularly monitoring the price markups in the private pharmaceutical sector as well as in each step of the supply chain to make EMs affordable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Boards of the School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University (ERB/SOP/261/13/2021) and the Addis Ababa Health Bureau (A/A/2922/227). All the information collected from the study was coded and maintained confidential. Before starting the data collection, informed consent was obtained from the participants, including about the possibility for publication of anonymized findings and the assurance of confidentiality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first author received financial support from the Graduate Programs of Addis Ababa University to conduct her research as partial fulfillment for the Health Supply Chain Management MSc program.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHHS and BMH conceptualized and designed the study. HHS collected and analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript under the supervision of BMH. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the data collectors and all the informants who participated in the study for sharing their experiences willingly and providing valuable information.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the first author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePenchansky R, Thomas JW (1981) The concept of access: Definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med Care 19(2):127\u0026ndash;140\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWHO. 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Front Pharmacol. ;11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFMHACA PFSA (2017) Pharmaceutical Sector Assessment in Ethiopia [Internet]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.fmhaca.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pharmaceutical-Assessment-2016.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.fmhaca.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Pharmaceutical-Assessment-2016.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Footnotes","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e USD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;43.60 ETB on the first date of the data collection, i.e., July 1, 2021\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e USD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49.80 ETB on the first date of the qualitative data collection, i.e., February 1, 2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Availability of LPG EMs in public and private DROs in Addis Ababa, July 2021\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"638\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential medicines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 403px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Availability of essential medicines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 403px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; For lowest price generics (LPGs)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic DROs (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n =30)(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrivate DROs (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=30)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall (n=60)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eChi-square p-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePharmacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n= 5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Antibiotics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 457px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmoxicillin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 ( 90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.733\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmpicillin 500mg inj\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(43.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBenzathine Penicillin G\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCloxacillin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAzithromycin 250 mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(36.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eClarithromycin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCo Trimoxazole 480mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(73.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNorfloxacin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"10\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGentamicin 20mg/2ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(36.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"11\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMetronidazole 250 mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(36.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDoxycycline 100mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCeftriaxone 1g\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(93.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"14\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCiprofloxacin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.809\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"15\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCotrimoxazole 420 mg/5ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(63.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEMs for NCDs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 457px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"16\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEnalapril 10mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"17\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCaptopril 25mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"18\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFurosemide 40mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(73.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"19\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHydrochlorothiazide 25 mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"20\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eASA 100 mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"21\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAtenolol 50mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(63.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"22\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBeclomethasone100mcg/dose\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"23\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSalbutamol\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"24\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHydrocortisone 50mg/ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"25\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMetformin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.866\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"26\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGlibenclamide 5mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"27\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInsulin (NPH) 100IU\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"28\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSimvastatin 20mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (6.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(56.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEMs for mental health\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 457px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"29\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmitriptyline 25mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(93.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"30\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCarbamazepine 200mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"31\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDiazepam 5mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"32\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFluoxetine 20mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(53.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"33\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePhenytoin 100mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.409\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"34\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSodium valproate 200mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(46.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"35\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHaloperidol 5mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(43.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"36\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRisperidone 1mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEMs for women and children\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 457px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"37\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eORS\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(63.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"38\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIbuprofen 100mg/5ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(46.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"39\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOxytocin 10 IU/ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(53.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"40\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSodium chloride\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(96.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(53.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"41\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMagnesium sulfate 500 mg/ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"42\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMethyldopa 250mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21( 70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(36.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMiscellaneous EMs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 457px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"43\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlbendazole 200mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 ( 50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(43.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"44\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAllopurinol 100mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"45\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdrenaline 1mg/ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"46\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDiclofenac 50mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(96.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"47\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOmeprazole 20mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"48\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eParacetamol 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"49\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTetracycline HCL 1%\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"50\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFluconazole 200mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 ( 30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 182px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage availability of LPG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23.73\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.9%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25.32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e50.9%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53.5%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Availability of LPG EMs by the type of drug retail outlet, Addis Ababa, 2021\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of DROs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of LPG EMs (N=50) during the data collection period\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery Low: \u0026le;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow:31-39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFairly high: 40-48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh \u0026gt;48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Total\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospitals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth centers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate DROs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Availability of OB essential medicines in public and private DROs in Addis Ababa, July 2021\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"638\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Essential medicines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 451px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic DROs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n =30)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrivate DROs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n=30)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; HC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePharmacy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin 500mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(36.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(3.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzithromycin 250 mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(13.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCo-Trimoxazole 480mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(3.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetronidazole 250 mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(26.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeftriaxone\u0026nbsp;1g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin 500mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(13.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotrimoxazole 420 mg/5ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurosemide 40mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASA 100 mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(6.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtenolol 50mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(13.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetformin 500mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(13.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlibenclamide 5mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(16.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmitriptyline 25mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbamazepine 200mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(6.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium valproate 200mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(16.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(26.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlbendazole 200mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(13.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiclofenac 50mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParacetamol 500mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(3.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(80%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0.9%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;10.6%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.78%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: The MUP of LPG EMs in public and private DROs in Addis Ababa July 2021 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEssential medicines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 408px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian unit price in local currency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 408px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor Lowest priced generic (LPGs)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic DROs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrivate DROs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMann\u0026ndash; Whitney U private vs public DROs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian Unit price\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMUP Hospital \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMUP HCs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian unit price\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmoxicillin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmpicillin 500mg inj\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCloxacillin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAzithromycin 250 mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eClarithromycin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCotrimoxazole 480mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNorfloxacin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGentamicin 20mg/2ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"10\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMetronidazole 250 mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"11\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDoxycycline 100mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCeftriaxone 1g\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCiprofloxacin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"14\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCotrimoxazole 420 mg/5ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEMs for NCDs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 457px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"15\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eASA 100mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"16\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEnalapril 10mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"17\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFurosemide 40mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"18\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHydrochlorothiazide 25 mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"19\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAtenolol 50mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"20\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSalbutamol\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"21\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHydrocortisone 50mg/ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"22\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMetformin 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"23\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGlibenclamide 5mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"24\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInsulin (NPH) 100IU\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEMs for mental health\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 457px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"25\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmitriptyline 25mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"26\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFluoxetine 20mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"27\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSodium-valproate 200mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"28\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHaloperidl 50mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEMs for women and children\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 457px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"29\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eORS\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"30\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIbuprofen 100mg/5ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"31\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSodium chloride\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"32\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMagnesium sulfate 500 mg/ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMiscellaneous EMs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 457px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"33\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlbendazole 200mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"34\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAllopurinol 100mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"35\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdrenaline 1mg/ml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"36\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDiclofenac 50mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"37\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOmeprazole 20mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"38\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eParacetamol 500mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"39\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTetracycline HCL 1%\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003col start=\"40\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFluconazole 200mg\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: MUP differences between OBs and LPGs among public and private DROs in Addis Ababa, July, 2021\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"638\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEssential medicines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 457px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian unit price differences between OBs and LPGs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 228px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic DROs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 229px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate DROs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLPG MUP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOB MUP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLPG MUP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOB MUP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin 500mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin+Clavulanic Acid 625mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzithromycin 250 mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetronidazole 250 mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeftriaxone\u0026nbsp;1g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin 500mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotrimoxazole 480mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCotrimoxazole 420 mg/5ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurosemide 40mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASA 100 mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtenolol 50mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetformin 500mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlibenclamide 5mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbamazepine 200mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlbendazole 200mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiclofenac 50mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParacetamol 500mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6: Number of days\u0026apos; wages of the LPUGW needed to purchase standard treatments in Addis Ababa, July 2021\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisease condition and standard treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDay\u0026rsquo;s wages to pay for treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCondition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrug name, strength, dosage form\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment duration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLPGs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOBs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic DROs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprivate DROs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprivate DROs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStroke\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASA 100 mg tab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 tab for 30 days = 30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypertension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydrochlorthiazide 25 mg tab/cap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 tab x 2 for 30 days = 60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnalapril 10mg tab/cap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 tab x 1 for 30 days = 30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurosemide 40mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 tab x 1 for 30 days = 30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIschemic Heart Disease\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtenolol 50mg tab/cap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 tab x 30 days = 45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePneumonia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCeftriaxone 1gm inj\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 vial x 7 days= 14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin + Clavulanic acid 625 mg cap/tab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 cap x 3 for 7 days = 21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsulin NPH 100 IU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 vials for 30 days (Average)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlibenclamide 5mg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 tab x 1 for 30 days = 30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetformin 500mg tab/cap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 tabs x 2 for 30 days = 120\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7: Characteristics of qualitative interview participants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"613\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 547px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 242px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 242px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (in Years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36-45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 242px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcademic qualification\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMasters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 242px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWork position\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePharmacist at dispensary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePharmacy head\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePharmaceutical supply chain case team\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuantification and market-shaping case team\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProcurement case team\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth supply chain professional\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePharmaceutical import technical manager\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 242px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWork experience in current position\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 - 4 yrs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 -10 yrs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 242px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of work\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate DROs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic health facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate pharmaceutical importers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 305px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEPSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8: Major themes and subthemes identified for the qualitative data analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"638\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThemes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 373px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Subthemes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of EMs and affecting factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 373px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUpdating the Essential Medicine List (EML) of PHFs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStock status monitoring system\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBudget constraint\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe change in demand pattern for pharmaceuticals and supplies\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eActive communication with stake holders\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors behind the increase in price of EMs and pharmaceutical supplies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 373px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe global pharmaceutical supply chain disruption due to the pandemic\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIssues related to pharmaceuticals logistics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUnethical practices from different level of the supply chain\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Addis Ababa University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Essential medicines, COVID-19, Availability, Affordability, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7772317/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7772317/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccessing essential medicines that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population is the backbone of the healthcare system. During the COVID-19 pandemic, accessing essential medications has become more challenging than ever before. This study aimed to assess the availability and affordability of essential medicines among public and private drug retail outlets (DROs) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, during the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn explanatory sequential mixed methods approach that utilized a quantitative survey followed by a qualitative interview was employed from July 1, 2021, to March 30, 2022. Public and private DROs that fulfilled the study criteria were selected from among 11 sub-cities of Addis Ababa. For the quantitative part, data entry and analysis were carried out via the WHO/HAI workbook and SPSS version 26, whereas for the qualitative part, thematic analysis was used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall availability of essential medicines in Addis Ababa was 5.78% and 53.5% for originator brands and lowest-priced generics, respectively, with the mean availability of originator brands being greater in private DROs, whereas that of lowest-priced generics was greater in public sector outlets. The Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney U test indicated that 94.7% of LPGs show a statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) median unit price difference between public and private DROs. The cost of standard treatment varied from 0.14\u0026ndash;6.9 days\u0026rsquo; wages in public and 0.74\u0026ndash;25.9 days in private DROs. The identified contributing factors that were explained by the qualitative findings were related to the data reporting trend of public health facilities (PHFs), issues related to pharmaceutical logistics, changes in the demand pattern for pharmaceuticals, and global pharmaceutical supply chain disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current study revealed that essential medicines were poorly available with unaffordable prices in Addis Ababa for various reasons related to demand and supply imbalances related to the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors. The various stakeholders in the pharmaceutical supply chain of the country should work together to improve availability and make the price of medicines affordable.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Availability and affordability of essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic among drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia—a mixed methods study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-06 12:50:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7772317/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"14b56045-8e8e-4f98-9483-2117acd09d24","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":55716718,"name":"Health Policy"},{"id":55716719,"name":"Management"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-06T12:50:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-06 12:50:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7772317","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7772317","identity":"rs-7772317","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}