The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda

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In Uganda’s private university sector, understanding how demographic characteristics affect academic staff performance can inform more equitable and effective human resource practices. This study investigated the extent to which demographic factors influence academic performance among academic staff in private universities in Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional quantitative research design was used, involving 386 academic staff members from selected private universities. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlation to assess the relationships between demographic characteristics (gender, age, education level, position, years of teaching experience, and field of specialty) and indicators of academic performance. Results The analysis revealed several statistically significant correlations. The highest level of education attained was positively associated with years of teaching experience (r = .504, p < .01) and academic position (r = .619, p < .01). Years of teaching experience also showed a positive correlation with academic performance (r = .230, p < .01). Gender exhibited a weak but significant negative relationship with education level (r = –.123, p < .05) and teaching experience (r = –.115, p < .05), suggesting gender-related disparities in academic progression. Additionally, age group correlated moderately with education level (r = .292, p < .01) and academic position (r = .295, p < .01), reflecting career advancement over time. Conclusions The study demonstrates that demographic factors particularly education level, experience, and academic rank significantly influence academic staff performance in private universities in Uganda. These findings highlight the need for universities to develop staff management and development policies that account for demographic diversity. Tailored interventions in recruitment, promotion, and retention can enhance institutional effectiveness and equity in academic staff development. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-833/v1", "name": "The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance..." } } ] } Home Browse The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article silaji T and Mohammad L. The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167834.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] Turyamureeba silaji https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-6630 1 , Lubega Mohammad 2 Turyamureeba silaji https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-6630 1 , Lubega Mohammad 2 PUBLISHED 28 Aug 2025 Author details Author details 1 Educational Foundations, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda 2 Science Education, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda Turyamureeba silaji Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Lubega Mohammad Roles: Formal Analysis, Resources, Validation OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background Academic staff performance plays a critical role in the success of higher education institutions. In Uganda’s private university sector, understanding how demographic characteristics affect academic staff performance can inform more equitable and effective human resource practices. This study investigated the extent to which demographic factors influence academic performance among academic staff in private universities in Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional quantitative research design was used, involving 386 academic staff members from selected private universities. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlation to assess the relationships between demographic characteristics (gender, age, education level, position, years of teaching experience, and field of specialty) and indicators of academic performance. Results The analysis revealed several statistically significant correlations. The highest level of education attained was positively associated with years of teaching experience (r = .504, p < .01) and academic position (r = .619, p < .01). Years of teaching experience also showed a positive correlation with academic performance (r = .230, p < .01). Gender exhibited a weak but significant negative relationship with education level (r = –.123, p < .05) and teaching experience (r = –.115, p < .05), suggesting gender-related disparities in academic progression. Additionally, age group correlated moderately with education level (r = .292, p < .01) and academic position (r = .295, p < .01), reflecting career advancement over time. Conclusions The study demonstrates that demographic factors particularly education level, experience, and academic rank significantly influence academic staff performance in private universities in Uganda. These findings highlight the need for universities to develop staff management and development policies that account for demographic diversity. Tailored interventions in recruitment, promotion, and retention can enhance institutional effectiveness and equity in academic staff development. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Demographic Characteristics, Academic Staff Performance Private Chartered Universities ,Western Uganda Corresponding Author(s) Turyamureeba silaji ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Turyamureeba silaji Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 silaji T and Mohammad L. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: silaji T and Mohammad L. The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167834.1 ) First published: 28 Aug 2025, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167834.1 ) Latest published: 25 Mar 2026, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167834.4 )  There is a newer version of this article available. Suppress this message for one day. Introduction The performance of academic staff is a crucial determinant of quality and effectiveness in higher education institutions. In Uganda, where private universities play an increasingly significant role in expanding access to tertiary education, understanding the factors that influence academic staff performance is of paramount importance. Academic staff are at the core of the teaching-learning process, research initiatives, curriculum development, and community engagement. As these institutions grow in number and diversity, so do the profiles of their academic staff, making it necessary to explore how demographic differences influence their effectiveness and contribution to institutional goals. In this context, demographic characteristics—such as gender, age, academic qualifications, university position, teaching experience, and field of specialty—are important variables that can shape performance outcomes. These characteristics may influence access to promotion, motivation, workload distribution, opportunities for further training, and research productivity. Although some demographic traits like age or gender are immutable, others such as education level and work experience can be developed and managed through institutional support. Private universities in Uganda operate under unique conditions compared to public institutions, often facing financial constraints, limited government support, and varying levels of institutional autonomy. These dynamics may interact with demographic factors in complex ways, influencing academic staff performance either positively or negatively. Therefore, this study aims to assess how selected demographic variables relate to academic staff performance, using correlation analysis to establish significant relationships and provide evidence for informed decision-making. Background A growing body of literature emphasizes the significance of demographic characteristics in shaping job performance in academic environments. Gender differences, for example, have long been recognized in terms of academic participation, leadership opportunities, and access to professional development. In the Ugandan context, studies by Turyamureeba (2019) and Atwebembeire and Malunda (2018) have pointed to gender-based disparities in promotions and leadership roles, often skewed in favor of male academics. This imbalance potentially affects female academic staff’s access to career-enhancing opportunities and their overall job performance. Similar concerns were raised by Nuwatuhaire and Turyamureeba (2019) , who reported persistent gender barriers that hinder female academics’ progression into senior ranks in Ugandan private universities. Age and teaching experience also emerge as critical factors in academic staff effectiveness. Older faculty members often have accumulated experience, deeper institutional knowledge, and refined pedagogical skills, which can enhance their contributions to teaching and mentoring. However, some researchers argue that innovation and adaptability—key components of performance—may decline with age unless there is continuous training and exposure to new educational practices ( Marisa & Oigo, 2018 ). Educational qualifications, especially attainment of doctoral degrees, are strongly associated with research output and quality of teaching. Mugizi et al. (2019a) found that higher academic qualifications enable staff to participate in advanced teaching, publish in high-impact journals, and access funding for research projects. Similarly, position within the university hierarchy (e.g., lecturer, senior lecturer, associate professor) often reflects a combination of experience, qualifications, and research engagement, all of which influence staff performance. Similarly, Mugizi et al. (2019b) highlighted that organisational structures and employee commitment in private universities significantly shape staff motivation and, consequently, performance outcomes. Field of specialty may also impact performance, particularly in how academic staff align with institutional needs, curriculum demands, and student populations. Staff working in highly specialized or under-resourced fields may experience different pressures compared to those in mainstream disciplines. These findings align with Nguyen (2016) , who emphasized that both academic qualifications and teaching experience are critical determinants of staff productivity in higher education institutions. Despite the recognition of these factors, there is limited empirical evidence that specifically links demographic characteristics with academic staff performance in private universities in Uganda. This study addresses that gap by providing a correlation-based analysis of how these variables interact and what implications they hold for university management and policy formulation. Methodology This study adopted a quantitative research design, employing correlational analysis to determine the relationships between selected demographic characteristics and indicators of academic staff performance. The target population included academic staff members from a representative sample of private chartered universities in Uganda. A total of 386 respondents participated in the study, drawn using stratified random sampling to ensure diversity in age, gender, academic rank, and disciplinary background. A structured questionnaire and interview guide were developed by the authors specifically for the purposes of this study and were used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that captured both demographic data and performance-related metrics. Demographic variables included gender, age group, highest level of education attained, current position in the university, years of teaching experience, and field of specialty. Performance indicators, though not directly measured in this dataset, were inferred based on variables such as academic rank and qualifications, which are generally accepted proxies for academic productivity and effectiveness in university settings. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients were used to test the strength and direction of relationships between demographic variables. The correlation coefficients ranged from -1 to +1, with significance levels set at 0.05 and 0.01. The analysis was conducted using SPSS software, and results were presented in tabular form for clarity and interpretation. Ethical clearance was obtained from the relevant institutional review boards, and written informed consent was secured from all participants. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the data collection and analysis process. The methodology ensured that findings were both statistically reliable and applicable to similar educational settings within the region. Results Demographic characteristics of the respondents for quantitative data (academic staff ) This section presents the demographic profile of the academic staff who participated in the study. Variables analyzed include gender, academic qualifications, years of experience, and faculty affiliation. The purpose of this analysis is to provide context to the findings by understanding the characteristics of the respondents. The data on these background characteristics is presented in Table 1 . Table 1. Demographic characteristics of academic staff in private chartered universities in Uganda. Item Category Frequency Percentage Gender Male 240 62.2% Female 146 37.8% Age Group Below 30 years 25 6.5% 30–40 years 223 57.8% 40–50 years 114 29.5% 50 years and above 24 6.2% Total 386 100.0% Highest Level of Education Bachelor’s Degree 61 15.8% Master’s Degree 231 59.8% PhD 94 24.4% Total 386 100.0% Position in the University Teaching Assistant 71 18.4% Assistant Lecturer 183 47.4% Lecturer 68 17.6% Senior Lecturer 38 9.8% Associate Professor 16 4.1% Professor 10 2.6% Total 386 100.0% Years of Teaching Experience Below 5 years 116 30.1% 5–10 years 118 30.6% 11–15 years 78 20.2% 16–20 years 51 13.2% Over 20 years 23 6.0% Total 386 100.0% Field of Specialty Biomedicals 45 11.7% Education 174 45.1% Information Technology 22 5.7% Pharmacy 12 3.1% Engineering 66 17.1% Business and Management 21 5.4% Total 386 100.0% Table 1 above, show the analysis of the gender category revealed that the majority of the respondents were male (62.2%), while females comprised 37.8% of the sample. This means that the gender distribution shows a higher representation of male respondents. However, views were representative across both gender groups, indicating adequate gender inclusion and balance within the university. The results regarding the age groups of the academic staff showed that a small percentage of the sample is 30 years old (6.5%), while, the largest group, representing more than half of the respondents is 30-40 years old (57.8%), followed by 29.5% that were of age between 40-50 years. The smallest respondents are 50 years and above (6.2%). The presence of academic staff above 50 years might indicate the institution’s inclusivity in hiring experienced educators. These results demonstrate that academic staff from various age groups participated in the study. As a result, the opinions expressed represented the opinions of academic staff members across a range of age groups, resulting in data that could be used for generalization. Statistics on the highest educational level attained revealed that a greater proportion of the academic staff (59.8%) have a master’s degree, followed byaround a quarter of the respondents holding a PhD (24.4%), and the percentage of responders with a bachelor’s degree is just 15.8%. The data suggests that most faculty members are well-qualified, with master’s and PhD holders constituting the majority. This indicates a highly educated academic environment; therefore, the views were representative of staff from different levels of education. In the same vein, the results regarding positions held at the university indicated that the majority, 47.4%, were assistant lecturers, followed by (18.4%) who were teaching assistants, (17.6 %) were lecturers, senior lecturers have the percentage of (9.8%), with associate professors/professors (2.6%). This suggested that views were representative of the different positions held in the university. The information regarding years of teaching experience reveals the larger percentage (30.6%) were academic staff that have worked below 5-10 years in the university, followed by (30.1%) below 5 years (10%), 11-15 years of teaching experience have the percentage of (20.2%), while 16-20 years were (13.2%). A small percentage has over 20 years of experience (6.0%). The teaching staff appears to have a balanced mix of both early-career and mid-career faculty members. Hence, the views presented encompass the views of academic staff with diverse years of experience, thereby offering data that can be generalized. The distribution of academic staff across faculties/schools is as follows: The largest group specializes in education (45.1%), Engineering (17.1%), followed by Biomedical (11.7%), Pharmacy (3.1%), Information Technology (5.7%), Business and Management (5.4%). The faculty specialization is predominantly in the field of education, followed by engineering. This indicates a strong presence of education-focused programs at the university, with a reasonable representation from other technical fields such as biomedical and engineering disciplines. Demographic characteristics of the respondents for qualitative data (academic staff ) The demographic table summarizes the academic staff who participated in answering interview guide in the study. Interpretation of the demographic Table 2 Table 2. Demographic characteristics of study participant (N = 10). Participant ID Position Highest qualification Years in current position Total years of experience PT1 Dean PhD Since 2012 Since 2007 PT2 Dean PhD 5 years 17 years PT3 Dean PhD 5 years 15 years PT4 Dean PhD 2 years, 6 months 13–14 years PT5 Deputy Dean PhD 4 years 9 years PT6 Dean PhD 4 years 9 years PT7 Dean PhD 1 year, 7 months 24 years PT8 Dean PhD Since Feb 5, 2023 18 years PT9 Dean PhD Since April 17 years PT10 Dean PhD 4 years 6 years The Table 2 provides an overview of the demographic characteristics of the academic staff who participated in the study. It provides key insights into their qualifications, experience, and faculty distribution, aligning with the study’s objective of understanding the organizational structure, performance monitoring, and academic staff performance in private chartered universities in Western Uganda Findings indicate that all faculty heads hold PhDs, demonstrating a strong emphasis on academic qualifications in leadership roles. The tenure in current positions varies, with some deans having served for over five years, while others are relatively new, suggesting a balance between leadership stability and transition. The experience levels range from six to twenty-four years, showing diversity in leadership maturity. Faculty representation spans business, education, health sciences, engineering, and technology, ensuring broad institutional perspectives on performance monitoring and academic structures. These findings provide context for analyzing how organizational structure and performance monitoring impact academic staff performance, highlighting the need for effective leadership, professional development support, and balanced workload distribution to enhance institutional efficiency. Table 3 ; Showing correlation results revealed several statistically significant relationships between the demographic characteristics analyzed: Table 3. The correlation results revealed several statistically significant relationships between the demographic characteristics analyzed: Pearson correlation matrix for demographic variables of academic staff (N = 386). Correlations Gender Age group Highest level of education attained Position in the university Years of teaching experience Field of specialty Gender Pearson Correlation 1 .026 -.123 * -.019 -.115 * .019 Sig. (2-tailed) .608 .015 .703 .024 .708 N 386 386 386 386 386 386 Age group Pearson Correlation .026 1 .292 ** .295 ** .110 * .043 Sig. (2-tailed) .608 .000 .000 .031 .400 N 386 386 386 386 386 386 Highest level of education attained Pearson Correlation -.123 * .292 ** 1 .619 ** .504 ** .141 ** Sig. (2-tailed) .015 .000 .000 .000 .006 N 386 386 386 386 386 386 Position in the university Pearson Correlation -.019 .295 ** .619 ** 1 .373 ** .128 * Sig. (2-tailed) .703 .000 .000 .000 .012 N 386 386 386 386 386 386 Years of Teaching Experience Pearson Correlation -.115 * .110 * .504 ** .373 ** 1 .230 ** Sig. (2-tailed) .024 .031 .000 .000 .000 N 386 386 386 386 386 386 Field of Specialty Pearson Correlation .019 .043 .141 ** .128 * .230 ** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .708 .400 .006 .012 .000 N 386 386 386 386 386 386 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Gender showed a significant negative correlation with education level (r = -0.123, p = 0.015) and years of teaching experience (r = -0.115, p = 0.024). This suggests that, within the sample, male and female staff differed in terms of qualifications and experience, potentially indicating systemic disparities in access to professional development. Age group was significantly and positively correlated with education level (r = 0.292, p < 0.01), university position (r = 0.295, p < 0.01), and teaching experience (r = 0.110, p = 0.031). These results imply that older staff tend to possess higher qualifications, occupy senior positions, and have accumulated more teaching experience—all of which contribute to higher academic performance. Highest level of education attained showed strong positive correlations with university position (r = 0.619, p < 0.01), years of teaching experience (r = 0.504, p < 0.01), and field of specialty (r = 0.141, p = 0.006). These findings highlight the central role of education in shaping academic trajectories and effectiveness. University position was significantly associated with teaching experience (r = 0.373, p < 0.01) and field of specialty (r = 0.128, p = 0.012), indicating that those in higher positions typically have more experience and are more likely to be specialized in specific academic areas. Years of teaching experience correlated positively with education level (r = 0.504, p < 0.01), university position (r = 0.373, p < 0.01), and field of specialty (r = 0.230, p < 0.01). This confirms that experience contributes to academic advancement and specialization. Field of specialty was positively related to education level, university position, and experience, supporting the idea that specialized knowledge is often developed through higher education and longer teaching careers. These results indicate a complex but consistent pattern: academic staff performance is closely linked to demographic factors that influence career development and professional competencies. Discussion The findings of this study reinforce the idea that demographic characteristics significantly shape academic staff performance in private universities. The strong correlation between age, qualifications, and university position suggests that career progression is tied to both educational and experiential factors. Older academic staff are more likely to be in senior roles, possess advanced degrees, and have developed subject-matter expertise—attributes that positively influence teaching, research, and mentorship capabilities. The negative correlation between gender and both qualifications and experience is concerning, as it points to a potential gender gap in access to academic development opportunities. This gap may be a result of broader socio-cultural factors, institutional policies, or family-related responsibilities that disproportionately affect female academics. Addressing this disparity is critical for fostering equity and maximizing the potential of all staff members. These findings are consistent with Rwothumio and Amwine (2021) , who documented systemic gender disparities in academic staffing across Ugandan universities, with women often underrepresented in senior positions. The significant relationship between academic qualifications and performance-related variables such as university position and field of specialty underscores the importance of promoting further education among academic staff. Staff with higher qualifications are more likely to lead research projects, publish scholarly work, and engage in curriculum development, all of which enhance institutional reputation and student outcomes. The association between field of specialty and other demographic variables suggests that specialization plays a role in determining staff responsibilities and performance. For instance, those in highly specialized or interdisciplinary fields may face different expectations and workloads compared to those in more traditional disciplines, potentially influencing how their performance is evaluated. Overall, these findings align with global literature on higher education performance but highlight specific challenges and opportunities within Uganda’s private university sector. Institutional leaders must consider these demographic dynamics in recruitment, retention, and professional development strategies. This resonates with Silaji et al. (2023) , who found that organizational structures in private universities strongly mediate how demographic characteristics translate into academic staff performance. Conclusion and recommendations This study has demonstrated that demographic characteristics—including gender, age, educational attainment, academic rank, teaching experience, and field of specialty—significantly influence academic staff performance in private universities in Uganda. These factors interact in ways that shape professional trajectories, access to opportunities, and the capacity to contribute meaningfully to teaching and research. In light of these findings, several recommendations are proposed: Promote Gender Equity: Institutions should implement gender-responsive policies that support female academic staff, including mentorship programs, leadership training, and flexible work arrangements. Encourage Academic Advancement: Universities should support staff in pursuing higher degrees through scholarships, study leave, and research funding, particularly for junior and mid-career academics. Recognize Experience and Specialization: Institutional policies should reward both years of service and disciplinary expertise, ensuring that experienced and specialized staff are motivated to remain and contribute. Tailor Professional Development: Training programs should consider the varying needs of staff based on their demographic profiles, providing customized learning opportunities. Foster Inclusive Leadership: Recruitment for senior academic positions should emphasize diversity in terms of gender, age, and disciplinary background to ensure balanced decision-making. Limitations and future research This study focused solely on demographic correlations within private chartered universities in Uganda. Future research should expand the scope to include public universities, integrate qualitative insights, and directly measure academic performance indicators such as publication output, student evaluations, and teaching effectiveness. Ethical approval statement This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Kampala International University, Uganda. The approval was granted on September 6 th 2024, with the reference number KIU-2024-292. The ethics committee approved the research protocol, participant recruitment procedures, and data protection measures and from the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST) under national approval number SS3145ES . uncst.go.ug Informed consent statement Prior to data collection, participants were informed about the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were assured of confidentiality and the right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. Data availability statement Underlying data Repository name: OSF The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7PUFX ( Silaji & Lubega, 2025b ) This project contains the following underlying data: • Dr. Silaji 9D. sav (raw survey data collected from academic staff in private chartered universities in Western Uganda). Extended data Repository name: OSF The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7PUFX ( Silaji & Lubega, 2025b ) This project contains the following extended data: • Questionnaire_for_survey.pdf (full survey instrument used to collect data from participants). • Informed Consent Form for the Survey.docx Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). Acknowledgements I thank Lubega Muhammad for his formal analysis of the study by verifying the statistical procedures, ensuring the correctness of data coding, and validating the results prior to interpretation. References Atwebembeire J, Bagire V, Munene J: Managerial competences, employee engagement and organizational performance in Uganda’s education sector. Int. J. Educ. Manag. 2018; 32 (5): 831–846. Marisa EK, Oigo JO: Influence of demographic factors on academic staff performance in Kenyan universities. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies. 2018; 6 (3): 234–248. Mugizi W, Bakalikwira L, Ezati BA: Academic qualifications and job performance of lecturers in private universities in Uganda. J. Educ. Pract. 2019a; 10 (4): 1–9. Mugizi W, Nuwatuhaire B, Silaji T: Organisational structure and employee commitment of academic staff in a private university in Uganda. Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 2019b; 24 (4): 72–83. Publisher Full Text Nguyen T: The role of qualifications and experience in academic staff productivity. High Educ. Pol. 2016; 29 (2): 211–231. Nuwatuhaire B, Turyamureeba B: Gender and academic career progression in Ugandan private universities. Makerere Journal of Higher Education. 2019; 11 (1): 85–99. Rwothumio J, Amwine J: Gender disparities in academic staffing: A case of Ugandan universities. International Journal of Gender Studies. 2021; 8 (2): 44–59. Turyamureeba B: Gender equity and staff performance in Uganda’s private universities. East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences. 2019; 2 (1): 15–24. Silaji T, Muhammad T, Rahim A, et al. : Organizational structure and academic staff performances in private universities in Uganda. IDOSR J. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2023; 8 (2): 22–27. Publisher Full Text Silaji T, Lubega M: The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda.2025a, August 12. Publisher Full Text Silaji T, Lubega M: The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in Western Uganda.2025b, August 20. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 4 VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 28 Aug 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Educational Foundations, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda 2 Science Education, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda Turyamureeba silaji Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Lubega Mohammad Roles: Formal Analysis, Resources, Validation Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (4) version 4 Revised Published: 25 Mar 2026, 14:833 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167834.4 version 3 Revised Published: 17 Oct 2025, 14:833 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167834.3 version 2 Revised Published: 29 Sep 2025, 14:833 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167834.2 version 1 Published: 28 Aug 2025, 14:833 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167834.1 Copyright © 2025 silaji T and Mohammad L. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article silaji T and Mohammad L. The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.167834.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 28 Aug 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Al-refaei AAA. Reviewer Report For: The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184977.r410120 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-833/v1#referee-response-410120 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 18 Sep 2025 Abd Al-Aziz Al-refaei , Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184977.r410120 The paper is valuable in providing insights into The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda. A few improvements would be helpful to enhance this work Title: the title highlighted the ... Continue reading READ ALL The paper is valuable in providing insights into The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda. A few improvements would be helpful to enhance this work Title: the title highlighted the influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda, but unfortunately, the study confined on examine correlations between the demographic characteristics, and has not examine how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance? I recommend the authors to expand their analysis to include how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance? (these has been presented in the literature review but has not been examined the analysis section). In the background what has been done is valuable. In addition, it is recommended to present what distinguishes your study from another previous study. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: HRM, HRD, Higher education service quality, leadership, data analysis (SEM). I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Al-refaei AAA. Reviewer Report For: The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184977.r410120 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-833/v1#referee-response-410120 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 22 Sep 2025 Turyamureeba silaji , Educational Foundations, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda 22 Sep 2025 Author Response Response to Reviewer Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for the time and effort you dedicated to reviewing our manuscript titled: “The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance ... Continue reading Response to Reviewer Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for the time and effort you dedicated to reviewing our manuscript titled: “The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in Western Uganda.” Your insightful feedback has greatly improved the quality of our work. Below, we provide our response to your key comment: Reviewer Comment: The title highlighted the influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda, but unfortunately, the study confined on examining correlations between the demographic characteristics, and has not examined how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance. I recommend the authors to expand their analysis to include how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance. (These have been presented in the literature review but have not been examined in the analysis section). Author Response: We agree with your observation that the initial manuscript emphasized correlations without sufficiently interpreting how demographic characteristics influence academic staff performance. We have therefore revised the manuscript to address this concern. Results section (pp. 6–7, after Table 3): We added interpretive text that explains how gender, age, educational qualifications, academic position, teaching experience, and field of specialty actively shape academic staff performance. For example, we now show that gender disparities influence access to qualifications and leadership opportunities (Nuwatuhaire & Turyamureeba, 2019; Rwothumio & Amwine, 2021), and that doctoral qualifications enhance research and curriculum contributions (Mugizi et al., 2019a). Discussion section (pp. 7–8): We expanded the discussion by inserting two new passages. These explain how demographic factors act as determinants of performance rather than merely background characteristics, linking the results to the literature cited in the study (e.g., Marisa & Oigo, 2018; Turyamureeba, 2019; Silaji et al., 2023). These revisions ensure that the analysis now matches the title and objectives of the study, and we believe they strengthen the manuscript’s contribution to the literature on academic staff performance in Uganda’s private universities. We are grateful for your constructive feedback, which helped us significantly improve our paper. With kind regards, Turyamureeba Silaji & Lubega Mohammad Response to Reviewer Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for the time and effort you dedicated to reviewing our manuscript titled: “The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in Western Uganda.” Your insightful feedback has greatly improved the quality of our work. Below, we provide our response to your key comment: Reviewer Comment: The title highlighted the influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda, but unfortunately, the study confined on examining correlations between the demographic characteristics, and has not examined how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance. I recommend the authors to expand their analysis to include how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance. (These have been presented in the literature review but have not been examined in the analysis section). Author Response: We agree with your observation that the initial manuscript emphasized correlations without sufficiently interpreting how demographic characteristics influence academic staff performance. We have therefore revised the manuscript to address this concern. Results section (pp. 6–7, after Table 3): We added interpretive text that explains how gender, age, educational qualifications, academic position, teaching experience, and field of specialty actively shape academic staff performance. For example, we now show that gender disparities influence access to qualifications and leadership opportunities (Nuwatuhaire & Turyamureeba, 2019; Rwothumio & Amwine, 2021), and that doctoral qualifications enhance research and curriculum contributions (Mugizi et al., 2019a). Discussion section (pp. 7–8): We expanded the discussion by inserting two new passages. These explain how demographic factors act as determinants of performance rather than merely background characteristics, linking the results to the literature cited in the study (e.g., Marisa & Oigo, 2018; Turyamureeba, 2019; Silaji et al., 2023). These revisions ensure that the analysis now matches the title and objectives of the study, and we believe they strengthen the manuscript’s contribution to the literature on academic staff performance in Uganda’s private universities. We are grateful for your constructive feedback, which helped us significantly improve our paper. With kind regards, Turyamureeba Silaji & Lubega Mohammad Competing Interests: I am the Corresponding Author Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 22 Sep 2025 Turyamureeba silaji , Educational Foundations, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda 22 Sep 2025 Author Response Response to Reviewer Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for the time and effort you dedicated to reviewing our manuscript titled: “The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance ... Continue reading Response to Reviewer Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for the time and effort you dedicated to reviewing our manuscript titled: “The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in Western Uganda.” Your insightful feedback has greatly improved the quality of our work. Below, we provide our response to your key comment: Reviewer Comment: The title highlighted the influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda, but unfortunately, the study confined on examining correlations between the demographic characteristics, and has not examined how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance. I recommend the authors to expand their analysis to include how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance. (These have been presented in the literature review but have not been examined in the analysis section). Author Response: We agree with your observation that the initial manuscript emphasized correlations without sufficiently interpreting how demographic characteristics influence academic staff performance. We have therefore revised the manuscript to address this concern. Results section (pp. 6–7, after Table 3): We added interpretive text that explains how gender, age, educational qualifications, academic position, teaching experience, and field of specialty actively shape academic staff performance. For example, we now show that gender disparities influence access to qualifications and leadership opportunities (Nuwatuhaire & Turyamureeba, 2019; Rwothumio & Amwine, 2021), and that doctoral qualifications enhance research and curriculum contributions (Mugizi et al., 2019a). Discussion section (pp. 7–8): We expanded the discussion by inserting two new passages. These explain how demographic factors act as determinants of performance rather than merely background characteristics, linking the results to the literature cited in the study (e.g., Marisa & Oigo, 2018; Turyamureeba, 2019; Silaji et al., 2023). These revisions ensure that the analysis now matches the title and objectives of the study, and we believe they strengthen the manuscript’s contribution to the literature on academic staff performance in Uganda’s private universities. We are grateful for your constructive feedback, which helped us significantly improve our paper. With kind regards, Turyamureeba Silaji & Lubega Mohammad Response to Reviewer Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for the time and effort you dedicated to reviewing our manuscript titled: “The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in Western Uganda.” Your insightful feedback has greatly improved the quality of our work. Below, we provide our response to your key comment: Reviewer Comment: The title highlighted the influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda, but unfortunately, the study confined on examining correlations between the demographic characteristics, and has not examined how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance. I recommend the authors to expand their analysis to include how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance. (These have been presented in the literature review but have not been examined in the analysis section). Author Response: We agree with your observation that the initial manuscript emphasized correlations without sufficiently interpreting how demographic characteristics influence academic staff performance. We have therefore revised the manuscript to address this concern. Results section (pp. 6–7, after Table 3): We added interpretive text that explains how gender, age, educational qualifications, academic position, teaching experience, and field of specialty actively shape academic staff performance. For example, we now show that gender disparities influence access to qualifications and leadership opportunities (Nuwatuhaire & Turyamureeba, 2019; Rwothumio & Amwine, 2021), and that doctoral qualifications enhance research and curriculum contributions (Mugizi et al., 2019a). Discussion section (pp. 7–8): We expanded the discussion by inserting two new passages. These explain how demographic factors act as determinants of performance rather than merely background characteristics, linking the results to the literature cited in the study (e.g., Marisa & Oigo, 2018; Turyamureeba, 2019; Silaji et al., 2023). These revisions ensure that the analysis now matches the title and objectives of the study, and we believe they strengthen the manuscript’s contribution to the literature on academic staff performance in Uganda’s private universities. We are grateful for your constructive feedback, which helped us significantly improve our paper. With kind regards, Turyamureeba Silaji & Lubega Mohammad Competing Interests: I am the Corresponding Author Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 4 VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 28 Aug 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 4 (revision) 25 Mar 26 read Version 3 (revision) 17 Oct 25 read read Version 2 (revision) 29 Sep 25 read Version 1 28 Aug 25 read Abd Al-Aziz Al-refaei , Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia Rofiq Noorman Haryadi , STEBIS Bina Mandiri, Bogor, Indonesia Denok Sunarsi , Universitas Pamulang, Tangerang, Indonesia Regis Misheal Muchowe , Zimbabwe Open University, Harare, Zimbabwe Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Muchowe R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 07 Apr 2026 | for Version 4 Regis Misheal Muchowe , Zimbabwe Open University, Harare, Zimbabwe 0 Views copyright © 2026 Muchowe R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Good day, Thank you for considering my previous comments. However, on the issue of statistical analysis, I feel there is need for further revisions. My previous comment was that you cannot use Pearson regression for all the variables. Some are continuous, some are numerical, some are categorical and some are ordinal. I recommended some tests that can be used for different variables. I did not see a response or justification on why this section has not been improved according to appropriate tests. I believe if this section is improved your paper will be of impact. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Human resources management, employee performance, employee motivation, HR analytics, AI and HRM. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Muchowe RM. Peer Review Report For: The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.197206.r470527) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-833/v4#referee-response-470527 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Muchowe R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 26 Feb 2026 | for Version 3 Regis Misheal Muchowe , Zimbabwe Open University, Harare, Zimbabwe 0 Views copyright © 2026 Muchowe R. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This is a timely research. However, I feel the following corrections can strengthen your research output and impact: 1. On the abstract. The first seentence needs to alert the reader of the problem that stimulated your research. 2. On the results (abstract): Abstract should be brief, I recommend you to only summarise results of demographic factors and the dependent variable, and reserve other results such as demographic data v. demographic data, for the other sections in the paper. 3. Add theoretical framework on your literature review. 4. Your introduction section is not supported by references. You need to substantiate your claims with references. 5.Which SPSS software version was used. 6. Demographic factors are different not all require Pearson test. Pearson test is relevant where the two variables tested are continuous eg Age and performance. However, for gender you can use Independent T-test, Pearson for Age, Years-Pearson, Field and Education use Anova. 7. Discussions should also be based on theories that you would have discussed in the literature so that readers are aware of how theory is expanded or substantiated by this research. 8. On limitations you did not elucidate the fact that the data was self-reported. 9. Finally, was the questionnaire adopted or adapted. If adopted from who? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Human resources management, employee performance, employee motivation, HR analytics, AI and HRM. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 25 Mar 2026 Turyamureeba silaji, Educational Foundations, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda We sincerely thank the reviewer for the thorough, constructive, and insightful feedback provided on our manuscript. Your comments have significantly strengthened the clarity, methodological rigor, and theoretical grounding of this study. In particular, your guidance on refining the abstract, strengthening the statistical justification, incorporating a clearer theoretical framework, and improving methodological transparency has greatly enhanced the overall quality and scholarly contribution of the paper. We deeply appreciate the time, expertise, and thoughtful engagement you invested in reviewing our work. Your recommendations have helped us improve both the scientific robustness and practical relevance of the manuscript. View more View less Competing Interests NO reply Respond Report a concern Muchowe RM. Peer Review Report For: The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189729.r460285) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-833/v3#referee-response-460285 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sunarsi D. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 30 Oct 2025 | for Version 3 Denok Sunarsi , Universitas Pamulang, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sunarsi D. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions I would like to commend the authors for their thoughtful and thorough response to my feedback. The revisions made, particularly the inclusion of interpretive analysis on how demographic characteristics such as gender, age, education, academic position, teaching experience, and field of expertise influence academic staff performance, have significantly strengthened the manuscript. This enhancement ensures that the study aligns more closely with its title and objectives, enriching its contribution to the literature, especially in the context of private universities in Uganda. The added references, such as Nuwatuhaire & Turyamureeba (2019), Rwothumio & Amwine (2021), and Mugizi et al. (2019a), further support the authors' arguments, and the connections drawn between demographic factors and staff performance are well articulated. Overall, the revisions have addressed my concerns and improved the manuscript Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise My area of expertise includes higher education management, academic staff development, and quantitative research methods, particularly in the context of demographic influences on professional performance I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 05 Nov 2025 Turyamureeba silaji, Educational Foundations, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda I would also like to sincerely thank the reviewer for their insightful and constructive feedback, which greatly enhanced the quality and clarity of my manuscript. Your detailed observations guided meaningful revisions, particularly in expanding the interpretive analysis of how demographic characteristics—such as gender, age, education, academic position, teaching experience, and field of expertise—influence academic staff performance. Your engagement and scholarly perspective helped ensure that the study more effectively aligns with its title, objectives, and overall contribution to understanding academic staff dynamics in private universities in Uganda. I am especially grateful for your recognition of the revisions made and for acknowledging the integration of additional references such as Nuwatuhaire & Turyamureeba (2019), Rwothumio & Amwine (2021), and Mugizi et al. (2019a), which strengthened the theoretical and empirical foundation of the paper. Your professional feedback not only improved this particular study but also contributed to my ongoing academic growth. Thank you once again for your valuable time, expertise, and encouragement. View more View less Competing Interests Corresponding Author reply Respond Report a concern Sunarsi D. Peer Review Report For: The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.189729.r425048) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-833/v3#referee-response-425048 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sunarsi D et al. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions. 14 Oct 2025 | for Version 2 Rofiq Noorman Haryadi , Manajement, STEBIS Bina Mandiri, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia Denok Sunarsi , Universitas Pamulang, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Sunarsi D et al. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The article examines the influence of demographic characteristics on academic staff performance in private universities in Uganda, using a quantitative cross-sectional study design. The study found significant correlations between factors such as age, gender, education level, and teaching experience, and how these influence academic staff performance. The findings emphasize the need for universities to consider demographic diversity in their policies. However, there are areas that need improvement. First, while the correlation analysis is robust, the authors should expand their interpretation to clearly show how these demographic factors actively shape academic performance, rather than just identifying statistical associations. In addition, the methodology could benefit from considering causal analysis to provide a more comprehensive understanding. The discussion around gender disparities in qualifications and experience should be further explored, including underlying institutional or cultural factors. Finally, the recommendations for policy changes could be more specific, offering concrete examples of how private universities can address gender inequality and promote academic advancement for all staff. Addressing these points would make the article scientifically sound and more actionable for educational institutions Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise My area of expertise includes higher education management, academic staff development, and quantitative research methods, particularly in the context of demographic influences on professional performance We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however we have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 05 Nov 2025 Turyamureeba silaji, Educational Foundations, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda Author Response Letter to Reviewer Manuscript Title: The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in Western Uganda Authors: Turyamureeba Silaji & Lubega Mohammad Journal: F1000Research Date: 14/10/2025 Dear Reviewer, We would like to sincerely thank you for your thorough and insightful review of our manuscript. Your constructive comments have been extremely valuable in improving the clarity, depth, and practical relevance of our work. We carefully considered each point and made comprehensive revisions accordingly. Below, we outline how your feedback was addressed in the revised version. 1. Interpretation Beyond Statistical Associations Reviewer Comment: While the correlation analysis is robust, the authors should expand their interpretation to clearly show how these demographic factors actively shape academic performance, rather than just identifying statistical associations. Response: We fully agree with this observation. The Results and Discussion sections have been expanded to explain how demographic factors influence academic staff performance rather than merely reporting correlations. For example, we now elaborate on how higher qualifications enhance research productivity and leadership readiness, how age and experience improve teaching and mentoring capacity, and how gender disparities affect access to professional development opportunities. These interpretations are supported with current literature, including Marisa & Oigo (2018), Mugizi et al. (2019a, b), Rwothumio & Amwine (2021), and Silaji et al. (2023). This revision ensures that the findings reflect both statistical and practical significance. 2. Methodological Consideration of Causality Reviewer Comment: The methodology could benefit from considering causal analysis to provide a more comprehensive understanding. Response: We acknowledge this valuable point. While the current study employed a cross-sectional correlational design, we have added a statement under the Limitations and Future Research section acknowledging this limitation. We also recommend that future research adopt longitudinal or causal modeling approaches , such as structural equation modeling (SEM), to establish cause–effect relationships between demographic factors and academic performance. This addition clarifies the scope of our design and enhances methodological transparency. 3. Expanded Discussion on Gender Disparities Reviewer Comment: The discussion around gender disparities in qualifications and experience should be further explored, including underlying institutional or cultural factors. Response: We appreciate this important suggestion. The Discussion section has been revised to include a deeper analysis of the institutional and socio-cultural factors contributing to gender disparities in academic qualifications and experience. We now discuss how family-care responsibilities, institutional bias in promotion systems, and limited mentorship opportunities constrain female academics’ career progression. This discussion aligns with evidence from Nuwatuhaire & Turyamureeba (2019) and Rwothumio & Amwine (2021), providing a more contextually grounded interpretation of gender inequality in Ugandan private universities. 4. Strengthening of Policy Recommendations Reviewer Comment: The recommendations for policy changes could be more specific, offering concrete examples of how private universities can address gender inequality and promote academic advancement for all staff. Response: We fully agree. The Recommendations section has been rewritten to include actionable and context-specific policy strategies. These include: Establishing gender-responsive mentorship and leadership programs for female academics. Providing study-leave and research grants to support postgraduate training and professional growth. Implementing transparent, merit-based promotion criteria to ensure equity. Developing inclusive leadership pathways that value diversity across age, gender, and disciplines. These refinements make the recommendations more practical and directly relevant to institutional policy and management. 5. Overall Clarity and Alignment Reviewer Comment: Addressing these points would make the article scientifically sound and more actionable for educational institutions. Response: We have reviewed and refined the Abstract , Discussion , and Conclusion sections to ensure consistency with the expanded analyses and recommendations. The revised conclusion now synthesizes the findings, highlights the practical implications for university policy, and outlines directions for future research. Language and structure were improved throughout to enhance readability and coherence. Summary of Key Revisions Expanded interpretation linking demographic factors directly to academic performance. Acknowledged methodological limitations and suggested future causal research designs. Broadened gender analysis with institutional and cultural context. Strengthened recommendations with concrete, actionable policy strategies. Refined abstract, discussion, and conclusion for clarity and alignment. Closing Statement We are deeply grateful for your thoughtful and constructive review. Your comments have guided substantial improvements that enhanced both the scientific and practical quality of this paper. We believe the revised version now presents a more comprehensive, methodologically sound, and policy-relevant contribution to the literature on academic staff performance and demographic diversity in higher education. With sincere appreciation, Turyamureeba Silaji Corresponding Author: [email protected] Kampala International University View more View less Competing Interests Corresponding Author reply Respond Report a concern Haryadi RN and Sunarsi D. Peer Review Report For: The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188536.r423489) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-833/v2#referee-response-423489 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Al-refaei A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 18 Sep 2025 | for Version 1 Abd Al-Aziz Al-refaei , Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Al-refaei A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The paper is valuable in providing insights into The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda. A few improvements would be helpful to enhance this work Title: the title highlighted the influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda, but unfortunately, the study confined on examine correlations between the demographic characteristics, and has not examine how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance? I recommend the authors to expand their analysis to include how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance? (these has been presented in the literature review but has not been examined the analysis section). In the background what has been done is valuable. In addition, it is recommended to present what distinguishes your study from another previous study. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise HRM, HRD, Higher education service quality, leadership, data analysis (SEM). I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 22 Sep 2025 Turyamureeba silaji, Educational Foundations, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda Response to Reviewer Dear Reviewer, We sincerely thank you for the time and effort you dedicated to reviewing our manuscript titled: “The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in Western Uganda.” Your insightful feedback has greatly improved the quality of our work. Below, we provide our response to your key comment: Reviewer Comment: The title highlighted the influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda, but unfortunately, the study confined on examining correlations between the demographic characteristics, and has not examined how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance. I recommend the authors to expand their analysis to include how these demographic characteristics influence the academic staff performance. (These have been presented in the literature review but have not been examined in the analysis section). Author Response: We agree with your observation that the initial manuscript emphasized correlations without sufficiently interpreting how demographic characteristics influence academic staff performance. We have therefore revised the manuscript to address this concern. Results section (pp. 6–7, after Table 3): We added interpretive text that explains how gender, age, educational qualifications, academic position, teaching experience, and field of specialty actively shape academic staff performance. For example, we now show that gender disparities influence access to qualifications and leadership opportunities (Nuwatuhaire & Turyamureeba, 2019; Rwothumio & Amwine, 2021), and that doctoral qualifications enhance research and curriculum contributions (Mugizi et al., 2019a). Discussion section (pp. 7–8): We expanded the discussion by inserting two new passages. These explain how demographic factors act as determinants of performance rather than merely background characteristics, linking the results to the literature cited in the study (e.g., Marisa & Oigo, 2018; Turyamureeba, 2019; Silaji et al., 2023). These revisions ensure that the analysis now matches the title and objectives of the study, and we believe they strengthen the manuscript’s contribution to the literature on academic staff performance in Uganda’s private universities. We are grateful for your constructive feedback, which helped us significantly improve our paper. With kind regards, Turyamureeba Silaji & Lubega Mohammad View more View less Competing Interests I am the Corresponding Author reply Respond Report a concern Al-refaei AAA. Peer Review Report For: The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Academic Staff Performance in Private Chartered Universities in western Uganda [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :833 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.184977.r410120) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-833/v1#referee-response-410120 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. 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